This particular book on tourism planning seeks to take a broad approach to the problem of tourism planning, attempting to encourage the reader to envision the highly complex arena within which tourism planning and policy operate. Therefore, this book is intended to provide both planning tools in terms of what to do, and to encourage you to reflect and reflect on the nature of the tourism planning and policy process so that you can understand why it planning process works as it works.
Chapter objectives
Tourism
In the short term, mobiles are encouraged to stay as tourists, business travelers or convention attendees. In the long run, short- and medium-term visitors may be encouraged to move.
Policy and planning
Public policy can be studied to gain insight into the causes and consequences of policy decisions and to increase our knowledge about society. Public policy can be studied for political purposes to ensure that it is 'right'.
Planning for tourism
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The role of planning theory
- What are the historical roots of planning?
- What is the justification for planning?
- What are the ‘rules of the game’ for planning with respect to ethics and values?
- How can planning be effective in a mixed economy?
- What do planners do?
It does so with reference not only to the tourism planning literature, but also to wider work on planning in politics and policy studies, urban and regional planning, environmental planning and management, geography, business studies and regional development. Rather, the reader is asked to view relevant legislation or land use regulations within the wider context of the tourism planning process and the tourism planning system.
Outline of the book
It examines the nature of a systems approach to planning and how it influences our understanding of the tourism planning process. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of dialectical analysis for a systems view of planning and the importance of argument and persuasion in an artisanal approach to tourism planning.
Summary
Questions
Important websites and recommended reading
Provides a general overview of the social science of tourism with specific chapters on planning and public policy. In this chapter, we first discuss the development of the concept of sustainable development and the place of tourism in this concept.
Sustainable development and the sustainable tourism imperative
One of the fundamental conditions for achieving sustainable development is broad public participation in decision-making. Therefore, sustainable development emphasizes that economic development depends on the continued well-being of the population.
Definition
Instead, the interpretation of the impacts of tourism, and in some cases the impacts themselves, are contextual and situational. This means that there are a number of questions that need to be clarified when trying to identify and understand the consequences of tourism in particular.
Differentiation
Indeed, in some peripheral communities tourism may be one of the few development opportunities available (e.g. Hall and Boyd 2005; Jansson and Müller 2007). The reality is that any form of development can change the condition of the physical and socio-cultural environments.
Scale
Therefore, when attempting to assess the impacts of tourism, it is extremely important to identify the spatial and temporal limits of analysis and the advantages and disadvantages of the limits used (Figures 2.4 and 2.5). A good example of the importance of understanding scale in relation to the environmental dimensions of travel is a study of the effects of tourism on the Seychelles.
Ergodic hypothesis
The presence of colonizers, pioneer plants, modifies the environment so that new species can join or replace the original colonizers. However, more recent spatially oriented reinterpretations of the model may provide the basis for a more quantitative approach with greater predictive capacity based on the importance of accessibility (eg Hall 2005a, 2006b; Coles 2006).
Relational effects
In tourism, perhaps the closest to the ergodic hypothesis is the concept of tourism area evolution (Butler, often described as the evolutionary cycle of tourism, destination or resort (Papatheodorou 2004). Unfortunately, despite many studies, its capacity to explain the pattern of development of a tourist area based on a single location is short-term studies extremely limited, although they provide a useful heuristic device.
Baseline information
In ecology, the concept of succession is used to refer to the colonization of a new physical environment by a succession of vegetation communities until a final state of equilibrium, the climax, is reached.
Monitoring
A common deficiency is the absence or inadequacy of baseline monitoring for development; the before, after (BA) comparison in the BACIP design. More often, however, entrepreneurs are simply reluctant to invest in monitoring until development approvals are granted, and then want to start construction immediately after getting approval, with no time for basic pre-development monitoring.
Fragmentation
Problem definition, positionality and recognition
Integrated assessment
It has been argued that the levels of mobility associated with tourism and its consequences have been unprecedented, such that the complexity of tourism relations, which are changing at all levels, but especially at the global level, exceeds the capabilities of an individual disciplinary approach. Postdisciplinarity in our understanding does not mean that traditional disciplines have disappeared or should disappear, but rather that they are changing and should change in order to solve complex questions of human affairs.
