VIET NAM JWd vifA VA HOI NHAP NDIiV Tlf
umu mmiim TII£ KY XX
v u DUONG NINH*
V
i^t Nam dang bu6c vao thap nien diu ciia the ky XXI. NhQng th^nh tUu dat dUcfc horn nay chinh la ket qua ciia mot qua trinh da'u t r a n h giai ph6ng dan too va xay dUng da't nUdc. Trong do, quan h^dm ngoai d6ng mot vai tro quan trong.
NgUdc dong lich sii cua thl^ ky XX, bM viet de cftp den ba \in md cvla vk hoi nhSp vdi nhQng tha't bai va t h i n h cong de tU do neu len mot vki suy nghi ve nSm bat thdi cd trong sU hoi nhftp horn nay.
I. Viet Nam md cijfa va hoi nhap dau the ky XX - mot thijr nghiem khong thanh
Lich 8\1 Vi$t Nam bu6c vao the ky XX duoc phac hoa nhU mot bUc tranh mau am dam. Sau g£n niia the ky chinh phuc, de quoc Phap da thiet Iftp ch§' do thuoc dja tren manh da't nhy. Cac phong t r i o chong xam lU(?c - tii khdi nghla nong dan den CUQC
vSn dong C£n vUdng - deu \in lUdt tha't bai.
Cac cuoc da'u tranh nhSm bao v$ nen dpc lap, phuc hdi vUdng trieu tU chu khong con phii hdp, y thiic h? phong kien da t i n phai, ngUOi ta muon di tim mot con dUdng mdi.
Con dUdng mdi a'y chinh la xu hudng dan chii dang \km thiic tinh cac dan toe chau A. Doi vdi Vi?t Nam thdi d6, nhutng ngUdi di d^u trong t r i o lUu dan chu chinh
la cac si phu ci'p tien ma dai dien la Phan Boi Chau vk Phan Chau Trinh.
Trong khat vong tim dUdng cUu nUdc, Phan Boi Chau t h i n h \kp Dong minh hoi (1904), de ra mot trong ba nhi$m vu trUdc mat la "chuan bi xuat dUctng cau vien", dUdc coi la nhi^m vu quan trong nhi't.
Thi h i n h nhi^m vu xuSft dUdng clu vi^n, Phan Boi Chau suy tinh: Trong cac li$t cUdng, neu khong phai la nhiSng nUdc cung nen v&n hoa, cung giong da vang thi ho se khong giiip minh; con Trung Quoc da chiu nhUdng nUdc ta cho Phap, the lUc suy yeu, tu ciiu khong xong; chi c6 N h i t Ban, vUa \k nUdc da vang lai vUa tan tie'n, "vlly thi bay gid muon tim ngoai vi^n, khong gi bing sang Nhat l i hdn ca" (1).
Nhu vky, Nhat Ban la m l u hinh m i cac hoi vien trong Dong minh hoi hUdng tdi.
Vdi t h i n h tUu ciia cong cuoc Duy tan Minh Tri, Nhat Ban l i quoc gia duy nhi't tren the gidi thoat khoi ach thong tri cua thiic dan Au - My, gin giQ dUdc nen doc lip va vUdn len hang cUdng quoc. Nhi't l i chien t h i n g cua >Jhit trong chien tranh vdi Nga n i m 1905 da gay tieng vang Idn ve t h i n g ldi ciia mot nUdc chau A doi vdi mot nUdc chau Au, cua mot dan toe da ving chong lai
OS. Dai hoc Quoc gia Hi Npi
Rghlen curu Lich stir. s6 6.2009 mot dan toe da t r i n g . Ngvidi N h i t tuyen
truyen thuyet Dai Dong A, dUa ra chieu b i i
"dong v i n , dong chung" n h i m xae l i p vai tro ngiidi lanh dao khu vUc. Hudng ve N h i t Ban, cac chi si thdi dd ciing co phSn lo ngai vi N h i t "tii n g i y t h i n g Nga lai cing sinh da tam" nhiing vSn hy vong vao thuyet
"dong v i n , dong chung" de cd the thuyet phuc ho giiip d3 binh linh hoic khi gidi v i liidng thiic.
