VIET NflM QtiOC Dm Bm^ TROHO TH&I BCY THOfll TRflO Vfl Elin CP#T (TCf 1910 BEH 1954)
NGUYfeN VAN KHANH*
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r\i6c day, trong cuo'n Vte^ Nam Quoc ddn ddng trong lich sie cdch mang Viet Nam (Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, 2005) va mot so^ bai viet khac in tren cac Tap chi Nghien ciCu lich sH va Lich si Bang, toi da trinh bay ve qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien va vai tro cua to chiic Viet Nam Quoc dan dang (VNQDD) nhU la td chute chinh tri tieu bieu n h a t cua khuynh hut6ng each mang tU san trong phong trao giai phong dan toe cl Viet Nam cho den nam 1930. Sau KhSi nghia Yen Bai (2-1930), VNQDD ve cd ban da bi pha v6 va khong cdn ton tai v6i tii each mot dang chinh tri niJa. Tuy nhien, tren thiic te mot so^ dang vien VNQDD con sot lai (co ngiiPi 6 trong nufdc, co ngvicii trdn chay ra nii6c ngoai) van tim each hoat dong tr6 lai, thdm chi muo'n khoi phuc lai td chiic chinh tri nay. Nhifng tS^t ca nhiing co' gdng cua ho deu chi la v6 vong, giong nhif nhOng am hiiSng cuoi cvmg cua mot hoi chuong da tat. Te hai hdn niJa, mot bo phdn dang vien cii bien chat con tim each Idp ra cac dang phai chinh tri phan dong - nhiing bien the khac nhau cua VNQDD de chdng lai va pha hoai nhijtng thanh qua cua each mang Viet Nam.Bai viet nay, tren cd sd tap hdp va phan tich cac ngudn tai lieu khac nhau, trong do CO cac tai lieu liiu trii va hdi ky cua mot so' ngii6i trong cuoc, se tdp trung lam ro
khuynh hiifing chinh tri va cac hoat dong nham phuc hdi td chiic va chong pha each mang cua cac dang vien VNQDD va cac dang phai chinh tri nay ke tii sau Khdi nghia Yen Bai (2-1930) den ndm 1954.
1. V i e t N a m Q u o c D a n D a n g s a u khofi n g h i a Yen B a i
a. Nhiing co' gdng phuc hdi td chdc Viet Nam Quoc ddn ddng
Nhii chiing ta da biet, trong Dai hoi dai bieu toan quo'c (thang 5-1929) tai lang Diic Hiep, Thudn Thanh, BSc Ninh, VNQDD chia lam hai phai: mot phai diing d i u la Nguyen Thai Hpc chii tnidng gd'p n i t tien hanh tong khdi nghia; mot phai, diing dau la Le HQu Canh, Nguyen Xuan Huan cho rdng chvia nen td chiic khdi nghia vi liic liidng cua dang con k6m, khdi nghia se thd^t bai. Cuoi ciing, chil tnidng cua phai khdi nghia da thing, cuoc bao dong Yen Bai da no ra va di den tha't bai.
Phai chu triidng chiia khdi nghia cdn diidc goi la phdi cdi to hoac phdi trung lap do Le Hiiu Canh phu trach, sau khi Nguyen Thai Hoc bi bat, da len ndm quyen lanh dao dang va trieu tdp hoi nghi bi mdt bau ban cha'p h a n h Trung liOng VNQDD cai td. Sau hoi nghi nay, VNQDD cai td hoat dong kha manh tai Vinh Phiic va Hai Diidng. Chii triidng cua dang la k^o dai 'OS. TS. Tracing Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN
RghiSn curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010 thdi gian c h u i n hi, phiiPng phap tien h a n h
vdn theo nep cii, nghia la mdc dii khong chii triidng khdi nghia nhiing hanh dong vdn mang tinh manh dong, tieu bieu la vu ciidp bac cua Tham ta Sd Cong chinh do Nguyen Xuan Huan thiic hien nfim 1930.
Ngay 10-7-1930, Le Hiiu Canh va Nguyen Xuan H u a n bi bdt. Tiep do, hang loat cac dang vien VNQDD ciing rdi vao tay giac Phap. Do vdy, "Viet Nam Quo'c dan dang khong con tuyen truyen ddng thdi nhu triidc niia tren khdp lanh thd Bdc Viet.
Cuoc tuyen truyen thu hep tiing gia dinh va chi trong mot vai tinh ma nhiing ngiidi lanh dao ddu tien con gay anh hudng ban than lau dai" (1).
Sang nhiing nSm 1931, 1932, VNQDD chi con mot vai hoat dong nhd sii co' gdng cua Vii Tien Lii va Dao Nguyen Huan. Cuoi cung, Vii Tien Lii bi truy bdt rao rie't phai tro'n sang Van Nam, Trung Quoc; con Dao Nguyen Huan thi hi bdt, den day VNQDD coi nhii hi thd't bai hoan toan.
b. Sii phdn hod til tudng cua Viet Nam Quoc ddn ddng trong cdc nhd tii thiic ddn Phdp
TU ndm 1930 trd di, trong cac nha tii thiic dan, ben canh nhiing ngiidi tu cong san bat ddu xua't hien them cac dang vien VNQDD hi Phap bdt sau thd't bai cua Khdi nghia Yen Bai. Giiia nhiing ngiidi tii cong san va cac tu n h a n VNQDD thiidng xuyen dien r a t r a n h ludn, thdm chi dd'u t r a n h gay gdt xung quanh cac quan diem tii tufdng ve cac dang phai chinh tri, ve phong trao giai phong dan toe. Do vdy, trong hang ngii dang vien VNQDD von da thie'u tho'ng nhd't trong nhdn thiic, lai cang hi phan hoa manh me hdn ve tii tvidng va cac quan diem chinh tri. Tuy nhien, nguyen nhan sau xa cua tinh trang nay la ngay tii khi mdi
thanh Idp va trong qua trinh boat dong, VNQDD da khong co dvidng 16'i, quan diem chinh tri ro rang. Thdm chi, den cuoi ndm 1928 ddu nam 1929 khi svia ddi Dang ciidng, mdc dii chu nghia cua dang vdn la chii nghia xa hoi dan chu va chii nghia Tam dan, nhving h a u het moi ngiidi trong dang chi nhin thd^y mot cai muc dich g i n nhd't la lam cho nUdc diidc doc Idp, rdi Idp nen mot che do cong binh va nhan dao. Ma cai nguyen tdc cong binh va nhan dao thi khong giai thich d dau het" (2). Mot nguyen n h a n niia la do t h a n h phdn xa hoi cua VNQDD rd't phiic tap, bao gdm nhieu thanh phdn, giai cd'p khdc lihau, trong do bo phdn tri thiic tieu tii san yeu niidc viia la bo phdn lanh dao, viia la thanh phdn chu ye'u trong dang. Trong qua trinh hoat dong va nhd't la vao thdi diem bi dan dp, VNQDD khong co thi gid va dieu kien de hud'n luyen dang vien, nen "chSng nhiing chii nghia dang triidc sau khong thdng nhd't, ca de'n sii nhdn dinh ciia mdi ngiidi doi vdi chu nghia ciing nhieu chd sai khac nhau" (3). Chinh sii nhdn thiic khong tho'ng nhdt cua bo phdn nay ve muc tieu, cUcfng linh cua dang la mot trong nhiing nguyin nhan cd ban ddn den tinh trang phan hod trong hang ngii dang vien d ca triidc va nhd't la sau Khdi nghia Yen Bai. L^ giai ve vd'n de nay, P h a m Tud'n Tdi, mot trong nhiing sang Idp vien va ciing la mot lanh tu cua VNQDD da boc bach: "Cac dang vien cung nhau ke't hdp tii triidc, da khong phai cung mot giai cd'p hay diing vao mot giai cd'p, lai khong co mot sii nhdn dinh hay chiu chung mot sii hud'n luyen nhu nhau, thi sau mot cuoc thd't bai, mot ldn kinh nghiem, le tii nhien la no phai chia re...
Chu triidng khac nhau cua cac dang vien nhu mot cai ho' ngdy cang thd'y sau them:
ngUdi thi giii chu tnidng quo'c gia thudn tiiy; ngiidi thi theo hdn chu nghia xa hoi;
Vi#t Ram Qudc dan d ^ g . . .
ciing CO ngudi mudn dung hoa cac chu nghia thanh mot chu nghia cho dang. Tii cho bdt ddng y kien di tdi chd quyet liet"
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Tai nha tii Hoa Lo, Ha Noi, trdi vdi tU tudng an phdn cua cac dang vien Viet Nam Quo'c dan dang, cac tii nhan cong san chu trUdng bien nha tu thdnh tnidng hoc.
