TRUYEN THONG VA HOAT DONG THUimG MAI CUA NGUlOn VIET - THUC T l LICH SUTVA N H A N T H I ) C
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NGUYfiN VAN KIM*
N G U Y £ N MANH DUNG"
3. Noi thifc^ng - n g o a i t h i f d n g v a q u a n h e thUtfng m a i t h d i Le sd
Viet ve thdi Le sd (1428-1527) nhieu nha nghien cQu cho r i n g , ehinh quyen Le m i tieu biiu l i Le T h i n h Tdng (cq: 1460-1497), do theo dudi tU tudng trgng ndng v i tdn vinh Nho giio, da thUe thi nhieu bien p h i p n h i m ban che boat ddng cua cic nganh kinh te phi ndng nghiep. ThQc ra, trong bdi canh lich sQ luc b i y gid, la mgt t h i che chinh tri manh, tap quyen cao, chinh quyen trung Qdng cung r i t coi trgng van de kinh te cdng - thQdng va cd nhieu chinh sich n h i m bao dam cho cac nganh kinh te nay phat trien. Ve chien iQdc, nha Le vQa md mang bd cdi vQa mudn t h i u tdm, n i m ddc quyen quan ly nhieu boat ddng kinh te cua d i t nQdc. NhUng, trUdc ap lyc manh me cua chinh quyen phong kien phUdng Bic, lai phai thudng xuyen dd'i phd vdi tinh trang gay ban cua cac qudc gia ling gieng d phia T i y - Nam, nen chinh sich kinh te cua chinh quyen Le sd ludn g i n lien viec bao vg an ninh, sU toan ven lanh thd vdi viec thyc thi nhieu bign p h i p d l bao vg chu quyen kinh te cua dat nUdc. Cic ngudn sQ lieu cho thiy, ben canh chinh sich trgng ndng, chinh quyen Thang Long cung r i t chu
tam den viec cung cd', thiet lap cac mdi bang giao qudc te va phat huy vai trd cua cac n g i n h kinh te cdng - thUdng nghigp n h i m bao dam nhu ciu, nhip sorig can b i n g v i dn dinh thudng xuyen cho mdt dat nUdc dang d vao giai doan phat trien cUdng thinh.
ThQc te lich sQ cho t h i y , cac ngudn san vat va tiem n a n g kinh te cua nUde ta ludn l i ddi tUdng chu y cua c i c nUde lan bang dac biet l i chinh quyen phUdng Bic. Vao thdi thudc Minh (1407-1427), sau khi cd ban binh dinh xong Dai Vigt, n h a Minh da thQc thi nhieu bign p h i p t a n bao de vd vdt cac ngudn tai nguyen ddng thdi cung l i nhQng ngudn thQdng p h i m cd gia tri. Todn tha ghi ro: Nam
"At Mui [1415], (Minh Vinh Lac nam thQ 13), Mua thu, t h i n g 8, n h a Minh kham thu cic md vang bac, md phu dai n h a t vang bac v i b a t voi t r i n g , md t r a n chau.
Thue k h o i nang, vd vet nhieu, dan chung dieu dQng. Bai muoi ven b i l n ci'm d i n mua b i n rieng, sai ndi quan coi giQ ca.
Lai dat chQc cue sQ va phd cua tQng bai mudi d l ehia n h a u trdng coi. Cac phu, chau, huygn deu d a t phd sQ ty Thue khda va sd Ha bac" (41).
• PGS. TS. Tnidng Dai hgc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN
•* ThS. Vien Sir hoc
Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thirong mai. 43 Sau khi tien h a n h khang chien chdng
Minh t h i n g ldi, khdi phuc dUdc qudc thd'ng, nha Le da thi h a n h nhieu bien phap manh me de c h i n hUng dat nUdc. Chinh quyen Le sd cung sdm cd y thQc sau sic ve viec bao vg cic ngudn san vat, tai nguyen. Chi 4 t h i n g sau khi len ngdi, ngay 10-8-1428, Le Thai Td (cq: 1428-1433) da "Ra Ignh chi ke khai day du, ro rang nhQng san vat do dia phUdng san x u i t nhU ddng, s i t , dau, gai, td, lua, keo, sdn, nhya t r i m , s i p ong, d i u , diem tieu, may" (42). Den ngay 25-11-1428, nha vua lai "Ra chi thi cho cic phu, huygn, t r i n . Id kham xet cac c h i m bai, rugng dit, md vang bac, nhQng san vat nui rQng trong hat, cic loai thue ngach cu" (43). Ngiy 22-
12, ngQdi khai sang trieu Le lai ra tiep
"Ignh chi cho cac quan phu, huyen, Id, tran, xa, sich ddi chieu kham xdt rugng dat, d i m bai cdng tU trong cic huygn, xa, Id cua minh, cung ca mu, hoa qua, mudi m i m va cac rach c i tU ngoai cQa bien, cac loai, vang, bac, chi thiec, tien" (44).
De dUa mgi hoat ddng cua xa hdi vio quy chuin, khudn phdp, tao dieu kien t h u i n ldi cho cac boat ddng kinh te, t h i n g 3-1439 vua Le Thai Tdng (cq: 1434-1442) da ra lenh chi quy dinh gia tri cua 1 tien, kich thudc dai n g i n cua vai lua va quy each td giiy viet. Theo dd: "He tien ddng thi 60 ddng la 1 tien, lua linh thi moi t i m dai 30 thudc, rdng 1 thUdc 5 t i c trd len, vai gai nhd moi t i m d i i 20 thUdc, rdng 1 thUdc 3 tic trd len, vai td chudi thi mdi t i m dai 24 thudc, vai bdng thd mdi tam dai 22 thUdc, giiy thi tinh 100 td" (45). Cung nhU b i t cQ mdt trieu dai cUdng thinh nao khac, n h i Le ludn t h i u h i l u vai trd cua kinh te cdng thUdng va cd nhQng bign phap manh de bao v$ nhQng ngudn ldi tQ nhien. T h i n g 8- 1464, Le T h i n h Tdng (1442-1497) ban chi du: "Ke nao pham tdi md nggc trai v i due
trdm tien ddng, thi ehia ra loai thu pham va tdng pham ma xii tdi khac nhau" (46).