Phan Chau Trinh hiidng ve phiidng trdi Tay, tie'p n h i n quan diem dan chii tit san, chong lai che do quan chii phong kien. Tiim gvTdng cua Cach mang Phap 1789, cua n h i lanh dao My G. Oasinhtdn, ciia nhiing ngiidi anh hung Y Matdini v i Garibandi ciing trinh do cong nghe hien dai ciia cac niidc Au - My da thiic d^y Cu manh me di'u tranh chong viidng trieu thoi nat, doi thiet l i p che do cong hoa. Cu dien thuyet, viet sach bao keu goi sii thiic tinh ciia dong bao, truyen ba nhiing tii tiidng tien tie'n ciing nhiing t h i n h tiiu khoa hoc ky t h u i t mong di't niidc sanh vai ciing cac li^t ciidng vdi phiidng cham "chan ddn khi, khai ddn tri, hau ddn sinh". Vdi anh hudng rong Idn k h i p ca niidc, "Cu diidc si phu Duy t i n hudng iing diia len t h i n h cao t r i o yeu niidc, mot cuoc each mang tan v i n hoa v i v i n dong dan quyen soi no'i trong nhiing n a m d S u t h e ' k y X X " ( 2 ) .
Cuoi ciing, ca hai xu hiidng cua Phan Boi Chau v i Phan Chau Trinh deu khong t h i n h cong. C6 nhieu nguyen nhan d i n tdi sii bi't t h i n h dd, song cd the thi'y mot diem chung chinh l i sii phat trien cua thdi cuoc da vUdt len qua xa, cac quoc gia que hiidng cua tlf tlidng 'Tii do, Binh ding, Bac ai"
ciing nhii ciia cuoc Duy tan Minh Tri noi tieng da khong s i n s i n g giiip dd cac dan toe nho yeu di theo con diidng m i ho da di.
Ngiidc lai, cac quoc gia nho ye'u chinh l i doi tUdng xam liidc v i no dich ciia ho. Sii cau ket giiia chinh phii N h i t Ban vdi gidi elm quyen thiic dan Phap 6 Dong Diidng de true xui't cac n h i each mang 'Viet Nam l i minh chiing chd chinh sach thuoc dia ciia ho. Niem hy vong ciia cac Cu d i t vio cac
"liet ciidng tien tie'n" bi tan vd.
Nhiing d i u sao phong trao yeu nUdc dIu the ky XX ciing da danh di'u mot bildc phat trien mdi. Nd thoat khoi tinh trang bi o be trong khudn khd tiing dia phiidng ciia cac cuoc khdi nghia nong dan hay phong t r i o V i n than chong xam liidc. Nd b i t d i u hudng ra ben ngoai vdi sU hoc hoi va clu vien, vUdt qua y thiJtc he phong kien de tiep c i n vdi xu hudng dan chu tU san. Canh ciia da hi md vdi niem hy vong canh tan v i hoi dong vao trao lUu the gidi nhUng thdi cd da vUdt qua, ti't ca da thi't bai.
Nhiing co' g i n g d i u tien ciia sii md ciia v i hoi n h i p d i u the ky XX da khong t h i n h !
II, Viet N a m m d ciia v a h o i n h a p giiifa t h e k y XX - sti c h p n Iiia t r o n g T h e gidi h a i ciic
Nguyen Ai Qudc/Ho Chi Minh da vUdt qua cai khung han hep cua cac b i c tien boi, hudng t l m nhin ra the gidi rong Idn dly soi dong. Qua cuoc h a n h trinh cijtu nUdc k h i p n i m chau bon bien, di qua cac nUdc vin minh va cac thuoc dia, tie'p xuc vdi nhieu loai ngUdi tii chu tU ban den ngUdi no 1?, nhin ro cuoc d i u t r a n h giai phdng dang lan rong. Ho Chi Minh da riit ra mot n h i n x6t:
"Viet Nam la mot bo phan cua thi gidi, cdch mang Viet Nam la mgt bg phan ciia cdch mang the gidi". Chan ly i'y tudng nhU gian ddn nhUng da md rong canh ciia tU duy gin cuoc di'u tranh ciia dan toe vio phong t r i o di'u tranh ciia th^ gidi.
