thuan loi va kho khan

KINH TE DIA PHlTONG

Tai canh cay ca phe d Tay Nguyen:

thuan loi va kho khan

N G U Y E N THI T H U N G U Y E N

r

dy Nguyen, thti phu cd phi cila Viet Nam nhiing dang phdi ddi mat vdi sii gia tdng dien tich cd phi gid cdi cdn thay the ngdy cdng ldn. Vdn de tdi canh cdy cd phe de im bdo ndng sudt vd chdt luqng cd phi nhdn xud't khdu trd nen cdp bdch. Bdi vie't phdn tich, inh gid nhiing thudn Iqi vd khd khan trong tdi canh edy cd phe d Tdy Nguyin hien nay vd gOi mot sdgidi phdp.

Tii k h o a : tdi canh cdy cd phi Tdy Nguyin, diin tich cdy cd phe tdi canh.

1. D a t v a n d e

Hien Vi§t Nam la nfldc dflng thfl 2 t r e n i€ gidi ve san xua't ca phe va la nflde xua't ti^u ca phe Robusta (ca phe vol) ldn nha't 1^ gidi, t r o n g dd Tay Nguyen la "thu phu"

la cay ca p h e vdi san Ifldng chi§'m khoang 2% san Ifldng ca phe eua ea nflde. Trong am 2014, san Ifldng ea phe xua't k h ^ u flde Ett 1,73 tridu ta'n, kim ngach xua't k h ^ u flde at 3,62 ty USD. Ca phe da thfle sfl trd mnh eay trdng ehu lflc, eay xda ddi, giam ghdo va vfldn len lam giau doi vdi dong bao ic d a n toe Tay Nguyen. Tuy nhidn eay ca tid Tay Nguydn d a n g doi m a t vdi t h a c h lflc la dien tieh ea phd gia edi eho n a n g la't, cha't Ifldng tha'p ehiem ty le k h a cao va nh hfldng de'n p h a t t r i e n ben vflng eua eay I phe Tay Nguyen. Dien tieh ca phe gia edi in phai t a i canh d Tay Nguyen tfl nay den 5m 2020 la k h o a n g 198.500 h a . Dd tai canh ien tieh ea phe gia cdi nay, n g a n h ea phe d Sy Nguyen ed nhflng ed hoi, thulin ldi gi va i a i doi m a t vdi nhflng khd k h a n , thach lflc nao?

2. Phflifng p h a p n g h i e n cvfu Nghien eflu nay sfl dung cac sd' lidu thfl I'p bao gom: t i n h h i n h tai canh cay ea phe d ic t i n h Tay Nguy§n; cac chfldng trinh, dfl 1 ve san xua't va tai canh eay ea phe; sfl hd d t a i eanh cay ea phe cua Nha nflde, he ldng n g a n h a n g . . . Cac tai lieu nay dfldc lu t h a p thdng qua eac bao cao eua eac Sd

Nong nghiep va p h a t trien ndng thdn eae tinh Tay Nguyen, Hiep hdi ca phe — ea cao Vi$t Nam, Ngan h a n g Nha nfldc Viet Nam, Ngan h a n g Ndng nghiep va p h a t trien ndng thdn.

c a c phfldng p h a p nghien cflu dfldc sfl dung bao gom:

- Phfldng p h a p nghien cflu SWOT: n h i m xac dinh nhflng t h u a n ldi va khd k h a n , diSm m a n h , yeu trong qua t r i n h thfle hien tai canh eay ea phe b eac tinh Tay Nguyen.

- Phfldng p h a p thd'ng ke kinh t e gom thong ke mo t a va thoiig ke so sanh: dung de xae dinh eac chi so, so sanh, doi chieu, va can dd'i trong nghien cflu cae chl tieu, ndi dung... cd q u a n hd vdi n h a u trong tdng the.

- Phfldng p h a p ehuyen gia, chuyen khao:

thfle hidn phfldng p h a p nay b i n g each t h a m khao ^ kien cua cac n h a q u a n ly, eac chuyen gia, cae can bd chuyen mdn va trao ddi vdi mdt sd' hd ndng dan ve cae va'n de lidn q u a n den qua t r i n h thfle hien tai canh cay ca phe.

3. K e t q u a n g h i e n ciJfu

3.1. Khdi qudt tinh hinh thuc hien tdi canh cdy cdphe d Tdy Nguyen hien nay Didn tieh cay ca phe gia edi b Tay Nguy§n chiem khoang 30% tdng dien tich ea phe cua ca nflde. Nang sua't ea phe gia cdi (da k h a i t h a c tfl 20 den 30 nam) giam d a n t h e o tflng Nguyen Thi Tliu Nguyfin, ThS., Tnrdng dai hpc Tfty Nguyen.

jhiin cdu Kmh Iff sff 447 - Thing 8/2015 4 1

U\ canh cay ca phe

nien vu, can t h a y t h e trong 10 nam tdi.

