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H O I D O N G B A O A N U € N H O P Q U O C

D u o i goc do phap ly quoc te, k h i quan he hop tac giua cac quoc gia ngay cang phat trien t h i tranh chap cung cang co ca sa de phat sinh. V a i t u each la ca quan dai dien cho L i e n hop quoc ( L H Q ) , chiu trach nhiem chinh trong duy t r i hoa b i n h va an n i n h quoc te, H o i dong Bao an ( H D B A ) dugc giao nhiem v u giai quyet hoa b i n h cac tranh chap quoc te. Quyen l g i va nghTa v u cua H D B A trong ITnh vuc nay dugc ghi nhan cu the tai chuong V I ciia H i e n chuong L H Q .

Theo quy d i n h tai D i e u 34 H i e n chuong L H Q . H D B A truoc het co tham quyen dieu tra m o i tranh chap hoac t i n h h i n h tranh chap de xac d i n h x e m neu keo dai co the de doa hoa binh va an n i n h quoc te hay khong. M o t quoc gia khong phai la thanh vien L H Q cung co the l u u y H D B A viec cuoc tranh chap ma ban than ho la mot ben d u o n g su de ca quan nay x e m xet giai quyet, m i e n la quoc gia nay thua nhan truoc se tuan m i l nghia v u giai quyet hoa b i n h cuoc tranh chap theo quy dinh ciia H i e n c h u o n g L H Q ( D i e u 35 H i e n chuong).

Hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h ciia L H Q ra doi dau tien vao ngay 29/5/1948, k h i H D B A thong qua quyet d i n h thanh lap Phai doan G i a m sat qua trinh d i n h chien tai Palestine.

T S . N g u y e n L a n N g u y e n Khoa Luat, DHQG Hd Npi

K e tir do den nay, d u o i su lanh dao chung ciia H D B A , hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h ciia L H Q da trai qua nhieu giai doan phat trien khac nhau. Ban dau, k h i m a i ra d a i , hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h dugc x e m la bien phap thoa hiep giua cac nuoc Ion nham tan dung v a i tro trung lap t u o n g doi ciia L H Q , tranh no ra cuoc chien tranh nong tai nhung k h u vuc k h o n g nam trong an n i n h true tiep ciia hai nuoc L i e n X o va M y . T i e n de de kien lap cac hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h truyen thong la phai dugc cac ben tranh chap dong y. L u c l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h truyen thong co t u t u o n g chii dao la " g i u g i n hoa binh", "phoi hop giup do" de giai quyet tranh chap va t h u o n g dugc chii trong trien khai vao t h a i k y cuoi ciia cuoc tranh chap. K h i tranh chap dugc giai quyet t h i luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h cung cham dirt hoat dong. Co the thay h i n h thiic g i n g i u hoa b i n h nay mang lai n h u n g hieu qua nhat d i n h trong giai quyet x u n g dot A r a p - Ixraren, cuoc khiing hoang kenh dao Suez, sir kien a Conggo, roi loan o L i b a n g . . .

K e tir k h i thanh lap d i n thang 9/2008.

L H Q da trien khai dugc 64 chien dich g i n g i u hoa b i n h khac nhau, trong do co 16 chien dich v o i h o n 110.000 nhan vien hien dang

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hoat ctong a khap cac n a i tren the g i a i . N h i r n g chiec " m u n o i xanh¹' - bieu t u o n g cua luc l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h eta nhan dugc su ung ho t i c h cue cua xa h o i quoc te. N a m 1988, luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h cua L H Q gianh dugc giai t h u o n g N o b e l Hoa b i n h - chung m i n h su dong gop to I o n cua luc l u o n g nay d o i v o i hoa b i n h va an n i n h the g i o i . Co the thay rat nhieu v i du ve nhung thanh cong quan trong cua luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa binh L H Q n h u hoat dong gin g i u hoa binh a M o z a m b i c , D o n g T i m o , Campuchia, El Sanvador, L i b a n g , Croatia, Grudia, Tay Sahara, Conggo, N a m i b i a . . . T u y nhien, nhung thanh cong ma luc l u o n g g i n g i u hoa binh L H Q dat dugc lai b i l u m o b o i chinh nhung that bai ma luc l u g n g nay da va dang vap phai. D o la nhung that bai to I o n trong chien dich g i n g i u hoa b i n h o X o m a l i hay nhung trac t r o trong g i n g i u hoa b i n h a N a m T u cu, 6 A n g o l a , H a i t i , Ruanda va k h u vuc Bancang... Co nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau dan den ket qua khong m o n g d g i nay, trong do co the ke den mot so nguyen nhan ca ban nhu:

