58
TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN N H A N LUC, S 6 2(18)-2010MOT SO VAN DE CAN TRAO DOI
TRONG QUA TRINH HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE CUA VIET NAM
PHAN NGOC TRUNG')
T
l oan eau hda va hdi nhap kinh te da va dang trd thanh mdt trong nhffng xu the ta't yeu eua quan he kinh te qude te Men dai. Nd khdng nhffng tao ra nhffng kha nang va dieu kien thuan ldi de phat trien kinh te ma edn la mdt thach thffc gay gat vdi cac nffdc, nha't la cae nffdc dang phat trien, trong dd cd Viet Nam.Vdi cMnh sach "Ddi mdi" va "Md cffa" hdi nhap qudc te tren quan diem "Viet Nam mudn ldm bqn cda tdt ed cdc qude gia trong cong dong the gidi, phdn ddu vl hoa binh, doe ldp vd phdt trien"'^\ Tff nam 1986 de'n nay, vdi phffdng cham da dang hda, da phffdng hda trong phat trien kinh te ddi ngoai da gdp phan quan trpng trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te, dat dffdc sff dn dinh va td'c dp tang trffdng kha cao. Ben canh tranh thu nhffng thdi cd trong qua trinh hdi nhap vdi qudc te va khu vffc, Viet Nam cung gap khdng it thach thffc bdi nen kinh te dang d trinh dp phat trien tha'p, tinh canh tranh cua nen kinh te edn yeu, lai phai ddi phd vdi nguy ed dien bien hoa binh va nhffng anh htfdng tieu ctfc eua kinh te' thi trtfdng.
De gdp phan tim ra cae giai phap phat trien kinh te tdt hdn, can nhan thtfc mpt so' van de sau:
" TS. Kinh te Chinh th, Giang vien Khpa Ly luan Mac - Lenin, Trudng Can bp thanh php HP Chi Minh.
("" Dang Cong san Viet Nam. Van kien Dai hgi Dai bleu toan qudc lin thd VIII. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia.
Ha Npi, 1996, tr.41. ,
I. Van de giff gm ban sac van hoa Vi$t Nam trong tien trMh hdi nhSp quo^c te:
Toan cau hda da tao ra mpt chan trdi mdi cho eude sdng van hda eua eon ngtfdi, vdi tat ca tinh sang tao cua nd. Song, nen van hda mdi do xu htfdng toan can hda mang lai khdng lam cho cac qudc gia an long. Dang ta da Mng canh giae:
md cffa "la de don nhQng luong gio trong, nhUng doi khi cung cd nhQng luong gio dgc". Mahatma Gandhi, mpt nha each mang ndi tieng cua An Dp cho rang: "Toi khong mudn ngoi nhd cda toi bi xdy dung bao quanh tudng bdn phia vd cdc cQa so bi dong kin. Toi mudn ldn gio vdn hoa eda tdt ed ede xQ sd thoi quanh nhd toi mgt cdch • tu do den mQe cd the. Song toi khong cho phep bdt ed thQ gl ldm nghieng ngd doi chdn eua minh". Nhffng ludng gid van hda ngay nay, lech manh theo hffdng M nhffng nffdc giau den nhffng nffdc ngheo.
Hang hda khdng trpng Iffdng, vdi ham Itfdng tri thtfc cao, ehtf khdng phai nang ham Itfdng vat chaft da tao ra mpt sd khu vffc nang dpng nhat trong nen kinh te tien tien nha't Men nay. Nganh cdng ngMep xua't khau ldn nha't eua My khdng phai cM la may bay hay d td ma edn la nganh vui chdi giai tri phim cua Hollywood, ed tdng thu nhap len de'n 30 ty USD tren toan the gidi (nam 1997).
