CAU TRUC, COT LOI, MOI QUAN HE VA MUC TIEU CUA SANG KIEN VANH DAI VA CON Dl/ofNG
CUA TRUNG QUOC"
• TS TRJNH V A N DDVH Tnrdng Dgt hpc Khoa hgc Xa hQi va Nhdn vdn,
Dgi hpc Quoc gia Hd Npi
• T6m tit: Vinh iai vi Con iitdng(BRl) li "singkieii'ketnoi cdsdha tinggom iiidngbd, iiidng biin vd itidng khdnggiUa Trung Qudc vdi the gidi Sdng kien ndy cdng bS chinh thilc ngiy28-3-2015<'>. BRI ia trien khai hdn 5 nam, tuy vay, nhieu van ii rated bdn veBRI nhti:
khdi niim, cdu trie, mdi quan hi, cot loi vi muc tieu Id gi...van cdn chiia itidc ldm sing td.
Bii viit tip tnmg lim rd them nhiing vdn ii neu tren gdp phdn hiiu dung viBRI, tham vin idi vdi Bing vi Nhi niidc, ii ra chinh sdch thich ing phii hdp vdi Vinh iai vi Con iiidng.
• TU khda: Vdnh iai vi Con iiidng, ciu trie, cot ldi, muc tiiu.
1. v l thu^t ngir Vanh dai vi Con duftng tren biin thdkyXXI (Con dudng). Dilu thu vi li, Vinh dai vi Con dufing la phiin ban nit gpn mfii vl diu cfl tu Tolua, tii tolua dupe lip lai va cua phiin bin diu cfl tin: Mdt Vinh dai - Mot nhin manh ft ci hai vl, vl "Dai" vi ca vl Con dudng, im Hin Vift la Nhdt ddi nhdt IQ, "Dufing". VI ttln, dilm nhin li cpn duftng toltia tilngTrungli—S —SS; bmh ira: Yidai yflil..., - kmh tl, Trung Quoe muon nhin manh vi dinh tting Anh li One Belt One Road. Sau dfii tin huftng thi gifti vl gfic dp kinh t l eua cen duftng chinh thiic thinh Sing kiln Viitii dai vi Con thue day phit trien kmh tl khu vyc phia Tiy kem duftng, tiing Anh dilu ehmh lai li Beh and Road phit ttiln so vfti phia Dfing eiia Trung Qufie, tao Initiative (BRI). TCi dfi tin niy dugc su dung ra till can bang Dflng-Tiy. Ve dufti, "Conduftng ehinh thiie eho din nay. Vinh dai va Con duftng to lya ttln bien the ky XXI", khfingnbinvlgfie li tin nit gpn eua tin diy dil: Vanh tJai kinh td dp kmh tl ciia con duong, ma nhin vl tiiuit ngu con dudng tolua (Vanh Sai) va Con dudng tolua "bien", con duftng biln, lei ra biln, nhin vl khia
(•) Nghifn ciiu niy dupc tii ttp bfti Quy Phit Uiln khoa hgc vi Cflng nghe Qufic gia (NAFOSTED) ttong dl tii mi sfi 506.01-2016.01.
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QU6CT£cgnh dia chinh tri bien nhung viit cy thi Id biln tiilky XXI. nhuvgy nd khdc vdi biln ttudc thiky XXI*^'. Tu tolua hipn dipn ea hai v l cua Vanh dai vd Con dudng. Tuy nhien, thu vi la, ttong thye tiln ttiln khai, khdng ed to lya theo nghia den cua nd dupc ehuyin van. budn ban tten ca hai logi hinh dudng nay. Thay vao dd Id con dudng sdt, dudng bO. dudng dng... thay vi tiiuyln budn to lya la nhitng tdu ngdm, tau ehiln, tdu thuyen budn bdn hang hda... Tutolya dVanh dai va Con dudng thye chdt duge khdi phyc ttr con dudng to lya dan xen giiia huyin thogi va Uch su ttong su Tnmg Qudc. Bdn thdn danh xung con dudng to lya lgi do hgc gia ngudi Due mdi ddt ra d the ky XDC dng ddt tin eho con dudng tten bO budn bdn sdn phdm chinh Id to lya. khdi di tii Tay An.