Thu nhdt: T r o n g nhieu t r u o n g hop, H D B A da danh gia qua lac quan ve ket qua co the dat dugc nha su giup da cua luc l u o n g gin g i u hoa b i n h , nen da de ra nhiem v u qua tham vong trong k h i lire l u o n g g i n g i u hoa binh con thieu nhung nguon luc can thiet. V i du, viec m o rong n h i e m v u cho luc l u o n g g i n giCr hoa binh a X o m a l i nam 1993 tir bao dam van chuyen va cap phat l u o n g thuc sang loai trir cac phe phai v u trang, thiic day hoa giai

chinh t r i . . . chinh la n g u y e n nhan quan trong dan den sir t h i t bai cua c h i i n d i c h nay.

Thu hai: D o ban than L H Q k h o n g co trong tay nhan lire va vat luc de tien hanh cac hoat dong g i n giu: hoa b i n h m a phai dua vao su dong gop ciia cac quoc gia thanh vien, trong k h i cac nuoc thanh v i e n L H Q v o i muc tieu dat l g i ich quoc gia len hang dau, thuong chi quan tam dong gop nhan luc va tai chinh m o t each day d i i , nhanh chong cho nhung chien d i c h d e m lai l g i i c h cho chinh ban than ho. D o i luc, l g i i c h nay dugc quan tam nhieu h o n l g i i c h ciia n g u a i dan dang ganh chiu hau qua ciia cac cuoc chien tranh, xung dot can sir giup d a ciia cong dong quoc te. Do vay, viec quyet d i n h trien khai chien dich gin g i u hoa b i n h tai cac k h u vuc co dia - chinh t r i , dia - k i n h te k h o n g quan trong thuong rat kho khan, k h o n g dugc sir quan tam ciia cac nuac trong H D B A (dac biet la cac thanh vien t h u o n g true). K e ca k h i quyet d i n h trien khai chien d i c h g i n g i u hoa b i n h da dugc thong qua t h i viec thuc hien tren thuc te thuong cung rat cham tre, tham c h i , co nhieu chien dich g i n g i u hoa b i n h k h o n g trien khai dugc hoac phai l i i i t h a i han trien khai, giam qui m o hoat dong m a i trien khai dugc. Chiing ta co the thay ro dieu ay qua viec so sanh giua hai k h u v u c T r u n g D o n g va chau Phi. Chau Phi - n o i co rat nhieu cac cuoc x u n g dot dam mau xay ra, nhung do l g i ich ciia cac nuoc uy v i e n H D B A tai k h u vuc nay k h o n g Ion, nen cac cuoc x u n g dot nay cham nhan dugc su ho t r g tir phia H D B A khien cho x u n g dot ngay cang leo thang, tham chi dan tai tham hoa nhan dao, nhieu t r u o n g hop v u o t qua

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tam k i e m soat cua lire l u o n g g i n g i u hoa binh. T r o n g k h i do, d T r u n g D o n g - k h u vuc tap trung nguon nang l u o n g Ion cua the g i o i - t h u o n g t h u hut nhieu su quan tam. Cac chien d i c h g i n g i u hoa b i n h d day t h u o n g nhan dugc su dong gop t i c h cue ke ca ve tai chinh va nhan lire tir nhieu quoc gia tren the g i o i