Vi&i Ram md ciSra vo h0t nhflp...
Tii Dai hpi Tua (1920) qua cac dien d i n ciia Quoc te Cong san den vifc t h i n h l i p Dang Cong san Vift Nam (1930), Ho Chi Minh b i n g n h i n thiic v i h i n h dong ciia minh da ke't noi phong t r i o d i u tranh trong nudc vdi trao lUu each mang vo san the gidi.
Trong The chien thii Hai, cuoc di'u tranh giinh doc l i p ciia Viet Nam da hoa n h i p cung phong t r i o d i u tranh ehdng phat xit tren the gidi v i khi chef do quan phi?t N h i t Ban d i u h i n g thi ciing l i thdi CO de Mat t r i n Vi$t Minh lanh dao Tdng khdi nghia t h a n h cong.
Tren cUOng vi Chu tich Chinh phu lam thdi nudc Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cong Hoi, Ho Chi Minh da keu goi nguyen thu cac cUdng quoc hay cong n h i n nUdc Vi^t Nam doc l i p v i ket nap Vift Nam vao Lien Hijp Quoc.
Nhiing no lUc de md canh ciia dUa qude gia non tre hoi n h i p ciing thd gidi da khong t h i n h - ngUdi My quay di, ngudi Nga im ling, c6 nghla l i de ngd ciia cho thiic dan Phap quay lai tai chiem Dong Dudng.
Nhiing n i m d i u ciia cuoc khang chien ehdng Phap dU(?c tien h i n h b i n g tinh t h i n v i siic liic cua ban than dan toe Vi$t Nam sue soi ^ chf vi Doc l i p , vi Tu do m i khong cd mot sU tri;) giiip n i o tii ben ngoii.
T r i t tu hai cUc l a n t a n g i y cing the hi?n tren ban do chinh tri the gidi: Chau Au vdi Dong Au v i Tay Au, Dong Diic v i Tay Diic, Dong Beclin v i Tay Beclin; Chau A vdi Nam v i B i c ban dao Cao Ly (CHDCND Trieu Tien v i Dai H i n Dan Qude), CHND Trung Hoa vdi D i i Loan.
Cupc khang chien d Vi^t Nam b i t ngudn tii mfiu thuSn dan toe glQa nhan d i n Vi^t Nam vdi chii nghia thiic dan Phap, nhUng trong bdi canh cua Chidn tranh lanh, n6 khdng t h i khong mang d i u I n cua T r i t tU
hai Clio. Trong bdi canh dd, bi't cii mot qude gia nhd yeu nao ciing phai tim cho minh mot cho diia, hoic ben niy, hoic ben kia.
Nhan dan Vi$t Nam da tien h i n h cupc khang chien g i n 5 n i m trdi trong dieu kien h l u nhu ddn doc, phai chien di'u trong vong vay. Den khi Cach mang Trung Quoc t h i n h cong, nUdc CHND Trung Hoa ra ddi (10-1949), bien gidi phia Bic nUdc ta rong md, each mang Vi$t Nam thong dUdc vdi the gidi ben ngoii. Chuyen di cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh t h i n g 1-1950 da thiet l i p quan h? ngoai giao vdi Trung Quoc, Lien xo v i cac nudc XHCN khac.
Day chinh l i l l n md cxia hpi n h i p t h i n h cong d i u tien ciia n h i nUdc Viet Nam doc l i p . Dieu die bi^t ciia sU hoi n h i p l l n n i y l i Vi?t Nam budc vio the gidi XHCN m i ba mUdi n i m v^ trUdc, Nguyen Ai Qude da chon con dUdng "tin theo Lenin, tin theo Qude te Ba". Dd l i ket qua ciia 20 n i m d i u tranh giai phdng dUdi ngon cd ciia Dang Cong san. V i die bi$t, dd l i h$ qua ciia nhUng t h i n g Idi bUdc d i u cua nhan dan Vi^t Nam trong cuoc ehdng choi ke thii de qude. Vi^c Vi$t Nam budc vio h i n g ngii cic nudc XHCN ciing l i h? qua cua tinh thd
"hai cUc" dang chi phoi ddi sdng chinh trj quoc te.
