' Cbu nghia Mdc - Linin, Tu tU&ng Ho Chi Minh
TlT TirdNG HO CHI MINH VE QUYEN PHU NtT
PGS, TS NGUYEN THI BAO<*>
TRAN QUOC CU6fNG'">
Tom t i t : Ho Chi Minh da cdng hiin trgn d&i cho cugc ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tgc, gidi phdng giai cdp, gidi phdng con ngu&i. Trong sudt hdnh trinh ra di tim du&ng ciiu nu&c, Ngut^ ludn ddnh tinh cdm dgc biet cho cdc the he phu nir VietNam. Bdu tranh gidi phdng phu nii, gidnh quyen cho phu nH, vi syc tien bg cua phu nir Id mgt trong nhimg di sdn l&n, cd gid tri cd ve mat li ludn vd thuc tiin sdu sdc md Ngu&i di lgi. Vi vgy, viic nghien ciru, hgc tap vd qudn triet gid tri tu tu&ng Hd Chi Minh ve quyin phu nir trong giai dogn hiin nay Id rdt cdn thiet; ddng th&i, la ca s& quan trgng de Bdng, Nhd nu&c de ra chu trucmg, ducmg ldi lanh dgo, ke hogch thuc hien bdo ddm sdt, ddng. hiiu qud, nhdm phdt huy truyin thdng, vai trd. tri tue vd quyin cua phu nit.
Tir khda: gid tri; tu tu&ng Hd Chi Minh; quyin phu nic
1. Tff tudng Ho Chi Minh v i quyen phu nil- la sy phat trien sang tao li ludn cua Chu nghia Mac-Lenin v i d i u tranh giai phong phy nir, vi su- tien bp cua phu nu*
Li luan Chu nghTa Mdc-Lenin da ehi ra eon dudng ddu ttanh giai phdng phy nii, thye hign binh ding nam, nu, vi su tiin bp eua phu nii la dau franh gidi phong dan tdc, giai cdp vd eon ngudi, frong do cd lyc lugng phy nii. Day la dinh hudng quan ttpng d i Hd Chi Minh nghien eiiu, tiep thu vd van dyng sang tao vdo diiu kign eu the eua cdch mang Viet Nam.
'2 Hgc vien Chinh tri quic gia H6 Chi Minh '"'HQC vien Chinh tri. Bo Quic phong
Theo dd, giai cap vd sdn thyc hien cugc cdch mang xa hpi de gidi phdng dan tpc, gidnh quyen hodn todn cho gidi nu. Bdi vi, phy nu Id bd phdn clu thdnh ciia ddn tgc vd giai cdp, khi dan tdc vd giai d p mit quyen dpe lap thieng li6ng thi phy nu ciing khdng the ed quyen tu do, tu chu.
Sy nghiep dau ttanh gidi phdng phy nii, thye hien triet de quyen phy nu la bd phdn quan trpng, quan he hiiu ca vdi sy nghiep gidi phdng ddn tdc vd giai e l p . Chi khi nao ddn tpc duge dgc lap, giai cdp dugc ty do, phu nu mdi ed dieu kign thyc hien quyen cua gidi minh. Do dd, phu nu phdi tich cyc tham gia
Khoa hoc chinh tn - So 4/2018
• Chd nghia Mdc • Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
each mgng de su nghiep gidi phdng dan tgc, giai cap gidnh thing lgi.
C.Mdc, Ph.Angghen ddnh gia rat cao vi tri, vai frd va khd nang cua phu nu frong eac cugc cdch mgng: "Trong hch su nhdn loai, khdng cd mpt phong ttdo to ldn nao eua nhung ngudi dp biic ma lai khdng cd phy nii lao dpng tham gia, phu nii lao ddng la nhung ngudi bi dp hire nhdt frong tdt cd nhiing ngudi hi ap biie"''*. Vi vay, khdng bao gid phu nu diing ngodi vd ciing khdng the diing ngoai eac cude ddu tranh giai phdng. Trong hdng ngu nhiing ngudi ddu franh gidi phdng ndng nd, cung cd hdng van phy nu lao ddng. Trong eac eudc chien dau de xda bd ehe dp qudn chu chuyen che, thiit lap nen cpng hda tu sdn thi lyc lugng phy nii eiing chiem sd lugng khdng nhd.