Nhieu Idp hud'n luyen hoc tdp chinh tri, vdn hod da dUdc td chUc trong tii, dang chii y la sU xud't hien va hoat dong cua cac tap chi Lao tu, Cong sdn. Tai nha tii Hoa Ld da diin ra cuoc biit chien giiia cac dang vien Quo'c dan dang va nhiing ngUdi cong san.
Cac td Duoc diia dUdng, Con diidng chinh cua cac dang vien cong san da tham gia cuoc biit chien. Ve phia VNQDD c6 td But tieu sau. DUdc trang bi bdng ly ludn Mdc - Lenin, cac chien si cong san da gianh the dp dao ddi vdi cac tu nhan VNQDD trong cuoc da'u tranh ve tU tudng chinh tri. TU day, noi bo VNQDD cdng phan hod sau sdc;
mot bo phdn chiu sU anh hudng cua tU tudng cong san, mot bo phdn di ddn vdo khuynh hUdng cai lUdng. Thdng Idi nay da khang dinh tinh diing ddn va hdp xu the phat trien cua tU tudng cong san, ddng thdi chUng td dudng 16'i va phUdng phap sai 1dm cua VNQDD.
Tai nhd tii Hdn Cau, Con Dao, xud't phat . tu sU khong tho'ng nhd't trong viec giai thich ton chi muc dich va xac dinh chu nghia ciia VNQDD, mot ban tuyen truyen cua dang da dUdc thanh Idp gdm 6 ngudi: Trdn Huy Lieu, Pham Tud'n Tdi, NhUdng Tdng (Hoang Pham Tran), Le Van Phiic, Nguyen Vdn Vien, Nguyen Ngoc Sdn. Ban tuyen truyen da dUa ra nhflng giai thich chung chung mang tinh chdt dung hoa de lam diu di sU xung dot, nhUng chinh vi the, sU phdn hoa tu tudng chinh tri trong VNQDD vdn tiep diSn. Tren thUc te, dudng loi chinh tri cua
VNQDD rd't md hd va c6 nliieu sai 1dm. Khi d trong tu, nhUng sai idm do cang dUdc b^c 16 ro ret trong ca tU tudng va hdnh dong.
Ddng chi Trdn Huy Lieu, mot ye'u nhan vd ciing Id mot cUu tu nhan ciia VNQDD d trai Hdn Cau, da nhdn x6t: "Phai nhdn ro rdng tu tudng "thanh nhan" la tU tudng chi dao cua VNQDD hdi d'y. No ching nhiing chi phoi nhiing ngUdi tham gia khdi nghia Yen Bai, ma ca nhUng ngUdi hdng hdi d nha tii.
Neu nhiing ngUdi cong san Idii vdo tii da nghi ngay de'n nhiem vu bien nha tii thanh tnidng hoc each mang... thi nhiing ngUdi Quo'c dan dang liic d'y trU nhiing ke md't phdm chd't dau hang dich cdn nhUng ai hdng hai thi khong tim r a loi thoat ma chi nghi de'n manh dong (5). Khi chuyen ve nha tii C6n Dao, cdc t u nhan VNQDD phan hod thdnh ba bo phdn: phdn ldn dang vien vdn coi chu nghia Tam Dan la nen tang tU tudng ciia dang, mot s6' khong the hien quan diem, mot nhdm thi nga theo tU tudng cong san, gdm Tudng Dan Bao, Nguyen v a n Vien, Hoang Thiic Dj, Le Van Phiic, Trdn Huy Lieu vd Nguyen PhUdng Thao (Nguyen Binh). Sau sU Iden nay, nhUng dang vien tien tien ngay cang cd dieu kien gdn giii nhiing ngUdi cong san. TrUdc tinh hinh do, mot s6' ngUdi cdm ddu VNQDD mang tU tudng p h a n dong (NhUdng To'ng, Nguyen Ngoc Sdn) Idp r a mot ban thanh triing vdi nhiem vu am sat "bgn phdn ddng". Nhiing nan n h a n ma Ban thanh trUng hudng de'n la Trdn Huy Lieu, Tudng Dan Bao, Nguyen PhUdng Thao... May mdn Id nhiing dang vien tien tien ndy, cuoi cung vdn bao toan dUdc tinh mang sau nhUng cuoc thanh trUng noi bo.
Kh6ng chi tiep xiic vdi dudng ldl chinh tri diing ddn, nhieu dang vien VNQDD cdn nhdn dUdc d nhUng ngUdi t u cong san mot thai do <^hien chi. Ndm 1938, sau khi dUdc
Rghien eiiu Lieh sir. s6 6.2010 tra tu do t u Con Dao, nhieu dang vien cong
san da quyen tien, banh keo giii de'n giiip dd cdc tu chinh tri cdn bi giam trong nha tii de' quo'c. Phan Boi Id ngUdi dUdc cii ra 1dm viec nay vd nhUng tii nhdn chinh tri VNQDD "da nhan tien vd sii diu dang do Phan B6i giii" (6).
Chinh cuoc dd'u t r a n h trong noi bo tU hinh thUc t r a n h ludn, "but chien" (ludn ban tren mSt bao) de'n "huyet chien" (dm sat, thu tieu) da day VNQDD de^n cho tan r a hoan toan vdi tU each mot td chUc chinh tri dai dien cho khuynh hUdng each mang tU san d Viet Nam trong nhflng nam 1920. TU nhiing ndm 1930 trd di, td chUc VNQDD da bie'n chat, thdm chi co' tinh di ngUdc lai xu hudng phdt trien cua each mang va dan toe Viet Nam.
c. Hoat dong cua cdc ddng vien Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng d trong niidc tii 1936 den 1945
Sau nhflng dU dinh cai td khong thanh c6ng, phong trdo cdch mang do VNQDD khdi xUdng hdu nhU te liet. Mai tdi nam 1936, khi Mat trdn binh dan Phdp len cam quyen, nhieu chinh tri pham mdi dUdc phdng thich, rieng so' dang vien VNQDD dUdc tra tU do hdn 100 ngUdi. Nhd do, mot s6' td chUc cua dang nay dan dan dUdc phuc hdi va hoat dong trd lai.
Cud'i nam 1936, Nguyin The Nghiep tU ThUdng Hai trd ve Ha Noi cung mot so' dang vien khac bat dau boat dong, trUdc het la trong linh vUc bdo chi. Tuy nhien, td Tdn bdo do Nguyin The Nghiep lam chu but r a ddi mdi dUdc 3 thdng thi bi ddng ciia;
cdn td Ddn do Nguyin Vdn Cha'n lam chii biit xua't ban n a m 1937, de'n nam 1938 cung phai ngUng hoat dong.
Ndm 1940, quan doi Nhdt Ban dd bo vdo D6ng DUdng, cac dang phdi cu vd mdi rao
rie't hoat dong. VNQDD va Dai Viet Qudc dan dang da xiic tien thanh Idp cac khu cdn cU d Bdc Ninh, Bdc Giang va Thanh Hod 1dm ndi ren luyen quan sU cho cdc thanh nien dang vien.
Nguyin The Nghiep, Nguyin Ngoc Sdn, Nguyin Hflu Dat, Ngo Thiic Dich vd NhUdng T6'ng hpp nhau d mot can nha trUdc vUdn hoa pho' cita Nam quyet dinh Idp ra Tdn Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng de ra boat dong cdng khai, ddng tru sd d 61 Trang Thi, Ha Noi. Ddu nam 1944, Tan Viet Nam Quo'c dan dang lien minh vdi Dai Viet Qudc dan dang, Dai Viet Qud'c xa dang vd Dai Viet Dan chinh dang thanh Idp Mat trdn Dai Viet Qudc gia lien minh vdi muc dich "thdn Nhdt de ha Phdp" (7). Uy ban chinh tri Bdc Ki dUdc thdnh Idp dudi sU lanh dao cua Mdt trdn de lien lac vdi gidi chinh tri quan sU Nhdt Ban. NhUng muo'n Idi dung the lUc ciia ngoai qud'c, ban thdn dang phai c6 td chUc chdt che va liic lUdng thich Ung, trong khi dd cac dang phai quo'c gia deu khdng manh do khdng cd bo may chi huy thong nhd't, lai thieu phUdng lUdc cu the va quyet dodn khi thdi cd de'n.