Nguyen n h a n cua tinh t r a n g gia cdi n h a n h la do ca phe dfldc bo tri trong t r e n nhflng vung da't khdng phu hdp, gid'ng cay trdng va d i u tfl khdng bao dam quy trinh. Ben canh dd, tinh t r a n g t h a m eanh cao dp cung khien

cay chdng t a n kiet. Vi v^y, dien tieh ea ph§

can t a i canh b cac t i n h Tay Nguyen tfl nay den n a m 2020 k h a ldn, cu t h e p h a n bd d cac dia b a n : D i k Lak: 85.000 ha; Lam Ddng:

59.600 ha; Gia Lai: 27.300 ha; D i k Ndng;

24.600 ha; Kon T u m : 2.000 h a . HINH 1: D i e n t i c h c a p h e c a n t a i c a n h d T a y N g u y e n d e n n a m 2020 (d/v: ha)

70000 60030 soooo 40000 30030 20000 lOOOO

0 ^{Dak Nong}

tJd

^{Lam Dong}

Ngudn: Cue Trdng trot.

N h u vay, D i k L l k vdi dien tieh ea phe toan t i n h la 203,5 n g h i n h a , n a n g s u a t binh q u a n 24,3 t a / h a la t i n h cd dien tich ca phe gia edi ldn nha't (ehiem 42,8%). Hien nay, t r e n dia b a n xay dflng lOha vfldn san xuat h a t gid'ng ca phe vdi T R S l , mdi n a m s a n xua't va eung flng 20 ta'n gid'ng. Co 4 vfldn n h a n chdi, mdi n a m cung cap 4 t r i e u chdi ghep.

Lam Ddng tfl n a m 2010 den n a y da trdng mdi tai canh va ghep cai tao 25.861,5ha, t r o n g n a m 2014, da tai eanh dflde 7.230ha dat 74,8% ke hoaeh. Tinh da cong n h a n vfldn d i u ddng ea phd vdi dien tieh 844.820m-, ed k h a n a n g eung ca'p 12,3 trieu m I m , chdi/nam d a m bao eho ngudn gid'ng trdng tai canh va ghep eai tao t r e n dia ban.

Gia Lai den n a y da t r d n g tai canh ca phe dfldc 2.906,8ha, t r o n g dd cac doanh nghiep la 750ha, ndng d a n : 2.156,8ha.

T i n h de'n hS't n a m 2 0 1 3 , t r e n dia ban tinh da dfldc Hiep hoi ca phe — ea cao Vi6t Nam ca'p 2.100kg h a t giong ea phe, 70.000 eay gidng. T r e n dia b a n cd vfldn n h a n chdi vdi dien tich 1 h a san xua't dflde 500.000 chdi/nam va vfldn fldm l , 2 h a cd thfi eung ca'p k h o a n g 3 t r i e u cay con/nam .

Dien tich t a i c a n h ca p h e t r e n dia ban t i n h D i k Nong n a m 2013 la 903ha, nam 2014, gieo fldm 900 kg h a t lai, tfldng dfldng 1.170.000 cay giong p h u c vu tai e a n h cho k h o a n g 1.053ha ca phe. Sau 3 n a m t r i e n k h a i t r d n g t a i canh, ty le tai c a n h t h a n h edng la 8 5 % chfla tha'y xuat h i e n s a u b e n h .

42 N^vin cdu Knh Iff sff 447 Thing a

^m, &M i'M^ sif^^KW - y^tiiii^ !-wE

Tai canh cay ci ph£

BANG 1: Kg't q u a t 4 i c a n h c a p h e d T a y N g u y g n g i a l d o a n 2010- 2014 Dia phuang

L a m D 6 n g Dak Lak Dak N6ng Gia Lai

2010 5.129

Dien tich 2011 1.309 1.829

ca phe tai canh (ha^

2012 5.949 2.644

2013 6.243 3.643 903 2.106

2014 7.230 3118 1.053 800

Tong so (ha) 25.860 11.334 1.956 2.906 Nguon: Cac Trdng trpt.

Cd h a i phfldng p h a p cd b a n de t a i e a n h y ca phd la phfldng p h a p t r o n g t a i e a n h ghdp cai t a o t r e n eay ea p h e . Trong t a i n h la n h d bd h o a n t o a n gdc ea p h e cu, u dd l u S n c a n h s a n g mpt sd' cay t r o n g [an n g a y k h a c it nha't 2 n a m de cai t a o 't va loai bd s a u b § n h (nha't la b e n h yd'n t r u n g ) rdi mdi t r d n g gid'ng ea phe

mdi cha't Ifldng hdn. Ghep eai t a o t r e n eay ea phe la trflc tiep ghep nhflng gid'ng ea phe mdi t r e n gd'c ea phe cu de t h a y ddi n a n g sua't va eha't Ifldng h a t . Mdi phfldng p h a p ed flu diem va k h u y e t diem r i e n g , vi vay, t u y theo t i n h h i n h tflng dien tich cu t h e m a lfla chon phfldng p h a p eho p h u hdp.

Phirong phap trong tai canh Vu diim

- C6 the Ioai bd sau benh (dac bidt la bSnh gi sat vk tuyen triing trong Tt).

- Thay mdi toln bp vudn ca phe vdi gidng mdi cho nang suit va chfCt lucmg cao.

Nhaoc Aiim

- Thdi gian thuc hien dai (tit 5 - 6 nam mdi CO th^ thu hoach).

- Chi phi diu tu ldn (tii 150 - 250 trieu ddng/ha).

Phuong phap ghep cai tao iTu diem

- TTidi gian thuc hien ngdn (sau 3 nam cho thu hoach).

- Dl 1 ^ , It c6ng, vudn cSy ddng deu hon v^ hinh dang.

- Chi phi dfiu tu thfCp.