From the local to the global
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Ecological footprint analysis
Transport, housing and business are responsible for 94 percent, 4 percent and 2 percent of the total, respectively. What are the nine identified issues related to identifying and understanding tourism impacts?
Important websites and recommended reading
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The issue attention cycle
- The pre-problem stage
- Alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm Immediate measures are taken with respect to the
- Realising the cost of significant progress In this stage winners and losers in the policy process
- Gradual decline of intense public interest This phase develops as the original problem loses its
- The post-problem stage
- Issue re-emergence/alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm
Within Western society, considerable debate has arisen in the past two decades about the appropriate role of the state in society. To this we might add our understanding of the dynamic nature of tourism planning as a whole.
Approaches to tourism planning
One of the major difficulties in implementing a community approach to tourism planning is the political nature of the planning process (Singh et al.2003). Despite the difficulties in implementing a community approach to tourism development, elements of the approach have proved attractive in the tourism planning literature, particularly since the early 1990s (e.g.
Cooperative and integrated control systems
Therefore, it is not surprising that the need to integrate the principles of sustainable development into the development of tourism has only recently emerged as one of the key management issues in tourism. One way to develop more sustainable forms of tourism is to convince the government and the tourism industry of the importance of incorporating the principles of sustainable development into planning and operations.
Development of industry coordination mechanisms
As tourism developed around the world in the immediate post-World War II era, there was little evidence that the nature and extent of tourism activity was unsustainable. Only since the rapid growth of international tourism in the early 1970s with the advent of the jumbo jet have questions about factors affecting sustainability, such as environmental and social constraints on development, come to the fore (Hall 2005a) .
Raising consumer awareness
Raising producer awareness
Strategic tourism planning to supersede conventional approaches
Sustainable tourism represents a value orientation where managing the impacts of tourism takes precedence over market economics - although there are always tensions between the two. Problems with sustainable tourism are shaped by global economic restructuring and are fundamentally different in emerging and developed economies.
Increased regulation
The latest edition of a well-cited work that takes a primarily land-use and physical planning approach to tourism planning. Provides a useful comparison of theory and approach to general public planning with tourism planning. eds) (2003) Tourism in Destination Communities, CABI, Wallingford.
Planning and policy as theory
Instead, approaches, methods and techniques should be evaluated within the context of the goals, objectives and outcomes of tourism planning and development (Hall and McArthur 1998; Dredge and Jenkins 2007). It is hoped that by placing arguments and values at the forefront of tourism planning, the planning and policy process will be seen in terms of the contested, political, terrain that it really is (see Chapter 10 for a further expansion of these issues).
Systems and systems thinking
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Indeed, one of the biggest problems with planned approaches to tourism planning is that their value has often failed to be appreciated in terms of their economic, cultural, environmental and political context. While some of the chapters outline what is happening in terms of tourism planning and policy, they also describe ways it could be improved.
Prescriptive and descriptive approaches to tourism planning and policy
Consider the relationship between the map (which is an abstraction) and the countryside (reality/original system). According to the authors, “the method focuses attention on the outcomes of the functioning of the system.
The issue of scale
Therefore, any concept of the tourism planning process must be able to accommodate the different scales or levels at which tourism planning takes place and the context of such planning in terms of the links and relationships between the different levels. Or, as Mill and Morrison (1985: xix) observed in relation to the concept of a tourism system: 'The system is like a spider's web - touch one part of it and reverberations will be felt through.'.
Standpoint
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Appreciative inquiry
This encouraged the participants to focus on the positive core of the sending organization in order to create positive images (DISCOVERY. appreciate and value the best that is) AND. a) Contact the sending organizations and invite them to participate. While the interviews and focus groups were semi-structured, Table 4.4 shows an example of the steps followed in Table 4.4 Appreciative inquiry interview process.
Sustainability, politics and planning: exorcising the ghost
In this idea of politics and governance, private interests, mediated by the market, prevail over the public interest. Furthermore, it is the product of a set of relationships that develop between those involved in tourism planning and policy.