Sff banh trffdng cua cac mang Iffdi thdng tin dai ehung toan cau va eong nghe tmyen thdng qua ve tinh da dem lai nhffng thdng tm dai ehung vdi sffc m'anh vffdn khap toan eau, nhffng cupc
PHAN NGOC TRUNG - MOT SO VAN DE CAN TRAO DOI,
59
tan cdng dff dpi cua van hda nffdc ngoai cd the de dpa nen van hda tmyen thd'ng cua mdi qudc gia, kMen eho hau het eac qud'e gia lo sd trong qua trinh hdi nhap qud'e te se bi danh mat ban sac van hda cua minh. Nhtf vay, dieu can thiet la phai bie't giff gin va ket hdp ban sac van hda - dan tde vdi sff Iffa chpn nhffng van hda lanh manh. Men dai cua nffdc ngoai de cho phep ehung cung nd rd trong mdt nen van hda giau ban sac van hda nhffng Men dai.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam trong qua trinh hdi nhap, Viet Nam phai giai quyet mdi quan he dan xen giffa van hda ndng nghiep lau ddi va van hda cdng ngMep dang ngay cang md rdng, giffa van hoa phffdng Ddng ed tmyen vdi van hda phffdng Tay Men dai, giffa cac trao Itfu da dang de chpn eho dtfde mpt htfdng di lanh manh la vd cung quan trpng. Van de can quan tam la stf phat trien kinh te phai dtfa tren nen tang van hda mang ban sac dan tpc va phai trd thanh nhan td thue day stf phat trien "xdy dung vd phdt trien kinh te phdi nham mue tieu vdn hda vi xd hgi eong bdng,
vdn minh, eon ngUdi phdt trien todn dien. Nhung vdn hda khong the chi id ket qud kinh te md con phdi la dgng lue eda sUphdt trien kinh te"'^^.
2. Van de phat trien kinh te cua Vi^t Nam trong qua trinh hpi nh3p.
Khd khan ldn nhaft trong hdi nhap la nen kinh te ntfdc ta dang d trinh dp phat trien tha'p, ngay ea so vdi nhieu ntfdc trong khu vtfc. Cd sd vat chat ky thuat va cd can cua nen kinh te lae ban, trinh dp cdng nghe eua san xua't phd bien lac hau den hai, ba the he so vdi trinh dp tmng binh tren the gidi. Hdn 50% life Itfdng lao ddng ndng ngMep, lai tap tmng chu yen vao san xuaft Itfdng thtfc, nang sua't lao ddng va hieu qua san xua't tiia'p. So sanh vdi 10 ntfdc tirong khu vtfc ASEAN, tiinh dp phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam cM dtfng tien CampucMa, Lao va Myanma.
Do trinh dp phat trien tha'p nen stfe canh tranh eua hang hda - dich vu cua doanh ngMep Viet Nam edn rat yen kem, khdng du kha nang tham nhap vao thi trtfdng ntfdc ngoai, tham ehi edn khd khan ngay ea trong viec bao ve thi trtfdng trong ntfdc trtfdc stf tham nhap hang hda - dich vu ntfdc ngoai. Theo Dien dan Kinh te The gidi
(WEF) tM kha nang canh tranh cua Viet Nam cdn rat tha'p, chang ban, nam 1997 dtfde xe'p d vi tri thtf 49 tren tdng sd 53 ntfdc xep hang, nam 1999 hang 52 tren 59 ntfdc va nam 2001 la 62 tren 75 ntfdc va de'n 2009, xep hang 75 tren tdng sd 133 ntfdc xe'p hang"'. Day se la mdt thach thtfc, mpt nguy cd ldn khi cac hang rao thue quan, pM thue quan phai xda bd trong qua trinh hdi nhap.
Nguy cd cang ldn hdn, bdi trong mdt so nganh, mdt sd cap va mdt sd doanh ngMep van cdn M ttfdng y lai vao nha ntfdc, y lai vao stf bao hd, chtfa thtfc stf tich ctfc chu dpng chuan hi cho hpi nhap, chtfa tha'y bet nguy cd de tif nd ltfc vtfdn len.