Thu ba: L u c l u o n g gin g i u hoa b i n h L H Q bao g o m quan nhan va cac chuyen gia tren nhieu ITnh vuc den tir nhieu quoc gia khac nhau, tuy c h i u su chi huy chung ciia T u lenh luc l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h , nhung kha nang phoi hop hoat dong giua ho con thieu thong nhat, dong bo, con ton tai su chia re, mat doan ket, nen trong nhieu t r u o n g hop, khong nhung k h o n g phat huy dugc sire manh chung ma con l a m giam hieu qua hoat dong cua lire l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h . Dac biet, trong t h a i gian vira qua, luc l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h c h i u sir thao tung rat Ion ciia M y va cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay. M y t h u o n g t u cho m i n h quyen "quyet d i n h va thuc t h i " nhung nhiem v u gin g i u hoa b i n h . T r o n g cac chien dich gin g i u hoa b i n h , n g u d i M y khong bao g i d tir bo quyen chi huy quan doi M y hoac chi trao quyen chi huy nay cho dong m i n h quan su than can, n h u m o t thanh v i e n N A T O chang han. D o vay, d o i v d i cac chien dich gin g i u hoa b i n h co sir t h a m gia dong gop ciia quan doi M y , chi huy luc l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h buoc phai la n g u d i M y hoac mang quoc tich ciia m o t trong cac dong m i n h than can ciia M y , neu k h o n g se rat kho khan trong chi huy, dieu hanh tren chien t r u d n g . K h o n g nhirng vay, d mot so k h u vuc tren the g i d i ,

M y con t u t r i e n k h a i cac d o n v i quan d o i ciia m i n h ben canh cac luc l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h ciia L H Q n h u Bancang, D o n g T i m o . . . Cac d o n v i nay k h o n g nam d u d i su dieu harm ciia L H Q nen viec p h o i hop hoat dong t h u d n g rat kho khan. C o n g tac dao tao nhan luc tham gia luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h chii yeu do cac quoc gia thanh v i e n t u tien hanh theo tieu chuan ciia L H Q , dan den t r i n h do chuyen m o n , kha nang p h o i hop trong cac hoat dong chung ciia nhan v i e n g i n g i u hoa b i n h den tir cac quoc gia ciing k h o n g dong deu va k h o n g phai ai ciing dap u n g dugc day dii cac tieu chuan do L H Q de ra. D i e u nay cang khien cho cong tac hop dong phoi hgp hoat dong ciia luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h t r d nen kho khan h o n , hieu qua hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h v i the ciing g i a m sut ro ret.

Thu tu: Hoat dong quan l y , k y luat ciia H D B A va B a n T h u k y d o i v d i cac thanh v i e n tham gia g i n g i u hoa b i n h chua chat che, dao diic nghe nghiep ciia luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h con t o n tai nhieu van de. D i e u nay khien cho hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h phai doi mat v d i nhieu v u tai tieng, khong n h u n g l a m giam hieu qua hoat dong ma con lam suy giam long t i n ciia cong dong quoc te. V i du:

N h u n g tai tieng ve t h a m nhung ciia m o t so quan chuc L H Q t r o n g C h u o n g t r i n h D 6 i d i u lay l u o n g thuc tai Irac. Ca H D B A va Ban T h u k y deu k h o n g nam dugc quyen dieu hanh C h u o n g t r i n h nay, k h o n g n h u n g vay, k h i n h u n g cao buoc ve tham nhung dugc dua ra, ca hai c o quan nay da k h o n g k i p t h o i x e m xet de co n h u n g quyet d i n h ngan chan, giam thieu hau qua; T a i tieng b d i cac v u tham sat

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d Ruanda va Secbrenica nam 1994 va 1995 dien ra ngay truac mat cac luc l u g n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h cua L H Q ; Su c6 lam dung tinh due ma cac b i n h l i n h g i n g i u hoa b i n h gay ra doi v a i chinh n h u n g nan nhan ciia cuoc x u n g dot dang can su bao ve ciia L H Q dien ra d nhieu n a i tren the g i a i (Conggo, H a i t i , Liberia, Xudang), trong do dac biet nghiem trong la v u cac b i n h l i n h g i n g i u hoa b i n h do Maroc, N a m Phi. Nepan. Pakixtan, T u y n i d i va Urugoay c i i den b i phat hien da l a m dung cac thieu n u Conggo va L i b e r i a nam 2004; H i e n tuong doi siing lay vang ciia b i n h l i n h g i n g i u hoa b i n h d Conggo dang b i to cao va dieu tra hien nay...

