C H U Y E N MUC
S U HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHIEN CLTU TON GIAO
BIEN PHAP THyONG PHAT QUAN LAI O NAM BO D y a i THOI VUA GIA LONG VA MINH MANG
(TiM HlfeU QUA DAI NAM THWC LUC)
LLPU VAN QUYtT'
Vung dit Nam Bd cd vi ta die biet quan trong doi vdi nha Nguyen trong cdng cudc thiet lap vugng trieu cung nhu bao ve chu quyen lanh tho quoc gia. Nhung tai day, chinh quyen nha Nguyen thudng xuyen phai doi phd vdl nan ngoai xam va nhirng bit on ve chinh tri. Vi vay, dudi thdi nha Nguyen ndi chung, dudi ttidi Gia Long vi Minh Mang ndi rieng, trieu dinh da thirc hien nhieu chinh sach dai ngd rieng va ap dung linh boat cac bien phap thudng phat doi vdi ddi ngu quan lai d day. Bleu dd da giup Gia Long vi Minh Mang cd dugc ddi ngu quan lai tan tam, giau nang luc phuc vu cho trieu dinh, bao vg vCrng chac chii quyen d vung dit phuong Nam xa xdi.
Tu khoa: G\a Long, Minh Mang, thudng phat quan lai. Nam Bd, Bai Nam thuc luc Nhan bat ngay 31/5/2018; dua vio bien tap: 2/6/2018; phan bien: 5/6/2018; duyft dang: 4/9/2018
1. DAT VAN De tif khau tuyen chpn den bo nhiem, sir Trong bit k^ giai doan Ijch sir nao, viec dung, ddng thdi c i n cd chinh sach chinh trj thanh cdng hay thit bai phin thudng phat nghiem minh. Sau khi len Idn d i u do each dting ngudi. Chinh ngoi, vua Gia Long r i t chii trpng thilt quyIn m u l n cd dugc nhii'ng vj quan l?P mdt bd may quan lai de kilm seat thanh liem, tai gidi c i n phai cd he tinh hinh chinh trj, khdi phuc lai trat ty thdng chinh sach ddng bp, toan dien xa bdi tren ca s g d i t nydc thong nhit, Nam Bp cd vj t h i eye ky quan trpng 'Trudng Oai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan ' ' " ' " " ' '^'^^ '^""S '^° " ^ " ^^^ '^P' ' ' ' van, Bai hoc Quae gia Thanh pho Ho Chi '^^u va t h i n g n h i t quio gia. So vdi Minh.
nhieu viing d i t khac trong ca nude.
LUU VAN QUY^T - BIEN PHAP THUCFNG PHAT QUAN LAI..
Nam Bp la viing d i t x u i t hien mudn nhat tren ban do Viet Nam.
Trong cac t h i ky cai trj ciia cac chua Nguyin va triiu Nguyen (ttr t h i ky XVII den nira d i u t h i ky XIX), cimg vdi qua trinh khan hoang, xac lap chu quyen, s y khdi s i c cua cac boat ddng thuang mai da tao ra mpt dien mao mdi cho Nam Bd. Vimg d i t nay nhanh chdng trd thanh mot khu vyc kinh t l phat trien nang ddng nhat trong ca nydc, ddng vai trd quan trpng trong sy phat trien b i n vtrng ciia dan tdc trong Ijch sir. Tuy nhien, do dieu kien lich sir va vj tri dja ly, liic b i y gid d Nam Bp thudng xuyen cd nhii'ng b i t on v l chinh tri, nhu: nhu'ng cupc xam luge ciia Xiem La, tranh c h i p trong triiu dinh Chan Lap, cudc khdi binh Le Van Khdi... Nhu c i u t i l p tuc qua trinh khIn hoang, phat trien kinh t l , on djnh xa hpi sau cudc npi chien vdi nha Tay Sgn,... da dat ra yeu e l u rieng v l tuyen chpn va sir dung quan lai d day;
dd phai la nhii'ng ngudi cd tai thao luge, hieu bilt, nang ddng, sang tao de cd t h i thay vua giai quylt cdng viec g vung dat phuang Nam giau t i l m nang.
Trong pham vi bai v i i t nay, thong qua bd Oai Nam thuc luc, chiing tdi tap trung lam sang td mdt sd bien phap thugng phat ma vua Gia Long va Minh Mang da ap dung ddi vdi dpi ngu quan lai d viing d i t Nam Bd. Qua dd cd the t i l p thu dugc nhilu d i l u bo ich cho cdng cudc "dung hiin" d viing d i t dugc xem la nang ddng nhit cua ca nude hien nay.
2. BIEN PHAP THU'tb'NG PHAT QUAN LAI a NAM BO
2.1. C h i do khao hach ciia nha Nguyin Khen thudng va xu phat la cdng cu r i t quan trpng ciia ngudi e l m quyIn de khuyin khich, dpng vien ngudi gidi, ngu'di tdt; ran de, ngan ngira ke x l u . Nam 1802, sau khi thilt lap vugng triiu, cung vdi nhii'ng chinh sach Chung v l luang va bdng Idc nha Nguyin da ban hanh cac chinh sach va cac bien phap thudng phat nghiem khic, cdng minh ddi vdi ddi ngu quan lai trong bd may nha nydc.
Ve phep xet cdng d l nghi thudng phat, nha Nguyin dat ra "che do khao hach"
quan lai theo djnh ky ciia nha nude.