Tiep thu vd phat trien li ludn ciia C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen frong dieu kien mdi, V.I.Lenin da ehi ra tinh canh khdn khd cua nu cdng nhdn lao dOng ttong cdc nha may, cdng xudng. Ong nhdn manh: Phu nu khdng cd quyin gi ea, vi phdp ludt khdng cho hp cd quyen binh dang vdi nam gidi, trong gia dinh hp la "nd le gia dinh", bi bdp nghet bdi nhiing cong viee bep niic, lam lu, khd cyc. Vi vay, V.I.Lenin eiing chi ra rang: Phy nii ehi dugc giai phdng, phdt trien khi hp nhdn thiic dugc vi tri, vai frd vd cd y chi ddu tranh, vi "viec gidi phdng phu nil lao dpng ciing vdy, nd phdi Id viec ciia ban thdn phu nii lao ddng"'^'. D i ldm dugc dieu dd, theo V.I.Lenin, cdn thye hien cdc chinh sdch eu t h i va thiit thyc; phdi hiiy bd phap luat tu san, ban hdnh phdp luat mdi tdn ttpng quyen binh dang nam, nii; gidi phdng phu nii bing luat phap, d i phu nu that sy dugc binh dang, ed quyen tham gia quyet dinh van mgnh cua ddt nuoc, dua phu nu true tiep tham gia quan li nhd nude, xay dyng, cung cd chinh quyin; ddng thdi, phdi gidi phdng hg ngay ttong gia dinh, vi chinh noi day, gdnh nang cdng viee dang de len vai hg, khien hg khdng the phdt ttien nhu nam gidi.
5 Viet Nam, dudi c h i do thudc dia nua phong kiin, ngudi phy nii bi dp biic, bdc Igt
rdt nang ne. Hd Chi Minh mieu td: Nhung ngudi phy nii bdn xii bi eoi nhu siic vdt, hp hi danh dap, hanh ha, hi bdc lot mpt each the thdm. Cdng viec lam nhu nhau nhung tien luomg ciia phy nu bao gid ciing thdp han nam gidi. Sinh de Id thien chiic cua phu nu, nhung ehi em lai khong duge nghi lam, thgm chi edn ed nguy ea mat vige. Phu nii cdn phdi nop suu cao, thue nang, phdi mua rugu vd thudc phien, neu khdng cd tien mua thi phdi di tii.
Qud trinh bdn ba tim dudng ciiu nude, gidi phdng ddn tdc, giai cap va con ngudi Viet Nam khdi ach dp biic nd le ciia Hd Chi Minh ciing la qud frinh tim tdi eon dudng giai phdng, de mang lgi quyen con ngudi cho phy nir. Phan tich tinh hinh kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi Viet Nara ddu thi ki XX, H6 Chi Mmh khang dinh: De ciiu nudc va gidi phdng ddn tgc, trong dd cd gidi phdng phu nu, phdi di theo con dudng Cach mang Thdng Mudi Nga thi mdi thanh cdng den nai. Vi vdy, Ngudi xdc dinh muc tieu trude mdt va lau dai la lam each mang gidi phdng ddn tgc, giai cap, con ngudi phai gan vdi giai phdng phu nii. Bdi VJ, chi khi ddnh dd de quoc, gidi phdng ddn tde thi phu nii mdi duge gidi phdng, mdi cd dieu kien thyc hien quyen ciia minh.
Hd Chi Minh tiep thu, phdt ttien sdng tgo li ludn Chii nghia Mdc-Lenin ve ddu tranh giai phdng phu nii, thue hien quyen phu nu dugc the hien sdu sac nhit d ludn diim: Ddn tdc chua ddc lap thi phy nii ehua duge giai phdng, gidi phdng phy nu gdn vdi giai phdng xa hdi, gidi phong giai cdp, gidi phdng con ngudi. Hd Chi Minh nhin manh: "Chimg ta ldm each mang Id de tranh lay binh quyen binh dang, frai gdi deu ngang quyen nhu nhau. Lenin day chimg ta: Phu nii la mgt niia xa hdi. N i u phu nii chua dugc giai phdng thi xa hdi chua dugc giai phdng ca. Phu nii thi phai ty rainh phdn dau giii gin quyen binh dang vdi ddn dng.
