Tir VAN HOA DONG NAI TOfI THANH DIA CAT TIEN
TRAN VAN BAO •
t / e ndi vd vfin hda Ddng Nai, tdi mudn bit diu ttt Phtt My, mfit di chi hgu ky DDdng tiiau- so k^f sat chi cfich khu di tich Cit Tifin d xa Quing Ngai vii km dudng chim bay.
Di chi Phtt My dupc phit hifin nim 1996, dign tich rfing khoing 8000 m l Toin bfi di chi nfim hen mfit bai bdi ben hftu nggn sfing Ddng Nai, thufic dja phgn thfin 3, xa Phtt My, Cit Tifin; chidu dflng - tay, gidi hgn ttt ddc D i Mfti tdi ngfi ba Phtt MJ, dfti khoing 200m; chidu b i c - nam, gidi hgn ttt tinh lfi 721 tdi bd sfing rfing hr 50m-I00m. Di chl nim h i i dfti tiieo chidu dfing tfiy vft cich sdng khoing 25m-50m. Ddi difin vdi di chi, bfin t i nggn l i dja phgn x i Dfic Lua, Tfin Phtt, tinh Ddng Nai, noi khdi diu rttng qudc gia Nam C i t Tifin.
Thing 11-1998, Vifin Khio cd hpc phdi h q i vdi Bfio ting Lim Ddng khai qugt di chi Phtt My lin tiitt I, d i o 2 hd vdi tdng difin tieh 98m^. Trong lin khai qugt niy tiiu dupc 132 hign vgt: 16 dd dft, 116 dd gdm nguyfin v i 28.450 minh gdm (Trjnh Sinh, Trin Quy Thjnh 1998).
Cufic khai qugt di ehi Phtt My lin thtt II vfto nim 2006 vdi sy: tham gia cua Trung tfim NCKCH vft BT Lfim Ddng, do TS. Btti Chi Hoing phy hftch, vdi tdng dign tfch Ift 2 2 4 m l gdm 7 hd thftm sit v i 4 hfi khai qugt. Hifin vat thu dupc hong cic hd khai quit gdm 33 dd di, 1 rlu ddng; 58 dd dit nung vft 6.246 manh gdm (Btti Chf Hoftng 2007).
Cufic khai qugt lin thtt III (3 - 2007) vdi s\f tham gia ctta cin bfi, sinh vien Khoa Stt Dai hoc Da Lgt v i Vifin Khao cd hpc. Dpt n ^ <S& dio 4 hd thim sit v i 2 hd khai qugt, tdng difin tich 9 Im^. Hifin vat tiiu dupc trong hai hd khai qugt tft 166 chide, trong dd cd 56 dd dft, 63 dd dit nung gfim bftn xoa, dpi xe ehi, eon ke, chan dfin, cdc, bit bdng, nttm gdm bj vd; v i 9.478 minh gdm cic loai (Trin Vfin bfto 2008).
Didm mdi vd mgt tu lifiu hong 3 lan khai qugt l i da tim tiiay vet tfch khufin due riii "nghi hupng", riu ddng lufti htah hyperbfin, I^t chuoi. Id nung gdm, bdp nguyfin tiitty vft diu vdt mfi ting, v e hifin vgt, tim tiiiy cfing ey cufii ghfi dfio tiifi so, nhttng minh hrdc dft opal cd vdt tu chinh v i stt dung nhfin bdng kidu ngo; nhttng vifin cufii nhd bing d i quartzite cd vdt su d\mg mdn nhin d mpt diu.
{Bdng I) Sau 3 lin thim sit vft khai qugt vdi difin tich tdng cfing 1ft 4 1 3 m l dtt c i c hd khai qugt d vi hf khftc nhau, nhung cd sy tiidng nhit cao vfi dge tmng dja ting v i di vgt.
Theo thdng kfi, nhdm khudn dtte v i phic vgt khufin dtte chifim sd lupng nhidu hon nhdm cfing cy riu, bfin d i . Tit c i khufln d Phtt My ddu 1ft khufln 2 mang, dupc Iftm ttt sa thgch (sandstone), vfit khfic hong khudn cho tiiiy ddi tupng due d dfiy Ift rlu ddng, mui nhpn, mtti tfin. Nhung nhidu nhit, tifiu bieu nhit vfin l i khufin dtte riu ddng, loai riu cd hpng tra cin, phin lufii cd hlnh hyperbol, hpng tiifit, dudng ehi nfii nim ngang hpng, gidng lufli riu v i khufin dtte riu d di chl Ddc Chtta (Hinh I vd 2).