Ngdy 6-8-1945, Mi n6m bom nguyen tit xud'ng thanh phd' Hiroshima vd ngay 9-9-
1945 lai n^m tiep qua bom thU hai xud'ng thanh phd Nagasaki buoc chinh phu Nhdt Ban phai di de'n ddu hang. Ngdy 11-8-1945, dai dien cua tUdng De Gaulle den gap Tong tu lenh qudn doi Nhdt Ban thUdng thuyet de cho mot so' qudn Phdp ddo tdu tU hdi thang 3 cung ndm dUdc dd bo len Hai Phdng (8). Mat trdn Dai Viet Quo'c gia lien minh da td chUc mot cuoc bieu tinh phan khang dm mUu xam lUdc cua de quo'c thiic dan. Ngay tdi hdm dd. Mat trSn trieu tdp hoi nghi de ban ve vd'n de gianh chinh quyen d mien Bdc. Hoi nghi chia thanh hai phai:
Vi|t Ram Qugc dan d^ng...
+ Phai ciia Chu Ba PhUdng, TrUdng Tii Anh, Nguyin Tudng Long cho rang, mudn duoc ddng minh cdng nhdn thi khdng dUdc hdp tdc vdi Nhdt dUdi bd't ki hinh thUc nao.
Ho chu trUdng ngdi chd lUc lUdng hai ngoai cung quan ddng minh k6o vao Viet Nam rdi mdi hdnh dong.
+ Phai cua Nguyin Xudn Tieu, Ly Cao Kha muoii dUa vao quan Nhdt cUdp chinh quyen, rdi ddi lUc lUdng d hai ngoai ve cung Idp chinh phu.
Tuy nhien, sau nhieu ddt thao ludn. Hoi nghi cung khdng the dUa ra ket ludn cudi Cling (9).
Trong khi dd, de'n ngdy 17 va 18-8-1945, cdng tac chu^n bi gianh chinh quyen ciia Viet Minh dang trien khai rao riet. TrUdc tinh hinh dd, dai dien ciia Dai Viet Qudc gia lien minh, VNQDD va Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang da nhdm hop lai. Cudc hop cd rd't nhieu y kien mdu thudn nhau: ngUdi thi chu trUdng Idi dung quan Nhdt de ndm chinh quyen, ngUdi thi cho rdng lam nhU vdy se bi qudn Ddng minh nghi ngd; cd ngudi lai tien dodn la du Viet Minh cd dinh cUdp chinh quyen cung khd thdnh cdng vi lUc lUdng khdng dang bao nhieu... Vd cudi cung, khdng cd bdt cU mot quye't dinh ndo dUdc dUa ra trong cudc hop.
Ngay 18-8-1945, mot cudc mit tinh bieu tinh qui md ldn da dUdc Mat trdn Viet Minh td chUc tai Ha Ndi, cd dd sao vang xud't hien khdp cdc dudng phd' thu dd. Ngay tdi hdm dd, VNQDD da nhdm hop vdi dai dien ciia Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang. Van de doat chinh quyen lai dUdc dUa ra thao ludn gay gdt, nhUng cung khong di de'n ket ludn cudi cung. Cdc dang vien dUdc huy dong tU cac khu can cU ve chudn bi gianh chinh quyen cung dUdc lenh ldn lUdt n i t lui. Do the chinh tri ciing chu trUdng dung bao lUc
vu trang khdng cdn tdn tai nen cac dang phdi qud'c gia bupc phai r u t vao bi mdt de chd quan Tudng keo vdo Viet Nam.
Ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Tam thdnh cdng, nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hod dUdc thanh Idp (2-9-1945), vdi danh nghia giai gidp quan Nhdt, quan ddi Anh keo vdo mien Nam giiip quan Phap trd lai xam lUdc Viet Nam.
Xac dinh ke t h u chinh, nguy hiem nhd't luc nay la thiic dan Phap, Chinh phu each mang lam thdi da ngd y mudn gap gd de thao luan ve viec cdng tac vdi VNQDD.
TrUdc tinh hinh dd, mot sd' ye'u nhan ciia VNQDD md hdi nghi lam thdi cd'p trung Udng ban ve vd'n de cd nen hdp tdc vdi Viet Minh hay khong. Cuoi cung Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang quyet dinh tam thdi vdn gifl lien lac vdi Viet Minh va tiep tuc hoat dong bi mdt de chd qudn Ddng minh va lUc lUdng d hai ngoai ve nUdc rdi se r a boat dong cdng khai.
Nhu vdy la trong nhflng nam 1936-1945, VNQDD khdng cd hdnh dong gi dang ke, trong khi do cudc vdn dong giai phdng dan toe dudi sii lanh dao ciia Dang cong san ngdy cang sue sdi khdp ca nUdc. Cdng tac tuyen truyen cua cac dang phdi qud'c gia ndi chung vd VNQDD ndi rieng rd't yeii kem, nen khdng cd anh hudng den qudn chiing nhan dan. NgUdc lai, Dang cdng san Ddng DUdng da xay diing va p h a t huy dUdc sUc manh cua Mat trdn dan toe thd'ng nhd't;
hoat ddng tuyen truyen, giac ngo qudn chiing dUdc dac biet coi trong nen cdng cd kha nang thu hiit, tdp hdp cdc tdng Idp nhan dan ddng dao vdo sU nghiep dd'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc.
VNQDD da danh gid thd'p anh hudng vd vai trd cua Viet Minh vd ludn tin rdng Nhdt Ban cdn du sUc cam cU trong mot thdi
8 RghiSn curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010 gian dai nfla nen khdng cd hdnh ddng
chudn bi. Mdt khac, td chUc ndy cung khdng chii trong dung mUc den nguy cd ngUdi Phdp se trd lai Ddng DUdng vdi sii hd tr(3 cua phe Ddng minh, cung nhU khdng nhin ro dUdc ban chd't cua cac nUdc Ddng minh.
Them nfla, trong ndi bo VNQDD vdn khdng cd mot dudng Idi chinh tri thd'ng nhdt.
Mac dau VNQDD, Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang vd Dai Viet Dan chinh da ddng y hdp nha't dudi danh xUng Qudc dan dang, nhUng chu trUdng nay khdng dUdc truyen dat tdi cdc dang vien. Da so' dang vien VNQDD vdn di theo chu nghia Tam Ddn cua Tdn Ddt Tien, dang vien Dai Viet lai tin vao chu nghia dan tdc sinh tdn do TrUdng Tit Anh de xUdng, cdn da sd' dang vien Dai Viet dan chinh thi hudng den mot thU ddn chu xa hdi khong ddc tdi; nhUng ca ba td chUc tren deu cd chung d mdt diem la cho^ng cdng san. TU cho thie'u cUdng linh chinh tri thdrig nhd't de tdp hdp va thu phuc qudn chiing, thieu chUdng trinh hdnh ddng thiic te, thieu tinh chii dong trong viec chudn bi lUc lUdng ma qua y lai vdo ben ngoai, VNQDD vd cdc dang phai qudc gia da thdt bai trong am mUu tranh gianh quyen lUc chinh tri d Viet Nam trUdc phong trao ddn toe each mang dang ngdy mot len cao do Mat trdn Viet Minh va Dang Cong san Ddng DUdng lanh dao.
2. To chufc V i e t N a m Q u o c d a n d a n g d h a i n g o a i
a. Hoat dpng cua cdc nhdm Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng tii 1931-1942
Sau khdi nghia Yen Bai (2-1930) thd't bai, thiic dan Phap r a sUc tim bdt cdc dang vien va phd vd VNQDD, budc mot so' dang vien phai trd'n sang lanh thd Trung Qud'c nUdng ndu hodc tiep tuc boat ddng. TU day, sii tdn tai cua VNQDD d hai ngoai gdn lien
vdi nhflng nhdm mdi dUdc thanh Idp, vdi sU tham gia cua cac dang vien cu ciia dang ndy.
- Tdchdc Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng Vdn Nam de nhdt dao bp
Ngay t u nam 1929, Nguyin The Nghiep - mot trong nhflng ye'u n h a n cua VNQDD da sang Trung Qudc va tien h a n h tuyen truyen, ke't nap mot sd' kieu bdo gia nhdp dang. Nghiep bi mdt Idp r a mot td chUc goi Id Ddng bp di/dng sdt cua Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng d Van Nam va td chUc mot so chi bo doc tuyen dudng sdt nay. Ddu nSm 1930, cudc khdi nghia Yen Bai thd't bai nhUng da cd tieng vang den tdn Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd va Phap. Tai Van Nam, Trung Qud'c, tinh trUdng tinh Van Nam la Long Van tudng Nguyin The Nghiep cd the lUc trong nUdc nen bi mdt giiip dd, da bd tri cho 12 thieii nien VNQDD vao hoc trUdng Giang Vo va 20 cdng n h a n Viet Nam vao lam d binh cdng xUdng cua minh.