Understanding interdependence
Indeed, the choice of techniques used in tourism planning - the identification of indicators, the selection of objectives and the production of results (what is conventionally known as a plan in the form of a document) - are all determined by the set of relationships that exist between different stakeholders and how exclusive or inclusive they are. The nature of these relationships will determine who wins and who loses in the political system that is tourism planning.
Such a move may be too bold for many readers; as Ollman noted, it is extremely difficult for social scientists to let go of the "common sense" view that "there are things and there are relationships, and neither can be subsumed into the other." In a manner reminiscent of Hewison and Hollinshead's (1992) analyzes of heritage tourism, Harvey (1995: 5) observed: 'The more we treat the world as being composed of finished products, separated from the continuous flow of experiences from which such products are made, so we trace everything back to the past.” Conventional tourism analysis therefore examines relationships between things rather than the continuous processes of formation, maintenance and decomposition of things, which therefore has substantial implications for the way culture is often represented in tourism research.
Wheels within wheels
What is defensible as a process in conscious history, where there can be many actions based on certain assumptions. Instead of imposing a point of view on the situation, we should allow the situation to reveal how it can be understood from other perspectives.
Space and time
This problem has already been well recognized with regard to the economic analysis of tourism. Rather, it means that the arbitrariness of setting boundaries should be made clearer in the process of inquiry and evaluation (see Majone 1980b for a further discussion of this problem from a dialectical perspective).
Parts and wholes
Cause and effect
Contradiction and creativity
Change
Argument
Education – the search for possibilities
Evaluate some of the key issues related to the connection between the different parts of strategic planning. The main elements identified in figure 5.1 should be used in such a way as to ensure that the planning process is systematic, determines the needs, values and interests of the various stakeholders in tourism planning and.
The policy, planning and decision- making process: the setting
It is important to note that there are relationships between the various components of the governance framework for tourism planning and policy. One way to see the implications of different scales for tourism planning.
Strategic planning for tourism
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Stakeholder audit
Reported that the comprehensiveness of the strategic planning process in National Tourism Organizations (NTOs). Provides a framework for analyzing the tourism planning process that tourism planning primarily as a.
The changing nature of governance
Appreciate some of the key issues relating to tourism policy planning at the supranational level and their potential influence at the local level. Therefore, this chapter will discuss some of the issues related to the changing nature of governance before examining the international scale of governance in relation to tourism planning and policy.
Tourism and international relations
Pierre 2001) that have a number of implications for tourism which will be examined below and in the following chapters. Changes in international relations and the development of multi-level governance are illustrated in Figures 6.2 to 6.6.
Governance architecture and regulation: ‘hard’ and ‘soft’
Different organizations have different spheres of regulatory and policy influence, with policy influence having a broader scope. Tourism policy is at the intersection of a number of things.
One of the central issues in the entry into force of treaties and conventions is the obligation that the international agreement places on the signatory. However, the moral obligations owed to members of the international diplomatic community and the norms of international relations are usually sufficient to obtain compliance from nations.
Trade
Cooperation Council (CCC) and regional bodies such as the Tourism Council of the South Pacific (TCSP) and the Tourism Program of the Organization of American States. This is changing in relation to the OECD and GATS, although the diffuse nature of tourism in many policy areas is significant.
The development of international conservation and environmental law
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The transboundary air pollution calendar of East Asia
Due to the international and national focus on the nomination process, 'the inclusion of a property on the World Heritage List should give additional protection to the site' (Slatyer 1983: 142). This award-winning museum interprets the industrial heritage of the World Heritage Site for visitors.
The supranational scale
A useful collection of papers that address some of the policy and planning aspects of World Heritage at the local level. The functions of the state will influence tourism planning, policy and development to varying degrees.
The role of government in tourism
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National travel and tourism competitiveness
Price competitiveness of ticket taxes and airport charges Extent and impact of taxation of the travel and tourism industry. Source: World Economic Forum, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 (http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/ . TravelandTourismReport/index.htm).
The organisation of government involvement in tourism
The example of New Zealand also illustrates the major problem around coordination of tourism policy and planning for tourism in that there is an abundance of government stakeholders involved.