TS. DH Dft Lat
Khdo cihoc, si312013
D6 g6m di chl Phil MJ c6 s6 lupng 1*1. Ngoii 44.174 minh g6m thu duprc qua 3 iSn khai quJt, 4 Pha My cPn c6 251 hi$n vJt g6m.
Bfing I. Thing kiphin lofl hl(n vfl MdlcMPhU Mf L09Ihlnh
Khudn dUc Phfic v§t khudn Bin mii Rlu bdn mii Phfic v^t rlu bdn CuOi ghi d5o Cdng cg mfinh tutk Chfiy nghian H9t chuSi Vdng tay Loii hlnh khfic T6ng c$ng
Lin khai qu$t (nfim) 1(1998)
9
4 2 2
1
18 II(2006)
4 6 2 5
6 6 I 3 33
111 (2007) 6
35 3 1 1 3 7
56
Ting Cfng
19 6 41 10 3 I 3 14 6 1 3 107 Bing 2.. Thdng kiph&n logihi^n v^tgdm di chi Phu Mp Lo^i hlnh hifn v^t
Bfin xoa Dpi xe spi
Big6m Con kg Ciring Td Au Nil Chfin dfen
C6c Cond^u G6m hinh qui bfiu
Nhan Ting c$ng
L^n khai qu$t (nfim) 1(1998)
95 II 2
1 1
2
1 1 1 115
II (2006) 45 II
1 1
58
III (2007) 63
7
4
1
I 2
78 Tdng cQng
203
29
2
4
1
3
I
2
1
2
I
I
1
251
Trin Vgn Bao - Tfr vin hoi Bdng Nai...
Hinh 1. Khudn due riu Phii My Trong tit c i cfic di chi thdi dgi kim khi d T i y Nguyfin, dd gdm tiiu dupc khflng nhidu, nhung d Phtt My, mgt dfi do gdm rit cao, khflng chi nhidu vd sd lupng m i cdn phong phtt vd logi hlnh. (Bdng 2).
NhOng ngudi khai qugt cho rfing, Phtt My Ii di chi cu trtt, ddng thdi edn 1ft xudng chd tgo dd ddng mft chttng ctt Ift s\i ed mgt etta c i c khufln dtte ddng, cic p h i c vgt khufin, rlu ddng gidng mgt fim hong khufin. Phtt My cdn l i hung tfim Iftm gdm vdi s\r cd mgt ctta dimg c\i Iftm gdm nhu bin xoa gfim vft than tro, dit chiy ctta cfic Id nung gdm.
Vfit tieh hd d i t den ed ciu trtte dgng Id luygn kim, hogc cd dd tuy tftng chfin theo cttng ggp d Phtt My. Tuy nhifin, ydu td cu htt d Phtt My vin Ift chu dgo; diu vdt cfing xudng d diy nhd, chua mang tfnh chuyfin hda rd rfit. Vd nifin dgi, trong lin khai qugt 1998, nhftng ngudi khai qugt xfte djnh di chl Phtt My v i o giai dogn Sit sdm, ngang vdi Idp mufin ctta Ddc Chtta, khoing 2700-2500 nfim cich ngiy nay. Trong lin khai qugt 2006, mdi etta di chi niy dup'c x i c djnh mugn hon, khoing 2.500BP - 2.200 BP. Nifin dgi niy phtt hpp vdi nifin dgi tuyft ddi do Trung tfim hgt nhfin Tp Hd Chf Minh gifim djnh hong khofing 2.470 - 2.340 ± 80BP .
Bthi dgt Phtt My hong bdi cinh khu w e , tiigt khd mft chi ra difim tuong ddng n i o gitta Phtt My v i cic di chi Kim khf d i biet d Tay Nguyfin. Trong khi dd, Phtt My lgi cd nfit gin gui vdi vfin hda Ddng Nai. d luu vyc Dfing Nai, ed nhttng trung tfim dtte ddng nhu Ddc Chtta, Bung Bae;
trung tam Iim gdm bftn xoa nhu Sudi Lmh. Bftn xoa gom dfi phit hifin Id tfi hong khu vvre nhung Sudi Linh Ii noi tim tiiiy suu tgp bftn xoa ldn nhit (39 chide nguyfin v?n, 60 chide chufii c i m v i 300 minh).