Ve sau, cac vua nha Le cdn nhieu l i n ra sic chi ve bao ve ngudn tai nguyen nhU tran chau d vung Ddng Hai, vang, n g i voi, gd quy, hUdng lieu.
Ngay sau khi len ngdi, ngiy 19-3-1461, Le Thanh Tdng da ra sic chi khuyen khich quan dan cham lo nghe ndng "khdng dUdc bd gdc theo nggn, hoac kiem chuyen budn ban" (47). Nhieu nha nghien cQu cho ring, sic chi dd la sQ t h i bign rd ret tQ tQdng trgng ndng cua nha vua va quan diem Qc thUdng cua mdt trieu dai. NhUng, bing each nhin va luan giai khac, cung cd the cho r i n g Le Thanh Tdng dUdng nhU mudn ngan chan mdt xu the dang diin ra tUdng dd'i phd bien luc bay gid la d nhieu ndi dan chung bd hoang ddng rugng de di budn v i bd phan xa hdi nay da giau len nhanh chdng. Khuynh hUdng xa hdi dd hien nhien se phUdng hai va lam thay ddi hg gia tri m i thiet che chinh tri Nho giao dang mud'n xac lap, ciing cd'. Dd cung chinh la ndi lo ve vigc Idn cua dat nUde ma tQ nam 1429 Le Thai Td tQng suy nghi den tinh trang: "NgQdi di d i n h giac thi ngheo, ke rong chdi thi giiu.
NgUdi di chien dau thi khdng cd mdt thUdc, mdt t i c dat ma d cdn nhQng ke du thu du thyc, khdng cd ich gi cho nQdc lai cd qua thQa rugng dat... Thanh ra khdng ai chiu het Idng vdi nUdc, chi-ham nghi phu quy m i thdi" (48).
Trong 38 nam d ngdi, vdi mong mudn xiy dUng mdt nha nUdc p h i p tri, Le Thanh Tdng ludn canh c i n h moi lo ve luat p h i p khdng dUde thUc hien nghiem minh, rUdng cot d i t nUdc chUa t h i t vQng bdi nhieu nguyen nhan trong dd cd Iy do kinh te.
N h i n viec Hinh bd ThUdng thU T r i n Phong xin cho Le Bd pham phap bi tdi kinh (tgi
44 Rghien ciiru Lich siSr. sg 9.2007 thich chQ vao t r i n ) dUdc chudc tdi, nha vua
cho ring: "NhU the thi ngudi giau cd nhieu cua hd'i Id thi dUdc mien tdi, cdn ngUdi ngheo thi vd cd ma bi tri tgi" (49). Thyc ra, trong Qud'c trieu hinh lugt do dng chu trUdng bien soan cung cd nhieu dieu khoan, VI nhu cac Dieu 21 den 24 cua p h i n Danh le, la nhQng quy dinh cu t h i ve viec dung tien de chudc tgi ldi hay nop thay cho cac nghia vu phii dich, Qng dich (50). Cic ngudn sQ lieu cho t h i y , mdc du lugt phdp thdi Li so ndi tiing nghiem minh nhUng tien bgc vdn cd thi ldm thay ddi hay ciiu vdt cdc sd'phgnl
Ve kinh te dd'i ngoai, cic ngudn thdng tin trong chinh sQ cung cho tha'y cac boat ddng giao thUdng dien ra rat dang dang, da chieu va trong nhieu trUdng hdp r i t khd de cd the di den sy phan dinh cu the, rd rang giQa quan he bang giao, trieu cd'ng vdi viec trao ddi, budn ban... theo nghia hgp cua tQ dd. Cac boat ddng nay ludn xen cai l i n nhau va cd md'i lien he, tUdng hd vdi nhau.
Chinh sQ nha Le ghi rd, sau khi Le Thai To bang ha, nha Minh da sai cac sQ than Quach Te, Chu Bat... sang dieu te. Cung vdi le vat thinh soan cd tdi 80 ban, cac sQ than cdn dem theo nhieu hang hda phUdng Bic va dp trieu dinh nha Le phai mua vdi gia cao! (51). Dieu dang chu y la, hanh ddng dd cua cac sQ "thien trieu" dien ra dung luc trieu dinh Dai Viet dang cd dai tang! Cd the khang dinh r i n g , sy kien dd khdng the la chuyen hy hQu trong lich sii.
Nhan t h i y hinh thQc "Ngoai giao - kinh te*' cd the dem lai nhQng hieu qua thiet thyc, den t h i n g 12-1435, nha Minh lai sai sQ la Chu Bat, Ta Kinh sang bao viec vua Minh len ngdi va giai tdn Thai hoang T h i i hau. NhUng tren thyc te, muc tieu kinh te cua sy doan Trung Qud'c dUdc the hien r i t
rd. Cac sQ t h i n n h i Le n h a n xit: "Bgn Bat tham lam thd bi, trong bung r a t ham tien ciia nhUng ngoai mat lam ra ve liem khiet, moi khi cd tang le vat vang bac, deu tQ chd'i khdng nhan, nhUng lai nhin nhQng ngQdi di theo net mat ngan ngai. Trieu dinh biet y, mdi dUa nhQng ngUdi di theo sang dy yen d phdng khac, rdi n h a n luc rdt rUdu, lay m i y nen vang n g i m an vio Idng bgn Bat.
Bgn Bat mQng rd khdn xiet. Bgn Bat lai mang nhieu hang phUdng B i c sang, dat gia cao, ep trieu dinh phai mua. Den khi ve nUdc, phai bat den g i n mdt nghin dan phu khieng ganh dd cd'ng vat va hanh ly" (52).