Nguyin The Nghiep cung Nguyen Vdn Tho, Le Tho Nam, Hoang Van Ndi thdnh Idp Trung Viet cdch mang lien qudn. Nhdn thd'y sd' lUdng dang vien d hai ngoai khdng nhieu, lUc lUdng phan tan nen nam 1930, Trung Viet cdch mang lien quan hdp nhd't vdi VNQDD t h a n h Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng Vdn Nam de nhd't dao bp do Nguyin The Nghiep lam dao bo trUdng. To chUc nay hoat dong Isha manh, ke't nap dUde nhieu dang vien nen bi lanh sU Phap d Cdn Minh chii y, tim cd hdi pha vd. TrUdc tinh hinh dd, cac dang vien phai tan mdt nhieu ndi;
Nguyin The Nghiep tam lanh xudng mien Mong Tu, Mudng La.
Ngay 20-6-1930, Vu Van Gian - ngudi tUng lanh dao cudc ndi ddy cua VNQDD d Vinh Bao, Hai Phdng da chay sang Trung Qudc, ddi ten la Vu Hdng Khanh va thay
Vi|t Ram Qugc dan ding...
Nguyin The Nghiep (dang phai tam lanh) - 1dm Dao bo trudng.
Dudc tinh Dang bd Trung Qudc Qudc dan dang giflp dd, VNQDD Van Nam de nhd't dao bo khdng nhflng trdnh dUdc sU bat bd cua chinh quydn Van Nam md cdn cdng khai boat dong, phdt trien dang vien de'n cac tdng Idp kieu bao d day gdm: cdng chUc, bdi bep... Dao bd cung dUa mot so' thanh nien dang vien vao Giang V6 dudng d Cdn Minh de hoc tdp nhdm ddo tao n h a n tai.
Den ndm 1933, khi Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng trung U0ng chap hdnh dy vien hai ngoai bien sU xd ra ddi, Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang Van Nam de nhd't dao bd ddi thanh Vdn Nam tdng chi bp triic thuoc Bien sU xU.
- To chdc Hdi ngoai Tong ddng bp Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng vd Viit Nam Quo'c ddn ddng trung i/Ong chap hdnh uy vien hdi ngoai bien sii xd.
Nam 1930, tai Quang Chdu, Nguyin Hai Thdn, Tnidng Boi Cdng, Trdn Bdi Long, Ddng Su Mac, Lenh Trach Dan, Vi Chinh Nam va Tu ThUdng Mai thdnh Idp Viet Nam Quo'c ddn cdch mang ddng. To chUc nay dUdc Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan dang ho trd nhung khdng cd boat dong ndo dang ke. De'n nam 1932, dang dUdc cai td thdnh Hdi ngoai Tong ddng bp Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng, nhUng cung chi tdn tai trong mot thdi gian ngdn thi bi dinh chi hoat dong.
Vi Chinh Nam nhdn thd'y mudn tranh dUdc sU phien phflc d Quang Chau phai gay dUng cd sd d Nam Kinh, ndi chUa co sU can thiep cua thUc dan Phap. Do vdy, ong ta bdt ddu tidp xiic vdi Trung Qud'c Quo'c dan dang va lap t r u sd d Nam Kinh. Den thang
1-1933, chinh phii Trung Hoa dan qud'c chinh thflc thUa nhdn VNQDD la mot dang hdp phap, dUdc tU do boat ddng tren toan lanh thd Trung Hoa vd dUdc ph6p ddt tru sd tai Nam Kinh. Vi Chinh Nam phai ngUdi di Cdn Minh mdi lanh dao cua VNQDD dang t n i ngu tai day tdi Nam kinh de khai hdi thdnh Idp mot cd quan tdi cao duy nhd't d hai ngoai Id'y ten Id Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng trung licfng chap hdnh uy viin bien sU xd, do Vi Chinh Nam lam chu nhiem. Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang Van Nam de nhd't dao bo ddi thanh Vdn Nam tdng chi bp triic thudc Bien sU xU. Tai cdc tinh nhU Quang Ddng, Quang Tay, VNQDD cung chieii theo nguyen tdc d'y de tien hdnh chuyen ddi ve td chflc.
- To chdc Viit Nam dpc lap dong minh hpi vd Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng Trung liOng ddng bp hdi ngoai chap hdnh uy vien hpi
Ddu ndm 1934, Vu Hdng Khanh cung Nguyin Hai Thdn, Hd Ngoc Lam tdi tru sd VNQDD d Nam Kinh de nghi td chflc hoi nghi hdp nhd't td't ca cdc td chflc Viet Nam d hai ngoai thanh mot td chflc thd'ng nhd't de d i be boat ddng. Hoi nghi di tdi quyet dinh t h a n h Idp mot td chflc mdi goi la Viet Nam dpc lap dong minh hpi, va cii Vi Chinh Nam lam chu nhiem. Cd quan tuyen truyen Id td Viet Thanh, xud't ban bdng ca hai thfl tieng Viet, Hoa. Ra ddi chUa dUdc bao lau, de'n cudi nam 1935, Viet Nam doc Idp ddng minh hoi budc phai giai tan vi cdc dang vien VNQDD khdng dat dUdc sU thdng nhd't vdi cac dai bieu cua cac phai khdc.
Sau sU kien nay, cac dang vien VNQDD trd lai Cdn Minh boat dong, dudi dang hieu la Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng TYung lidng ddng bp hdi ngoai chap hdnh uy vien hpi.
b. Viit Nam cdch mang dong minh hpi (Hpi Viet Cdch)
10 Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 6.2010 Thdng 9-1940, quan Nhdt d Quang Tay
vUdt bien gidi Trung - Viet danh vao Lang Sdn, thiic dan Phap vdi vang quy gdi ddu hdng dang Ddng DUdng cho Nhdt, rdi quay lai dan dp cdc phong trdo each mang cua nhdn dan ta vd ca nhflng the lUc nudi y dd chdng dd'i. Dudi sU dan ap cua chinh quyen thiic dan, cac phe nhdm phan dong deu tan ra, phdn ldn chay trdn r a nUdc ngoai. De ddi phd vdi am mUu banh trUdng cua phdt xit Nhdt, liic lUdng Ddng minh (My - Tudng) chu trUdng md m a t trdn phia Nam. De thUc hien mUu dd tren, Tudng Gidi Thach cho hai tdp doan quan so' 9 va 11 ldn lUdt ddng d Van Sdn, Mudng Tii chan dudng quan Nhdt vdo Van Nam, de chd thdi cd. Qud'c dan dang Trung Qud'c cho xud't ban 2 quyen sdch "Hoa qudn vdo Viet Nam cdn biei" gidi thieu phong tuc, tdp qudn, dang phdi each mang Viet Nam va "Co su" Viet Nam vd vdn hod ciia ddn tpc" xuyen tac, m a t sdt nhflng n h a n vdt lich sii, nhflng t r a n g sii oai h u n g ciia dan toe ta.
Tudng TrUdng P h a t Khue, TU lenh quan khu Quang Tay dUdc giao nhi§m vu chu^n bi cho ke hoach "Hoa qudn nhdp Viet" nay.
Ho TrUdng dU dinh thdnh Idp mot td chflc Viet Nam chdng quan ddng minh vd thdnh Idp mot chinh phii lam thdi de dUa ve Viet Nam boat dong nhUng khdng thanh. Den thdng 7-1942, dUdc sU ho trd ve tien bac va n h a n lUc cua chinh quyen Trung Khanh, TrUdng P h a t Khue td chflc van ddng thanh Idp mot td chflc chinh tri khdc lay ten Id Viet Nam cdch mang dong minh hpi (goi tdt la hoi Viet Cach).
Ngay 10-10-1942, Viet Nam each mang ddng minh hoi chinh thflc ra ddi, ddt t r u sd tai sd 15 Ngfl Phong Cai, Liiu Chau. Ban chd'p h a n h trung Udng hdi gdm:
- Khdng dang phai: 4 dai bieu gdm Nguyin Hai Thdn, TrUdng Bdi Cdng, Trdn Bdo, TrUdng Trung Phung.
- VNQDD cd 2 dai bieu gdm Vu Hdng
Khanh, Nghiem KeTd. (.^
- Vi§t Nam phuc qud'c ddng minh hoi c6 4 dai bieu gdm Bd Xuan Ludt, Nguyin Vdn Phuc, Le Duy Thinh, Trdn Dinh Xuyen.