Xfit vd nfii dung, Phtt My vtta l i hung tim due dfing, vtta 1ft trung tfim Iftm gdm bftn xoa. Bin xoa Phtt My cttng tlm tiiiy nhidu (203 chide) v i gidng bin xoa d Sudi Linh. Dfing thdi, khufln due riu Phu My cttng hrong t\r khufin due cttng logi d Ddc Chua hay Bung Bgc. Vi tiid, hong mfit sfi b i i vidt vd khio cd hpc Lfim Ddng, tdi da nhan xfit di ehi Phtt My (Cftt Tifin) chju inh hudng ctta van hda Dfing Nam Bfi. Nhung trong bfti vidt nfty, tfii mudn nhin mgnh tiifim ring, ve dja - van hda, di chi Phtt My tiiufic vfi Dfing
Hinh 2. Riu vd khuon due rlu B6C Chiia
Nam Bfi (phttc hg vSn hda Ddng Nai).
Khdocdhoc, Ed 3/2013
Bin do I. PhSn bo cdc di lich khdo cS hpc luu vffc soi^ Bong IVai
Dja hinh Cftt Tifin Ii vttng ddi chuydn tidp ctta eao nguyfin Di Lutii - Bio Lfie xudng bgc tiidm
Djnh Quin - Xuin Lfic. Cft khu vyc gd ddi bin blttii nguyfin Ddng Nam BO cd thd coi Ii vttng trung
du, tinh ttt dfio Chudi (Lfim Ddng) dd xudng. Cie di tieh khio ed d Ddng Nam B$ ddu nim hfin mgt
mgt phing nghifing, thoii din ttt tiy sang dflng, tgp trung ven sflng Ddng Nai vi cic chi Iuu cua nd
nhu sfing La Ngi, sfing Bfi, sfing Sii Gdn. Trong phin bd niy, di chl Phtt My nfim xa nhit trfin ria cgnh
phia tiy bfic ctta mgt phing nghifing dd, giip ntti, thugc trung Iuu s6ngi)dng Nai. Phtt My nim d dg
cao tuygt ddi I40m. Cic di chl ctta vin hda Ddng Nai nfim gin kd nd nhit nhu Sufli Linh, Ddc Chtta cd
dg eao tuyfit ddi 50m-70m. Iuu v^c sfing Ddng Nai da tttng chttng kidn cu^c sdng djnh cu ctta cic Idp
ngudi cd ttt tidn stt tdi so su. Sdm nhit li eu dfin Di cQ phit hign dupc 6 quanh khu vvc Diu Gifiy -
Hftng Odn vdi 9 dja didm. Giai dogn Hgu ky Di mdi-sa kJ Ddng dft ed s\r bttng nd dfin sd, v<M gin 100
di tieh da dupc phit hign, hfti ttt hung Iuu sfing Ddng Nai tdi vttng ven bidn Bi Rja - Cin Gid. Trong
khoang 2000 BC, cic tiid hg eu din vttng Ddng Nai, ttt Ciu Sit tdi Sdn Dd- Blnh Da da hoin tiiign cftc
T r i n V i n Bao - Ttt- v i n h o i P d n g Nai..,
ky thugt chd t i e dd d i v i dd gdm, khai p h i vttng d i t dai Dfing Nam Bfi m i diu tfch dd lgi Ift hftng vgn cflng cu d i dd gdm vft e i c logi di vgt khic. Ldp cu din Ctt Lao Rtta - Ddc Chtta (Idp I) - Sudi Chdn jbfing sv dfit p h i , md etta giao luu, hao ddi nguyfin lifiu ddng dd phit tridn cflng nghg mdi, bidn vttng dit niy thinh mfit trung tim ddng thau sim uit. Budc chuydn ttt tidn stt sang so stt ctta vttng Ddng Nai gfin vdi cic di tich hgu Ddng tiiau - Sit sdm nhu Diu Gifiy, Phtt Hda, Sudi Chdn, Hing Gdn 9, Gidng Phgt, Gidng C i Vd, Ddc Chtta (ldp 10 (Le Xufin Digm vft cfing sy 1991; U Xufin Difim vft cflng sv 1995).