Thu nam: Hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h hien nay co chieu h u d n g gia tang, nhung it duoc trien khai d nhung n a i lien quan den xung dot giua cac nude, trai l a i , dugc trien khai nhieu d n o i xay ra noi chien do x u n g dot dan toe, x u n g dot ton giao, tranh gianh tai nguyen. L g i dung dieu nay, mot so nude ldn thudng k i n h dong m a u thuan dan toe, ton giao. k i c h dong ly k h a i . co tinh gay ra cac diem nong ve nhan quyen, tao c d de thao tung H D B A thong qua quyet d i n h thanh lap lire l u o n g g i n g i u hoa b i n h ciia L H Q hong can thiep vao cong viec n o i bo ciia quoc gia khac. ap dat "trat t u the g i d i " theo y do ciia ho. T r o n g t r u d n g hgp nay. hoat dong gin g i u hoa binh mat di t i n h khach quan, mat di n i e m tin ciia nhan dan. ciia cac ben lien quan t d i xung dot dan toe, t o n giao va cung k h o n g nhan dugc su iing ho rong rai ciia cong dong quoc te - n l i u n g nhan to co ban quyet d i n h su thanh cong ciia mot chien dich g i n g i u hoa

binh. K h o n g r m u n g vay, no con k i c h dong su phan khang, chdng d o i ciia n h u n g n g u d i nay, anh h u d n g true tiep t d i ket qua cua hoat dong g i n g i u hoa b i n h .

Gan day, v d i t n r d n g hop ciia L i b y a , sau k h i cac lire l u o n g an n i n h L i b y a no siing vao m o t cuoc bieu t i n h nho lai Benghazi - thanh pho l d n t h u hai ciia nude nay, L i b y a dang t r d thanh tieu d i e m cua m o t cuoc chien tranh keo dai do lire l u g n g lien quan tien hanh do A n h , Phap va M y cam dau.

A n h va Phap dong vai tro dau tau trong cuoc chien nay v d i su ho t r g ciia M y va dudi danh nghTa L H Q . H o i nghi Paris da quyet dinh bat dau cac hanh dong quail su chong lai chinh quyen L i b y a "de ap dat vung cam bay theo n g h i quyet ciia H o i dong Bao an L i e n hgp quoc". Cac dot k h o n g k i c h ciia p h u o n g T a y dugc tien hanh vao thdi diem cac lire l u g n g quan d o i ciia L i b y a da tien vao trung tarn thanh pho Benghazi, n a i tap hgp bo chi huy cac luc l u g n g noi day. Mac dii n g u d i phat n g o n c h i n h p h i i T r i p o l i bac bo tin la quan d o i ciia ong Gaddafi da tan cong thanh pho - m o t harm dong dugc xem la vi pham cam ket n g u n g ban ma chinh phii nude nay dua ra sau k h i H D B A L H Q ra nghj quyet ap dat v i i n g cam bay.

Phan i i n g tire t h i sau cac cuoc tan cong ciia Phap, A n h va M y , nha lanh dao Gaddafi tuyen bo D i a T r u n g H a i da bien thanh "chien t r u d n g " , dong t h a i tuyen bo se trang b i v u k h i cho n g u d i dan de doi pho v d i cac cuoc tan cong ciia p h u o n g Tay. Cuoc chien nay nham loai bo chinh quyen Gaddafi, n h u n g d i i

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v i dong ca g i , no cung k h o n g phai la led ich quoc gia song con cua bat k y quoc gia phuong Tay tham chien nao. C h i n h quyen L i b y a tir nhieu nam qua da tir co lap m i n h bdi nhung cuoc dan ap dam mau dan thuong.