- Vidt Nam doc Idp ddng minh hdi cd mot dai bieu la Hd DUc Thdnh.
Do quan diem hep hdi va cd hoi cua td chflc nen noi bd Viet Cach ludn md't doan ket. Nhdn thay nhflng b a n che va sU bdt lUc cua Hoi, TrUdng P h a t Khue tim each cai td hdi, va hudng moi boat dong ciia hdi ve Viet Nam.
Thdi gian nay, Nguyin Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi Minh dang hi giam gifl tai cdc nhd tu cua Tudng. TrUdc khi budc phai tra tU do cho Ngudi, Tudng da chi thi cho TrUdng Phat Khue gifl kh6o NgUdi d lai Liiu Chau, de Idi dung uy tin ciia NgUdi dn dinh tinh hinh ciia cac vi "chinh khdch Viet Nam" lUu vong. Ve phia minh, Hd Chi Minh cung thd'y sU cdn thiet phai tap hdp lUc lUdng Viet kieu d hai ngoai, cam hod va hUdng ho vdo con dudng each mang cua dan tdc. Vi vdy, NgUdi da dflng r a trieu tdp mot hoi nghi gdm dai bieu cua cac dang phdi chinh tri Viet Nam tai Trung Qud'c. Bdi phat bieu ciia Hd Chi Minh tai Hoi nghi ve phong trdo dd'u tranh giai phdng dan toe cua nhan dan ta vd tinh hinh cdc dang phai trong nUdc da dUdc hoan nghenh nhiet liet.
Cung vdi Hd Chi Minh, cdn cd mot sd dang vien cdng san khac cung tien hanh giac ngo tU tudng, loi kdo nhflng hoi vien tien tien ciia Viet Cach ve vdi each mang.
Phdn hoi Vidt Cach d Van Nam dUdc thanh Idp vdi luc lUdng ndng cd't Id cac dang vien
Vigf Ram Quge dan ding. 11 cdng san vd nhflng ngUdi yeu nUdc nhU Ly
Ddo, Pham Todn, Toiig Minh PhUdng, Dudng Bao Sdn... Trong thdi gian quan Nhat danh phd Quang Tay, trong khi TrUdng Boi Cong, Trdn Bdo bd chay biet tich, Vu Hdng Khanh, Nghiem Ke To ndm ly d Cdn Minh, thi chinh nhflng ngUdi cdng san vd nhflng ngUdi yeu nUdc da ndm vai trd Idnh dao Viet Cach.
c. Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng tho'ng nhdt Trong thdi ky Chien t r a n h the gidi ldn thfl Hai, d trong nUdc xud't hien mot so^
dang phai, nhu d ngoai Bdc c6 Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang, Dai Viet Qud'c xd, Dai Viet Dan chinh, Viet Nam doc lap ddng minh hoi; trong Nam cdn cd cac td chflc ton giao mang tinh chd't chinh tri nhU Cao Dai, Hod Hao. Sau ngdy Nhdt dao chinh Phdp (9-3- 1945), hai dang Dai Viet Qud'c dan dang vd Dai Viet Dan chinh dang bdt ddu lien he vdi VNQDD de di tdi hdp nhd't nhdm giai quyet vd'n de nan giai nhd't ciia cac dang phdi nay la vd'n de dodn ke't. Thdng 5-1945, ba dang phai tren chinh thflc hdp nha't theo nguyen tdc goi ten nhU sau: trong nUdc Id'y ten Dai Viet Quo'c ddn ddng, d hai ngoai dung ten Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng, tranh dung danh xUng Dai Viet vi ly do te nhi trong quan he vdi Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan dang.
Tdm lai, trong thdi gian tfl 1931-1945, mot sd' td chflc chinh tri cua ngUdi Viet Nam da ldn luot r a ddi d Trung Qud'c.
Trong cdc to chflc dd, cdc dang vien VNQDD thudng gifl cac trong trdch trong ban lanh dao. Ve thiic chd't, nhflng td chflc chinh tri nay vdn chi la cac bien the khac nhau cua VNQDD hai ngoai. Ciing gid'ng nhu VNQDD trUdc kia, cac td chflc chinh tri Viet Nam hai ngoai deu khong c6 cUdng linh chinh tri, chUdng trinh h a n h dong r5
rdng va do vdy cung khdng cd hoat ddng ^ dang ke. NhUng sd di cac td chflc nay cd the tdn tai dUdc chinh la nhd sU che chd, giup dd ve tai chinh cua Trung Qudc Qudc dan dang.
Nhin chung, trUdc khi quan Nhdt vdo Viet Nam, cac dang vien VNQDD vdn tuyen truyen chdng Phap, mong mudn dd'u tranh gianh lai ddc Idp tu do cho ddn tdc. NhUng tU ndm 1940, dUdi sUc 4p ciia Qud'c dan dang Trung Qud'c, cong vdi tU tudng hep hdi cua mot dang quo'c gia, VNQDD hai ngoai da quay lUng vdi each mang, chinh thflc tuyen bd' chdng cdng san. Dieu dd the hien qua ban "Tuyen ngdn doi vdi thdi cue cua Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng" do Vu Hdng Khanh soan thao ndm 1940. Trong ban Tuyen ngdn nay, Vu Hdng Khanh keu goi thflc dan Phdp nen thay ddi thai do ddi vdi nhflng ngUdi cdch mang Viet Nam, rdng Phdp cd the dung Viet Nam Id ndi ddt rdng ngUdi ddng, tai san phong phu de khdi phuc lai nUdc Phap. Ban Tuyen ngdn the hien tU tudng dau hang, phan ddng cua Vu Hdng Khanh cung nhU cdc dang vien VNQDD ndi chung.
3. Viet N a m Quo'c d a n d a n g ve niidc h o a t d 9 n g c h o n g p h a e a c h m a n g
a. Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng theo chdn qudn Tiidng ve niidc
Dudi danh nghia Ddng minh giai gidp qudn doi Nhdt, 20 van quan Tudng kdo vao chie'm ddng d mien Bdc Viet Nam tfl vi tuyen 17 de'n bien gidi Viet - Trung. Khi tien vao mien Bdc, quan doi Tudng Gidi Thach da dUa theo sd' ngUdi Viet lUu vong d Trung Qud'c gdm lUc lUdng VNQDD goi tdt la Viet Qud'c do Vu Hdng Khanh va Viet Nam cdch mang ddng minh hdi goi tdt la Viet Cach do Nguyin Hai Thdn cdm dau ve Viet Nam am mUu chdng pha each mang.
Viet Cach sau chia thdnh hai phdi: Phai
12 Rghi&n cijru Lich sit. s6 6.2010 yeu nUdc ciia Bd Xuan Ludt da sdm hUdng
theo ngon cd doc Idp cua Hd Chi Minh, nen da tham gia xay diing va bao ve che do mdi.
Cdn phai ciia Nguyen Hai Thdn diia vdo quan ddi Tudng r a sflc chdng pha each mang. Tuy nhien, trong noi bo Viet Cach cua Nguyin Hai Thdn vd Viet Qud'c cua Vu Hdng Khanh cung cd mot sd' ngUdi qua thiic te da tha'y ro ban cha't phan dong cua hai td chflc ndy nen da rdi bd de di theo Chinh phu ciia Hd Chi Minh.
Sau khi k6o ve nudc, dUa vao quan ddi Tudng, Viet Qud'c va Viet Cdch da chiem gifl mot sd' dia bdn d Mdng Cdi, Yen Bai, Vinh Yen (10). O cdc tinh bien gidi, ddu dau cung thd'y tru sd cua VNQDD vd Viet Nam Cach mang ddng minh hoi. VNQDD, Ddng minh Hoi va cac lanh tu qud'c gia cbdiig cdng cung quan Tudng trd lai Viet Nam dd chflng td mot chinh phu cdch mang dai dien cho td't ca cdc nhdm chinh tri Viet Nam da dUdc thiet Idp vflng chdc d Ha Ndi va nd dfldc xem nhu Chinh phu ciia nUdc Viet Nam thd'ng nhd't d ca mien Trung vd mien Nam (11).
La mot dang phai dUdc coi la ldn nhd't luc dd, VNQDD sau khi ve nUdc da tien hdnh hdp nhd't vdi Dai Viet Qudc dan dang vd Dai Viet dan chinh dang. Ngdy 15-12-1945, Trung Udng Quoc dan dang tuyen bd' thdnh Idp, dat tru sd tai Tnidng tieu hoc Dd Hflu Vi (nay Id Tnidng phd thdng trung hoc Phan Dinh Phung, p h d C i a Bdc, Ha Ndi).