Tmng t i m kim khf Ddng Nai cdn l i noi giao hfii, tidp nhgn vft chuydn phit eftc ydu td vfin hda cua Dfing Son, Sa Huynh, Samrong Sen, Long Prao, Mimot, Non Nok Tha, Bin Chieng, Ban Nadi...
Ngiy nay, ngudi ta dimg khfti nigm Phiic hi Ddng Nai thay cho c i c thugt ngft cic vfin hda Phudc Tin, Bfin Dd, Doc Chtta mfit thdi quen diing.
Nhin tdng thd bttc tranh da sic mftu ctta vin hda luu vvc £>dng Nai, ddn mfit hai thd ky trudc v i sau CN, cu dfin d dfiy dfi ra khdi thdi tidn stt v i budc hin vio "ngudng ctta" ctta vfin mmh. Vin dd d dfiy l i , vfin minh so stt Ddng Nai hifin vin li mfit khoing trdng vd tu ligu. Trong mfit, hai tiigp ky gin dfiy, nhidu hpc gii d i giii thich khofing hdng niy bing cich ^ quan hg ctta Ddng Nai vdi vin hda 6 c Eo hofic vdi Vuong qudc Phtt Nam hong tiiu tjch cd. Vd phin mlnh, chttng tfii mudn lip diy khofing trdng niy theo mfit hudng khic v i dd cttng 1ft nfii dung chfnh ciia bfti vidt niy.
Nfiu nhbi hfin b i n dd dja hlnh, khflng cfiu nfi vfto dja gidi hftnh chinh tinh thi khdng rifing Phu My m i ngay eft khu di tfch Cit Tifin cttng nim hong dja bftn phfin bd ctta phue hfi vfin hda Ddng Nai {Ban dd I). Chung ta ddu bidt cfic kidn httc cd d dfiy khfing chi t ^ hung nhit d Cit Tifin mft edn phit hifin d Dg Teh vft bfin t i nggn sfing Ddng Nai, tiiufic dja phgn huyfin Tan Phtt. Chi rifing d xa Quing Ngai d i cd 8 cum kidn true dd sfi vdi nhidu loai hinh ddn thip, den mfi, dii thd, mandapa, dudng nudc... ciu thinh mfit quin thd kidn trtte tfin giio tiidng nhit. Nhftng kidn trtte cd dien bidn phong eftch khic nhau, dupe xfiy dvng hong nhidu tiid ky (TK VII-XI). Qua c i c cufic khai qugt gin dfiy da nay sinh nhifiu nhgn tiittc mdi. Vific tlm thiy di tich Id ggch, dudng dft, di chi cu trtt, mfi ting ed dfi giup cic nhft khio cd dua ra nhftng nifin dgi md diu sdm hon cho di tfch Cftt Tifin (TK III-IV). NhQng phd hch cdn Igi ngiy nay d C i t tifin l i diu vdt ctta mgt Thinh dja huy hoing, tring lfi, Ii hung tam chinh trj-tfin gifto etta mgt vuong qude httng cudng, cd nfin kinh tfi v i nhfin Ivc doi dio.
Khi b i n vd chtt nhfin di tfch Cit Tifin, c i c n h i nghien cttu da dua ra nhifiu kidn giii khic nhau.
Tuu trung cd m i y y kidn sau:
- Cftt Tifin Ii mfit tidu qudc cua Phtt Nam - Cftt Tifin chju ftnh hudng ctta Chfin Lgp - Cftt Tifin ehju inh hudng cua Champa - Cit Tifin Ift tidu qudc etta ngudi Mg.
Dttng l i khi khfto sit ciu httc, difiu khfic v i di vgt d Cit Tifin, chttng ta ddu nhgn tiiiy mfit sd nfit hrong ddng gitta C i t Tifin vdi Champa, 6 c Eo hay Chin Lgp nhung chtt tiid Cit Tifin vin l i rifing bifit, dfic dfio. Nhfin diy, tfli mudn nhic Igi Idi ctta cd GS Trin Qudc Vupng hong bii de dSn Hfii thio Cftt Tien lin tiiu 1- "Cftt Tifin, nd Ii chinh nd"! (Trin Qudc Vupng 2001).