Tnmg Qude din nudc Y, khdi phdt thdi nhd Han va hung thinh nha Duong. Cdn eon dudng tolya ttln Biln duge phuc hung tir con dudng tten biln. do Trinh Hda "thdt hd Nam Duong" (bay lan dong thuyin xudng phia Nam thai nha Minh.
Tnmg Qudc). Lam sdng day tiiuat ngti tolua ttong Vanh dai va Con dudng. mgt mdt phdn dnh khat vpng thuc hipn, phye hung gidc mdng md cha dng ngudi Trung Qudc da ldm hung thinh Tnmg Qudc thdi Han Dudng. md ra giao luu budn bdn giiia Tnmg Qude vdi t h i gidi tu rat sdm nhung sau dd diit dogn. Vd mOt Ian niia mudn khdi phuc con dudng bien. chilm linh, lam ehu biln cua Trung Qudc till ky XXI.
2. Cau tnic cua Vanh dai va Con dirdng Xet ve cdu tnic, Vdnh dai \ ^ Con dudng nhu ten gpi cua nd gdm cd 2 cau kiln ehinh la Vanh dai va thu 2 la Con dudng. Trong thyc te. cdn cau kien an nhung rat quan ttpng. thara chi nd la cdu kiOn Unh hdn cua Vdnh dai va Con dudng, la con dudng thdng tin. Nhu vay. tiiue chat cdu true cua Vanh dai va Con dudng gdm: cdu tnic dudng radt ddt. cau tnic dudng mat nude (bien)
va eau tnic khdng gian (dudng tiidng tin). Cdu ttiic ndy Id mOt cdu tnic 3 chilu nhung lgi Uln kit n i n tdng vdi nhau. dugc hinh dung la ba mui dudng di ra till gidi cua Trung Qudc. ve mdt eo hpc hmh tiiuc va ttln tiiyc t l cd till la cd ba d i u la eon dudng hai chilu, cd di va cd vl nhung tiiye chdt la con dudng mui ten mdt chilu, miu t i n Tnmg Qudc di ra ngodi. tim kiem tri tnrdng xudt khdu, tieu tiiy san phdra du tiiira, tgo dnh hudng. tira kilm ddng minh Ip tiiuOc vdo mmh va tiing bude khdng chl. tgo ra mOt chudi cdc nudc chiu dnh hudng va di theo Trung Qudc, tung hudc tgo lgp ttgt ty till gidi mdi do Trung Qude ddn ddt va tiiilt lap luat choi'^'.
Vdnh dai nghia Id mOt dal, mOt ddi, mOt tii^e ldn, ti^c chinh, tn^c tam khdi di tii Trung Qudc, gdm nhilu nhdnh dudng bO, dirdng sdt cao lde, dudng dng... kit ndi Tnmg Qudc vdi Chau Au vd cdc nudc Nam A, Ddng Nam A. Vi ly do nay cdi tin Mdf Vinh dai khdng bao trum h i t dupc thye l l triln khai, nd Id Da Vdnh dai, bd ehii Mptcdn Vanh dai cd tinh khdi quat hon. Trong Vdnh dai c6 nhilu nhdnh, ttpng tdm ddu mdi ludn Id Trung Qudc va tuTiung Qude. Dieu nay cho thdy tfnh tnmg tdm cua Trung Qudc d Vdnh dai Con dudng, thye chdt la tuyln dilm hay tilp dilm kit ndi Tnmg Qude tir phfa biln, di qua nhilu dilm ndi Trtmg Qude vdi cdc nudc Ddng Nam A. Nam A, An DO, Iran va chau Au, chau Phi. Cdn eon dudng thdng thi, ttpng tdm la 5G'^' cua Trung Qudc, kit ndi Tnmg Qude vdi todn t h i gidi mgng khdng day tdc do eao nhdt t h i gidi hiln nay.