Ve phan minh, nhan cic chuyen di sy, ngoai viec thUc hien cic nhiem vu chung m i trieu dinh giao phd, mdt sd' sQ doan va sQ than cung tranh thu cd hdi hiem cd d l "lam kinh te", mUu tinh ldi rieng. Theo nha sQ hgc Nhat Ban, chuyen gia ve lich sQ Viet Nam, Momoki Shiro thi: 'Vao thdi Le (1428- 1527), cd 64 sQ doan (ke ca nhQng chuyen di ngoai le) da dUdc cQ den trieu Minh. Mac du cic cd'ng pham thUdng dem theo la: Vang, bac bieu 34 lan, ngya 4 lin, nga voi va syng te 7 lan, gd quy 3 lan, nhUng sd' lUdng va gia tri cua nhQng hang hda ma cac sQ doin mang theo de trao ddi thi khdng dUdc ghi chep. NhQng sQ doan dd da thQc sy tham gia vao viec budn b i n rieng tU. Vi vay, ma nam 1433-1434 da bi Le Thai Tdng trQng phat vi tgi budn ban b i t chinh" (53). Trong Todn thu, cac sii than nha Le da chep ve sy kien nay nhu sau: "Bay gid chanh sy Le Vi, Nguyen Truyen, hai ngudi mua r i t nhieu hang phUdng Bic, den 30 ganh. Trieu dinh ghet hg lam thdi budn ban, dinh lam cho hg phai hd thgn trong long; mdi sai thu bet dem bay d san dien, rdi sau mdi tra lai. Viec ndy roi thdnh le thUdng" (TG n h i n manh) (54).
Du vay, chinh thdi Le Thai Tdng, van xay ra sU viec nhu cac sQ than Nguyen Tdng Tru,
Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thuong mai. 45 Thii Q u i n Thyc dUdc cQ sang sy nha Minh
nhUng 'Tdng Tru lai dem theo nhieu tien lua sang mua hang phUdng Bic, vua gh6t Tru vi pham lenh c i m ma lam lieu, lien liy het hanh trang ehia cho cac quan" (55).
Chinh sQ cung cho biet, vao thdi Thai Tdng nhieu quan lai cao cip, dai t h i n da sai rieng q u i n Hnh lam nha cQa cho minh.
Trong sd dd, theo t i u trinh hac tgi cua Ngdn quan Phan Thien Tudc thi Tien q u i n Tong quan Le Thu "Dang cd qudc tang m i liy vd, lam nha cao cQa rdng, sai ngUdi nha x u i t canh mua ban vung trdm vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai" (56). Ket qua la, n h i vua khdng hdi ai, chi sai kham xet mdt minh Thu va tham quan Le Thu chi bi thu hdi 15 lang vang, 100 lang bac mua b i n vung trdm ma thdi!
Hien tUdng sao lang vigc cdng, tham nhiing, dung uy quyen de mua re, chiem doat hang hda hay chi lo mdi ldi rieng... da trd thanh dieu ban khoan va mdi nguy ciia trieu chinh. TrUdc bign trang dd, t h i n g 7- 1435, Le Thai Tdng da phai ban Ignh chi cho cac quan van vd trong ngoai: "... Cdn ke coi dan thi chi vu ldi rieng, khdng lo nudi dudng dan, hoac tha cho ngUdi giiu, bat tdi ngUdi ngheo, mua go lam nha cQa, xQ kign khdng cdng bing, chi giy be p b i i , lo hdi Id, lim viec khdng sieng nang, chi thich an udng nhau nhgt. Lai nhU cac quan ndi phien t r i n , quan ai, khi cd ngUdi la qua lai thi sd hd ii nd trd'n thoat, khdng chiu chu y x€t hilt, chi lo budn ban de kiem chic cho minh" (57). Ket cue t i t yeu l i , n h i vua da phai cho bat va xdt hdi Tuyen uy cic phien trin, tudng higu nam dao, cac vien Tuyen phu, Chuyin van, T u i n sat cac Id, tri'n, huygn, tdng cdng 53 ngUdi! Den t h i n g 2- 1448, lai xay ra sy kign cd tin ddn nha Minh sai hai vien kham sai v i mdt lyc
lUdng Idn quan ddi tien sat den vung Ddng
• Bic nUde ta chuan bi cho vigc "khim x6t bien gidi". Vua Le Nhan Tdng (cq: 1443-
1459) sai Ddng dao tham tri Trinh Due di dd xdt tin tQc. Trinh Due khdng dieu tra than trgng, tau bio sai khien nha Le phai huy ddng mgt ddi ngu Idn quan chQc, binh linh, tai iQc d l de phdng bien gidi. "Ca mien Ddng do v i y deu xao ddng. Den luc tdi bien gidi, d lai ca t u i n , ca thing, dd xdt tin tQc thi im i n g nhU td. Bgn hg lien dem tien cua mua hdng phUOng Bdc chd nang mang ve, ndi thdc Id quan khdm sai nhd Minh Igi cd viec khdc khdng din (chung tdi n h i n manh - TG). Dai quan l i bgn H i Lat thi vao c i n h vdi nhau khdng ndi mdt cau.
Trieu dinh cung khdng cd ai hdi den tgi dd"
(58). Ve sau, neu can cQ theo Qud'c trieu hinh lugt, thi chi rieng tdi 'Vien quan sai di cdng can, xem xdt viec gi khi ve t i u trinh khdng dung sy thQc thi phai tdi biem hay tdi dd; neu vi t h i n tinh hay thu oin m i cd y lam sai sU thUc thi se chieu theo sy tinh nang nhg ma tang them tdi; neu an tien hdi Id thi xQ tdi them hai bac" (59). Dudng nhU, theo thien y cua chung tdi, vao thdi Le sd vdn cd mgt thi liic hay sac manh ndo dd, trong mgt sd'trUdng hgp cu thi, cd the vUOt ra, ndm ngodi sU cUOng toa cua lugt phdp.
Nhu viy, khdng phai bao gid nha vua cung cd t h i can cQ theo luat phap d l t h i bign uy iQc cua minh va giQ nghiem ph^p nQdc.
Bd chinh sQ n h i Le cung ghi lai mdt sQ kign r i t dang chu y. Dd la vao nam 1476, thdi ky tri vi ciia Le Thanh Tdng, d i t nUdc gap ban h i n . Trong biiu ciu mUa, ngUdi dQng d i u t h i che viet: "Nay tQ mua Ddng den mua Ha it lUa, n i n g sudt, viec d i n v i t va. NgUdi ldm thO, di budn khdng chd nUOng nhd, ke cdy rugng, chdn tdm hit be trdng ngdng. Chi vi t h i n khdng cd dQc, de den noi tram ho chiu tai Udng" (60). NhU
46 Rghien ciiu Lich sit, sg 9.2007 vay, trong bai bieu thieng lieng tau xin
Nggc hoang thUdng de ban cho mUa thuan gid hoa, vi hoang de d i y uy lyc da giai b i y Idng thanh va chinh dng da xac dinh rd vi tri cua gidi cdng - thUdng. Cung cd t h i dd chi la "sU n g i u nhien" trong mdt van ban mang tinh chat tdn giio nhUng chinh dQc vua da xep gidi cdng - thUdng len trUdc nhQng ngudi ndng d i n t h u a n hau.