Nhuoc dilm

- Kh6 Ioai bd hoan t o ^ benh gi sit va tuye'n trung.

- Ky thuat cf(y ghep ddi hdi ty mi, bao v6 vi tri cSly ghep cin than.

T r o n g thdi gian qua, cac ndng hd, doanh

;hidp d eac t i n h Tay N g u y e n eung da u a n hi ky da't t r 6 n g nhfl: n h o bd cay ca L§ gia cdi n g a y s a u k h i t h u h o a c h ( t h a n g

! va t h a n g 1), t h u gom, dfla t o a n bd t h a n , n h , r e r a khdi vfldn eay, cay bfla ky da't, fle h i e n l u a n eanh b i n g cae loai eay [In n g a y nhfl d a u do, ngd lai, bdng vai,

\&c cay p h a n x a n h hp d a u it nha't 2 n a m u k h i n h o bd ea p h e . Cae ndng ho, d o a n h [hiep c u n g da thi^c hien nghidm tue quy

t r i n h dao hd', bdn Idt trflde khi t r o n g t a i c a n h eay ca p h e . Dac biet, eac ndng hd, eac d o a n h nghiSp d eae t i n h Tay N g u y e n da sfl dting p h a n ldn didn tich ca phe voi s a u k h i t a i canh, d a u tfl t r o n g t h e m eay che bdng, c h a m sdc, bdn p h a n , tfldi nfldc d a m bao d u n g quy t r i n h ky t h u a t n e n cSy ca p h e t a i e a n h p h a t t r i e n n h a n h . N h i e u dien tich ea p h e mdi t r o n g t a i c a n h bfldc vao n a m thfl 3 d cac d o a n h n g h i e p nhfl Cdng t y t r a c h n h i e m hflu h a n mdt t h a n h vien ea p h e

<hiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 447 - Thing 8/2015 43

Tai canh cdy ca phe

706, l a Grai, l a Sao (Gia Lai), T h a n g Ldi, E a Pdk (Dak Lak) da cho t h u hoach tfl 2 den 2,5 ta'n n h a n ca phe/ha. Tai t i n h Dak Lak, ndi ed dien tich va san Ifldng ca phe ldn nha't

nfldc trong thdi gian qua, dien tich tai canh t a n g len h a n g n a m (rieng n a m 2014 tinh den he't n a m cung t a n g hdn cac n a m trfldc nhflng tha'p hdn so vdi n a m 2013).

HINH 2: D i e n t i c h c a p h e d a t a i c a n h c u a t i n h D S k Lak

4000 - 3500 - 3000 - 2500 - 2000 • 1500 • 1000

500 0 -

^

2011 2012

dien tich (lia)

y^ ~~*

2013 10-2014

—•—den ticli (ha) j

NguSn: Bao cao cua Sd N6ng nghi6p va phat trien n6ng th6n tinh Dak Lak, 2014.

6 Tay Nguyen da ed n h i e u md h i n h t a i eanh eay ca phe t h a n h cdng nhflng cung khdng it vfldn t a i canh da tha't bai.

T h a n h cdng nhfl md h i n h t a i canh eay ea phe cua cdng ty ca phe E a Pdk (Dak Lak) vdi quy t r i n h k h a i hoang, t h u gom r l va luan canh vdi eay bap, d a u tfl 2 den 4 n a m . Den nay, toan bd dien tich ea phe l u a n eanh deu sinh trfldng, p h a t t r i e n td't, eho nang sua't binh q u a n tfl 2,5 den 3 ta'n nhan/ha, trong khi do ta't ca dien tich ca phe khdng dfldc l u a n eanh trflde dd deu hi benh thd'i r l vdi n a n g sua't b i n h q u a n dfldi mdt ta'n n h a n / h a . Hay cdng t y t r a c h n h i e m hflu h a n mot t h a n h vien ea phe T h i n g Ldi (Dak Lak) vdi quy t r i n h nhd' eay ca phe vdi bang phfldng p h a p t h a n g dflng, cay r a r l , t h u gom het r l cu, trong luan c a n h cay n g a n n g a y n h a m c a t dflt n g u o n

thfle a n cua na'm vdi thdi gian l u a n eanh it nha't la 3 n a m , t r o n g dd 2 n a m d^u trong mau, n a m thfl 3 t r o n g cay muong hoa vang (trong h a i vu) va eay vui de t a n g ham Ifldng hflu cd, d i n h dfldng cho dat, da giiip cho hdn 85 h a cay ea phe eua hdn 90 hS d a n n h a n k h o a n p h a t t r i ^ n td't (100% dat loai A), eho n a n g s u a t cao va dn dinh. Hay Tdng cdng ty ea p h e Viet Nam da dfla cac gid'ng ca phe mdi, ddng vd t i n h chpn loc nhfl TR4 den TR9, T R l l , TR12, TR13 vao trong. Day la nhflng giong ea phe thich hdp vdi dieu kien da't dai, k h i h a u b Tay Nguyen, ed kich cd h a t ldn, k h a n g benh ri s a t eao, chin mupn, cho n a n g sua't cao, dap flng tdt yeu cau xua't k h a u , da giiip tren 2.000 h a ca phe t a i canh cua Tong cdng ty d e u cho n a n g sua't tfl 3 ta'n ea phe nhan/ha trd len.