3. Moi quan hp giira Vanh dal vd Con dudng Vay sy gidng nhau, khdc nhau va mdi Uln hO giua Vanh dai va Ck)n dtrong Id ^? VI gdng nhau, Vanh dai vd Con dudng la hai cdnh cda mOt k l hogch hanh dOng cua Tnmg Qudc nhdm thyc hien myc tiiu chdn hung Trung Qudc, tiiyc hipn Giie mdng Trung Hoa nhu Tdp Can Binh dd
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phdi bilu'^. Mdt khdc, vl bdn chdt, Vdnh dai vd Con dudng diu Idy Trung Qudc ldm trung tam vd til Trung Qudc khdi di.
M$t khdc, gjiia Vdnh dai vd Con dudng cung ed nhiing sy khdc nhau. Vdnh dai la eon dudng bO. Con dudng Id eon dudng biln. Vdnh dai dua Tnmg Qudc gdn kit hon niia, hipn diOn cu thi hon dTnmg Ddng, chau Au, Nga... tten dat Uln va Cling klo chau Au, Trung Ddng, Nga... xich lgi gdn hon Trung Qude hon bdng dirdng bO, ldi eua nd Id khdi phyc con dudng to lya ed. Con dudng giup Trung Qudc gdn kit chdt chl hon, xdc lap cy ihl hon. bdng hinh hdi tuyln dilm tten biln vdi cdc nudc Ddng Nara A, Nam A. Tnmg Ddng.
chdu Au va chdu Phi bdng dudng biln vd ngugc lgi, cting xdc lgp mdi Uen hp gitia edc khu vyc va qude gia ndy vdo mOt khdi eOng ddng ehtmg van minh Con dudng biln. Vdnh dai gidp Tnmg Qude phdt tilln phfa Tdy (kim phdt triln). Con dudng giup Trung Qude tilp tye phdt triln phia Ddng (da phdt triln)'^'. Con dudng ma l6i la con dudng to lua phia Tay da tiing liing danh, nie Trung Qudc da thdnh cdng ttong giao luu dudng bO vdi till gidi tti rdt sdm. Ngugc lgi, Trung Qudc ehua thdnh edng ttong phdt triln va ehmh phyc dudng biln dl phdt ttiln thdnh de chl biln, vuon ra. dnh hudng len thi gidi bdng dudng biln. Vl Ihl, Tnmg Qude ddt ten cho con dudng ndy la eon dudng to lya ttln biln. nhimg bien till k]? XXI, nic Trung Qudc se ldp lgi ky tieh con dudng to lya tten bO, nay thye hipn nd d tten biln, thi ky XXI nay, vi eac the k^ trude Trung Qude dd Id hpn cuOe choi ttln biln.
4. Cot loi ciia Vanh dai va Con dudng Cdt ldi cua Vanh dai la cdc dy an co sdha tang giiia Trung Qude vd cac nudc tham gia. Trong du an CO sdhg tdng nay, ndi bat va ttgng tam la: xay dyng cdc tuyln dudng sdt eao tdc, tuyen dudng bd cao tdc, cdc dap thiiy diOn, cdc dudng dng
ddn khi, ddn dau va khi ga va cae cdng. bdi, kho van ciing vdi dd la cae trung tam ehuyin giao.
cdc lhanh phd mpc len, cac tnmg tdm thuong mgi, giai tri... va dn theo vdi su hinh thdnh chudi CO sdhg tdng nay'^.
Cdt ldi cua Con dudng Id cdc dy dn xay dyng edc tuyln, cdc dilra trenbiln. cang biln, sdn bay, kho bdi d edng biliL Myc tiiu cua nd la kit ndi cdc edng biln phfa Nam Trung Qudc, ldy Phuc Kiln, Qudng Ddng lam ddu mdi di ra biln cua Tnmg Qudc. Mdt khdc. tii cdc cang biln, kho bdi nay kit ndi vdi cdc nhdnh, cac tuyln cua eon dudng tten bO, tgo thanh mang ludi kit ndi gitia Trung Qude vdi cdc nude va gitia cac nudc vdi nhau bdng ca eon dudng tten bp, tren bien va Uen thdng giiia ehiing vdi nhau. hinh thdnh chudi mdi giao luu, ttgm trung chuyin va Uln thdng vl co sd hg tdng giiia Tnmg Qudc vdi chdu Au, Ddng Nam A, Nam A, An DO, han... va chdu Phi'^'.