Trai qua thdi gian, dudng nhU Le T h i n h Tdng cung ngay cang cd nhQng nhan thQc rd hdn ve vai trd cua gidi cdng - thUdng trong mdt t h i che kinh te - xa hdi thd'ng nhit. Bdi vi chi nam sau dd, tQc nam 1477, vua Hdng DQc da ban h i n h Dinh li ehia md chg mdi v i ra sic chi ring: "Sinh dan cac huygn, chau, xa d cac xQ trong nUdc mdi ngay mdt ddng, neu mud'n md them chd mdi d l tien mua ban thi quan phu huygn, chau phai k h i m xit thUe te, neu qua la tien cho dan thi lim ban tau len, cho theo tien ldi m i hgp chd, khdng cQ la cd ngach cu hay khdng" (61). Tiep dd, ngiy 10-3- 1484 nha vua lai ra sic chi ve vigc cim mua b i n Qc hiep. Sic chi neu rd: 'Vigc cim mua ban Qc hiep da cd lenh rat nghiem m i cic n h i quyen hao v l n chQa ddi thdi cu, hai d i n chung, hdng chinh sy khdng gi te bing. Kl tQ nay, phii Phung Thien va hai ty Thya, Hie'n cac xQ phai nhic lai lenh cu, cim doan, ran bao. Cic nha s i m siia le vat cQdi xin, neu mua hang d hang chd d i n gian, hang hda Idn nhd deu phai theo thdi gii, khdng dQdc quen thdi gian ngoan nhU trUdc, y the cay oai, mua hiep, cUdp doat, ke nao vi pham thi tri tdi theo nhu lenh trUdc" (62). Dieu 90 cua Qud'c trieu hinh lugt cung quy dinh: "NhQng ngQdi coi chd trong Kinh t h i n h sach nhieu tien leu chd thi xii tdi xuy danh 50 roi, biem mdt tU, lay thue chd q u i nang biem hai tU, mat chQc coi chd, bdi thudng tien gap ddi tra cho ngUdi dan; tien phat thudng cho ngUdi cao giac theo nhu le. Neu liy thue chd khdng dung luat thi
xii tdi d i n h 80 trUdng va d i n di reu rao trong hg ba ngay. NgUdi thu thue chd trong cac Id, huyen, cae lang q u i nang thi bi xQ tdi them mdt bac". D l thd'ng n h i t cac ddn vi do ludng, bao vg uy lUc va vai trd cua n h i nUde trong viec dieu hanh cac hoat dgng kinh te, Dieu 91 ciia Lugt Hdng Dac cQng ghi rd: "Trong cic chd tai Kinh Thanh va thdn que, nhiing ngUdi mua ban khdng theo dung can, thude, thang, da'u eua nha nUde ma lam rieng cua minh de mua ban thi hi xii tdi biem hoac tdi dd" (63).
Mdt van ban khic do chinh Le T h i n h Tdng bien soan la Hong Dac thiin chinh tha ciing de ra nhQng quy che cu the ve boat dgng eua chd v i The le md chd. Trong ban The Ig nay Le T h i n h Tdng da dUa ra mdt "dinh nghia"
chinh thd'ng ve chd: "d cic dan gian, dd cd ddn thi cd chg, chg Id di giao thdng hdng hda trong thien hg, phdt triin mdu dich de thoa Idng ngadi (TG n h i n manh). Xa n i o da cd chd lap ra trUde rdi, khdng dUde cim di rdi lai md cai khac, de be t i c dUdng thUdng mai mdt each vd ly. NhU ling nao mai sau mdi cd loi budn bin, khi dd mdi md chd, thi khdng dUdc ddi vdi chd ling xung quanh lap trung ngay phien Idn; hay la ddn trUdc ngay phien i y ma chan mdi hang cua lai budn. Neu mudn md chd mdi, phai xem cac chd cu rdi lap sau ngay phien thi dUdc. Neu chd md trUdc chd md sau, can rd sinh ra moi tranh gianh, khdng theo Ig ed, ma mudn cim doin chiem ldi rieng, thi se luan tgi, tuy theo trUdng hdp nang nhg, dl triiCng phat cii thdi pham cim Ig" (64) NhU viy, quy dinh tren da t h i hien ro quan dilm cua ngUdi dQng d i u chinh quyen Le sd ve vai trd cua kinh te cdng-thUdng v i dudng nhU n h i vua ludn t h i u h i l u nhQng nhu ciu thQc tai cua cuge sd'ng cung nhU nhiing y nguygn cua Idng dan tram hg.
Cung theo Todn thU, t h i n g 4-1484, l i n d i u tien, trieu dinh ban Ignh c i m ke giau y the q u i y nhieu xUdng khai md vang bac.
Truydn thgng va hoat dgng thuong mai. 47 De tao dieu kign thuan ldi cho lUu thdng
kinh te, ngay 1-5-1486 Le T h i n h Tdng ban sic chi neu rd: 'Viec dung tien quy d chd tren dQdi lUu thdng, chQa d kho tang thi quy d chd de lau khdng hdng. K l tQ nay cac nha mdn trong ngoai cd truy ddi cic khoan tien phat cdng hoac tU cung la chi p h i t , kiem tra cic hang tien, c i n dem vao kho cdng chQa lai, thi deu phai chgn l i y tien ddng thyc, tuy vanh ddng cd sQt me mdt chut nhUng la ddng thUc, de l i u khdng hdng cung nen nhan liy. Cdn ve tien thay lUdng cho quan lai va tien d i n chung sQ dung trong mua ban, he la ddng thyc cdn xiu diy dUdc thi deu phai nhan tieu, khdng dUdc Idai bd hay ken chgn ky qua" (65). Sau khi Le Thanh Tdng qua ddi, Hoang thai tQ Tranh tQc vua Le Hieu Tdng (cq: 1498- 1504) len ngdi. Chi 2 ngay sau d ngdi b i u , n h i vua da ban chieu n h i c lai hai lenh chi quan trgng cua vua cha, dd la: Cim viec dung quyen uy de Qc hiep trong mua ban v i 6p gii tren thi trUdng; ddng thdi: Cim cac vien lai, d i n chung kdn chgn tien mdi, tien cu trong trao ddi, luu thdng. Vua mdi len ngdi v i lenh chieu dau tien dUdc ban ra trong thdi dilm dd h i l n nhien khdng the la sQ kien n g i u nhien cua lich sQ.