Tiiy vao tirng cdng viec ma nha nude quy dinh ky ban khao bach. Theo dd, cir 3 nam den ky xet cdng, 3 bp Hd, Binh, Hinh deu dem sd sach cac viec thu t h u l , bat linh va xir an dua ca sang bd Lai xet ban chung r l i chia thanh tirng hang, ban djnh thudng phat theo thir t y d l tau len vua (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3:
974). "Pham xet thanh tich cac quan cir 3 nam lam mdt khda (lly nam thin, tuat, suu, mill lam ban), cir d i n nhii'ng nam l y , van, vd trudng quan d trong Kinh, quan g tinh ngoai, d i u chieu sy trang cdng lao, l i m ldi trong chirc sy 3 nam, lam mdt ban ty trinh giri v l Bd Lai k i l m tra giai quylt" (Npi cac triiu Nguyin, 2005, tap 5: 399).
Ddi vdi cac quan sap man ban lugng bong nhy "cac d i e , phii, bd, an d dia phuang cir d i n ky xet cdng, d i u can cir vao cdng trang trong 3 nam, lam
TAP CHl KHPA HQC XA HQI so 6 (238) 2018 thanh 1 ban t u trinh bay. Cdn d Kinh
cac quan chudng I n cae nha mdn bp, vipn, cac quan Chudng lanh cac quan dpanh g cac tinh, cac Lanh binh quan, vien nao an luang chirc hien tai, da dii 3 nam, thi khdng cau ne vao ky xet cdng, cir d i n nam man luang bong d i u can cir vao cdng trang trong 3 nam, lam mdt ban t y khai. D i n nhu cac quan chirc van vd thudc vien d trong Kinh va ngoai cac tinh, van tir Tir p h i m trd xuong, vd tir Tam pham trd xudng, khdng cau ne vao ky xet cdng, gian hoac cd ngudi dugc an luang dii 3 nam rdi thi d i u do quan tren cai quan vien l y sat hach: ai la ngydi man can, ai la ngudi t i m thudng deu dem sy trang ly Ijch vdi Idi ghi viec sat hach, de d i n hai bp Lai, Binh duyet lai, de theo y lenh tren chia thanh tirng hang lam so sach tau len dgi chi djnh deaf. Vua du ring: "Cir nhu nghj djnh, trich ra 3 viec thu t h u l , bat linh, xir an gdp lam mdt khda 3 nam ddn lai ma tinh, lai xet tirng nai nham chirc cdng viec nang nhe, cham chudc chia thanh tirng hang, trong dd nen rd cai phep chilt trir thudng phat va cai le quan vien man han luang bong thyc da chu dao thda dang cd the thi hanh dtrgc" (Qudc sii' quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 3: 974).
Ngoai nhtrng quy dinh khao bach theo djnh ky nhy tren, nhIm dam bao tinh khach quan, nha Nguyen cdn cd nhii'ng dgt khao bach khdng theo djnh ky hoac thuc hien nhirng dgt thanh tra dot xuit gpi la che do kinh luoc dai sir de giam sat cac dia phuang cd biln c l nhu chiln tranh, m I t miia ddi
kem... Ddng thdi, thdi gian tirng dgt tiln hanh thanh tra khao hach giu'a cac dja phuang cung quy djnh khac nhau "Gia Long nam thir 15 (1816) dinh le han ngay thanh tra cac thanh, doanh, t r i n Quang Dire thi ban 1 thang, Quang Trj ban 1 thang 15 ngay, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai han 2 thang, Phii Yen 2 thang 15 ngay. Nghe An, Thanh Hda, Ninh Binh, Binh San, Kinh Bac, Hung Hda, Tuyen Quang, Quang Yen, Lang San, Cao B i n g thudc Bac Thanh ban 3 thang. Phien An, Bien Hda, Djnh Tudng, VTnh Thanh, Ha Tien thudc Gia Dinh Thanh hgn 5 thang" (Npi cac triiu Nguyen, 2005, tap 5: 98).
Viec dua ra kji han co dinh de khao hach xet cdng, tdi ciia quan lai tir trung ygng den dja phuang, ciing vdi dd la nhii'ng dgt thanh tra dot xuat khi c i n thilt, da giiip triiu dinh kiem tra duac viec thyc thi cdng vu cua dpi ngO quan lai, budc quan lai phai cin trpng trong cdng viec, giii' gin dao dire va khdng ngifng nang cao nang lye de dygc thang thygng. Dong thdi viec trirng phat kjp thdi nhii'ng quan lai tham lam, cung lam giam bdt thdi nhung nhilu trpng bp may cai trj , dac biet d cac dia phuang.
2.2. Bien phap khen thu'd'ng quan lai a Nam Bo
Nam Bd la viing dat g i n bd vdi sy nghiep trung hyng ciia nha Nguyin, dp dd vua Gia Long, sau dd la Minh Mang ludn cd s y quan tam, yu ai d i n viing dat nay. Vua Minh Mang tirng viit: Nam Bp "la ngi d i y nghiep
LUU VAN QUYET - BIEN PHAP T H U O N G PHAT QUAN LAI...
vuang, nhan dan von cd tiing la trung nghTa. Dire t h i td Cao Hoang De ta tir khi gay dyng ca dd, d i n khi cd ca nude Oai Viet, hgp n h i t birc d u do, d i u la nhd d Idng dan Gia Djnh.
Sau khi dai djnh, vd v l gin giif cho dan yen on hang ban 30 nam, trdng nhd dire hda cua t n l u dinh ke da sau va day,..." (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyen 2007, tap 3: 601-602). Vdi each nhin nhan Nam Bd nhu vay, Gia Long va Minh Mang doi xif rat trpng hau ddi vgi cac quan cd cdng trang d l i vdi viing d i t Nam Bd, k l ca khi hp da qua ddi.
Sau khi len ngdi (1802), Gia Long da xudng chilu ban thudng cho cac tudng sT cd cdng trong viec giiip vua khdi phuc vuang triiu: "Ban cdng d l thudng, dd la phep thudng cua nude.