44 N^Min aiu Kinhtffsff447 - ThAtg a

Tai canh cay ca phe ,

C u n g cd k h d n g it md h i n h t a i c a n h ea le hi tha't b a i c h u ye'u la do ndng d a n thfle en t a i e a n h ea p h e lam ehfla d u n g quy i n h k y t h u a t , hoac bi s a u b e n h va khd i a n ve vd'n. N h i e u hp gia dinh s a u k h i t a i mh 1-2 n a m cay v i n x a n h td't, nhflng ing n a m tie'p theo cay b a t d^u chet.

guyen n h a n la do t u y e n trflng v a n cdn im n h a p t r o n g da't h a i r l ea p h e . Nguyen i a n k h a c la do t h i e u voh, n h i e u ho ndng in p h a i cai t a o vfldn cay theo phfldng i a p cfla v a t de n u d i choi va d u n g cae ehe i ^ m s i n h hpc. Cach l a m n a y trfldc m a t u p cai t h i e n n a n g sua't, nhflng ve l a u dai i n p h a i tid'n h a n h t a i e a n h mdi bao d a m ) hieu q u a . Thie'u vd'n la mdt t r o n g nhflng guyen n h a n khie'n n h i e u ndng d a n ndng }i, k h d n g cai tao da't theo quy t r i n h ky luat da dflde k h u y e n cao m a t r o n g ngay, 10 n e n tha't bai.

3.2. Ddnh gid qud trinh thuc hien tdi canh cdy cd phe d Tdy Nguyen hien nay

3.2.1. Nhdng thudn lOi trong viec thi/c hiin tdi canh

u. Sa quan tdm cua Nhd nadc, chinh quyin dia phaang

Xae dinh dfldc nhflng khd k h a n ma ganh ca ph6 d a n g p h a i dd'i m a t ve sfl gia ing dien tich ea p h e gia coi, N h a nfldc va l i n h q u y i n dia phfldng d cae v u n g c i n t a i i n h cay ca phe ludn ed sfl q u a n t a m , hd

•d va don dd'c. N a m 2010, Bd Ndng nghidp k p h a t t r i e n ndng t h d n b a n h a n h quy

•inh t a i c a n h ea phe vdi biing phfldng hap t r o n g t a i canh. Chinh p h u eung ehi

^0 n g a n h n g a n h a n g cung nhfl eae cd u a n chflc n a n g tao dieu ki§n t h u a n Idi ve on vay, ho trd ve ky t h u a t eho ndng d a n a d o a n h n g h i e p trong qua t r i n h t a i c a n h ly ca p h e .

C h i n h q u y i n cac dia phfldng ed ca phe In t a i e a n h b Tay Nguyen eung ed n h i e u tiinh saeh hd trd. Dien h i n h nhfl t i n h Dak ,ak da hd trd h a t giong, eay gid'ng ea p h e .

eac gid'ng mdi cd n a n g s u a t eao nhfl 4/55, 1/20, TR4, TR5, TR6, TR7, TR8, TR9, T R l l , T R 1 3 va tao d i l u kien cho cac n d n g hp vay vd'n n g a n h a n g de t r i e n k h a i t a i e a n h vfldn ca phe theo d u n g ke hoach. T i n h cung to chflc cae ldp dao tao, t a p hua'n quy t r i n h t a i e a n h ea phd cho eae ndng hd. Cae cd q u a n chuyen mdn cua t i n h eung k h a n trfldng t r i e n k h a i cap gia'y chflng n h a n quyen sfl d u n g da't va t h u tue gia h a n quyen sfl d u n g da't d l tao dieu kidn t h u a n ldi cho cac ndng hd trong q u a t r i n h vay vd'n t a i canh vfldn ea phd.

Hay d h u y e n Dfle Cd t i n h Gia Lai, h a n g n a m chinh quyen dia phfldng da t r i e n k h a i ehinh saeh trd gia gid'ng ea phe ed n a n g sua't eao eho ngfldi d a n t a i e a n h . Cu t h e , mdi cay ca phe gid'ng, ngfldi d a n dflde h u y e n trd gia 3 nghin dong, p h i n c h e n h lech cdn lai so vdi gia t h i trfldng do ngfldi d a n t r a . Cung vdi dd, ngfldi d a n dfldc t a p hua'n ky t h u a t trong, cham sde ea phe theo quy t r i n h t a i eanh eua Bd Ndng nghiep va p h a t t r i e n ndng thdn. De'n nay, sd' didn tich ca phe tai canh mdi la 68 h a , dfl kien t r o n g n a m 2015, huyen hd trd k h o a n g 180 t r i e u ddng trd gia tai canh t h e m k h o a n g 60ha.

Ngoai ra, N h a nflde va chinh quyen eac dia phfldng ludn k h u y e n khieh viec n g h i e n cflu va t r i e n k h a i cae de tai khoa hpe ve t a i canh eay ca phe de Tay Nguyen cd t h e thfle hien t a i eanh cay ea phe n h a n h nhfl mue tieu da de ra.

b. Chinh sdch liu ddi vd'n cua ngdn hdng Vd'n ddng vai trd ra't q u a n t r p n g t r o n g viec thtie hien tai eanh cay ca phe, vi vay h e thdng n g a n h a n g dfldi sfl ehi dao cua C h i n h p h u da t a o dieu kien flu dai ve vd'n cho cac doanh nghiep va ndng d a n t a i c a n h cay ca phe d Tay Nguyen.