Tii dd, Vi^t Nam n h i n dU(?c sU ddng tinh ung hp v i sU vi^n trq) v i t chi't ciia cac nUdc XHCN, da tie'n hanh t h i n g l(?i hai cupc khang chien ehdng thiic dan Phap v i ehdng de quoc My. B i n g dudng loi doin ket quoc td, chiing ta ddn n h i n tinh hiiu nghi v i sii doin ket cua cac dan tpc dang di'u tranh vi nen dpc l i p dan toe, cua cac doin t h i v i nhan si yeu chuong cong ly v i hoa binh thd gidi. Dieu die bi^t hidm hoi trong lich sii thd gidi l i trong cuoc khang chien ehdng Phap, chiing ta n h i n dupc sU chia se tii
Rghi&i curu Lich sit, stf 6.2009 phia nhiing nhan si va cac doin the d Phap
doi chinh phii nUdc ho c h l m diit "cuoc chien tranh ban thiu" d Dong DUdng; trong cuoc khang chien chong My, sinh vien, tri thiic v i nhieu t i n g Idp nhan dan My da di'u tranh doi quan doi My riit khdi Vi$t Nam, dUa linh My ve nUdc. Nhiing phan iing quyet li^t cua nhan dan cac nUdc phan doi chinh phu nUdc ho tham chien d Vi^t Nam trd thanh mot nhan td gdp p h i n vio t h i n g ldi cua n h a n dan Viet Nam. V i dd ciing l i thanh cong cua chinh sach md cvla v i hoi n h i p , lam cho the gidi hieu ro tinh chinh nghla cua Viet Nam, da'u tranh chong lai sU phi nghla v i bao ve sinh menh cua con em nUdc ho.
Trong cong cuoc ciiu nUdc vi Doc l i p v i Thdng nha't, dUdng ldi md cvla v i hoi n h i p , ndi each khac la dUdng ldi doan ket qude te dUdc danh gia xiing dang l i mot trong nhiing nhan td gdp p h I n vio t h i n g ldi cuoi cung eua thdi ky each mang dan toe, d i n chii.
III. Viet N a m m d ciia v a h o i n h a p c u o i t h e ky XX - nhutng t h a n h q u a hiidc d a u Vdi t h i n g ldi n i m 1975, quan h^ dm ngoai ciia nUdc Viet Nam thdng nhi't dUdc md rong, da thiet l i p quan he ngoai giao vdi nhieu nUdc, gia n h i p Lien Hdp Qude v i tham gia nhieu td chiic qude te khac. NhUng chi sau vai n i m , canh ciia lien h^ vdi the gidi bi ddng s i p lai. Cai goi l i 'Vi'n de Campuchia" dUdc coi l i nguyen cd tnic tiep gay nen tinh trang niy. Viet Nam rdi vao the h l u nhu bi cd lap, chua bao gid vdng vay ben ngoii xiet c h i t g i t gao den the.
Cd nhieu nguyen nhan k h i c h quan va chii quan d i n tdi tinh hinh nay. Song ve m i t n h i n thiic, cd doi dieu nen suy nghi.
Tinh hinh phiic tap d Ddng DUOng khi dd bi chi phdi bdi 2 loai mau t h u l n chinh.
Dd l i mau t h u i n giiia cac nUdc cung y thiic he XHCN, ciing do Dang Cong san lanh dao. V i mau t h u i n vdn ed giiia Vi$t Nam vdi Hoa Ky sau nhieu n i m chien tranh cing t h i n g .