Bon cac ngudi ra tran danh giac, cdng lao khd nhpc ta da thiy rd. Nay la buoi d i u l l y lai kinh thanh, trudc h i t hay thudng cho bpn ngudi 1.000 lang vang, 10.000 lang bac, 30.000 quan t i l n d l khuyin khich. Cdn ngudi cd cdng trang dgi sau se thudng". Sau dd, Gia Long lenh cho cac dinh quan dem danh sach dang len, thang thu cho cac thing c h i , thing ddn, chudng ca, cai ca, cai dpi, phd dpi, dpi trudng, tham quan, tham luan, cai an, thu ky, tri ba, cai hgp, tiiy theo thd bac khac nhau ma khen thudng (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 1: 492). Ddi vdi cac b i l n binh theo Gia Long chinh chiln trudc dd, nay cho ve que nghi, tiiy theo cac hang cung duac ban thudng. Vua bao bay tdi: "Bien binh
Gia Djnh theo ta chinh chien, bao nam khd nhpc, nay v l que nghi, trong dd hoac cd ngudi khdng cd diln san thi l l y gi chi dimg cho du. Nay sai luu t r i n than phat t i l n kho 30.000 quan va 30.000 phuang gao d l chia cap cho:
chanh ve, chanh chi mdi ngudi 7 quan t i l n va 7 phuang gao; phd ve, phd chi, cai ca moi ngudi 6 quan tiln, 6 phuang gao; trygng hieu, cai dpi, mdi ngydi 5 quan t i l n va 5 phuang gao; phd dpi, tham luan, tn ba, moi ngudi 4 quan t i l n va 4 phuang gao; dpi trudng, cai an, cai hgp, thu hgp va quan nhan mdi ngudi 3 quan t i l n va 3 phugng gao (Qudc sif quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 1; 566-567). Rieng cac tudng sT bj benh v l nghi trong hat, Gia Long sai quan sd tai thudng d i n tham hdi, hang nam ghi danh sach tau len de vua xem xet ban thudng (QuIc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 1: 633).
Thdi ky nay d Nam Bd, nan ngoai xam va nhii'ng b i t I n v l chinh trj lien tuc dien ra, nen triiu dinh thi hanh bien phap khen thudng rdng rai d l i vdi cac vd tudng cting quan sT bao ve lanh tho phia Nam. Nam 1833, Le Van Khdi khdi loan danh chilm thanh Phien An, Trudc tinh canh cac tudng sT d Gia Oinh phai giai quylt cudc noi loan trong d i l u kien thdi tilt ndng birc, Minh Mang sai may ao mat bang sa, hang trtru hoac vai tay d p cho tif tudng quan, tham tan trd xudng d i n suit ddi cd tirng bac khac nhau...
Dong thdi, vua trao thudng cao cho cac cdng trang: khdng cir la quan hay dan chiing, h i ai bat hoac chem dugc
TAP CHi KHPA HPC XA HQI so 6 (238) 2018 ten thir y i u pham la Nguyen Van Bdt
thi thudng 500 lang bac, bat hoac chem dygc d i u muc giac thudng 100 lang xuong d i n 10 lang bac tiiy bac khac nhau (Qudc sO' quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 3: 606). Ddi vdi Le Van Khdi, ai bat hoac chem dugc se dugc thudng 1.000 lang bac, bat dugc be dang giac cung dugc trpng thudng (Quoc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3 589).
Sau khi dep xong cupc binh biln cua Le Van Khdi, Minh Mang ban thudng cho tudng quan Biii Van Dao mpt chile nhan vang mat pha le cua Tay Dygng va mdt ddng tien vang Phi Long hang nhd; thudng cho Lam Uy gia ham ve iiy va mpt chiec nhin vang mat pha le cua Tay Duang; thang chirc cho C i m Nhan C i m lam cai ddi, Nguyin Van Phung tam chanh dpi trydng, Hoang Dinh Khan - tho lai muc chan Thiiy VT dugc thudng lam chanh dpi trudng. Ngoai ra, cdn ban thudng cho mdi ngudi mpt ao tran bing nhung tuylt va mpt q u i n nhilu.
Ha Van Cao - nguyen giir d i n Ld Khe va Nguyin Bao Tuan - thd hao chau Van Ban, mdi ngudi d i u dugc thudng mdt ao dean dau tam. Cac suit dpi d i u thudng mdi ngudi ba ddng ngan tiln Phi Long hang Idn, cac biln binh va tho ddng dtfgc thudng chung 1.000 quan t i l n . Ngudi bat sdng dugc mdt ten d i u muc giac dugc thudng 25 quan t i l n . Ai b i t sing hoac chem d i u dygc cir mdi ten giac thi thudng t i l n 10 quan... (QuIc sir quan trieu Nguyen, 1966, tap 15: 199).
Nam 1833, nhan liic Le Van Khdi khdi binh danh c h i l m thanh Phien An, quan Xiem danh c h i l m Chan Lap rdi thira ca danh sang nhilu tinh Nam Bp, Minh Mang sai Truang Minh Giang va Nguyin Xuan di t i l u phat. De khuyin khich tinh t h i n cua cac tudng sT g ngoai mat tran lau ngay, hay nhting ngudi lap d y g c chiln cdng tieu diet quan Xiem, Minh Mang d i u dac each gia an cho nhifng quan quan, tif tudng tham quan va tham tan trd xuong, bit cir ddng d tran sd Gia Ojnh hay phan phong d hat, deu thudng cho tiln va cac thir bac khac nhau'". Cac tudng quan nhu Nguyin Xuan, Pham Htru Tam, moi ngydi dirge thudng mpt nhan vang mat kim cuang to bang hot dd, mot the bai deo ngpc trang cd hai chii' phiic thp vi cd cdng day liii quan Xiem. Cac quan tham tan Hd Van Khue, T r i n Van Tri, Nguyin Cdng Hoan mdi ngudi dugc thudng mpt nhin vang mat kim cugng hang vira, mpt the bai deo b i n g ngpc trang cham khac cd hoa cd day thao deo san hd ni xuong. Cac lanh binh Mai Cdng Ngdn, Le Sach, Tran Hii'u Thang d i u dugc thudng mdi ngudi mpt n h i n vang mat kim cuang hang nhd, mdt the bai deo b i n g ngpc trIng, cham tro cd hoa cd day thao deo san hd rii xuong, Rieng Tdng ddc Nguyin Van Trpng, trudc vl danh giac bj thuang da dygc v l que d l dilu dudng; nhung sau khi benh g i n khdi lai hiep d i n g ciing cac tudng ITnh gianh thing Igi, vi vay ciing dugc thygng nhy cac tydng quan khac (Quoc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 1966, tap 17: 48-49).