Cung vdi nhQng chinh sich, chu trQdng neu tren, chinh quyen Le sd cdn cho dat kho tien d hd Hai Tri; nghiem cam viec lam gia tien te hoac dung tien due dd vat, lam gia dd vat; cim thd thuyen budn ban khdng dUdc md cQa hang trong Hoang thanh; cim tU y hoac Idn lut giao thiep vdi cac sy than; cam budn ban dac biet la hang qud'c cam qua bien gidi nhUng neu khach budn cung ngUdi Man Lieu (ddng bao dan tdc it ngUdi - TG) qua cQa quan ma sach nhieu tien le lat thi bi biem hai tU v i phai bdi thudng gip ddi sd' tien an le cho ngUdi m i t tien; nghiem cim vigc ban rugng d i t d bd cdi, nd ty, voi ngya
cho ngudi nUdc ngoai, neu vi pham thi bi xii chdm; thuyen be ra vung cQa sdng deu phai k h i m xdt trQ thuyen rieng ciia cic quan dai than huan quy, ham nhi pham trd len;
nghiem cam vigc dung dd ngQ dung dl lam diy kdo thuyen neu vi pham thi hi xQ tdi iQu hay tdi chet (66). Nha Le cdn cam quan lai va d i n chiing khdng dQdc tQ y dung vang, nggc, thuy tinh de lam mu, dng nhd; cim vigc budn ban ndn thuy ma va ndn sdn dd trong cic chd dl tranh sQ l i m l i n ve trang phuc giQa quan vdi dan. Nha Le cdn dinh thue mudi, dau timj cho mgt sd dia phQdng ddng thuyen budn de van chuyen thdc gao ddng thdi phan dinh thue vang bac vdi muc tieu l i giam thue vang va dieu chinh gia giQa vang va bac (67).
Vao thdi Le sd, cung vdi vigc duy tri quan he vdi Trung Qud'c, mdt sd qudc gia Ddng Nam A nhU Xiem La, Trao Ga, Ma Lat Gia (Malacca), Tam Phat Te (Palembang), Chiem Thanh, Ai Lao... cung thudng cho thUdng nhan va cac sQ t h i n sang budn ban, trieu cdng. Sau sU kign nam 1471, 'Vi vua da dgp dUdc Chiem Thanh, uy danh chin ddng k h i p chdn, cho nen cic nUdc phien thudc d phia tay deu lat dat ke trUdc ngUdi sau tranh nhau den cd'ng" (68). Mac du quan he thUdng mai it dUdc ghi lai trong chinh sQ nhUng Todn thU cung ghi rd sy kign nam 1437: "Nudc Xiem La sai sQ l i bgn Trai CQdng Lat sang cdng.
Vua dUa cho sic thU bao mang ve va trQ cho p h i n thue budn giam xudng bang nQa phan nam trUdc, cQ 20 p h i n thu 1 phin, rdi thQdng cho r i t hau. Ngoai ra, ve phan chua nQdc iy, cho 20 t i m lua mau, 30 bd bat sQ, p h i n ciia ba phi nUdc i y la 5 t i m lua miu, 3 bd b i t sQ, mdi bd 35 chiec" (69). Cd le, trong quan he vdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, vUdng qudc Xiem ludn dUdc chinh quyen Le sd danh cho nhQng Qu ai dac bigt.
48 R g h i ^ curu Ljch siSr. sg 9.2007 La mdt dang minh vUdng giau tU tudng
phap tri, sau khi ban h a n h Hodng triiu quan chinAm 1471, den nam 1483 ke thQa kinh nghiem cua cic vua T h i i Td, Thai Tdng... Le T h i n h Tdng lai cho ban bd bg Qudc triiu hinh lugt. Trong bg l u i t ndi tieng nay, lien quan den quan he ddi ngoai, nha Le quy dinh: "NgUdi trdn qua cQa quan ra khdi bien gidi di sang nUdc k h i c thi hi chdm (theo thuyen budn nUdc ngoai di ra nUdc ngoai cung bi tgi nay), ngudi giQ cQa quan (ngUdi coi xit ciia b l cung the) khdng biet thi bi lUu di chau gin, biet ma cd y cho di thi ciing mdt tgi trd'n di nUdc ngoai, ngudi chu tUdng bi biem hai tU" (70). Ddi vdi nhQng ngudn thUdng pham cd gia tri, nha Le cd nhQng quy dinh r i t chat che:
"Neu dem gd lim, v i n g sd'ng, vd que, tran chiu, nga voi b i n cho thuyen budn nQdc ngoai, thi bi tdi biem ba tQ. Quan phQdng xa biet ma khdng p h i t giac tdi giam mdt bac; cac quan Id, huygn va t r i n , ed'y dung tung cung hi mgt tdi, neu vi vd tinh ma khdng biet, thi bi tdi biem hay phat" (71).
D I n i m ddc quyen ve ngoai thQdng va bao vg chu quyen kinh te, trieu dinh cdn de ra quy dinh: "NhQng trang trai ven bd be, ma ddn tiep thuyen budn ngam dd hd hang hda len bd, thi xii biem ba tQ, phai phat g i p ba tang vat d l xung cdng; lay mgt phan thudng cho ngUdi td giic. NgUdi chu trang trai a'y m i t chQc giim trang" (72).
NhQ da trinh bay d tren, den the ky XV- XVI, Van Ddn v i n l i thUdng cang Idn va quan trgng n h i t cua qudc gia Dai Viet.