Ddn dng phdi kinh trpng phu nii"*''.
Trong Chdnh cuong vdn tdt ciia Dang, Hd Chi Minh da neu len chu truang ldn thuc hien
"Nara nii binh quyen"''''. Tir quan diim nhit
• Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
qudn dd, Ho Chi Minh thudng xuyen cung vdi Ddng vd Nha nude quan tdm den van de gidi phdng phy nii. Trong Thu giri phu iiii toan quic nhan ki niem 50 nam ngay Qudc t i phy nu (08/03/1960) Ngudi khing dinh:
"Ddng vd Chinh phii ta ludn chii y nang cao dia vi eua phy nii"'^*.
2. Tw tudng H^ Chi Minh ve quyen phy nir la kim ebi nam cho quan diem, dudng l6i cua Dang va chinh sach, phap luat cua Nhd nirdc trong thirc hien quyin phu nir d Vift Nam hiSn nay
Trong hch sir nhan logi cd khdng it nhiing bgc hien triit, nhd tu tudng, nhiing vi giao ehu da the hien thdi do trudc ndi dau vd sy bdt hgnh ciia ngudi phu nu. Tuy nhien, trong sd nhirng ngudi do, phin ldn chi biit thuyet giao eho sy nhin nhue hogc cdra thdng, an ui cho so phan eua phu nii; ddng thdi bdt lyc trudc nhung vdn de ddu ttanh giai phdng phu nii, thyc hien nam, nu binh quyin. Hd Chi Minh kh6ng chi dimg lai d sy cam thdng, thucmg xot sd phgn ngudi phu nii, ma da tim ra can nguyen ciia su "ap quyen" gidi nu. Tir dd, Ngudi vach ra con dudng, bien phdp de Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam lanh dao, chi dgo phy nii ddu tranh gidnh quy6n cho gidi minh.
Ngay tu nhiing ngay ddu thanh lap. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da giucmg cao nggn cd each mang ddn tdc ddn chii, tiin len CNXH.
Ben canh cdc chu truang, chinh sdch chung, Ddng da ed nhung ehinh sdch rieng ve phu nii. Dieu do da dugc H6 Chi Minh chi ro:
"Ngay tir khi mdi thdnh lap, Ddng ta da neu ro chinh saeh nam nii binh ding, Hiin phdp ta da xdc dinh chinh saeh dd. Trong mpi viec, Ddng va Chinh phu ta ludn ludn quan tdm giiip do phy nii. Vgy chi em phdi nhan thiic ro dia vi ngudi ldra chu va nhiera vy ngudi ldm chu nudc nhd"'^'.
Tham nhuan tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam da ban hdrdi nhieu nghi quyet chuyen de ve vdn d i phu nu, nhu Nghi quyit so 152-NQ/TW ngdy 10/01/1967 ciia BCH T l / Dang ve mgt sd vdn de ve to chuc
lanh dgo cdng tdc phu van; Nghi quyet s i 153-NQ/TW ngdy 10/01/1967 ciia BCH TU Dang ve cdng tdc cdn bg nic; Chi thi sd 44/
CT-TW ngdy 07/6/1984 cua Ban Bi thu ve mgt sd vdn de cdp bdch trong cdng tdc cdn bd nic. Ddng thdi, de phat huy vai ttd vd kha nang ddng gdp eua phy nii frong ddi sdng ehinh tri cua ddt nudc, Nghi quyit sd 04-NQ/
TW ngdy 12/7/1993 ciia Bd Chinh tti vi doi mai vd tdng cu&ng cdng tdc vgn dgng phv nic trong tinh hinh m&i da xdc dinh: gidi phdng phy nii Id myc tieu va ndi dung quan frpng eua cdng cupc ddi mdi vd de xudt nhiem vu mang tinh ehiin luge la xay dyng dpi ngu can bd nii, tao dieu kign de phu nu phdn dau trudng thanh, tang ti le nii ttong eac cdc edp lanh dgo cua Dang, Nhd nudc, cdc ITnh vyc qudn li kinh te, van hda, xa hpi.