LUU VAN QUY^T - BIEN PHAP T H U O N G PHAT QUAN LAI..
Ngay ca cac quan quan trudc tirng bj giang 1 d p , nay d i u khdi phuc lai 1 d p , Chang han tudng quan Nguyin Van Trgng, tham tan Hd Van Khue va T r i n Van Tri (Qudc sii' quan triiu Nguyin, 1966, tap 16: 6), Nguyin Xuan - Do thong lanh Tdng d i e Long Tudng difgc thang T i l n quan Dd thong phii chudng phii sy, gia ham Thai tir Thai bao. Vua du rang 'nam trudc, Nguyin Xuan pha dugc giac Xiem. Tran t h i n g g Thuan Cang, Phii Lat, cong Xuan ngang vdi Truang Minh Giang... nay chuIn thang thyc chirc ndi tren de to rd yeu m I n , d i n dap cdng lao" (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 1966, tap 16: 24). Ddng thdi, vua Minh Mang eting tan phong Hiep bien dai hpc sT lanh Tong doc An-Ha, tudc Binh Thanh tir Truang Minh Giang len tudc Binh Thanh ba, lai thang Thy Ddng cac dai hoc sT gia ham Thai tir Thai bao, v i n lanh I n Tong ddc An-Ha, bao hp nude Chan Lap, nha vua ndi: "Trugng Minh Giang trydc da trao cho chirc tham tan dai t h i n , danh nghjch tac Phien An, mpt tran Bien Long, trydc lap cdng d i u . Kip khi cd giac Xiem, Giang dem mpt bp phan quan t i l n danh, lai pha dugc giac g Thuan Cang, dii lap chiln cdng thir nhit, rdi lai t i l n quan di t u i n t i l u suit bd cdi nydc Chan Lap, tran thing Phii Lat lam nhut h i t nbue khi ngdng cudng ciia giac. Sau dd luu lai Nam Vang, x I p dat mpi viec, lai d i l u khien duac triing khdp, vo yen dygc bpn quan Phien, dan Phien lam cho n y d c Xiem khdng dam nhIm thing
vao phien thupc ta, giif dygc yen tTnh.
Cdng ay thyc Idn. Vay ta t i n thang tygc, trat d l bilu duang cdng lao dac thii. Sai T u i n phii An Giang Le Dai Cuang hiep cimg Tong ddc Truang Minh Giang, kiem lanh an bao ve nude Chan Lap. Bp T u i n phii Ha Tien T r i n C h i n lam tham tri bd Binh, v i n gitr chirc T u i n phu nhy cu" (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 1966, tap 16: 24).
Cd t h i ndi, chinh nhtrng quan tam va ban thudng kip thdi cua triiu dinh da khiln tudng sT d Nam Bd h i t Idng vdl sy nghiep bao ve lanh tho ciia nha Nguyin d phuang Nam.
Gia Long va Minh Mang thudng sau sat trong viec thydng phat, cdt cam ca hai dau, giir theo le phai, can nhac cho thich dang. Tuy nhien, viec giang phat thudng phu thupc vap ngudi cai quan xem xet, hoac do ngudi ngoai hac tau.
Trong khi vdi viec nen thudng, thi cac quan cd trach nhiem chi sg cho la d u an, khdng chiu tau xin giiip cho, nen so ten quan van quan vd, ngydi phai phat thi nhilu ma ngudi dugc thudng thi it, chua dygc that cdng bang. Vi t h i , cac vua d l nghj cac thugng quan phai thyc trang tau len d l xem xet thugng phat.
Dudi thdi Gia Long, Tong Iran Le Van Duyet rat dugc tin dimg. Sang thdi Minh Mang, du vua cd nhilu bat ddng, nhung van danh gia cao tai nang cung nhu cdng lap cua dng. Nam 1823, Le Van Duyet da tryc t i l p chi huy va dieu dpng them dan binh ngydi Cap Mien g ddn Vinh Thanh, Djnh Tudng, Ha Tien va Uy Vien cimg hgp sire dao
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 6 (238) 2018 kenh Vinh T l . Khi viec dao kenh sap
hoan thanh, giira liic miia ha, trdi oi birc nen vua sai hoan lai, cho binh dan v l . "Thygng cho Le Van Duyet gia 1 d p va doan mang doan hoa d i u 1 tam; Truang T i n Biru va bon giam tu chuyen bien dugc thygng ky luc va bac lua theo thir bac; thydng vdc lua cho qudc vugng Chan Lap; cac quan Phien doc bien cdng dugc cho ao quin" (QuIc sir quan trieu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 280). Rieng Le Van Duyet cdn dugc tang dai ngpc de td rd sy biet dai. Vua du: "Trim nghT khanh khi xua theo vua da cd cdng lao, giii' het Idng trung, cho nen Hoang khao ta dan lai giiip t r i m . Trudc nhan d i t Gia Djnh d giap nude Phien nen sai khanh lam Tong tran. Tif khi khanh gitr viec d i n nay thi dep yen giac Chan Lap, t i l p d i n tra xet dinh lau, them len hgn van hd khIu. Nay lai t y minh ddc suit viec dao sdng d l thanh cai chi noi theo viec trudc ciia tram. Lam tdi sieng nang duy khanh la ban ca, cho nen hau thydng. Tir trudc d i n nay cac hoang tir tudc cdng chua tifng cho deo dai ngpc. Nay nghT khanh cdng trudc vdn da rang rd, lai dyng dugc cdng mdi, nen dac each ban cho.