Ve mau t h u i n thii nhi't cd 2 t i n g ni'c:
mot l i mau t h u i n giiia cac nUdc Trung Qude, Campuchia v i Vi^t Nam; hai l i mfiu t h u i n giiia Trung Qude va Lien Xd, hai mau t h u i n n i y ehdng eh6o nhau, t i c dong lan nhau, chi phdi tinh hinh tren ban dao Ddng DUdng.
Qua qua trinh lich svl, chiing ta n h i n thiic kha rd ve mau t h u l n giiia Vi^t Nam v i Hoa Ky, mau t h u l n giiia nen doc lip dan toe vdi ke xam lUde, ddng thdi l i mau t h u l n giiia mot nUde XHCN vdi mot nUdc DQCN. NhUng phai c h i n g chiing ta chUa n h i n thUc diing ve mau t h u l n giiia cac nUdc XHCN m i c d i u den niia d i u nhiing n i m 80, mau t h u l n Trung - Xd da diin ra cong khai g i n hai chuc n i m trdi. Chiing ta chi coi dd l i sU bi't ddng ndi bo phong trio cong nhan quoc te. Nhi't l i trong ly thuyet ve 4 mau t h u l n cd ban ciia thdi ky qua dp (giiia CNXH v i CNTB, giiia giai d p vo san v i giai ci'p tU san, giQa phong t r i o giai phdng dan toe vdi chii nghla de qude, giQa cac nUdc TBCN) thi khdng ndi den mau t h u i n giiia cac nUdc XHCN. Do viy, vio nhiing n i m cum 70 - d i u 80 ciia thd ky trUdc, phai c h i n g chiing ta da liing tiing khi ddi m i t vdi mdi mau t h u l n chUa hd tinh ddn? Ma thiic chi't, mau t h u l n giiia cac nUdc TBCN hoic mau t h u l n giiia cac nUdc XHCN deu cd cung mot ban chi't, dd l i mau t h u l n ve ldi Ich qude gia, du r i n g ciing trong mot y thiic h$.
Vl&i Ram md cJra vh h^t nhflp.
TrUdc tinh hinh dd, ngudi My quay trd lai t i n g cudng chinh sach thii dich vdi Vipt Nam, tien hanh bao vay elm v i n . Mot 'lien minh qude tg" ehdng Vi^t Nam da hinh t h i n h , gay ra biet bao khd k h i n ve kinh te - xa hoi d nUdc ta.
Ddn day ciing cd dieu nen b i n tdi ve mdi quan h$ giQa chi'nh tri v i dao ly. TU sau n i m 1975, cing n g i y the gidi cing n h i n rd chinh sich dipt chiing ciia t i p doin Khdme Dd dUdc sii iing ho eiia nUdc ngoii. Tdi ac t i y trdi cua chiing da cUdp di sinh mang ciia 2 tripu ngUdi dan Campuchia (tUdng dUOng 1 p h I n 4 dan so), pha hoai nen kinh te vdn da nghdo n i n v i gay ra nhieu vu xam pham v i o bien gidi Tay Nam nUdc ta.
Theo ldi keu goi eua M i t t r i n ciiu nguy dan tpc Campuchia, quan doi Vipt Nam ciing vdi lUc lupng yeu nUdc Campuchia da md cupc tidn cong qu6t sach b6 lii Pdn Pot, hdi sinh di't nUdc "tii con sd khdng". H i n h dong thi^n ehi dd da ciiu nguy cho sii tdn vong ciia ca mot dan toe m i Qude vUdng Ndrdddm Xihanue tiing ndi: "Khdng cd bo doi Vipt Nam giiip dd giai phdng nhan dan Campuchia thoat nan dipt chung thi con chau n h i vua ciing chet het". V i Thii tudng Hunxen k h i n g dinh: "Phai thiia n h i n mot sii t h i t l i : ndu the gidi cing ddi hdi phai dua bon d i u sd Khdme Dd ra x6t xd bao nhieu thi cing cIn phai ca ngdi sii anh hiing ciia cac chidn si quan tinh nguypn Vipt Nam - nhiing ngUdi da hy sinh than minh vi nhan dan Campuchia bi'y nhieu" (3).