Cdt ldi eua 5G, edng ty ehu lye la Hoa Vi la sy xay dyng nin tang CO sd hg tdng mgng khdng day tdc do cao ggi tdt la ^^\ cdc try, cdt phdt sdng 5G triln khai tten toan the gidi. 5G da dugc chinh thlic tiiin khai loan Trung Qude ndm 2019. Trung Qude dd triln khai xdy dung cdt thu phdt 5G vdi sd lupng vugt ttdi hon My tten lodn thi gidi.
Nhuvgy ttgng tdra ldi cua nd la co sdhg tang, nhung la nin tang ha tang co sd chdt lugng cao, raang tinh miii nhon rad the gidi dang rat can.
Nhiing nude d khu vyc Ddng Nam A, chau Phi, Trung Ddng... dang rat can ngudn co sd hg tang chat lugng eao dgc biet Id dudng giao thdng cao tdc, dudng sdt cao tdc, bin cang... Ddc biet, nhiing nudc phdt triln itiiu Anh, Due, Phap, Y, Nga, tham chi ea My... eiing dang rdt cdn mgng 5G cua Trung Qude. Rd rang, Trung Qudc da di tning vao nhiing yeu td thiet yeu vl co sd hg tang raa loan the gidi ^ n g can, Trung Qudc da di tmdc mOt bude so vdi thi gidi dcac Unh vyc nay.
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QUfiCTfS Nhiiiig muc tieu dia Vanh dai vi COD dvong AfuctfeuJanhte
Vinh dai vi Con duftng khflng phii li mfit khiu hllu ehmh ui mi nfl li mflt kf hoaeh hinh dpng Phfi Thil tiifing Trang Qufic Vuong Ky Som ttong Hfii nghi Kmh tl flil gifti fliuflng niin di nfii ling vifc ting noiftng chira cua Trung Qufic khfing phii li su suy thoii cua Tnmg Qufic mi phiihiluringTnmgQufiedangfliaydfiicoeau nin kmh tl, kit thue thfii dai gii re vi buftc vio giai doan rafii, huftng tfti rayc tiiu mui nhgn vi cic ttpng dilra chit lupng cap, dl dua Trung Qufic tiln din rayc tiiu hifn dai hfia dit nuftc.
Vinh dai vi Cen dufing ra dfti ft khuc cua, buftc chuyin niyeilacociu kinh tl Tnmg Qufic.
Tai sao viy? Bfti le. Vinh dai vi Con dufing sf giup nin kuih tl Tnmg Qufie, trong dfi nhimg Unh vye ttpng dilm nhu giao thfing co sft h?
ting, nin ting efing nghe, dfing tiu, sit, fllf p, kho, bin cing sin xuit thilt bi viln thfing, difn til, thupng m^i difn til... va cac chufli eung iing theo eiing vfii nfi, vfin di tutmg dfii bio hfia ttong nutic, hoic di phit triln cao ttong nirfic, si dupc ehuyin giao sang cic nuflc kf m phit triln hon, nhu dufirng sit cao toe, duflrng giap thong, sit, thip, efing nghf nhi miy dien, nhift difn, thuy difn, thucmg mai difn tii, thanh tpin tryc myln, thilt hi vifn thfing difn tu, 5G... si dupc chuyin giap sang cic nirfic ngpai Tnmg Qufic thfing qua Vinh dai vi Con dufing. Ngupc lai, qua Vinh dai vi Con dufing Trung Qufic si cfl CO hfii nhip vl nuoc ngufin ning lupng, cic lpai dit hilm, di quy, ngufin ning lugng chlln lupc, cie leal hinh efing nghf chit Iirpng eao dl ning cap nin kmh tl, dfing thfti tu dfl giai phong ngufin nhin lyc du thua, tilp tue dfii mfli ning lye cflng nghf, ning luc sang tao, tao ra vong tuin hoin giup kmh tl Trung Quoe tilp tire di ting tniftng, ting truong eao vi ting truong bin
vting, vuon If n tim cao mfti nhu Phfi Thii tuftng Vuong Ky Son di nfii. Dfing tiifti. thi nuong tiiu tiiu hing hfia Tnmg Qufic si dupc chuyen qua cic tiiinh phfi, dil nuftc mi Vinh dal vi Con dufirng di qua, tao ra mfit efing dong Vinh dai vi Con duftng nhu Tnmg Qufie gpi la cfing dfing van mf nh chung khfing ngimg rpng mo"". Dilu niy tilp tyc giup kinh tl Tnmg Qufic ting ttufing, vuon Iln canh ti^h vi vugt Iln kmh tl My nhu rayctiluraiVanhdaivaCon dufing kJr vpng ttr linh vyc kinh tl.