Trong lich sii ngoai thUdng Vigt Nam, Van Ddn l i thUdng cang hinh thanh sdm, boat dgng lien tuc va cd vai trd quan trgng trong sud't 7 the ky (73). Viet ve phu Hai Ddng, t i c gia Lich trieu hiin chUOng loai chi, cho biet:
"Ngoai biln cd bai Hdng Dim, cic thuyen budn d i u d day ri't ddng...". Va, "Dit trong
mdt phu, nui b i l n nhieu ma rugng nUdng it, n h i n dan deu budn b i n kiem ldi, l i m rugng trdng dau rat it, vigc d i n h thue khdng gidng nhu cic t r i n " (74). La dau mm trong kinh te ddi ngoai ddng thdi la khu vyc het syc nhay cam ve chinh tri nen chinh quyen Le sd rat chu trgng trong vigc bao ve an ninh va giam s i t cic hoat ddng kinh te d thUdng cang Van Ddn. Qud'c trieu hinh lugt quy dinh: "NgUdi d trang V i n Ddn, chd hang hda Trung Qudc len Kinh t h i n h , ma khdng cd giiy cua An phii ty cap cho, khi den ben Trieu Ddng lai khdng den cho De bac ty kiem soat, da dem di b i n Idn lut, cung la khi ve khdng cd gii'y cua De bac ty ci'p cho; den chd Thdng mau trUdng lai khdng den cho An phu ty kiem soit, ma da ve t h i n g trang, thi deu phai biem mdt tU va phat tien 100 quan, thudng cho ngUdi to'giic mdt p h i n ba [sdtien phat].
Neu dem h i n g hda den cic ndi l i n g mac ban giau, thi xQ biem ba tU" (75). Trong p h i n viet ve Hinh lugt chi thdi Le eiia Lich trieu hii'n chUOng logi chi, nha bac hgc Phan Huy Chu cung ghi rd: "Quan chQc vd cd di rieng ra cic trang d V i n Ddn hay ra ndi quan ai cic t r i n tbi xQ dd lUu... NgUdi cac ddn t r i n d dgc bien gidi va cae trang trai ngoai biln m i chd rieng ngUdi nUdc ngoai vao kinh dd thi xQ biem 5 tU; khdng cd quan tUdc thi x^ dd thyc dien binh v i phat tien 100 quan...
Ngudi d trang trai giap biln ma ddn tiep thuyen budn de chd lau hang hda thi x^
biem ba tU, bat den tang vao nha nUde gip hai p h i n , l i y mgt p h i n thudng cho ngUdi cao giic. Ngudi trang chu, chu trai i y m i t chQc... Khi cd thuyen budn nUde ngoii den trang V i n Ddn budn b i n m i quan Sat hai sQ di rieng ra ben hai quan ngoai biln ma kiem soat trUde thi x^ biem 1 tU. Neu cac thuyen i y xin di lai, trang chii phai lam ddn trinh An phu ty lam b i n g thi mdi dUdc cho d, neu tuy tign cho d thi jcii biem 2 tU, phat
Truyen thgng vh hoat dgng thuong mat... 49 tien 200 quan; thudng cho ngudi cio giac 1
p h i n 3 [sd tien phat]. Neu chQa ngoai trudng tich [hd tich], ngUdi ngoai qudc chUa dii nien ban thi xQ biem 1 tU, phat tien 50 quan, thudng cho ngUdi cao giic cung nhU tren" (76).
Nhu viy, mgi quy dinh ve quan he kinh t^ trong dd cd hoat ddng ngoai thUdng deu ro ring, nghiem cin. Ddi tUdng kiem che, trQng phat cua luat phap khdng loai trQ b i t cQ mgt trUdng hdp ngoai Ig nao neu ngUdi dd budn ban b i t hdp phap hay mUu toan thu vdn ldi rieng. Theo dd, ngUdi nUde ngoai deu cd t h i den budn b i n , trao ddi hing hda nhUng phai dang ky, khai bao.
Vdi quan dilm tdn trgng lich sii va sU that khach quan, khd cd the coi dd la sQ the bign chu trUdng "be quan, tda cang" ha khic cua chinh quyen trung Udng thdi dai biy gid. Hon thd, h i n l i vio thdi Le sd, cung vdi nhQng boat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai quan phUdng thi cdn cd nhieu boat ddng phi quan phUdng v i n khdng ngQng dien ra va thuc te dd khien chinh quyen Thang Long phai thudng xuyen canh giic v i the che hda b i n g nhQng quy dinh, dieu khoan cu the ghi rd trong luat phap.
Dieu dang chu y la, trong Hdng Dac thien chinh thU, vua Le Thanh Tdng cung cd quy dinh rd ve trUdng hdp thuyen bi gap bao. Theo dd, "Nha ngUdi ta bi chay, cung la thuyen dang di ma bi bao, nhan luc i y ma an cudp tai vat cua ngUdi ta, se bi tgi mgt tram trUdng, dd ba nam; neu lai danh ngUdi hi thUdng se bi chdm; tung dang dUde giam mgt bac. Neu [nhin bao] p h i vd thuyen, thi tdi cung the. Neu liy dUdc ciia thi s§ hi tdi giao; danh ngudi bi thUdng se bi ch6m" (77). Mac du van ban khdng chi rd thuyen bi nan l i thuyen n i o (trong nUde hay ngoai qudc?) nhUng neu coi dd la quy
dinh mang tinh k h i i q u i t va cd gii tri phap Iy chung thi thUe sU la mgt quan diem r i t tien bd, nhan ban ciia chinh quyen Le sd. Bdi le, trong thdng le bang giao qud'c te thdi cd trung dai, p h i n Idn cac thuyen budn, thuyen van tai la (ngoai qudc) neu ching may gap nan thi khdng chi phUdng tien van chuyen, vat phim, hang hda ma ngay ca thuy thu d e i n cung deu trd t h i n h nan nhan cua tinh trang cUdp bdc hoac "chien ldi p h i m " cua chinh quyen trung Udng hay gidi tham quan sd tai!
Trong quan he bang giao va giao thUdng qudc te chinh quyen Le sd cung r i t coi trgng nhQng vat p h i m dung de trao ddi, bieu tang.