Nhung do ldi ich chinh tri, nhieu chinh phu trong khi vach tpi ac ciia che do dipt chiing lai Idn tieng td cao "Vipt Nam xam lU(?c Campuchia". Cd ly le cho r i n g sU can thi^p ehl dU(?c coi l i nhan dao khi cd mot li§n minh nhieu nUdc tham gia. Chinh dUdi chieu b i i dd, ljch sd da chUng kien bao cudc
xam lUdc mang danh nghla "Lien minh"?
Ro r i n g l i dao ly ciia cudc sdng nhieu khi bi lu md trUdc siic 6p ve chinh tri ma phai qua mot thdi gian lau dii, lich sd mdi cd the phan x6t cdng minh.
Tinh trang ddi d i u giiia hai khdi nUdc ASEAN v i Ddng DUdng nda dau nhiing n i m 80 khdng dem lai ldi ich cho mot ai d Ddng Nam A bdi vi ngudn gdc cua tinh hinh dd khdng b i t ngudn tii mdi mau t h u l n tnic tiep nao giiia cac nUdc thuoc hai khdi. Lich sd hipn dai Ddng Nam A da hdn mot l l n chiing minh r i n g nhiing vu cing t h i n g trong khu vUc thUdng l i do t i c nhan tii ben ngoii va dem lai ldi ich cho ben ngoii. Cho nen trong khdng khi hoi diu tren pham vi thd gidi, cac nUdc Ddng Nam A deu mudn di tim bipn phap ciing nhau hoi giai va hdp tie.
N i m 1986, dUdng loi Doi mdi ciia Vipt Nam da budc d i u md ra kha n i n g vUdt qua tinh trang bi bao viy. Cd the noi trong khoang thdi gian giiia hai ky Dai hoi cua Dang Cong san Vipt Nam (12/1986 - 7/1991), dUdng Idi ddi ngoai rong md, da phUdng hoa, da dang hoa d i n d i n hinh t h i n h . Nhi't l i sau khi q u i n doi Viet Nam da riit toin bd khdi Campuchia (9-1989) thi nhiing vUdng mic trong quan hp vdi cac nudc ASEAN, Trung Quoc, Hoa Ky, EU...
d i n d i n dUdc thao gd Tai Dai hoi VII cua Dang d i vang len ldi tuyen bd trinh trong:
"Vipt Nam mud'n l i ban cua ti't ca cac nUdc trong cdng ddng the gidi phi'n di'u vi hoa binh, doc l i p v i p h i t trien".
LUu y r i n g vipc dinh hUdng v i thiic thi dudng ldi ddi ngoai theo tinh t h i n Doi mdi dien ra trUdc khi N h i nUdc Lien xd tan ra (12-1991). Sii kdt thiic che dp Xd viet sau gin ba p h I n tu the ky tdn tai l i mot thach thiic ri't Idn ddi vdi nUdc ta, ching nhiing
8 Rghito cijru Lich si. s6 6.2009 ve m i t chinh tri, kinh te m i ca ve m i t tU
tudng v i quan hp ddi ngoai. Cac lUc lUdng doi l i p chd doi mot bien ddng tUdng tii cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au se dien ra d Vipt Nam vio n i m tiep theo, nhUng dieu dd da khdng xay ra.
Trai lai, Viet Nam da vUdt qua dUdc thach thdc vd ciing hiem nguy, tiep tuc md rong quan he vdi the gidi, khdi d i u b i n g viec tham gia ky Hipp dinh Bali, trd t h i n h quan sat vien cua ASEAN (1992). Tiep sau (Jo l i cac cuoc vieng t h i m l l n nhau giiia cac n h i l i n h dao Vipt Nam vdi nguyen thu cac nUdc Trung Qude, Ddng Nam A, N h i t Ban, Tay Au v i nhieu nUdc khac tao nen b l u khdng khi hiiu nghi, md ra kha n i n g hdp tac ve thUdng mai v i d i u tU. Tinh trang bi bao vay, ci'm v i n dUdc thao gd d i n d i n d l den t h i n g 7-1995, Viet Nam g i t hai dUOc mot vu mua bdi thu ve ddi ngoai: ngiy 11 thidt l i p quan hp ngoai giao vdi Hoa Ky, ngiy 17 ky Hipp dinh khung vdi EU, ngiy 28 gia nhap ASEAN, l i t h i n h vien thd 7 cua td chdc khu vUc n i y .