Muc tieu chinh bfi
Sau nhilu nira tiiuc hifn phupng ehim kiln nhin in mmh chfi thfti, nic li myc tiiu chinh tri chiu sy din dit ciia My, nim ttong till gifti do My tao ra, Trang Qufie mufin chuyin sang giai doan din dit vi kilm soit My vi till gifii. Vinh dai vi Con dufing, ttpng tim li 5G, huftng din hai myc tiiu chinh ui rfi ring. Mdtli, quy ty eie nufic quanh Vinh dai vi Con dufing Trang Qufic cho vay, loi klo vi din dit cie nirfte cfl li?i tu vinh dai vi eon duflrng, tung buflre chia rl chiu Au, bao viy An Dp ci duftng biln vi duflmg bp thflng qua in ngti tai cing chlln lirpc Sri- lanka vi Pakistan, timg buflc mft rpng, kilra soit dirong biln 6e cfi lap Nhat Bin, kilra soit khu vuc Trung Dfing vi chiu Phi. Hai la, tiln din cfl lip My, lim suy ylu NATO, kiem soit chiu Au vi My bing 5G, timg buflc ehilm Unh vl til din dit thi gioi.
iVfuc tieu ngoai giao
Vanh dai vi Con dufing li ttpng dilm ngoai giao eua Trung Qufic till ky XXI, Trung Qufie myln bfi, till ky XXI bit diu vfti Vinh dai vi Con duong"'". Mufin hiiu vi m'cua ngoai giao ft Vinh dai vi Con duftng, chi ein nhftlai phuong ehim ngoai giao eiia Trung Qufic trudc diy la: Thao quangdudnghdifffiii mmh chgflifti). Ngugc lal, Vinh dai vi Con duftng li syniyln bfi, ehim dut
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thdi ky dn mmh chd thdi, thdo vdng kun ed, hda gidi than chti, thay vdo dd chuyin tCi an minh chd thdi sang thdi ky ngogi giao ttoi day va ddn ddL
Sy thay ddi chiin lupc ngogi giao. ddnh ddu sy ehuyin minh cua Trung Qude, ttoi dgy, ddn ddt. tgo dnh hudng. kilm soal i h l gidi t h i ky XXI la mye tiiu ngogi giao duge tuyln bd rd rang ttong Vanh dai vd Con dudng.
Mi^c tiiu ddi n0i
Trong 30 ndm qua, Trung Qudc da co ban dgt myc tieu xay dyng xd hOi khd gid. D l tgo ea sd viing chdc cho sy ldnh dgo tuyOt ddi. duy nhdt eua minh, Trung Qudc cdn tilp tyc cam kit mang lgi n i n kinh t l tdng trudng 2 eon sd eho ngudi dan cua mmh. Vdrtii dai vd Con dudng vdi vdng tudn hodn kinh t l dtrpc ndng cdp sang lpc cd lpi eho Trung Qudc, gitip kmh t l Trung Qudc tdng tiudng mgnh. ed n i n tdng ban, se Id cam kit viing chdc nhdt cho ngudi dan Tnmg Qudc, bdo ddm sy ldnh dgo, tinh chlnh danh cua Ddng COng sdn Tnmg Qudc. Ldm dugc dilu ndy, Tnmg Qudc si gidi quyit tdt vdn d l ddi nOi eua minh vdi 1,4 ty ddn ttong nude. Tuy nhiln, din thdi dilm ndy, myc tieu nay rdt khd dgt, vi nhiing tai hpa Uln tilp ldm diit gay nhting cdu kiOn co ban cua n i n kinh t l Trtmg Qudc. Dd la, chiin tranh thuang mgi vdi My. bilu tinh chdng ddi d Hdng Kdng va gdn ddy Id dgi dieh COVID-19.