Hdn the nffa, ky Mat, ky cffdng, Meu life, Meu qua quan ly nha nffdc ve kinh te cua Viet Nam Men nay cdn nMeu yeu kem. Sff My tien trong van dung ehinh sach trong giai tMch va thtfc Men cac quy che, te quan heu, nan tham nhung, budn lau chtfa dtfde ngan chan lam xa'u mdi trtfdng kinh te va uy tin cua Viet Nam. Cung vdi md cffa thi trtfdng giao Itfu kinh te, ldi sdng thtfc dung chay theo ddng tien va cac san pham van hda phan ddng ddi truy cd the du nhap vao ntfdc ta, pha hoai dao dffc va ban sac van hda dan tpc, cac the life thu dich trong nffdc va nffdc ngoai se ed them ed hdi de thtfc Men "dien bien hda binh" tren da't ntfdc ta.
Mae du vay, Viet Nam van phai hpi nhap vao kinh te khu vffc va the gidi vi dd la xu hffdng tat yeu. Nhtfng van de quan trpng la chung ta phai lam gi, lam nhtf the nao de ehung ta cd the hpi nhap Mng btfdc vffng chac, tan dung dffdc nhffng cd hdi do dac diem cua thdi dai dem lai, phuc vu cho sff ngMep cua cdng ngMep hda. Men dai hda phat trien kinh te da't nffdc. De vffdt qua cac thtf thach dd, Viet Nam can phai:
Mgt la, chung ta can phai ddi mdi va Men dai hda cdng nghe, bdi day la vafn de cd tam quan trpng hang dau, quyet dinh den kha nang canh tranh cua nen kinh te va doanh ngMep.
Hai la, chung ta can phai tap tmng cho giao due - dao tao de nang cao chat Itfdng ngudn nhan ltfc, nham dap tfng nhu cau cang ngay cang
•'' OCSVN. Van kien Hoi nghj lan thd V, TW Khoa VIII
'3' Theo Dien dan Kinh te The gidi (World Economic Forum). The Global Competitiveness Report 2009- 2010. (http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/
Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm)
60
PHAN NGOC TRUNG - MOT s 6 VAN DE CAN TRAO OOI,eao eua san xua't kinh doanh trong dieu kien each mang khoa hpc - cdng nghe Men dai.
Ba Id, ehung ta phai nang cao chat Itfdng va Meu qua boat dpng cua cae doanh nghiep, phai klidng ngtfng cai lien, ddi mdi cac san pham de dap tfng yeu cau cua ngtfdi tieu dung trong va ngoai ntfdc, ca ve ehat Itfdng lan mau ma, kieu dang, bao bi san phain. Dac biet la gia ea phai phu hdp, ddng thdi phai trien khai nhanh, ap dung cd hieu qua he thd'ng quan ly chaft Itfdng ISO 9000, HACCP, GMP, SA 8000, EMS 14000...
Day la nhffng chffng minh thtf giup cho cac doanh ngMep vtfdt qua hang rao ky thuat trong thtfdng mai qudc te.
Bdn la, Nha ntfdc phai ra soat lai toan bp cd che, chinh sach tren taft ca cac linh vtfc dau M tai chinh tien te, xua't nhap khau, cdng ngMep, ndng ngMep... theo tinh than giai phdng sffc san xua't, phat huy cao nhat npi Me, sffc manh eua toan dan, eiia mpi thanh phan kinh te, dieu ehinh ed cafu dau tff, sap xep lai doi mdi doanh nghiep nha nffdc de nang eao hieu qua va stfe canh tranh ciia nen kinh te, nang eao the va life cua da't nffdc kM hdi nhap kinh te.