Chinh dieu nay da tudc d i tinh hop phap cua chinh phii do Gaddafi lanh dao.

Chien tranh se thiic day sir phan hoa noi bo L i b y a sau rong h o n nua. Phuong Tay co the m u o n tranh mot cuoc chien tranh tren bo, nhung khong loai trir k i c h ban nay, neu cac lire l u o n g noi day tai L i b y a khong d i i kha nang lat do chinh quyen Gaddafi, m o t quoc gia v d i 6,5 trieu dan dang b i chia re nghiem trong. D o i v d i p h u o n g Tay, con dudng dan tdi cuoc chien tranh nay duoc trai bang

"thien y" bao ve dan t h u d n g L i b y a khoi su tan sat ciia chinh quyen Gaddafi. N h u n g con dudng nay cung co the dan t d i su sa lay.

Trong co che ciia L H Q , H D B A khong phai co quan g i u vai tro chii dao trong hoat dong chong k h i i n g bo n h u doi v d i hanh dong trong t r u d n g hop hoa b i n h b i x a m hai, bi pha hoai hay co hanh v i x a m luoc hoac quyet d j n h trien khai lire l u o n g g i n g i u hoa binh.

Trong hoat dong chong k h i i n g bo quoc te, Dai H o i dong ( D H D ) dong vai tro la co quan hoach d i n h chinh sach, D H D co tranh nhiem ldn hon H D B A trong viec xay d i m g chien lupc chong k h i i n g bo, d j n h nghTa phap ly ve khiing bo, ngan chan hien t u p n g l o i dung chong khiing bo de x a m pham chii quyen ciia quoc gia khac. De lam dupe dieu nay can phai cai to toan dien H D B A , dac biet la cai each co che bo phieu theo h u d n g giam bdt

anh h u d n g ciia cac thanh v i e n t h u d n g true doi v d i co quan nay.

N h i r n g phan tich neu tren cho thay H D B A da va van se c h i u trach nhiem chinh trong viec trien khai cac chien dich g i n g i u hoa b i n h ciia L H Q . T r o n g qua trinh thuc hien n h i e m v u g i n g i u hoa b i n h , viec tang cuong trao quyen, uy quyen va hpp tac v d i cac to chirc k h u vuc la can thiet. De lam tot viec nay, cpng dong quoc te can xay dung dupe mpt co che p h o i hpp co hieu qua giua hai ben. H D B A phai xac d i n h ro pham v i quyen han ma cac to chirc k h u vuc dupe phep thuc hien trong tirng chien dich g i n g i u hoa b i n h cu the va k h o n g ngirng tang cuong quyen k i e m soat d o i v d i hoat dpng ciia cac to chuc do, sao cho vira dam bao dupe t i n h dan chii trong giai quyet cac van de quoc te, vira dam bao dupe vai tro chii chot, quyet d j n h ciia H D B A trong cac hoat dpng g i n g i u hoa b i n h .

T a i lieu t h a m k h a o

1. Hpc v i e n Quan he quoc te (2007), Su phat trien cua Hpi dong Bdo an Lien hop quoc, H a N p i .

2. B u i T r u d n g Giang (2007), Cai each Hpi dong Bdo an Lien hop quoc - mpt so chieu hudng va nhan dinh, Tap chi N h u n g van de K i n h te va C h i n h t r i the g i d i , 1(129).

3. C h u M a n h H i i n g (2005), Cai to Lien hop qudc - thdi co vd thach thuc, Tap chi Luat hpc, (Dac san 60 nam L i e n hpp quoc).

4. V i e n Quan he qu6c t<§ Bp Quoc phong (3/2007), Nude My nhung nam ddu thi ky 21, Ha Noi.

5. http:// w w w . u n . o r g / r e f o r m 6. h t t p : / / w w w . t o q u o c . g o v . v n