Ngay 11-5-2015, N g a n h a n g N h a nfldc Viet Nam da b a n h a n h v a n b a n sd' 3227/NHNN-TD hfldng d i n t r i e n k h a i ehinh saeh cho vay t a i e a n h ea phe t a i cac t i n h Tay Nguyen giai doan 2014-2020.

\ghiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 447 - Thing 8/2015 4 5

Tai canh cay ca phe

Dong thdi, Ngan h a n g N h a nfldc da cd van b a n gfli Bd Ndng nghiep va p h a t trien ndng thdn, Bd Cdng Thfldng va Uy b a n n h a n d a n 5 t i n h Tay Nguyen de nghi phoi hdp vdi n g a n h n g a n h a n g t r o n g viec t r i l n k h a i chfldng t r i n h cho vay t a i eanh. Chfldng t r i n h dflde t r i e n k h a i t r e n dia b a n 5 t i n h Tay Nguyen la Lam Dong, Dak Lak, Dak Ndng, Gia Lai va Kon Tum d a n h cho eae phfldng thfle: t a i eanh theo phfldng p h a p trdng t a i canh, hoae ghep cai tao ca phe, t r e n ed sd quy hoaeh t a i eanh ea phe eae dia phfldng khu vflc Tay Nguyen tfl n a y de'n n a m 2020 da dfldc Bp Ndng nghiep va p h a t t r i l n ndng thdn phe duyet. Theo dd, mfle eho vay do khaeh h a n g va n g a n h a n g thda t h u a n , nhflng dd'i vdi phfldng p h a p trong t a i canh ca phe mfle vay toi da la 150 trieu dong/ha, thdi b a n eho vay td'i da la 8 n a m , trong dd thdi gian a n b a n t r a nd gd'c va lai la 4 n a m t i n h tfl thdi diem k h a e h h a n g va ngan h a n g ky hdp ddng vay vd'n.

Dd'i vdi phfldng p h a p ghdp cai tao ca phe, mflc vay td'i da la 80 t r i e u ddng/ha, thdi b a n eho vay tdi da la 4 n a m , t r o n g dd thdi gian an h a n t r a nd goc va lai la 2 n a m t i n h tfl thdi diem k h a e h h a n g va n g a n h a n g ky hdp ddng vay von. Lai sua't cho vay trong thdi gian an b a n t r a nd goc va lai do n g a n Ngan h a n g Nha nfldc cdng bd' nhflng khdng vfldt qua 7%/nam (trong n a m 2015, mflc lai sua't nay la 7%/nam). Lai sua't cho vay sau thdi gian an h a n t r a nd goc va lai do Ngan h a n g N h a nfldc cdng bd' h a n g n a m , t r e n cd sd lai sua't lai sua't huy ddng b a n g dong Vidt Nam ky h a n 12 t h a n g eua n g a n h a n g cho vay, cdng bien dp 2,5%/nam.

Viee nganh ngan h a n g trien k h a i chfldng t r i n h eho vay tai eanh cay ca phe t r g n dia b a n eac t i n h Tay Nguyen vdi cae chfldng t r i n h vay va lai sua't flu dai nhfl vay, se tao dieu ki^n giup cho eay ca phe Tay Nguyen p h a t trien ben vflng.

c. Sa hd trq ky thuat cua cdc ca quan nghien cdu, chuyen giao cdng nghi vd sa phdl hop vdi cdc doanh nghiip liin quan

Ddi vdi ndng dan, q u a t r i n h tai eanh cay ea p h e la mdt q u a t r i n h dai phfle t a p , nan giai nha't la cac va'n de ve ky t h u a t va n g u d n vd'n. Chinh vi vay, viec nghien ctiu c h u y i n giao edng n g h e , ky t h u a t cua eac ccf q u a n chflc n a n g ciing nhfl sfl phd'i hdp thiic h i e n t a i c a n h cay ea p h e d Tay Nguyen la mpt t h u a n ldi ldn eho ndng d a n .

Vdi muc tieu tai e a n h va t r e hda vudn ca p h e gia cdi, Vien Khoa hpc - ky t h u a t nong lam nghiep Tay N g u y e n (Wasi) da nghien eflu va t r i l n k h a i n h i e u loai gid'ng mdi cha't Ifldng cao, nhfl gid'ng cay ghep va gidng ca phe vdi b a n g h a t lai da ddng TR4, TR5, TR6, TR7, TR8, TR9, T R l l , TR12, TR13 co n a n g sua't cao tfl 4,2 dS'n 7 ta'n ca phe n h a n / h a , cd cha't Ifldng tot, ed h a t ldn dat loai I t r e n 65%, k h a n g cao vdi benh gi sat, t a n g k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h m a t h a n g xuat k h ^ u n a y t r e n t h i trfldng thd' gidi. Trong thdi gian qua, W a s i da cung flng t r e n 16 ta'n h a t gid'ng td't, eha't Ifldng eao de nong d a n tfl fldm giong va t a p hua'n, chuyen giao ky t h u a t t r o n g ca p h e t h e o bd quy chu^n qudc te 4C "san xua't che bie'n va kinh doanh ea phe b i n vflng" cho khoang 21.000 ndng d a n .