Tdt cd nhting myc tieu tten neu thanh cdng, se tuong hd va giup Tnmg Qudc thanh edng muc tiiu tdi hgu la 2049 ky rupra 100 ndm tiidnh lap nudc COng hda Nhan dan Tnmg Hoa, Tnmg Qude s i hodn lhanh gidc mOng Trung Hoa, ttd lgi vai trd ddn ddt vd bd chu t h i gidi. Mue tieu nay ddt cugc vdo Vdnh dai va Con dudng. Nhu vdy, sy thdng hay trdm cua Vdnh dai va Con dudng se bdo hiOu vl sue khde cua Tnmg Qudc. Vi vay. tu mOl khia cgnh ndo do, nghien ctru Trtmg Qudc t h i k^ XXi trgng tdm la nghien ciiu Vanh dai va
Con dudng. Va n ^ e n ciiu Vdnh dai va Con dudng Id n ^ e n eiiu Trung Qude the ky XXI •
(1). (3), (7). (8), (10)Tendayddcuavdnkipnld: Viin dnh vi hinh ddng ve viec thuc day cung xay d\mg Vanh dai kinh tiCon dudng tal^ava con dudng to lua tren bien thikyXXI. V^ Iden nay la phy lyc in kem ttong cudn sdch phdt hanh ciilnh thiic bdng nhilu thii tiing cua Trung Qudc, ttong dd cd tiing Vipt do ngudi Trung Qudc ty dich, ty in tgi Nxb Thi gidi mdi, tdc gia Vuong Nghia Nguy. ndm 2017, tt.205-223. Ten sdch ddy du Id: Sdng kiln "Vanh dai va Con dudng" sy trdi dgy cua Trung Qudc sS mang din cho thi gidi dilu p . "Sdch do Cyc Gido dye cdn bg Ban Td chiic Trung uong, Cyc Ly lugn Ban Tuyln tmyIn Tnmg uong gidi thipu".
(2) Yndy dupc Tmng Qudc thich nghia rdt rO, Trung Qudc phe phdn Bien xam luge cua phuong Tdy vd dtra ra thugt ngu Van hda biln mdi, biln giao thuong do Trung Qudc khdi xudng. dd Id y nghia mdi, thay till va khdc bigt Biln tnrdc till ky XXI do phucmg Tay ddt ra va ddn ddt, Vdn hda biln thi ky XXI thdng qua con dudng to lua tten biln Id con dudng Vdn hda bien mdi va thay thi dudng biln cu.
(4), (9) 5G (The he mang di dOng thu 5 hodc hp thdng khdng day thu 5) la thi he tilp theo cda cdng nghe truyen thong di dgng sau the hp 4G, boat dOng dcdc bdng tan 28,38. va 60 GHz. Theo cae nha phat minh. mgi^ 5G se cd ldc dp nhanh hon khoang 100 lan so vdi mang 4G hien nay, giup md ra nhilu kha ndng mdi va hdp ddn.
(5), (11) Sang kien: Vanh dai va Con dudng, sutrdi day cua Trung Qudc se mang din cho thigididiiu gi, Nxb The gidi mdi. Tac gia Vuong Nghia Nguy, do Banh Thi Doan dich, ban in tieng Vipt, tai Bdc Kinh, ndra 2017. tt.17,1.
(6) Hd An Cuong (Chu bien) dich gia: Trdn Khang, Biii Xuan Tuan, Nxb Thdng tan, 2003.
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