Nhu viy, tren c h i n g dudng 10 n i m Ddi mdi d i u tien, quan hp doi ngoai cua Vipt Nam da thiic hien t h i n h cdng 2 vi$c Idn:
giai toa tinh trang bi bao vay cd l i p v i bUdc d i u md cda hdi n h i p quoc te. Mot trong nhiing nhan td chu yeu nhi't d i n den t h i n h cdng chinh l i Vipt Nam d i n i m b i t dUdc sii chuyen ddng cua tinh hinh tren binh dipn the gidi den pham vi khu vUc di td dd hoach dinh ddi sach dung d i n v i thich hdp cua nUdc n h i . D i t gia thidt r i n g neu nhu trong nhiing n i m nda sau t h i p ky 80 khdng cd each nhin mdi de dinh ra dUdng ldi ddi mdi thi sau khi Lien Xd tan ra, v i n mpnh di't nUdc se ra sao? Chic c h i n r i n g trong quan hp ddi ngoai, Vipt Nam s6 rdi vio mpt tinh the hdt siic b i t l(?i
bdi vi cho diia cii khdng eon m i quan h§
mdi chua xae l i p , chua ra khdi tinh thd bj bao vay thi sdi day e l m v i n se xidt ch$t hdn nda. NhUng thiic te da khdng dien ra n h u viy. Dd khdng phai la sU may rdi m i chinh la do sU nam bdt dung thdi cd, dyt bdo dung xu the phdt trien, diiu chinh dung chinh sack doi ngoai vd thitc thi dung phuong ch&m da phUOng hod, da dang hod.
Cd t h i ndi day la mot t h i n h cdng Idn c6 y nghia quyet dinh ddi vdi v i n mpnh cua d i t nUdc v i nhd dd n g i y cang hoi n h i p v6i the gidi, dem lai kdt qua Idn lao v l kinh td v i xa hoi. Vi the cua Viet Nam n g i y cing duoc nang cao tren trUdng qude td.
Den nay, Viet Nam da d i t quan hf ngoai giao vdi h l u het cac qude gia, da gia n h i p cac td chdc khu vUc v i qude td (ASEAN, ASEM, APEC, WTO ...) v i trd t h i n h t h i n h vien khdng thudng tnic cua Hpi ddng bao an Lien Hipp Qude (nhi^m k^
2008-2009). Vipc md rpng quan h§ ngoai giao da tao dieu kipn thuc d i y thUOng mai v i d i u tu, d l y manh h(?p t i c qude td tr§n moi llnh vUc, cai thipn mot each ro r i n g dieu kipn kinh td v i xa hoi cda d i t nUdc.
Dd chinh l i t h i n h cdng cd ban n h i t cda l l n md cda v i hoi n h i p cda Vipt Nam vio cuoi t h d k y X X .
K e t l u a n
Trong xu thd t o i n c l u hoa cda thd gidi, vipc hdi n h i p qude td l i didu t i t ydu, khdng mot quoc gia n i o ed t h i ddng ngoii vong xoay cda thdi cupc. Dieu khac bi§t quan trong l i tham gia v i o quy dao chung cua loii ngUdi mot each thu dgng hay chu ddng.
Ndu khdng n h i n thdc dUdc xu thd p h i t trien thi se ddng ngoii cupc v i h\ ldi cudn theo mpt each h\ dong. Ndu ngUOc l^i thi sfi budc vio "san choi" mpt each chu dpng, c6 <f thdc v i dat t h i n h qua. Ba l l n md cda v i
Viti Ram md cda vh h^l nhip.
h^i n h i p cda Viet Nam trong the ky XX da minh ehdng dieu dd.