Tfl n a m 2012-2014, Hidp hdi Ca phe - ca cao Vidt N a m da ho trd cho t i n h Dak Lfik 4.754 kg h a t giong ca phe lai T R S l va 109.400 cay gid'ng. Thdng qua Chfldng t r i n h Hdp tac edng tfl (PPP), tfl n a m 2011 de'n 2014, Cdng ty t r a c h nhidm hflu ban Nestld Viet N a m da hd trd 50% v l chi phi cay giong eho b a con ndng d a n cd n h u eau t a i eanh, tong s6 la 4.145.430 cay giong t r o n g cho 3.400 h a . Rieng n a m 2013 vdi dien tieh t a i e a n h 3.643 h a t h i Tdng edng ty ea phe Vidt N a m t a i canh dfldc 251,35 h a ; didn tich t a i c a n h cua eac edng ty trflc thudc t i n h ia 272,84 h a ; cdn lai di$n tich t r d n g t a i e a n h eua d a n tfl ngudn gidng do Hiep hoi ca phd - ca cao cua t i n h hd trd k h o a n g l.OOOha (hd trd 1.650kg h a t ca phg lai da ddng va 35.000 cay gidng) (Sd Nong nghiep va p h a t t r i e n ndng thon t i n h Dak

46 Nghien cdu Kinh Iff sff 447 - Thing 8/2015

Tai canh cSy ca phe

k). Nhfl v^y, dien tich ca phe t a i canh cd hd trd ve giong eua Hiep hdi va d o a n h

n g h i e p cho ndng d a n tfldng dd'i ldn, ehiem hdn 50% tong dien tieh t a i e a n h . HINH 3: D i e n t i c h tai c a n h c a y e a p h e n a m 2013 c u a t i n h D a k Lak

Hd ndng dan do Hifip hdi va doanh nghi&p ho

tnj:

52% Hd ndng dan tu tai

canh:

33%

Cac cdng ty ca ph6 tare thuflc tfnh:

Tdng cdng ty cA phfe Vi§t Nam:

7%

NguSn: Sd NOng nghifip va phat tri^n nOng ihOn tinh Dak Lak.

Ben eanh do, nhieu dfl an dflde xay dflng di i trd qua trinh tai eanh eay ea phe nhfl:

asi da lien ke't vdi Cdng ty ed' p h i n Bao ve fle vat An Giang (AGPPS) n h i m xay dflng 5 hinh tai canh ca phe theo hfldng hflu cd, ah hpc eho chudi gia tri ea phe ben viing;

"ung tam Khuye'n ndng tinh Dak Lak va

•am K h u y i n ndng cac huyen, t h a n h phd', thi 1 da phdl hdp vdi Cdng ty ed phan Thanh Ha [a Noi) de trien khai eae md hinh sfl dung ian hflu cd sinh hoe N-H, A-H t r e n eay ea le. Nam 2014, dfl a n Nescafe Plan cac dieh I hd trd m i l n phi cho ndng d a n eung dflde ien khai, bao gom chuyen giao 7 trieu cay 5hg va td chflc tap hua'n ky t h u a t cho 24.000 ing d a n trdng ca phe tai nhflng vung trdng

phe trpng diem tai 5 tinh Tay Nguyen eiia et N a m (Hiep hoi Ca phe - ea cao Viet am).

3.2.2. NhOng kho khdn trong viic thi/c hien tdi canh

u. Kho khdn ve ky thudt

Dam bao ky t h u a t tai canh cay ca phe hieu la la mdt khd k h a n ldn nhat vi de gap phai

sau benh va chet eay. Va'n de ma p h i n ldn ngudi trong ea phe khi tai canh gap phai la sau 2 - 3 n a m tai canh, vfldn cay cd hien tfldng vang la, r l epe, r l td bi thdi, eay phat trien kem hoae chet, nha't la d cac didn tich khdng dfldc luan canh va khdng loai bo toan bd r l eu. Day la benh vang la thdi r l do tuye'n triing Pratylenchus coffeae va n a m Pusarium solani gay ra. O Dak Lak, trong 42 hd trong tai eanh ea phe sau bd'n nam, ehi cd 11% cd vfldn eay sinh trfldng va phat t r i l n td't, ed the cha'p n h a n la t h a n h cdng, cdn lai la tha't bai.

Nguyen n h a n la do eha't Ifldng gid'ng ea phe chfla td't, do da't thoai hda qua manh sau mpt chu ky canh tae ea phe iau dai va gap sau benh (Wasi). Do vay, ngfldi ndng dan ra't ngan ngai trong d i u tfl tien eua va edng sflc di tsd canh ca phe vi khong mang lai hieu qua cao.

b. Khd khdn ve vdn

Tai canh cay ea phe dol vdi ngfldi ndng d a n b Tay Nguyen hien n a y p h a i ddi m a t vdi t i n h t r a n g t h i e u vd'n. Theo t i n h toan, de t a i canh mpt h a cay ca phe c i n k h o a n g 150 t r i e u ddng, chfla k l thdi gian t a i c a n h keo

ihiin cdu Kmh Iff sff 447- Thing 8/2015 47

Tai canh cay cd phe

dai 5 den 6 n a m ddi vdi phfldng p h a p t r d n g t a i eanh va 1 -2 n a m ddi vdi phfldng p h a p ghep cai tao. Trong 2, 3 n a m d a u luan eanh eai tao da't, sau dd trdng lai phai ma't 3 n a m nfla mdi ed t h u hoaeh. Trong k h o a n g thdi gian nay, t h u n h a p eua ngfldi d a n giam dang ke ma ne'u vay vdn theo ed ehe thfldng mai thdng thfldng de tai eanh vdi thdi gian dai thi chi phi Iai vay ngfldi dan p h a i t r a k h a ldn, khien hp khdng m a n h d a n t a i eanh.