Khdo cd hgc, sd 3/2013
6 hfin, tdi da tdm tat so lupe mfit cyc difin bttng nd ctta cic bfi Igc tiidi dgi Kim khf Iuu vvc sflng Ddng Nai vfto khoing hudc sau CN. Sd Iupng di tieh dfty dge ttt Di mdi ddn Kim khf tiid hign mfit tSp doin din eu dfing dio vdi sd lu(?ng di vgt khdng id li dd di, gdm, xuong si)mg, ddng, sfit, tiitty tinh, kim logi qui. Ttt vj hi mfit hung tfim dtte ddng ndi tidng, cu dfin Ddng Nai da phit hidn nghd chd tgo dd sit phit dgt. Thugn 1^ vd dja hinh bin binh nguyfin - chfiu tiid - duyfin hii, vdi cic ctta sfing vft bd bidn tiioing md, eu dfin Ddng Nai di md ctta giao luu hfii nhgp vdi cu dfin E)dng Son phfa Bfic (trdng ddng, rlu xde cfin, Iao ddng); v*i cu dfin Sa Huynh midn Trung (mfi chum, vd, khuyfin tai hai diu tiitt) vi cfi vdi hung luu sflng Mekong (nguyfin ligu, khufin dtte ddng). Ddn giai dogn phfit hidn cao Sudi Chdn, Phtt Hda, Gidng Phgt, cttng vdi kidm sfit, qua ddng, cu dfin Ddng Nai da tidp xtte vdi vung bidn phuong Nam qua sv ed mgt ctta vdng, hgt chudi tiitty tinh, mfi nfio, ving vft bgc. Trfin cyc difin dd, khd mi tin dupc cu dfin bin dja dfi rdi bd minh dit mftu md nfty dd tidn xudng khai phi vung dim liy midn Tfiy sflng Hgu, tgo lgp vfin hda dc Eo, bd Igi luu vyc Ddng Nai - "mfit vttng dit phi nhifiu nhit Dflng Nam A"- tiiftnh midn hoang vfing, tgo nfin mfit "khoing hdng" khd hidu d khu vvc nfty? Tfli cho ring, eu dfin Dong Nai, ddn giai dogn Dd sfit phit dgt da cd kdt cie bfi Igc nhfi, rdi rgc tiiinh mfit lifin minh, Kho qua ddng Long Giao cd tiid Ift mfit minh chttng. Chlnh Ittc niy - khoing diu CN, cu din E>dng Nai da tidp tiiu, bftn dja hda van hda An Dfi dd lgp thftnh mfit vuong qudc An Dfi hda, hrong tv eur dfin lfing gidng Sa Huynh vft eftc nhdm cu dfin khfic d Nam bin dio Dflng Duong. Trung tfim/kinh dfl etta vuong qudc cd tiifi nim d khu vyc Xuin Lgc hogc Bifin Hda. Sau m^t vii tiid ky, hp bit diu chpn mfit bdn dja flifch hpp dd xfiy dvng Thinh dja, dd chhih li Cit tifin ngiy nay. Bdn dja dd nfim giip ntti, de khai tiiic, sin xuit vit ligu xfiy dvng, vtta hgi dtt nhu ciu phdng ngv, vtta thugn lpi giao thfing vdi kinh dd thfing qua sfing Dfing Nai.
Trudng h^p nfiy tuong tv nhu sv thftnh Igp vuong qudc Champa. Hifin nay chung ta ddu tin ring hgu dufi cua cu din Sa Huynh li chtt nhin cua Champa/Lim Ap mgc dtt hidm tim thfiy diu vdt vfin hda Sa Huynh hong cic di tich Chim vi cung ed mfit khoing hdng vii tiid ky gitta 2 giai dogn.
Khi nghifin cttu vd ggch ndi Ddng Nai (Phtt My) - Cit Tifin, chttng ta nfin kdt hpp mdi quan hg ctta diln hlnh nfty vdi di tfch m$ "cv thgch" Xuin Lgc (Hing Gdn 7). Tfii khdng tin thinh quan didm ctta J.Bouehot hay H.Parmentier khi cho ring di tich "dolmen" niy thufic Di mdi hay Dd ddng. Mfi Hftng Gdn 7 chi cd the dupc tgo lgp sdm nhit vio Dd so ky sfit ndu khdng mudn ndi Ii mufin hon.