Tiip tuc sy nghiep bdo ddm quyen cho phu nii, thang 5/1994, Ban Bi thu da ban hanh Chi thi so 37-CT/TW ve mgt so vdn de cdng tdc cdn bg nir trong tinh hinh m&i, vdi 6 bign phap nham phat trien tiem nang cua phy nu.
Myc tieu cua Chi thi Id phdi cd phu nii tham gia lanh dao trong cae nganh, cdc cdp, eac doanh nghiep vd nhieu vdn de khac cd lien quan d i n phy nii. Nhiing vdn d i li6n quan den phu nil eung dugc the che hda bang hien phdp vd cdc van ban phdp ludt cua Nhd nudc.
Trong tat ca cae ban Hien phap cua nude ta tir trudc cho d i n nay d i u cd nhiing diiu khodn khang dinh quyen binh ding cua phy nu frong xa hdi. Cy the: Ddn bd ngang quyen dan dng ve mgi phuang dien (Diiu 9, Hien phdp nam 1946); Phy nii nudc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cpng hda cd quyen bmh ding vdi nam gidi v i cdc mat sinh hoat chinh fri, kinh te, van hda, xa hdi vd gia dinh (Diiu 24, Hiin phdp nam 1959); Cdng dan nu vd nam ed quyen ngang nhau ve mpi mat chinh tri, kinh t i , xa hdi vd gia dinh. Nghiem cam mpi hdnh vi phan bigt ddi xii vdi phu nii, xiic pham nhdn p h i m phu nu. Lao ddng nii vd nam vige ldm nhu nhau thi tiin luang ngang nhau (Diiu 64, Hiin phap nam 1980). Dac biet, Diiu 26, Hiin
Khoa hpc chfnh tn - So 4/2018
' Chd nghta Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
phdp nam 2013 nhdn mgnh: Cdng ddn nam, nil binh dang ve mgi mat; Nha nude ed chinh sach bao dam quySn vd ea hdi binh dang gidi.
Nhd nude, xa hpi va gia dinh tao diiu kign d i phy nii phdt trien todn dign, phdt huy vai frd ciia minh trong xd hdi; nghiem cam phan biet ddi xii ve gidi.
Ben cgnh dd, quyen co bdn cua phy nu theo quy dinh ciia Hi6n phdp ciing dupe eu the hda ttong eae van ban phdp ludt, nhu Ludt Binh dang gidi, Bd ludt Dan sy, Luat Bdo higm xa hdi, Bd ludt Lao dpng, Ludt Hdn nhan vd Gia dinh, Lugt Bau eu dai bieu Qudc hdi, Lugt Bdu cir dai bieu Hdi ddng nhan ddn, Ludt Cu tru, Bd luat Hinh sy, Ludt Phdng, chdng bao lye gia dinh, Ludt Qudc tich...
Cd the ndi, quyen eiia phy nu Viet Nam frong cdc bdn Hien phap va eac van ban phap lugt deu the hien rd hai y i u td can ban: "binh dang vd uu tien". Cd nhung quyen dugc phap lugt bao dam sy binh ding giua nam vd nii nham xda bd sy phan bigt ddi xir frong cdng vi^c, frong chinh tri, kinh te va trong ddi sdng gia dinh. Trong khi do, quyen uu tien (trong viec tuyen dyng, sap xep cdng viec, nghi huu...) cd tdc dung tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho phy nu thg hien kha nang ddng gdp eho gia dinh, xa hdi, ddng thdi franh nii ro trong nghe nghiep, cude sdng gia dinh vd xa hdi.
3. TlT tu-dog Ho Chi Minh v i q u y i n phu nir la co sd quan trpng de phu nir tiep tyc dau t r a n h gianh q u y i n cho gioi minh trong ddi s6ng chinh tri hifn nay
Npi dung ca bdn trong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve quyen phy nii ludn la ngudn dgng vien, khich le de phy nii tham gia vdo sy nghiep dau tranh gidi phdng ddn tpc, xay dyng vd bdo vg Td qudc, phat trien kinh te, van hda, xd hgi, tao ca hgi cho phu nu vuan len frong eudc sdng, that su binh dang vdi nam gidi. Dd ciing la ca sd de phu nii dau tranh tu gidi phdng va gidnh quyen thyc chdt cho gidi minh.