Tai Ha Ndi, VNQDD cd tru sd tai dudng Quan Thanh (12) va nhieu phd' khdc nhU Minh IQiai (nay la phd' Biii Thi Xuan), On Nhu Hdu (nay la phd Nguyin Gia Thieu), Dd Hflu Vi (nay la phd Cita Bdc), Hang Ddy, Ld Due... Dang nay cdn chiem khu Ngu Xa hd Tnic Bach de thu thue, ddng thdi lam chd tru ngu va hud'n luyen can bo.
VNQDD va Viet Nam Cach mang ddng minh hdi da trien khai mdt ke hoach quy md nhdm tien cdng toan dien vao chinh quyen each mang. Cu the Id:
+ Tu quan bdt linh, lap mot Iflc lUdng vu trang tap trung len tdi 2.000 ngUdi, phien thanh 4 tieu dodn do mot so' cai ddi cu va si quan Nhdt, Tudng chi huy.
+ Xud't ban bao, in truyen ddn, kh^u hieu, cang bieu ngfl, mdc loa truyen thanh de phan tuyen truyen.
+ Md cdc Idp hud'n luy$n sd cKp, trung cd'p, cao ddng quan sU, chinh tri; chia mien Bdc vd mien Trung t h a n h 7 chien khu dang bo, phai can bo p h u trach toan khu chdng thiic - cdng mot each hieu qua.
+ Td chflc bieu tinh chd'ng Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hod; tien hdnh bdt cdc, tdng tien, t h u tieu can bd Viet Minh.
Cd quan ngon ludn ciia Viet Qud'c la td Viet Nam (trUdc ndm 1945 co ten la Viet Nam thdi bdo) do Nguyin Tudng Bach lam chii nhiem kiem chii but. Ngodi ra, VNQDD cdn cho ra ddi nhieu td bao khac:
Thiei thiic, Ddn chung, Dong tdm Tii do, Phuc quo'c. Lien minh, Lien hiep...
Nhdn thdy Viet Minh cd Dodn Thanh nien cflu qud'c tdp hdp dUdc nhieu hoc sinh, sinh vien tich cUc, Viet Qud'c cung thanh Idp Quo'c gia thanh nien dodn do Nguyen Tudng Bach lam Doan tnidng. Da sd thdnh vien ciia doan khdng Ua quan Tudng nhUng lai mong quan Tudng giup sflc danh Viet Minh.
Trong tUdng quan lUc lUqfng so vdi Viet Minh, VNQDD t h u a kdm ve nhieu mSt, nhd't Id khong cd mot ngudn Idi kinh te nao, khdng cd cho diia trong n h a n ddn, chi dfla vao qudn Tudng va Trung Qud'c Qudc dan dang. Luc nay, VNQDD dflng trUdc hai vd'n
Viet Ram Qugc dan ding... 13 de trong ye'u: mot la vd'n de chu nghia va
CUdng linh chung cua dang; hai Id vd'n de phUdng hudng vd chUdng trinh hdnh ddng.
Nhung nhflng vd'n de tren khdng dUdc Ban chd'p h a n h trung Udng quan tam giai quye't triet de. Trong hdnh dong, VNQDD thieu ke' hoach cu the, nhd't la trong viec cung cd' vd p h a t trien doi ngu, tang cUdng sflc chien dd'u cua dang.
Vd'n de dat ra trUdc mdt dang nay la cd nen hdp tac vdi Viet Minh hay khdng?
VNQDD ndi rieng vd cac dang phai quoc gia ndi chung nhdn thdy lUc lUdng cila minh so vdi Viet Minh cdn qua ye'u k^m, quan ddi it va thieii thdn, td chflc d dia phUdng thi rdi rac, trong khi dd dp lUc cua quan doi Tudng rat manh. Do vdy, ho cho rdng cdn phai dam phan vdi Viet Minh de td thien chi dodn ket, ddng thdi tranh thu thdi gian hod hoan, tang cUdng sflc manh ndi bd nhdm muc dich ddi phd vdi Viet Minh mot khi quan Tudng n i t ve nUdc. Tuy nhien, de hdp tac vdi Viet Minh, thi chien thudt cu the cdn lam nhU the ndo? Quan Phap tdi hodc quan Tudng nit lui cdn chuan bi nhiing ^ ? Ldm the nao xoay chuyen the' bi ddng ciia minh? Td't ca nhiing v&n de phflc tap vd k h ^ thiet ndy deu khdng dUdc thao ludn va c h u & bi r5 rang.
b. Viet Nam Quoc dan ddng hoat dpng chong phd chinh quyen cdch mang
DUdc quan Tudng che chd, tren dUdng ve Hd Ndi, di de'n dau VNQDD cung td'n cdng chd'ng pha chinh quyen each mang, danh chiem tru sd uy ban n h a n dan, ddi xoa bd Viet Minh, giai tan va tUdc bd vu khi cila cdc lUc lUdng vu trang cila Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hod. Ket qua la tai mdt so' thi xa thudc cdc tinh Lao Cai, Yen Bdi, Phu Tho, Vidt Tri, Bach Hac, Vinh Yen, Bdc Ninh, Mdng Cdi... da bi VNQDD cUdp pha chinh quyen.
Tai Ha Ndi, bon Viet Qud'c, Viet Cach nup dudi bdng quan Tudng da dUa ra het yeu sdch ndy den yeu sach khac nhU ddi dUdc gifl hai ghe cao cd'p trong Chinh phu lam thdi; ddi thay qud'c ky, xoa bd uy ban n h a n dan. Rieng Viet Qud'c ddi ndm gifl cac Bd Noi Vu, Tdi chinh, Kinh te, Giao due, Qud'c phdng, Thanh nien va chiem 1/3 so' ghe trong Qud'c hoi... Trfldc yeu sach vd am mUu pha hoai cua cac the liic nay, Chinh phu trong phien hop ngay 27-11-1945 da khang dinh khdng the giao cac bd quan trong cho Viet Qud'c ndm, nhflng vdn kien tri thUdng lUdng va hod giai mot each khdn kh^o de tao khdng khi dn dinh, chuiln bi cho Tong tuyen cil.
Ngay 19-11-1945, tudng Tieu Vdn (Tnidng ban chinh tri cua quan ddi Tudng d Viet Nam giai quyet nhflng vd'n de chinh tri b mien Bdc Viet Nam) dflng r a td chflc mot hdi nghi lien tich, trong dd cd lanh tu Qud'c dan dang Nguyin Hai Thdn va lanh tu Viet Minh. Hoi nghi thoa thudn dUdc ba dieu kien cho sii doan ket hoa hdp: dinh chi cdng kich ldn nhau tren bao chi, quan doi khdng dfldc dung khi gidi de giai quyet cac vu bat boa, keu goi doan ket, ung ho khdng chien Nam Bo. Vai ngay sau, mot ban
"Dodn ket tinh thdnh" da dfldc ky ke't, nhflng day cung chi la mot ke hoan binh cila Viet Qud'c.
Trong khi cac cudc dam p h a n vdn dang kdo dai thi tren mdt bao, cuoc da'u t r a n h gifla Viet Minh - Viet Qud'c ngay cang quyet liet. Bao Viet Nam len an Viet Minh la phdt xit vdi hinh anh thdp tfl qud'c xa chdng ngdi sao vang. Trong khi dd Bao Sii that ciia ta phe p h a n thai do ngang ngUdc cua Viet Qud'c va dUa r a nguyen tdc "doan ket hdp tac vdi td't ca cac doan the yeu nUdc chan chinh nhUng khdng doan ke't vd rguyen tdc vdi bon p h a n qud'c" (13). Gdn
14 Rghien ciiu Lich sit. sd 6.2010 den ngay tdng tuyen cii, tren cac bdo cua
Viet Nam Qud'c ddn dang deu cd Idi keu goi tdy chay tdng tuyen cfl, cho rdng trinh do dan tri cua ta cdn thd'p kdm, hdn 90% dan sd' khong biet chfl nen khdng du nang lUc thUc hien quyen cdng dan, viec cdn kip la tap trung cho^ng Phdp xam lUdc, khdng nen md't thdi gian vao bdu cfl. ThUc chd't, VNQDD tim each phan dd'i tdng tuyen cii, di tdi Idt dd chinh quyen cdch mang.