Tuong tu nhu vgy li cic di tfch "Thinh trdn" d Binh Phudc. Khflng tiid chi dva vio cfic di vgt di, gdm hong ting vfin hda d Mimot dd djnh tudi cho cic di tfch ddng dgng d Iuu vvc sdng Bfi. Cic di vit riu di ed thfin hinh try d Mimot hidm tim thiy d luu vyc Ddng Nai. Cfte thinh trdn li nhftng cdng hinh phdng ngv thdi so stt, hin di xiy dvng trfin nhttng didm eu titt trudc dd. Sfi rit Iy thtt nfiu chung ta cd tiid ehttng minh dupc ring chu nhin ctta vin hda - vfin minh Ddng Nai cttng chfrJi Ift nhOng ngudi xiy dvng mfi cv tiigch, dip tiiftnh trdn vfi dinh cao li kidn tgo Thfinh dja Cit Tign ndi tidng.
Dd kdt thtte bii vidt nhd niy, chung tfli chi xm ndi ring, nhftng y kidn hfin diy cdn mang nhidu tinh gii djnh, hy vpng sfi httu ich cho cflng tic nghifin cttu di tieh Cit Tifin trong tuong lai.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
TRAN VAN B A O 2001. Khdo cd hgc Ldm Ddng: lu liiu^ nhgn thuc vd vdn di. Lugn vfin Thgc si
nginh Ljch stt, Tu ligu DH Dft Lgt, Dft Lgt.
Trin Vin Bio - T t vfin boi Bing N«l...
TRAN VAN BAO 2004. "Khio c6 hpc Lto Ding, mdt s6 vSn dJ mSu ch6l", *a<io (J5 Ape, s6 6; 49 - 64.
TRAN VANBAO2006."ThinhdiaCit Tifin", mdt viisuynghr. Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cong nghi, S*
KHCN Lfim Ding, s6 4:26-29.
TRAN VAN BAO 2008. Di chl PhU My (Lfim D&ig), nhthig m6i lifti hJ vfin hda, Khio cihpcai\):30 -39.
TRAN VAN BAO 2007. Khai quJt di chl Phil MJ (Cfit Tifin, Lfim D6ng), 7Ji<!ng bio khoa hpc: 7-12, DHDfiLjt.
LE XUAN DI$M, PHAM QUANG SON, BOI CHI HOANG 1991. /CJnio ciDingNai. Nxb. Ding Nai.
Lfi XUAN DISM, D A O LINH C 6 N , VO S t KHAI 1995. Vin hia ic Ea - nhtmg khim phi mil, Nxb.KHXH, HfiNdi.
Bin CHi HOANG (chti bifin) 2007. Bio cio khat qupl (tan Ihi hai) di lich Phi Mf, huyin Cdi Tten, (LdmOing) . Tu lifu Vi?n KHXH vCing Nam BO.
TRINH SINH, TRAN QUY THINH 1998. Bio cio khai qupl PhU K0, Cdi Tiin (Urn Ding) ndm
;9PS. Thuvien Viln KCH.
TRAN QU<5C VUQNG 2tM\. "Bk I&I". Ky yeu Hpi Ihdo khoa hpc di llch KCH Cii Tiin, thing 3- 2001. S* VH-TT tinh Lfim Ding xu4t bfin: 9-19.
FROM D 6 N G NAI CULTURE TO CAT TIEN HOLY LAND
TRAN VAN BAO Archaeplogy has discpvered a Protp- Prehistoric complex in the Dong Nai River basin with a fairly high - standard development and a widespread cultural interaction. This complex includes about 100 sites, in which the typical ones are Can Sfit, Ben Do, Binh Da, CO Lao RCia, D6C Chiia, Dau Giay, Sudi Chin, PhU Hda, Giing Phft, Giing Cfi v i , Phu My and so on.
The development after the Ding Nai Culture is a controversial problem. Many researchers tend to associate the Ding Nai Culture with 6 c Eo culhire or Funan Cultute, but the author wants to associate it with the area of Cfit TiSn Holy land. The cultuial religious characteristics and of this area are similar to the Champa Culture, 6 c Eo and Chin Ljp Cultare though, they have their own nuance and sufficient stature to be independent.
According to the author, the Cfit Tien area is adjacent to the distributive area of the Ding Nai Culture, so the development from Ding Nai to Cfit Ti6n is apparent. The Ding Nai-culture inhabitants with their developed economic and social base must be a main source to form an independent Kingdom with the Imperial City that is also the Cit TiSn Holy land as seen today.