3. Van de giii viJng djnh htfdfng xa hoi chii nghTa trong tien trinh hoi nhSp
Cach mang Thang Mffdi Nga nam 1917, nha nffdc Xa hdi Chii ngMa dau tien cua the gidi ra ddi, da ed vQ eho phong trao da'u tranh gianh dpc lap, eho'ng ehu ngMa de qudc d cae ntfdc thudc dia va le thupc, ket qua la, sau khi cMen tranh the gidi lan thtf II ket thue, hang loat ntfdc da gianh dtfde ddc lap va di theo eon dtfdng xa hdi ehu ngMa va ttf nhffng nam 50 den nhffng nam 90 cua the ky XX, da xuat hien he thdng eae qudc gia xa hdi ehu ngMa. He thdng nay da ed vii va ung hp phong trao giai phdng dan toe va each mang dan ehii nd ra hen tiep, ddng dao d cac nffdc the gidi thff ba kMen he thdng thffc dan eu tan ra, tien trinh toan cau hda cua phffdng Tay bupc phai dieu ehinh. Cudi thap ky 80 dau thap ky 90, chinh quyen Xa hpi Chu ngMa Lien Xd va cae nffdc Ddng Au ndi tie'p nhau sup do, cac cffdng qudc phat trien d phffdng Tay eho rang Chu ngMa Cdng san da that bai tren toan cau, Chu ngMa Ttf ban thang ldi tren toan can, toan cau hda M ban chu ngMa ma hp mong ffdc bao lau nay da de'n gan.
Toan eau hda ma eac qud'e gia phffdng Tay mud'n dat dffdc khdng phai la muo'n duy tri trat fif kinh te qude te eu, khdng cdng bang, khdng hdp ly ma cdn mffu dd eai gpi la ti-at tff kinh te the gidi mdi cang khdng cdng bang, khdng hdp ly hdn, khdng phai ehi la thue day sif hen he hdp tac va giao Iffu qudc te di den tffdng ddng ma cdn thuc day manh me the ddng nhaft, nha't quan quan he san xuaft M ban ehu ngMa. Dong thdi, toan eau hda ma phffdng Tay chd ddi va mong mudn dat tdi, ve ban ehat, la sff thanh toan phong trao xa hpi ehu ngMa va phong trao dan tpc dan chu da ndi len tren pham vi the gidi trong nhffng nam 50-80. Chinh vi vay ma cae cffdng qudc phffdng Tay dffng dau la My da stf dung "dien bien hda binh" nham lat dd eac ntfdc xa hdi chu ngMa cdn lai va pha tan nen kinh te, chinh tri va quan stf cua cae ntfdc dd'i lap vdi My va phffdng Tay, ma dien hinh la Nam Ttf va Iraq.
Viet Nam phat trien nen kinh te hang hda nMeu thanh phan van hanh theo ed ehe thi trtfdng, ed stf quan ly cua nha ntfdc theo dinh htfdng xa hpi chu nghia vdi mue tieu "ddn giau, nudc mgnh, xd hgi ddn ehu, cong bang vd vdn minh".
Con dtfdng di len xa hdi chu ngMa d ntfdc ta at se gap nMeu thach thtfc, ddi vdi "dien bien hda binh" cua My va phtfdng Tay. Chinh vi vay, tiong qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te qud'e te, ehung ta can ra sffc xay dffng Dang ngang tam vdi thdi dai, nha nffdc trong sach, vffng manh, mpt nha nffdc cua dan, do dan, vi dan va khdng ao Mdng trong quan he qudc te, ma phai kien dinh lap tiifdng, giff vffng dinh hffdng xa hpi ehii nghia, con dffdng ma Dang, Bae Ho va nhan dan ta da lifa ehpn.
Tdm Iqi: Ne'u khdng md rpng giao Itfu qudc te, tang ctfdng hpi nhap, khdng thu hut vd'n dau M ntfdc ngoai, khdng giao Itfu van hda, tri Me, khdng chuyen giao dtfde cdng nghe tien tien ngWa la khdng sff dung dffdc sffc manh cua tiidi dai tM khdng the nang cao va phat huy npi life cua da't nffdc, khdng the di tat, ddn dau, di nhanh va di xa dffdc. CWnh vi vay, hpi nhap kinh t^
qude te la mpt ta't yeu khach quan, nhtfng ti-ong qua trinh hpi nhap, ehung ta phai dam bao dpc lap ehu quyen, giff gin ban sac dan tpc tiieo dinh hffdng xa hpi ehu ngMa, chdng y lai, le thudc vao nffdc ngoai.