Ngdy 25-2-1946, tai Dai sfl qudn Trung Hoa d Ha Ndi, vdi sU hien dien cua Tieu Vdn, hoi nghi lien tich gifla Viet Minh vdi Dang Dan chu, Viet Qud'c, Viet Cdch dUdc tien hanh. Hpi nghi da di tdi mot thoa hiep ve chinh phu lien hiep khdng chien, cu the la Chinh phu vdn do Hd Chi Minh vd Nguyin Hai Thdn gifl chflc Chil tich vd Phd Chu tich. Trong mUdi bo thi Viet Minh va Dang Dan chu gifl Bo Qud'c phdng, Giao thdng Cdng chinh, Giao due, Tu phap; Viet Qud'c, Viet Cdch gifl cac bo Ngoai giao, Kinh te, Xd hoi, Canh nong; hai bo cdn lai danh cho dai dien cua ddng bdo Nam Bo.
Ba ngdy sau do, ngdy 28-2-1946, Hiep Udc Hoa - Phap dUdc ki ket, dung nhU dU dodn cua Ban Thudng vu Trung Udng Dang Cong san Dong DUdng. Quan Tudng chuan bi rut ve nUdc; Viet Qudc, Viet Cdch trUdc nguy cd bi bd rdi cdng ra sflc hoat dong chd'ng pha dfl doi hdn, nhd't la vao dip Hiep dinh sd bp dUdc ki ket. Nhflng dai bieu cua ho tham gia chinh quyen thi bd b i cong viec, trdn trdnh trach nhiem.
Ngay 18-3-1946, quan ddi Phdp rdm ro tien ra mien Bdc, vd den ddu thang 5 thi quan ddi Tudng bat ddu r u t lui. Nguyin Hai Thdn, Nguyin Tudng Tam cung hdng trdm "tin dd" cua cdc nhdm thdn Tudng keo sang Trung Qud'c. Vu Hdng Khanh cung vd con va cac yeu n h a n khac rut len Viet Tri.
Vdo thUdng tudn thang 7 ndm 1946, Trung Udng Qudc ddn dang bo phai td chflc lai gdm 11 uy vien. Hai thang sau, cd quan Trung Udng dang do cd nhieu ngUdi phai Idnh sang hai ngoai nen sd' thdnh vien cdn 7 ngudi. Den cudi nam 1946, ban lanh dao chi cdn hai ngUdi la Nguyin Van Chd'n va Hoang Binh. ., . ,
Trung tudn thang 7 ndm 1946, vu an On Nhu Hdu dUdc khdm pha dd gdy phdn no ldn trong n h a n ddn. Am mUu cua VNQDD Id nhan ngdy quan Phdp diiu binh ky niem Cdch mang Phdp (ngdy 14-7) se cho quan bdn sung mdy vd nem lUu dan vdo quan doi Phap, tao cd cho qudn Phdp td'n cdng Chinh phu each mang, rdi nhan cd hdi dd cUdp chinh quyen trong todn thanh phd'. Nha Cdng an vd Sd Cdng an Bdc Bo sau nhieu ngdy theo doi da dot kich vdo tru sd cua VNQDD d 132 Bui Thi Xuan, thu dUdc todn bo ke hoach nay. Tiep sau dd, hang loat tru sd cila Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang bi kham xet. Ddc biet tai phd' On NhU Hau (tflc phd Nguyin Gia Thieu), cd quan cdng an dd tim dUdc 7 xac chet va nhieu dung cu tra td'n.
Den day, bo mat phan qud'c cua Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang dd bi lot trdn. Sau ndy, Dai tudng Vo Nguyen Gidp Que bay gid Id Bo trudng Bo Noi vu) da nhdn xet: "Sau vu On Nhu Hdu, nhflng ngUdi ngdy thd nhd't ve chinh tri tfl trUdc den nay cdn it nhieu tin vao cac ludn dieu tuyen truyen bip b(3m cua bon Qud'c dan dang deu tinh ngd" (14).
c. Sii tan rd hodn todn cua Viet Nam Quo'c ddn ddng tai cdc dia phUcfng
Ngay t u ddu nam 1945, VNQDD bat ddu xay diing 7 can cfl goi Id cdc "chien khu" d mien Bdc va mien Trung. Tai nhflng vung
"chien khu" ndy, VNQDD mdi chiem dfldc md'y thi xa, cdn vung nong thdn vdn thudc quyen kiem soat cua Viet Minh.
Viet Ram Qua'e dan ding... 15 Trong cac can cfl tren, lUc lUdng cua
VNQDDtap trung manh nhd't d vung De tam chien khu, gdm cdc tinh ly: Vinh Yen, Viet Tri, Phu Tho, Yen Bai va mot phdn tinh Lao Cai. Tai khu vUc nay, tinh ly nao cung cd dang bo VNQDD, mot so' dang vien dUdc vu trang sung tieu lien nhd hay sung luc, mdi ndi cd khoang 100 kh^u sung trUdng. Tuy nhien, trfl khu Ldo Cai - Bao Hd, d ta't ca cac thi xd, tinh ly, viec tiep te lUdng thiic, dan dUdc rd't khd khan.
Tai Thi xd Vinh Yin, dia ban chien lUdc d vung trung du, gidp gidi vdi ddng bdng, VNQDD triic tiep ndm quyen quan ly chinh quyen thi xd trUdc khi tinh bo Viet Minh phdt ddng khdi nghia. Vdi chinh quyen trong tay, VNQDD chu trUdng bien ndi day thdnh mot can cfl qudn sU manh de uy hiep Ha Ndi, lam cd sd tien phong cho De tam chien khu. NhUng bdng cdc chinh sdch cila minh, ca ve quan sU va chinh tri. Mat trdn Viet Minh da budc VNQDD phai ngdi vdo bdn dam phan. Den thang 6-1946, uy ban quan chinh Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang da nhd't tri sap nhdp vdo uy ban h a n h chinh tinh Vinh Yen; hai dai ddi VNQDD cung nhdp vdo mot tieu dodn Ve qud'c dodn;
quan ham qudn doi VNQDD bi bai bd va thay vdo dd la qudn hieu cila Ve qud'c dodn.
Tren Thi xd Ldo Cai, ciia khdu qud'c gia, ndi cd dudng sdt, dudng bo vd dUdng sdng ndi lien vdi Trung Qud'c, la mot hUdng quan trong de quan doi Tudng Gidi Thach tien vdo Viet Nam. Sau khi theo sau quan Tudng khdng che' phdn ldn tinh Ldo Cai, VNQDD da Idi kdo cac lUc lUdng phan ddng nham xay diing he thoiig chinh quyen cdc cd'p. Tinh dang bo Qud'c dan dang dUdc thanh Idp dat tru sd tai Co'c Leu, tnic tiep phu trach cdc td chflc: dpi hien binh, ddi canh sat. Thong qua cac hoat dong nay, VNQDD ngay cdng 16 ro bo mat phan dong.
dm mUu pha hoai moi t h a n h qua each mang, vd vdt bdc lot cua cai cila n h a n dan ta.
U cdc tinh khdc nhU Hd Nam, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hda..., VNQDD boat ddng rao rie't, loi kdo nhflng cdng chflc cu trung t h a n h vdi Phap - Nhdt, bon Viet gian phan qud'c, mot sd' binh linh vd nhflng phdn til cd hoi. VNQDD cung tien h a n h am sat cdc can bo Viet Minh, bat cdc td'ng tien, cho qudn ve ndng thdn cUdp pha tdi san...
vd nha't la can trd boat ddng cila cac iiy ban lien lac dam phan.
Nhu vdy Id, trong khi d trung Udng, Chinh phu lam thdi vd Mdt trdn Viet Minh chil trUdng hda hoan vdi quan Tudng, keu goi VNQDD thiic Idng doan ket de xdy dUng vd bao ve dd't nUdc trUdc nguy cd thiic dan Phap quay trd lai xam lUdc thi trdi lai, d cdc dia phUdng VNQDD tiep tuc tranh quyen lanh dao vdi Vidt Minh, tim each chd'ng pha, can trd vi^c thd'ng nhd't h a n h chinh va vu trang. Sau khi vu an On NhU Hau dUdc kham pha, Nha Cdng an chi dao cac tinh ddng loat md cudc tra'n dp VNQDD. Toan bo h§ thd'ng phdng thu cila VNQDD d cac dia phUdng bi pha vd. Tai Vinh Yen, 500 dang vien Viet Nam Qud'c dan dang ddu hang; tai Yen Bai, 200 hoc vien quan sU la con em dia chu va si quan Nhat tan tdc; tai Thanh Hda, todn bd liic lUdng vu trang cua VNQDD d chien khu Di Linh (Nong Cdng) ddu hang...
d. Nhiing tdn qudn cuoi cung cua Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng td (1947 -1954)
Sau khi Phap tai chiem Ddng DUdng, cdc lanh t u VNQDD cd' gdng td chflc lai liic lUdng tai Trung Qud'c vd mot so' vung do Phdp kiem soat; cdn d cac khu vUc khac tren lanh thd Viet Nam, boat dong cila VNQDD rd't md nhat. Khdng nhflng vay.