Tai tinh Gia Lai, thdng qua k e n h eua Hpi Ndng dan tinh, nam 2014 da t h a n h lap dfldc 2.039 td vay vdn vdi 42.702 t h a n h vien (ho) vay vd'n chfldng t r i n h tai canh ca phe.

Tuy n h i e n den n a y , mdi chi ed 828 td vdi 14.368 t h a n h vidn n h a n dfldc vd'n vay, sd cdn lai chfla tiep can dfldc ngudn vd'n nay.

Viec ndng d a n ehfla tiep can dflde ngudn vd'n vay cho san xua't ea phe edn la do lai sua't v a n cao, thdi gian vay cdn ngan, thu tue vay vdn cdn phfle t a p . Ke't qua dieu tra 150 hp ndng d a n vay vd'n tin d u n g cua ngdn h a n g b 5 h u y e n chu lflc ve ca phe d tinh D a k L a k t r o n g mdt de t a i nghien eflu khoa hoe (bang 2) cho tha'y: 76% hd cho r i n g lai sua't vay cdn eao, t h u tue eho vay la binh thfldng (59,3%), 63,3% d a n h gia thdi gian vay la thieh hdp va 60% hd d a n h gia khoan tien dfldc vay cdn tha'p.

BANG 2: D a n h g i a ciia h o n o n g d a n t r o n g c a p h e v e h o a t d o n g t i n d u n g c u a n g a n h a n g d t i n h D a k L a k

Chi tieu

1. Lai su^t Cao Vira Thip 2. Thu tue

Nhanh Binh thucmg Cham 3. Thin gian cho vay

Dki Vira Ngan

4. IChoan ti^n duac vay Nhi^u II Vita

Dia ban T P Buon Me

Thuat

23 7 0

5 15 10

0 18 12

1 20 9

C u M g a r

21 9 0

7 19 4

0 20 10

0 18 12

Kr6ng Pak

22 8 0

4 17 9

0 17 13

1 13 11

Krong Buk

23 7 0

6 18 6

1 22 7

0 16 14

Cir Kuin

25 5 0

5 20 5

1 18 11

0 18 12

Tong

114 36 0

27 89 34

2 95 53

2 90 58

Tyl6

76,0 24,0 0,0

18,0 59,3 22.7

1,3 63,3 35,3

1,3 60,0 38,7 NguSn: D6 tai nghien cfiu cSp bfl ciia tic gia Bui Thi Hi^n, 2013.

Mat khac, viec tai eanh ca phe e i n vd'n d i u tfl ldn nhflng tai san tren da't cua ndng dan (nha cfla, vfldn eay ca phe) p h i n ldn

chfla dflde ca'p gia'y chflng n h a n quyin sd hflu, d i n d i n vi$c xac dinh gia tri tai san bao dam va thfle hien hdp ddng the cha'p ra't khd

4 8 Nghiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 447 - Thing S

Tai canh cay ca phe i

ian, gia c h u y i n nhfldng vfldn ca phd thfle t e t eao nhifng khi xae dinh gia de t h i chap i chl dfldc t i n h theo gia da't ndng nghiep do y b a n n h a n d a n t i n h cdng bd' h a n g nam.

Sn 80% dien tich ca phe dang canh tac t r e n a n v u n g Tay Nguyen thudc hd gia dinh, iflng nhflng n a m qua gia ca phe ba'p benh L trdng ca phe khong cd lai nhieu n e n hp ldng tich luy dfldc vdii d l thfle hien tai canh ,y ca phe.

u. Viic thd'ng ki, quy hoqch tdi canh cdy cd phe chaa hodn thien

Vide t a i canh cay ca phe khdng chi gap id k h a n d k h a u ky t h u a t , thieu vdn d i u tfl a cdn h a n c h l ca trong viee thdng ke dien :h cay ca phe c i n tai canh d l xay dflng quy )ach cu thd tao t h u a n ldi cho viec trien iai. Dieu n a y la do dien tieh cay ca phe cua ) nhd le nen khd thd'ng kS chinh xac. Hien ly, duy nha't t i n h Dak Lak cdng bd' quy )£ich tai canh ea phe, cac t i n h edn lai chfla I quy hoaeh n§n Ngan h a n g Ndng nghiep va lat t r i l n nong thdn chfla ed can cfl de xay ing phfldng a n cho vay tai canh ea phe.

Tinh Kon Tum, dien tich ca phe chfla dfldc ly hoach chi tiet nen khd cho edng tae thfle dn, xac dinh nhflng dien tich can tai eanh d ing phu hdp, loai bd nhflng dien tieh d iflng vflng khong phu hdp de c h u y i n ddi mg eay trdng khae.