Trong nhiing ngdy ddu d i y kho khan, thir thdch eiia nhtmg nam 1930, d bat ki ddu, can
bd cua Ddng cung dugc nhiing ngudi phy nii dum bpc, che giau trudc sy truy lung gat gao cua ke thu.
Trong eupe khang ehien ehdng Phap, phu nu Viet Nam da tieh cyc hudng iing ldi keu ggi cua Hd Chi Minh, tich cyc lao dpng sdn xuat, eham lo gia dinh de chdng con di khang chien. Hang ngay, ehi em ehii y tiet kiem luang thyc, lap ra hii ggo nudi qudn de tiep te cho bp dpi. Ben canh do, hp edn ra sure tham canh, tang nang sudt, san lugng, ddng gdp cho Td quoc de gdp phin tao nen thing lgi eiia each mang gidi phdng dan tdc. Dudi sy lanh dgo cua Ddng, phy nii Viet Nam da Cling toan dan dung len ddu ttanh lat do de qudc, phong kien tay sai, gidnh ddc lap, ty do vd thiet lap chinh quyen dan ehii nhan dan.
Chinh quyen radi do nhdn ddn lap ra da bdo ddra quyen ty do, ddn chii cho ngudi lao ddng va bao ve quyen binh dang cho phu nu.
Ddu franh gidi phong phy nii cung Id cugc ddu tranh tu tudng ldu ddi, khd khan de xda bd nhiing tu tudng lae hau, bao thii an sdu trong ddi sdng xd hpi cua nhdn ddn ta.
Hd Chi Minh chi rd: Tu tudng trgng frai, khinh gai la thdi quen may nghin nam de lai, vi nd da an sdu frong dau dc mpi ngudi, mpi gia dinh, rapi tang ldp xa hdi. Chinh vi vay, ngay khi nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cgng hda duge thdnh lap, Hd Chi Minh dd keu gpi phy nii phdi hang hai cung todn dan tham gia ba phong trao each mang: diet giac ddi, giac ddt vd gidc ngogi xam. De khac phyc hau qud do thyc dan Phap vd phat xit Nhat de lai, Hd Chi Minh phdt dgng phong ttdo Todn ddn tang gia sdn xuat, thyc hanh tiet kiem. Ngudi nhac nhd mpi ngudi, trong do lyc lugng chinh la phy nii, phdi tich cyc thi dua san xudt, "tdc ddt, tdc vang", thyc hanh tiet kiem de bao dam luang thyc cho gia dinh vd ddng gdp cho xa hdi.
Tir dd, trong nhiing ngay miia Thu Thang Tam nam 1945, hang trieu phu nii da cd mat ttong cupc khdi nghTa gidnh chinh quyen. 0 mgt sd dia phuong, phy nii la ngudi ehi huy khdi nghTa. Thang lgi ciia Cdch mang Thdng
• Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh
Tam da dua phy nii tir ngudi no le thdnh ngudi ldm chu dit nude vd xa hpi. Khang chiin chong thyc ddn Phdp nd ra, phu nu khip nai lai tham gia vdo nhiing cdng viec d hdu phuong cimg nhu tien tuyen. Tir nam 1950 din nam 1954, cd nude cd hang ttieu phy nu gia nhdp dan qudn du kich ddnh giac bdng mgi phuang tien, nhu "ddn ganh danh can" (d miin Bdc), "tdm vong diet giac" (d mien Nam).