16 Rghien ciiru Lich siir. sd 6.2010 VNQDD ngay cang lun sau vao nhflng mau
thudn chdng chdo vd khdng the giai quyet dUdc.
Ca VNQDD va Dai Viet Qud'c ddn dang deu la nhflng dang phai cung dflng chung tren chien tuyen chd'ng cdng, nhflng lai cd mau thudn sau sdc ve quan diem va giai phap chinh tri.
Tfl ndm 1947, VNQDD bi phan hda thdnh hai khuynh hudng:
+ Khuynh hUdng thfl nhd't ung ho giai phdp Bao Dai, hdp tdc vdi Phdp chd'ng cdng vdi cdc dai bieu nhU Nghiem Xuan Thien, Tran Trung Dung, Vu Hdng Khanh, Ngd Thuc Dich.
+ Khuynh hUdng thfl hai ch6'ng Bao Dai, quyet gifl Idp trfldng chd'ng Phdp vdi cac dai dien nhU Xuan Tung, Hoang Van Ddo, Nguyin Vdn Chd'n, Le Ngoc Chd'n... Theo ho, chinh phu Bao Dai lap r a chi cd muc dich: "lam tay sai cho thUc ddn Phdp tieu diet khdng chien, ddn dp cupc cdch mang gidi phong ddn tpc" (14).
Trong hai kbujTih hUdng tren thi khuynh hudng ung ho Bao Dai chie'm Uu the hdn. Thdng 7-1947, VNQDD gia nhdp Mat trdn quo'c gia tho'ng nhd't todn quo'c, ung ho thdnh lap chinh quyen quoc gia Viet Nam. VNQDD mu6'n gdy diing lai lUc lUdng vd vdn ky vong vdo sU giup dd cua Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan dang vd Hoa Ky.
Ngodi viec viet thU trao ddi, VNQDD cdn cii ngUdi sang Nam Kinh xin Trung Qud'c Qud'c dan dang benh vUc Viet Nam, ung ho Viet - Phap lien minh vd xin Hoa Ky vien trd ve kinh te.
Them vdo dd, ngay trong tflng khuynh hudng cung lai cd nhflng mdu thudn rieng.
Thang 7-1950, dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c cua VNQDD dUdc trieu tap. Ke't thuc dai
hdi, hai Ban cha'p hdnh trung Udng dUdc thdnh Idp, ddi Idp vdi nhau, mot ban do Vu Hdng Khanh dflng ddu, mot ban khac do Ngd Thuc Dich dai dien. Cdn d dfldi dia phfldng lai p h a n chia qudc noi, qud'c ngoai,
"hqn qud'c ndi chili bon qud'c ngoai Id chum chan chd thdi, bon qud'c ngoai chili bon qudc ndi la theo Phdp" (15). Ndm 1951, Viet Qud'c ndm gifl chflc Thii hien Bdc Viet da tim each gat het cac dang vien Dai Viet ra khdi he thd'ng chinh quyen nguy quyen, nhd't la d cdc tinh nhfl Hai DUdng, Hd Noi, Sdn Tay, Ha Nam, Thai Binh...
Chinh vi nhflng mau thudn ngay cdng trd nen sau sdc nen VNQDD kh6ng the td chflc dfldc boat dpng gi quan trong, ngodi vdi ba vu viec le te nhU in gid'y bac gia, tim cdc dang vien cu de sdp xep lai... Sau thang Idi cila chien dich Dien Bien Phu (1954), VNQDD mot mat lo sdp ddt cd sd d viing dich hau, mdt khac tuyen truyen khuyen khich cdc dang vien cung nhU ddng bdo di cU vao Nam. Den day, cdc boat ddng va anh hudng cila VNQDD hdu nhU cbd'm dflt hodn todn tren lanh thd Viet Nam.
Tfl sau khdi nghia Yen Bdi (1930) den trfldc ndm 1945, VNQDD hdu nhfl khdng cdn tdn tai vdi tfl each mot dang chinh tri ngodi cupc dd'u tranh de gidnh anh hfldng vdi nhiing ngUdi cong san d trong cdc nguc tu cila thiic dan Phap. Sau each mang thang Tam ndm 1945, theo gdt quan Tudng, mdt sd' dang vien cu cua VNQDD trd ve nUdc vdi mUu dd Idt d6 chinh quyen each mang. NhUng vi khong cd cho diia trong qudn chung, td chflc thieu chat che, noi bo lai lu6n xay ra mau thudn nen VNQDD boat dong khong cd hieu qua.
Bi thd't bai trong cudc t r a n h gianh quyen lUc vd dia vi chinh tri vdi Mat trdn
^ t Ram Qu6c dan d i n g . 17
Viet M i n h v a D a n g Cdng s a n Viet N a m , V N Q D D dudi cac bien t h e Viet Qudc, Viet C a c h d a q u a y s a n g t i m each chd'ng p h a each m a n g , xoa bd t h a n h q u a cua cudc Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m , chd'ng lai n h a n d a n vd d a n toe, trd t h d n h lUc c a n trd ddi vdi tie'n t r i n h p h a t t r i e n cua each m a n g Viet N a m . Vdi t h a i do c h i n h t r i t h u dich v a h d n g loat
CHU THICH
(*). Bai viet nay dUdc ho&n thanh v6i sil ho trd tu li^u cua Le Thi Thu Hudng, sinh vien khoa 49, khoa Lich sii, Trilclng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - DHQG HN. Tac gia xin chan th^nh cam dn sU giiip d3 quy bau do.
(1). Hoing Van D^o. Viet Nam Quoc ddn ddng, Nxb.Giang Dong, S4i Gon, 1965, tr. 173.
(2). Pham Tuft'n Tki. Cuoc ddi vd tdc phdm, Hoi ky, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H4 Noi, 2002, tr. 524.
(3), (4). Pham Tu4'n Tii, sdd, tr. 525
(5). Hoi ky Trdn Huy Lieu. Nxb.Khoa hoc xa hoi, m Noi, 1991, tr. 102.
(6). Xem T r i n Giang. Vg" thdi do thien chi ciia Ddng ta dot vdi anh em tii chinh tri Viet Nam Qudc ddn ddng bi giam glQu d Con Ddo ndm 1938-1939.
Tap chi Lich sic Ddng, So 9-1997.
(7). Cach diing cila Ho&ng Van Dao, sdd, tr.l90.
a m mUu vd h d n h d d n g chd'ng p h a each m a n g , ho dd di ngUdc lai n g u y e n vong c h i n h d a n g c u a n h a n d a n v a ly t u d n g cao ca cila V N Q D D m a vi nd, n h i i n g ngUdi s a n g l a p va n h i i n g l a n h t u c u a d a n g n d y n h u N g u y e n T h d i Hoc, N g u y e n K h a c N h u , P h o DUc Chinh,... d a k i e n t r i b o a t d d n g va a n h d u n g n g a xud'ng each d a y h d n t d m mUdi n a m .
(8), (9). Hoang v a n Dao, sdd, tr. 215, 216.
(10). Lich su; Chinh Phd Viet Nam, tap 1 (1945- 1955), Nxb. Chinh tri Q-aoc gia, Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 48.
Tham khao them hoi ky ciia Biii Diem. Gong kim lich sd, Ed. SUDASIE, Paris, 2000, tr. 72.
(11). Joseph Buttinger. The Smaller Dragon. A Political History of Vietnam, Praeger Publishers, New York. Washington. London, 1957, tr. 447.
(12). Bao Dpc lap, so ra ngky 26-2-1946.
(13). Vo Nguyen Giap. Nhving chdng diidng lich sic. Nxb.Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1977.
(14). Tai lieu vi tinh hinh td chvCc hg mdy vd hoat dong cda cdc ddng phdi phdn dong 1947- 1948, Ho sd so 612, Phong PTT, tr. 4.
(15). Tai li^u ve tinh hinh to chiic bp may va hoat dpng ciia cac dang phai phan dpng 1954, Ho sd 1455, Phong PTT, tr. 24.