Trong 20 n i m Ddi mdi (1986-2006), Vipt Nam da giai toa tinh trang bi bao vay, thidt l i p quan hp vdi cac nUdc, gia n h i p cac to chdc khu vuc v i qude td. B i n g dudng ldi dung d i n v i bipn phap linh hoat cda minh, Vipt Nam da chd ddng v i ti'eh cUc hoi n h i p qude td t h i n h cdng. Su kipn Vipt Nam trd t h i n h t h i n h vien cua To chdc ThUdng mai thd gidi WTO cd t h i dUdc coi nhu sU kdt thuc cda qua trinh gia n h i p vio "sin chdi"
chung cda thi trUdng thd gidi v i md ra mpt thdi k^ mdi trong tidn trinh hdi n h i p - thdi k^ tham gia binh d i n g trong sU hdp t i c v i c^nh tranh. Chinh tii day lai x u l t hipn nhdng thach thdc v i thdi cd mdi, d i t ra vffn de phai vUdn tdi mpt t l m cao mdi trong quan hp qude t d c d a Vipt Nam.
Nhiing thach thdc mdi ddi hdi phai khdng ngdng nang cao n i n g liic chi dao v i dieu h i n h nen kinh td theo dung quy l u i t chung, t r a u ddi trinh do cdng nghp cao phu h^p xu hudng cua thdi dai kinh td tri
thiic, bdi dudng ngudn nhan liic thich dng vdi cac loai hinh hoat ddng, xay diing phong each l i m vipc ky l u i t va minh bach, kien quydt loai t r d nan tham nhung v i l i n g phi. Cdng t i c ddi ngoai ching nhiing tidp tuc md rdng quan hp qude td m i qua dd kien quydt bao ve chd quyen v i t o i n vpn lanh thd qude gia, tidp tuc bao dam mdi trudng h o i binh, an ninh v i dn dinh n h i m phuc vu sii phat trien kinh td cda d i t nUdc v i ddi sdng cda nhan dan. Trong xu thd chung cua the gidi sau Chidn tranh lanh v i vi thd cda Vipt Nam tren trUdng qude td, cd hdi Idn dang md rdng dly tiem n i n g cung nhieu thach thdc. Cd n i m b i t v i t i n dung dUde thdi cd dd hay khdng l i tuy thudc y chi va n i n g liic chd quan cda chiing ta. Ldi n h i c nhd cua Cd Ngoai trUdng Nguyen Cd Thach: "Cdn phdi ra sdc tranh thd thdi cd mdi vd quyet tdm khdng bo Id thdi cO. Bo Id thdi ccf ndy thi rat nguy hiem vd se bi tut hau rat xa" (4) v i n mang tinh thdi sU v i cd y nghla thiet thiic tren bUdc dUdng phat trien..
CHU THtCH
(1). ChUdng Thfiu: Phan B6i Chdu - nhd yiu nUdc, nhd van hod Idn. Nxb. Ngh§ An, Trung tfim N ^ nga E)6ng Tfiy 2005, tr. 46.
(2). Hoftng Xufin Han: Nhitng tu tudng ca bdn ciia Phan Chdu Trinh vdn cdn co gid tri Idn dSi wW xa h^i ta ngdy nay. In trong Phan Chdu Trinh, vi tdc gid vd tdc phdm (ChUdng Thfiu sUu tim, tuyin chon). Nxb. Gifio dye. Hi N$i, 2007, tr. 124.
(3). Din theo Chhay Vi Heang (Vifn H&n Ifim Ho&ng gia Campuchia): M6t sU nghiep cao cd sdng ngdi chinh nghla trong the ky XX. In trong "Vift Nam trong theky XX'. T^p 1, Nxb. Chi'nh trj Quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2001, tr. 126-127 vi 120-130.
(4). Nguyin Cd Th^ch: The gidi trong 50 nam qua (1945-1995) va The gidi trong 25 nam tdi (1996-2020). Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia, Hll Ngi, 1998, tr. 107.