Tai Lam Ddng eung chfla n i m dfldc chinh ic dien tich tai canh cua hd dan, hd tai canh nhflng Iai ke khai n h i l u . Chinh quyen xa ing khdng cd kinh phi de k i l m t r a tufng hd, in den t i n h t r a n g xac n h a n didn tich nhieu Jn so vdi thfle t l , ke ca mdt sd hd khdng ed It v i n xac n h a n .

d. Con tinh trqng ndng ddn thiic hiin tdi canh cdy cd phe ti/phdt

Tai eanh ca phe tha't bai mpt p h i n do cic y ndng d a n thfle hi§n tai eanh mdt each tfl lat, khong n i m vflng khoa hpc ky t h u a t , lU yeu dfla vao kinh nghi$m. Mdt sd ndng ) tai eanh ca phe vdi thfle hien khdng dung ly trinh, nhi't l i khdng luan canh, hoac ehi

luan canh mdt vu eac loai cay n g i n ngay sau dd trdng lai ngay ea phe, d i n d i n thiet h a i cho cic ndng hd. Vide thfle hiSn tai canh cSy ea phe mot each tfl phat se khdng n h a n dfldc nhieu sfl ho trd tfl chinh quyen, cd quan chflc nang, ddanh nghiep va giam sfl lien k i t vdi cac hp ndng dan khac, lam gia t a n g nguy cd tha't bai vfldn ca phe tai canh.

4. K e t l u a n v a k i e n n g h i g i a i p h a p Tai canh cay ca phe d Tay Nguyen dang la vEfli de ca'p bach hien nay, t h u h u t sfl quan t a m cua eae ea^p, cac nganh, eua doanh nghiep v i cac hd trdng ea phe. Viee thfle hien tai eanh eay ca p h i vi vay cd n h i l u t h u a n ldi, dd la: dflde sfl quan tam cua n h a nfldc, chinh q u y i n dia phudng; cd ehinh sach ifu dai tin dung vd'n ciia ngan hang; cd sfl hd trd ky t h u a t cua cac cd quan nghien cflu, ehuyen giao cdng nghe va sfl phdl hdp vdi cac doanh nghiep lien quan.

Ben canh nhflng t h u a n ldi, edng cudc tai canh eay ea phd d Tay Nguydn cung gap khdng it nhflng khd k h a n nhfl: khd k h a n v l ky thuat; khd k h a n ve vo'n; viee thdng ke, quy hoach tai canh cay ca phe chfla hoan thien; ndng dan cdn thfle hidn tai canh mdt each tfl phat.

De thfle hien t h a n h cdng cdng cuoc tai canh cay ca phe theo hfldng phat trien ben vflng tren da't Tay Nguyen, ngoai viee phat huy nhflng t h u a n ldi va b a n che nhiing khd k h a n neu tren, c i n thfle hien va thfle hien ddng bp n h i l u giai phap ma trong tam la:

Mdt Id, k h i n trfldng thdng k§, r a soat va xay dflng ke hoach tai canh ca phe cu the, chi tiet lam ed sd eho viee trien khai thfle hidn.

Hai Id, t h a n h lap cd quan thfldng trflc chi dao tai canh b cae tinh ed du nang lflc, quyen b a n va trach nhiem de chi dao dieu h a n h hieu qua qua t n n h tai eanh cay ea phe.

Bd Id, t i l p tue khao sat, t h u thap, xay dflng cd sd dfl lieu thdng tin phuc vu t a i canh cay ca phe.

Bdn Id, t a n g cfldng tuyen truyen, t a p hua'n, c h u y i n giao ky t h u a t , quy t r i n h tai

)hiin cdu Kinh iff sff 447 - Thing 8/2015 49

Tai canh cay ca phe ...

canh ca phe, edng nghe v l gidng, trdng, cham sdc, t h u hoaeh, bao quan san pham ca phe, san pham ndng nghiep kip thdi eho ndng dan;

Ndm Id, ed chinh sach tin dung phu hdp de huy dpng vdn tfl nhieu ngudn hd trd ed hieu qua cho cac hd tai canh ea phe./.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Bili Thi Hi^n (2013), Nghien cdU Ihuc trgng vd di xud't cdc gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qud sii dung vd'n cho cdc hd trdng cd phe tren dia bdn tinh Ddk Ldk, Hi tai nghi€n cihi khoa hoc cd!p bd.

^. Cuc Trdng trpt (2014), Tdi canh vdphdt trien bin vdng cd phe vdng Tdy Nguyen, Tai lifiu hdi thao.

3. Sd Nflng nghiep phat trie'n nflng thfln, Bdo cdo thuc trgng phdt tnen mdt so' cdy cSng nghiip chi luc thdng 3-2014.

4. Sd NOng nghiep phat trien nflng thfln, Bdo cdo hien trgng sdn xud't vd ke't qud tdi canh cd phe thdng 10- 2014.

5. Nguyin Trpng XuSn, Nguydn Hdng Nga, Nguyin Thi Huyin Trang (2014), Phdl trien sdn xufft cd phi bin vOng cd chdng nhdn Igi tinh Ddk Ldk, Tap chf Nghien cihi kinh t^, thing 9, tr.52-59.

6 http://cafef.vn/nong-thuy-san/tai-canh-ca-phe-o- tay-nguyen-kho-khan-the-nao-201311201624451006.chn

7. http://www.caphedakJak.com/tai-canh-ca-phe-van-

!a-bai-toan-kho/3884/

8. http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/tai%20canh%20ca

%20phe/tag.html

9. http://www.baomoi.com/rai-canh-cay-caphe-de- phat-trien-ben-vung/45/4375390.epi

50 Nghiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 447 - Thing 8/ZO^