Cung vdi trang phuc, nggc trai, td lua, hUdng lieu... gdm sQ da trd thanh mdt mat hang cao cip cua chinh quyen Thang Long.
Nhieu san p h i m trong sd dd da dUdc sii dung trong vigc trieu cdng Trung Qudc hay ban tang cho cic sQ t h i n "phien qudc".
Trong Da dia chi, Nguyen Trai ghi rd: Lang Bat Trang lam do b i t ch6n va cung vdi lang Hue Ciu (huygn My Van, tinh Hai HQng) chuyen nhudm t h i m l i hai ling chuyen cung cip cdng p h i m cho trieu Minh (1368-
1644): "Bit T r i n g thudc huygn Gia Lam, Hue Ciu thudc huygn Van Giang. Hai ling a'y cung cip dd cdng Trung Qudc la 70 bg bat dia va 200 t i m vai tham" (78). Can cQ vao hien vat gdm phat hien d tau d i m Cu Lao Cham, nhieu nha ngliien cQu cho ring, con tau dd cung vdi 240.000 bign vat (khdng ke manh) chu yeu deu la san pham cua hg Id gd'm Chu D i u - My Xa, Nam Sach, Hai DQdng the ky XV. NhQng hien vat gdm sQ dd khdng chi dat den do hoan my ve ky thuat che tic, kieu dang v i gia tri ngh$
thuat ma phat hien khao cd hgc dd cdn lim thay ddi nhan thQc ciia nhieu nha nghien cQu trong nUdc, qudc te ve ddng gom Chu D i u cung nhu nhQng ddng gdp tieu bieu cua
50 Rghien cihi Lich si^. sg 9.2007 gd'm sQ Viet Nam the ky XV, mdt trong
nhQng thdi ky dinh cao, p h i t trien rQc rd cua lich s^ gd'm Viet (79).
Vdi tat ca nhQng boat ddng v i thanh tyu dat dUdc, cd t h i t h i y , trong "38 nam tri vi, Le Thanh Tdng da tao nen mgt thdi thai binh thinh tri trong lich sQ. Nudc Dai Viet trieu Le Thanh Tdng trd t h i n h mgt qud'c gia dgc lap, thd'ng nhdt vd cUdng thinh d
viing Ddng Nam A" (80).
Tuy nhien, sau khi Le Thanh Tdng qua ddi, chinh quyen phong kie'n da mau chdng bdc Id mgt so' nhUdc diem can ban va cd nhQng bieu hien suy vi. Cudi thdi Le sd, trieu chinh rdi loan, cac the lyc ra sQc tranh gianh quyen lUc, mUu toan chiem doat ngdi bau. Trung tam chinh tri Thang Long tieu dieu trong cdn binh iQa. Theo Todn thu thi: "Luc ay, t h a n h da t h i t thu, xa t i c bd phe, dan chung vao thanh tranh nhau lay vang bac, cua b i u , bach dan, xa hUdng, lua va td gai day trong dan gian;
sach vd, hd tieu, hUdng lieu cac thQ vQt bd tren dudng phd' cao den 1, 2 tic, khdng ke xiet. NgUdi manh khoe tranh cUdp vang bac, cd ngUdi lay dUdc den ba, bd'n tram lang, ngUdi yeu cung dUdc den hdn hai tram lang. Cung khuyet, kho tang nhU vay m i bet sach" (81). Mdt Thang Long chien tranh, tan p h i , dieu tan... nhUng qua sy dd vd dd cung bdc dien mdt Thang Long giau cd, ndi tich chQa nhieu ngudn ciia cai Idn cua da't nUdc. Ngudn cua cai dd, chic c h i n khdng t h i chi dya vao nhQng khoan thu tQ ndng nghiep. , , , • ,
4. Mot so' n h a n x e t v a k e t l u a n
- Nhu vay, sau khi khdi phuc dUdc qud'c thd'ng vao the ky X, cac bd sii nUde ta deu ghi nhan nhQng boat dgng hai thUdng rdng md thdng qua cac thUdng cang nhU: Van
Ninh, V i n Ddn (Quang Ninh), Thang Long, Hgi Trieu (Thanh Hda), ciia Thdi, ciia Quen, ciia Cdn, Hgi Thdng (Nghe An), Ky Anh (Ha Tinh), Nhat Le (Quang Binh), ciia Tung (Quang Tri)... Cung vdi cic cang bien, boat ddng kinh te ddi ngoai cua nUdc ta cdn cd sy ndi ket vdi hg thd'ng trao ddi dUdng sdng v i dudng bien ma tieu bieu l i cac Bac dich trudng dgc bien gidi Viet - Trung. Hoat ddng cua cac cang va he thd'ng trao ddi, budn ban dd da dien ra lien tuc qua cic thdi ky Ly - Tran - Le sd. Va, nhU da trinh bay d tren, mac du de cao kinh te ndng nghiep nhUng chinh quyen Le sd v i n rat coi trgng vai trd cua kinh te cdng thUdng trong dd cd ngoai thUdng. Lyc hut v i syc manh cua kinh te tien te v i n ngam chay va phan nao da p h i bd nhQng rao can, dinh che cua the che quan chu quan lieu Le sd d l rdi den thdi Mac (1527-1592) va thdi Le Trung Hung (1583-1788) kinh te Dai Viet trong dd cd boat ddng ngoai thUdng da cd sU phat trien trdi vUdt, hdi nhap tUdng ddi mau chdng vdi mdi trUdng chung va sy hUng khdi cua kinh te khu vUc, the gidi.
Tren cd sd tiem lyc kinh te trong nUdc, kinh te ddi ngoai cua qud'c gia Dai Viet da gdp phan tao nen mdt thdi ky phat trien huy hoang cua nen ThUdng mai chau A thd ky XVI-XVII.
- Nhin n h a n dien trinh lich sii dan tdc vdi tu each l i mdt cdng ddng da dan tgc thd'ng n h i t , ngUdi Viet tren myc do so sanh khu vyc, da p h i t t r i l n nen hai thUdng sdm va cd truyen thd'ng thUdng mai vdi nhieu qud'c gia l i n g gieng trong khu vUc. Vi tri dia Iy g i n ke vdi nhieu qudc gia v i mdi giao tiep da chieu: dudng bd, dUdng sdng, dudng bien vdi ca kinh te, van hda, chinh tri...
cung gdp phan tao nen truyen thdng nay.