Khanh cang nen ddc Idng trung thanh, CO g i n g ban nu'a" (Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 280-281).
Luu trin Gia Ojnh Nguyen Van Truang - ngudi cd cdng trong viec giiip nha Nguyen khdi phuc nghiep cu, sau khi m I t dugc vua Gia Long ban quan tai b i n g go giang huang, d p 1 000 quan tiln, cir cac quan lo viec ma chay va
d p phu trdng coi md phan. Ngay an tang, vua dich than ngy thuyin ring di t i l n , sau dd, d y g c vinh danh trpng danh sach cdng t h i n vpng cac... Nam 1831 dudi thdi Minh Mang, Nguyin Van Tryang dugc truy phong Ta van cdng t h i n Dac t i l n trang vu dai tudng quan, Trung quan dd thdng phu chudng phu sy, ham Thai Bao, doi ten thuy la Chieu Vu, phong Doan hting quan cdng va dugc ban t y diln. Minh Mang du: "Bpn Nguyen Van Truang dygng liic dire Hoang khao T h i to hoang d l ta v l t va gay dung, d i u bilt cam tinh gap g d gid may, dem hit sire khde tri khdn giiip nen muu to, dyng thanh nghiep tdn, cdng thyc vT dai.
Sau khi dai djnh, mdng an sang [sang]
suot, xet rd cdng lao. da l l mao long trong, lai tudc vj tdn sting, va truy phong cho dng cha, tap I m cho con chau, an d i l n thyc da r i t hau. Trim nghT cd cdng Idn l y , thi bao dap phai lau dai, Vay d p cho Nguyin Van Truang, Pham Van Nhan, Nguyin Hoang Dye, Nguyen Van Nhan mdi ngudi 100 m i u rudng t y d i l n . Nguyin Van Khiem 60 m i u , ban chp cac sic thu d l con chau ddi ddi dugc thu td ma cung viec t l ty" (Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2. 386).
Tong t r i n Trugng T i n Biru - ngudi cd cdng xay d t thanh Chau Ode, lanh nhiem vu bao hp Chan Lap, trdng coi viec dao vet kinh VTnh T l , khi mat dygc thd phung tai Trung Hung Cdng T h i n Milu va H i i n Lugng Tir, dygc ban d p cho t y d i l n d l l l y hue Igi cimg t l , T r i n thu Bien Hda la Le Van
LUU VAN QUYET - BIEN PHAP T H U & N G PHAT QUAN LAI..
Tif. sau khi mIt, dugc vua ban mdt cay g I m Tdng va 150 quan t i l n (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2:
389). Thygng thy Le bp la Pham Dang Hung, sau khi mat dugc ban tang Hiep bien dai hpc sT, cho thuy la Trung Nha, cho 500 quan tiln, 3 cay g I m Tong, 10 t i m lua (nam T y Oii'c thir 2 truy tang Dire quoc cdng) (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2;
433). Thong quan don Uy Vien la Nguyin Van T i n m l t vua du bd L l :
"Nguyen Van T i n tuy la g ngoai giao hda, nhung lam tdi thd Tien d l , da nhilu nam v l t va, mpt idng trung thanh, rat dang thudng. Ben sai quan du t l , cho hai cay g I m Tdng, 20 tam vai, 200 quan tiln... Cho con la Nguyin Van Vi lam Cai dpi thy Chanh quan eg" (Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 41).
Khdng chi ddi vdi cac vd tudng, cac van quan cd cdng cung dtfgc Gia Long va Minh Mang ddi xif h i t sire trpng hau. Nhu trudng hgp Hiep bien dai hpc sT Trmh Hoai Dire, do tuoi cao mudn xin nghi viec, nhung duac vua yeu quy giii' lai, sau dd ban thudng cho 2.000 quan t i l n va gd van gach ngdi de lam nha rieng d Kinh. Sau khi chet, vua du: "Hoai Dire tinh thuan can, thanh thuc, khd nhpc da lau, budi d i u trung hung dugc tin diing nhilu, phung sir sang Thanh, d m eg tilt gitf Gia Oinh, d i u hay thu dugc thanh tich, ed t i i n g t h u i n luang. T r i m tir noi ngdi den nay, bilt la tan trung, d t len chirc cao, thudng cimg ban luan chinh su, dugc nhilu d i l u thi thd md mang, duang mong hau dai lau dai cho giif
ben Ipc vj, miia ddng nam ngoai bdng mac benh nang, liin sai ngy y xem mach d i l u tri. Horn trydc benh lai them nang, liin sai thj ve mang cho sam q u i thugng phuang, t h i ma thulc thang chang kjp, nay voi bd di, tram nghe ndi khdng d m dygc nude mIt". Vua ben truy tang Thilu Bao C i n Chinh dien Dai hpc sT (trat Chanh nhit pham), thuy la Van Khac. Cdn cho g I m hdng g I m Tdng mdi thir 4 cay, nhilu doan m i l thir 4 t i m , sa triru 11 t i m , t i l n 2.500 quan, gao 500 phugng, dau 3.000 can, nghi c h i u 3 ngay, sai quan lam tir t l , Ngay dua dam ve que, vua sai hoang tir la Mien Hoanh den nha rieng vang menh cho rugu, lai phai 500 quan T h i n sach dua d i n b i n dd sdng Huang; d p cho 2 ngudi md phu (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 402).