Trong cupc khang chiin chdng de qudc My, phu nii luon la lyc lugng hang hdi, dung cdm vd sdng tgo. Sudt 21 nam (1954 - 1975) chiin d i u gian khd, chi em da van dung nhieu hinh thiic, nhu diu tranh hgp phap, bit hgp phap, xdy dyng ca sd frong long dich, bdm ddt, bdm dan, kien cudng chien ddu gdp phdn khdng nhd vdo thing lgi cua cu6c khdng ehiin. "Dpi qudn tdc dai", cac ddi nii du kich, nii tu ve, nii bigt ddng ludn la noi kinh hodng cua qudn xam luge. Tai hdu phuang ldn mien Bac, phu nu sdi ndi hudng iing phong frao
"Ba ddm dang" nham bao ve vd xay dyng hdu phuang viing manh, ehi vien cao nhdt sire ngudi, siic eua cho tien tuyen. Hdng van ehi em da tinh nguyen tham gia thanh nien xung phong, dan cdng hda tuyen. Khi de quoc My leo thang b i n phd mien Bac, chi em ed mat nhieu hon frong lue lugng ddn qudn dg tryc tiep chien ddu, gdp phdn lam nen tran "Dien Bien Phii fren khdng" giiia bau trdi Hd Ngi cudi thang 12/1972. Chien thang vT dgi ngdy 30/4/1975 cd su ddng gdp to ldn cua phu nu mien Nara noi rieng vd phy nii ca nude ndi chung. Co the ndi, nhiing ddng gdp cua phy nii Viet Nara trong cdc chang dudng da qua se la hanh trang va kinh nghiem dang quy de chi em tiep tyc dera tdi nang, tri tug cdng hien cho cong cupc xay dyng ddt nudc. Ben cgnh do, phu nii cdn phdi ddm dang viec nha tir con cai cho den ddng rudng d i chdng yen tdra lo
chien ddu va frong sdn xudt. Ddng va Chinh phu cdn phai cd ke hoach thiet thyc de boi dudng, c i t nhdc va giup dd de ngay them nhiiu phu nii phu ttdch mgi edng vige ke ed cdng viee lanh dgo. Ban than phy nu thi phai CO gIng vuan len. Dd la mgt cugc cdch mang dua d i n quyinbinh ding that sy cho phy nii"*''.
Cung vdi sy nghigp khang chiin, kien quoc, quyin binh ddng cua phy nu fren nhieu ITnh vyc din dugc hi^n thyc hda. Trong cai cdch rudng dat, phy nii ndng thdn da dugc chia rupng ddt nhu nara gidi; frong cde xi nghiep, co quan nhd nudc, phy nii ldm viec ngay cdng ddng va dugc hudng quyen lgi ngang hang vdi nam gidi; frong cdc ngdnh y t i , van hda, gido due, khoa hpc, phy nii dugc hpe tap, ddo tao, boi duang de chi em phdt ttiin tai nang.
Trong bdi cdnh hdi nhap va phdt trien dat nudc hien nay, vi tri, vai ttd cua phy nu ngdy cang dugc khang dinh. Dang vd Nhd nudc tiep tyc quan tam de phu nii phan dau vuan len lam ehu gia dinh, khang dinh vi tri, vai tto trong xa hdi. Cd t h i thdy, lln ddu tien trong lich sii Viet Nam, cd 03 nii Uy vien Bg Chinh tri, ti le phu nii tham gia cdp uy, co quan ddn cir vd giii vi tri lanh dao, quan li cde cdp ngay cang tang.
Nhu vay, nhung gid tri trong tu tudng H6 Chi Minh ve quyen phu nii cd y nghTa het siic quan trgng ddi vdi sy nghiep binh dang gidi, trao quyen cho phu nii vd qua trinh ddu tranh each mang gidi phdng dan tde cung nhu trong sy nghiep xay dyng vd bdo ve To qudc hien n a y Q
vice nuac.
Trong Bi chuc, Hd Chi Minh nhdn manh:
"Trong sy nghiep ehdng My, ciiu nudc, phy nii ddra dang ta da gdp phan xirng ddng trong
' " C.Mdc vd Ph.Anghen vdi vdn de gidi phong phu nu, Nxb S\r th^t, HN. 1967, tr.60
<=' V.I.Lenin, Todn tap, t.39, Nxb TiSn bg, M.1977, tr.232
(3)v4m j{5 Chi Minh, Todn tap, t . l 5 , Nxb CTQG, HN.
2011,tr.260v4617
<"' H i Chi Minh, Sdd, t.3, tr. I
<'> H i Chi Mmh, Sdd, t. 12, tr. 507 (^'H6 Chi Mmh, Sdd. t . l 3 , tr.60
Khoa hpc chinh tn - So 4/2018