Cac sy kien tren cho thiy, tiiy vao cdng trang khac nhau, Gia Long va Minh Mang ludn kjp thdi cd nhtrng hinh thirc ban thudng nham nang cao tinh t h i n trach nhiem va Idng trung thanh cua quan lai d phuang Nam.
2.3. Bien phap xir phat quan lai d' Nam Bp
Song song vdi viec khen thudng rpng rai, Gia Long va Minh Mang cung xir phat r i t nang ddi vdi nhifng quan lai pham tdi. Ddi vdi Minh Mang, thi viec doi xiy can phan la quan trpng nhit: "ta tir khi len ngdi den nay, diing ngydi lam viec, gitf mpt muc cdng bang, d i u cd ke tdi con than tin tif trudc cung chi dimg theo tai nang, chir khdng t u vj mdt ngydi nao. Ke nao cd tdi cung
TAP CHl KHPA HOC XA HOI so 6 (238) 2018 theo phap luat ma trirng trj, chua tifng
gugng nhe bao gid, dilu dd tydng da rd rang, tai mat ngudi ta d i u nghe bilt ca" (QuIc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 1966, tap 14. 337).
Gia Long va Minh Menh da nhilu l i n chi ra nan quan lai tham nhung la nguyen nhan dan d i n sy bao loan ciia dan chiing; "Nhan tinh ai khdng m u l n yen, ha lai vui thich lam trdm cudp hay sao? Nhan tinh trang bi ap birc, khdng ngi keu ca td cao nen tu tap lam trdm cudp. T r i m xem ban an cOa Hinh bd tau len thay cd viec dan bao cao trdm cudp ma chirc gitf viec b i t bd cho la hoang bao, tham chi cdn yeu sach cua dut, su te hai khdng the ndi xilt dugc. Dan ma khdng yen on lam an d i n ndi lam trdm cudp la loi tai vien chirc vay" (Quoc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 1972, tap 2: 65-66). Do dd, nhtrng hanh vi nhu nhan t i l n hoi Id, tham nhung, sach nhilu nhan dan, nhan viec cdng b i t dan ddng gdp...
ciia ddi ngu quan lai ttr triiu dinh d i n dja phygng deu bj xir phat r i t nang, theo nguyen t i c ; "Sat nhit nhan, van nhan cu" (gilt mdt ngudi de mudn ngudi sg ma tranh).
Nam Bd vao thgi ky nay da cd n i n thygng nghiep phat trien, viec budn ban giao luu vdi ben ngoai d i l n ra t i p nap, cd nhieu dd thi Idn va s I m ult.
Lam quan d mdt viing d i t vao loai giau cd bac nhat cua ca nude nen quan lai d day r i t d l bj cam do. Them vao dd, luang bong ciia triiu dinh ban d p khdng du de nudi sing gia dinh khiln quan lai ngi day khd giir dygc
liem chinh. Thyc t l cho thay, dudi thdi Gia Long va Minh Mang, nan quan lieu, tham nhung, chilm doat cua cdng, nhung nhilu nhan dan... cua quan lai d i l n ra kha pho biln. Dilu nay la m i l hpa Idn cd anh hudng tdi su tdn vong cua qudc gia. Nhan thirc dugc d i l u dd, Gia Long va Minh Mang da ban hanh nhirng quy djnh nghiem khic, rd rang. Trong cac ban an ma vua Gia Long va Minh Mang xet xir dugc Bai Nam thuc luc ghi lai thi so lugng quan lai a Nam Bd bj xir tdi vi tham nhung c h i l m dang k l , tieu bieu cd cac vu sau;
Dygi thdi vua Gia Long, Luu Phudc Tudng d y g c cir lam bao hd Chan Lap.
Tuy nhien, Phudc Tydng lai thydng xuyen sach nhieu dan chiing, bdn rut ciia cai ciia dan nen bj trieu hdi v l Gia Ojnh d l xet xir. Xet t h i y tdi trang khd dung tha, nam 1819, Gia Long ra lenh xir Xir Luu Phyde Tudng, tjch thu hit tai san d l tra lai cho dan. Vua xudng du: "Ai ngd bpn Phudc Tudng rieng bd phep cdng, khdng k l luat nude...
khdng ngd gian tham d i n thll... Bay gid tiln dan cd the tra dugc, ma dilu kho dan khd ciru lai cho dugc. Nay bon Phudc Tygng da chiu tdi chit chem, ta cung da sai quan tong trin tjch ky gia san tra lai cho dan" (Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyen, 2007, tap 1;
943).
Gia Long va Minh Mang xir ly rit nghiem k h i c tdi tham nhung bat ke dd la ngudi trong hoang tdc. Nam 1820, Phd Tong t r i n Gia Ojnh thanh la Hoang Cdng Ly tham lam, bdc lot cua
U-TUVANQUYeT - BIEN PHAPTHUdNG PHAT QUAN LAI..
cai, khiln nhan dan trong thanh can han. Vu viec dtfgc Tong t r i n Le Van Duyet d i l u tra lam rd, tau len trieu dinh xir tdi chit. Vua Minh Mang h i t sire p h i n no: " T r i m nudi dan nhu con, thuc khdng k l phi ton, Nhung bpn quan lai tham lam giao quyet, n g l m ngam chira d i y till rieng, ma ke quan qua cd dpc lai khdng dugc t h i m nhuin an thyc. G i n day Hoang Cdng Ly lam Phd Tdng t r i n Gia Oinh khdng bao lau ma bdc lot ciia dan d i n tren 3 van. N i u cac vien muc thii deu nhu y ca, thi dan ta cdn nhd cay vd dau.
Tram d i u cd Idng san sdc thuang xdt ciing khdng lam t h i nao dugc" (QuIc sii' quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2;
104-105). Sau dd, Minh Mang sai dinh t h i n hpi ban, an thanh, Hpang Cdng Ly bi xir tir, tjch thu gia san dem tra lai che binh dan. Vua xudng du: "Gia Djnh la nai dat rpng dan nhilu. Hoang khao ta muu tinh, thanh lap quan lif, khdi phuc d u do, cai nen mdng xay dung ca nghiep thyc la d day. Tir trudc d i n nay van than trpng lya chpn nhu'ng trgng t h i n cao lao danh vpng sai t r i n phu che mudn dan yen on. Khdng may cd Hoang Cdng Ly, lay t u each de hen, chira c h i t thdi tham bao, van trai phap luaL an lot k l d i n mudn van, b i t ngydi lam viec rieng mdi l i n d i n hang m I y nghin, mpt nude hai dan d i n t h i la cimg. NghT cac ngugi vd tdi ma gap ndi dpc hai nay, dii cOa cai d i n d y g c nhung noi kho lau ngay khd ma hdi dugc. Nay tdi nhan nhu t h i , phap luat phai thi hanh, d l cho nhan dan u l t ire mdt phuang d i u rd cai y trir bao an dan cua triiu dinh"
(Quoc sir quan t r i i u Nguyin, 2007, tap 2; 134).
Nam 1832, Ky luc Djnh Tydng la Truang Cdng VT vi tham tang bj each chirc. Vua sai thanh than Gia Ojnh xet hdi; an thanh, bj tdi giao giam hau (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 2: 317). T r i n Nhat Vinh dygc Tdng t r i n Gia Ojnh Le Van Duyet tin dimg, cay t h i an ciia diit, tham chi cudp vg ngudi, d d nha, chilm doat tai san, mpi ngudi khilp sg khdng dam td giac. Khi VTnh di Bac Thanh nham chirc Ta Tham tri Hd bp ITnh Hd tao Bac Thanh, nhan dan nop dan khdi kien. Le Van Duyet thu ly dilu tra, dang bilu xin giai VTnh v l ddi chat.
Vua sai Le Van Duyet ddc ddng cac tao xet rd roi tau len, sau tuyen chi each chirc VTnh, bat trdi dem ve Kinh dgi tdi (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 744). Nam Minh Mang thir 14 (1833) Thi ve Hoang Van Tudng va Le Quang Chiing, nhan di cdng sai nhan hoi Id. Viec bj phat giac, vua bao
"ddi vdi bpn thj ve tir trudc d i n gig, ta v i n nhilu l i n ran bap, t h i ma lu Hoang Van Tudng cdn dam tham lam, mat khdng trdng thiy phap luat, tuy tang vat chua d i n tay, nhung be cong phap luat ma xoay xda muu toan, that rat dang ghet, Vay budc phai trirng trj nghiem ngat d l ran de ke khac sau nay". Sau dd, Hoang Van Tudng va Le Quang Chiing deu bi xir tdi giao giam hau, dai d i n miia thu se xii' quylt (Quoc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3; 463). Nam Giap Ngp 1834, T u i n phu tinh Ha Tien la Trjnh Dygng tham d tdi 1.000 quan t i l n .
TAP CHl KHPA HQC XA HQI so 6 (238) 2018 Minh Mang bilt chuyen, lap tire each
chirc, giao vien tilp bien la T r i n Chan xet rd, tau len. Khi thanh an, Trinh Dygng bj xir tdi giap quyet (QuIc sif quan trieu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4; 102- 103). Hay nhu Bach Xuan Nguyen - phu trach Ty bd chinh ham me cd bac, an t i l n btra bai cua nhan dan trong thanh, khiln nhilu ngudi can ghet.
Vua ra lenh xir phat de lam guang nham c h i n chinh lai tinh hinh b i t on tai thanh Gia Djnh. Vua cho rang: do bo dimg khdng dugc ngudi tot lai khdng sang sudt thay tir ban d i u va khdng ngan ngira trudc khi viec xay ra, d l bpn hen kem, tham d hoanh hanh khien cho phong tuc trong viing khdng duac nhu trudc (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3: 648-649).
NhIm giif nghiem ky cugng, phep nude, ngan t i l m quyIn va lam quyIn, Gia Long va Minh Mang da van dung nguyen t i e "chil'c vu va trach nhiem nghiem minh", dat ra cac quy djnh cu t h i v l trach nhiem, nghTa vu va quyIn Igi ddi vdi tirng quan lai. Thang 5/1836 Trugng Minh Giang va Trygng Dang Q u i di thanh tra, phat hien viec lai vien Dinh Tudng la Tong Htfu Tai nhan viec dua ra quy thirc dac d i l n mdi, gid trd sach nhilu t i l n cua dan, liin b i t lai rdi xir tram. Viec tau len, vua khen la bilt giif nghiem phep nude. (Quoc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 4; 934). CDng trong nam 1836, Thii ngy thii sd Tai An thupc VTnh Long la Le Van Nham an hdi Id d l tha cho lai budn gao lau ngudi Thanh. S y viec bj phat giac, Le Van Nham bj m i l chirc va bj giao che bp
Hinh trj tdi (Qudc sii' quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 4: 935). Nam 1838, t u i n phii An Giang kiem Tham tan T r i n tay la Dygng Van Phong bi to nhan hdi Id 100 lang bac d l tha cho thuyin budn lau. Vua ha lenh bit Phong d l i c h i t sau giao cho bd Hinh tra xet. K i t qua viec nhan hdi Id d i u do vg le va gia nhan nha Phong lam.
Mac dil khdng can d y nhung than lam quan to ma d l ngudi nha pham phap vi t h i bj xir each luu (Qudc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 334- 225).
Tuy nhien, doi vdi nhtfng quan lai cd tdi, phai bj giang chirc, each chirc, nhung sau dd lap d y g c cdng thi vin dugc phuc chirc va thang chirc.
Trudng hgp T r i n thii Phien An Dao Quang Ly la mpt vl du. Nam 1820, Dao Quang Ly lam nhii'ng dilu trai phep, gay hai cho dan; nhyng vi tirng la b l tdi cu theo phd vua Gia Long nen dng d y g c tha tdi c h i t , chi phai giam d m truy tang. Vua du: "Quang Ly la cdng t h i n Vpng Cac cu, khdng bilt t y yeu thanh danh de m I c vao phap luat, r i t dang thuang tiic".
Thang 5/1826, Oao Quang Ly dygc ban lam Hieu iiy ve Cam y va phat phdi di Gia Ojnh lam viec kho sai, sau ba nam thi d y g c khdi phuc lai chirc (QuIc sir quan triiu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 534). Hay trudng hgp Nguyin Dire Hdi trydc lam Hiep tran Ha Tien, mac tdi bj each chirc. Sau cd cdng nen dugc phuc chirc cho lam Tri ba thanh Gia Djnh... (QuIc sir quan triiu Nguyen, 2007, tap 2: 105),
LUU VAN QUYtT - BIEN PHAP T H U O N G PHAT QUAN LAI.
Nhii'ng s y kien tren cho thay, vua Gia Long va Minh Mang trifng trj r i t nghiem khac te nan tham nhung ciia cdng, nhan hoi Id, sach nhieu dan chiing. Xet tren binh dien ciia phap luaL cac bien phap ma vua Gia Long va Minh Mang ap dung td ra toan dien va sau sac. Odi vdi nhifng ngudi pham tdi thupc hang quan Idn thi hai vua cang trirng trj nghiem khic, cd khi nghiem khac ban ca mire phat ma phap luat dat ra, la d l nham gin giir ky cuang phep nydc, dong thdi lam gyang cho dpi ngu quan lai va vd yen dan chiing.
3. KfeT LUAN
Nam Bd la viing d i t mdi so vdi cac dja phuang khac tren ca nude. Ddng thai. Nam Bd cung la viing d i t g i n bd vdi s y nghiep trung hung cua triiu Nguyin. S u trpng y i u v l dja ly, quan s y va s u phat t r i l n kinh t l nang ddng d Nam Bp da dat ra yeu e l u cao trong t u y i n chpn va sir dung quan lai nai nay, Od phai la nhtrng ngudi cd tai thac lygc, nang dpng, sang tao, hieu b i l t n h i l u mat ciia ddi song de cd the thay vua giai quyet cdng viec.
B i n g hinh thirc t u y i n chpn mang tinh
"phap che khoan dung gian dj", nha Nguyen da xay dyng d y g c d Nam Bd mdt dpi ngu quan lai da dang v l thanh phan nhung ed t h i dam dyang trpng trach quan ly dat phygng Nam.
o l phat huy tinh t h i n trach nhiem cua he t h i n g quan lai cac d p , Gia Long va Minh Mang da thyc hien nhilu chinh sach dai ngd rieng va ap dung linh hoat cac bien phap thudng phat quan lai. D i l u nay giiip cho triiu Nguyin cd dugc mdt dpi ngu quan lai tan tam, giau nang lye phuc vu cho trieu dinh, dam bao cho n i n chinh s y thdng s u i t ttr 1802 d i n nam 1840, dat n i n tang cho cac vj vua Nguyin v l sau trong viec quan ly d i t phugng Nam. Mac dii cdn cd nhO'ng han c h i mang tinh thdi dai, cac bien phap thudng phat quan lai cua hai vj vua d i u triiu Nguyin da d l lai nhtfng bai hpc cd y nghia sau s i c trong viec quan ly viing d i t Nam Bp vdi nhtrng truyin thing rieng. •
CHIJ THiCH
''' Tudng quan a§u 40 quan, tham tan deu 30 quan, chanh pho lanh binh deu 20 quan, chanh pho ve iiy deu 10 quan, chanh ph6 quan co dgu 8 quan, quyen sung chanh pho quan CO, ngoai uy chanh phd quan co deu 5 quan, suit doi cac ve, van giQ' chirc luc pham giup viec d quan thir 3 quan, quyen sung suit dpi va ngoai uy suit dpi 2 quan, chanh dpi trudng, doi trudng va van chirc that pham deu 1 quan 2 tien, van chirc bat, ciru pham va thu lai cac ve, cac CO, cac doi cho binh linh, huang dong va nhifng ngudi hieu luc d^u 1 quan.
TAI LIEU TRiCH D A N
1. Noi cac triiu Nguyen. 2005. Kham anh Dal Nam hdi dien su ie. Hud: Nxb. Thuan Hda.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 6 (238) 2018 2. Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen. 1972. Minh M$nh chinh yiu, tap 2. Sai Gon: Tu sach Co Van xuat ban.
3. Quoc su quan tri^u Nguyen. 1966. Dai Nam thuc luc, t^p 14, 15, 16,17. Ha Npi: Nxb.
Khoa hoc Xa hpi.
4. Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyen. 2007. Dai Nam thuc luc. tap 1, 2, 3, 4. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Giao due.
DINH CHINH
Do ldi ky thuat, Tap chi Khoa hgc Xa hpi (TPHCM) xin dinh chinh:
Tap chi Khoa hpc Xa hdi s i 5(237)2018, trang bia 3, tir d y d i len, hang thif 5 va 6, xin dpc ddng la;
Matthew Phillips Gocd, Clean Mourning in Thailand's 66 Cpsmopolitan Cosmos
Xin dinh chinh vdi tac gia va djch gia,
Tda soan