Hdn the nQa, vdi cU dan vung b i n dao, tQ khdi nguyen v i chieu sau lich sii, con ngQdi
Truyen thdng va hoat dgng thuong mai. 51 da sdm thich Qng vdi mdi trUdng nUde va
"tinh sdng nUdc can dUdc xem la mdt dac trUng cua van hda Viet Nam". Cac yeu td vSn hda dd trd thanh nhan to' h i n g xuyen khien cho ngUdi Viet "tii ddng nhdt minh vdi nUdc" va tao nen khd ndng ang biin cao trong truyen thd'ng van hda Viet (82).
Ben canh dd, tQ nhQng the ky dau sau Cdng nguyen, cung vdi ngUdi Viet, cU dan Champa, Phu Nam da tien manh ra bien va thyc sy trd t h a n h cac "VUOng qud'c bien".
Hoat ddng hai thUdng va nang lyc khai thac bien cua cic vUdng qud'c cd khdng chi gdp phan quan trgng dem lai sQ p h i t trien phdn thinh ve kinh te, van hda ma cdn khing dinh vi the chinh tri cua cac qud'c gia dd trong mdi quan he khu vUc. Tuy nhien, vi nhieu nguyen n h i n , truyen thd'ng hai thUdng dd da khdng dUdc phat huy triet de va thich Qng vdi nhQng khung canh mdi.
Trong mdi quan he tUdng t i c da chieu, sy suy thoai cua Phu Nam vao the ky VII va Champa vao the ky XV da cd t i c ddng khdng nhd den boat ddng kinh te khu vyc trong dd cd Dai Viet. Hdn the nQa, do nhQng ap lyc chinh tri tQ nhieu phia va phin nao la sQ ban che trong t i m nhin cua chinh gidi, nen ngoai thUdng Dai Vigt tQ chd cd nhieu bieu hien phat trien mang tinh khai phdng da khdng t h i trd thanh ddng kinh te chu lUu, cd the lam thay ddi sau sic ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi. Tuy nhien, cung phai t h i y r i n g , lich sQ hai thUdng Viet Nam tuy khdng cd nhQng cudc vQdt bien Idn, thUc sU dan t h i n nhU thUdng nhan Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban d Ddng Bic A hay Java, Xiem La d Ddng Nam A va cang khdng t h i so sanh vdi nhQng doan thUdng thuyen ciia chau Au vio thdi ky sau cac cuge phat kien dia Iy nhUng kinh te ngoai thUdng da va ludn la mdt bd phan hQu cd ciia nen kinh te dan tdc va cd nhieu ddng
gdp tich cQc vao boat ddng chung ciia he thd'ng thUdng mai khu vyc tren ca ba phUdng dien: Vi tri dia ly, Tiem nang kinh te va Truyen thd'ng giao thUdng qudc te.
- Trong bdi canh ddi sdng chinh tri khu vyc va qud'c te the ky X - XV cd nhieu bien ddng Idn, bQc tranh kinh te - xa hgi Dai Viet cung dien ra nhieu bien ddi sau sic vdi khdng it nghich ly. Day la thdi ky d i n h d i u sy kien lap cua cac md hinh nha nUdc ma dilm cd't loi la hUdng den xay dyng mdt the che q u i n chu tap quyen. Cd the cho r i n g the che dd ngay cang phat trien hoan chinh nhUng mat khac nd cung lam cho xa hgi Dai Viet truyen thd'ng vdi cd tang Ddng Nam A, p h i n nao trd nen xd cQng. NhUng, dudng nhu tUdng phan vdi ciu true thUdng t i n g Nho giio cung nhQng dinh che chat che thi nhQng yeu td'kinh te - xa hgi truyen thd'ng va ca nhu ciu bQc thiet cua thyc tai xa hdi da tao dUng nen mdt bye tranh xa hdi diy mau sic vdi nhieu xu the van ddng va truyen thd'ng khac nhau. Nhin lai lich sQ kinh te Viet Nam, khdng phai bao gid cic xu the van ddng va truyen thdng dd (chinh thd'ng // phi chinh thdng) cung dat den sy gap gd va tim dUdc tieng ndi chung n h i t , duy nhat. Tren mdt dudng bien (bd bien) dai va ludn cd sy giing xi giQa cac the lyc va nhdm ldi ich, cac hoat dgng kinh te da dang dd ludn ddng thdi dien ra tham chi giQa chung cdn cd sy dan xen, lien ket vdi nhau. Trong sQ bien chuyin va p h i t triln chung dd, rd rang la mdi trUdng cbinh tri va kinh te qudc te cung cd nhQng t i c ddng khdng nhd den sU thinh suy cua kinh te ngoai thUdng cung nhU vi the kinh te, chinh tri cua mdi qudc gia trong tQdng quan vdi cac the iQc chinb tri khu vQc.
- Tim h i l u nhQng nguyen n h i n d i n den tinh trang ban che trong lich sQ giao
52 Rghien ciJru Lich sit. s6 9.2007 thUdng ciia Viet Nam chung ta tha'y: do dac
tinh tieu ndng, quen budn ban va san xuat nhd, quen tieu dung nhQng san pham cua Hi sinh thdi phd tgp nhiet ddi vdi hai dac trUng cd ban da canh va tgp canh nen mgt bg phan khdng nhd cua xa hdi da sdm x u i t hien tdm ly tii thoa mdn vdi mdi trUdng sd'ng ma ngudn cung cap thyc pham (chii yeu la lua gao) hiem khi trd thanh mgt t h i c h thQc nghiem trgng. Tu duy san xuat tieu ndng va nhQng anh hudng ciia dao dQc, dinh che Nho giao cung la nguyen nhan chinh yeu kiem tda sQc phat trien cua cic nganh kinh te phi ndng nghiep ddng thdi ban che nang lyc san xuat cac ngudn thUdng pham cd gia tri cao tren thUdng trUdng qud'c te. Ben canh dd, cung vdi vigc mdt sd' nganh san x u i t phuc vu nhu cau xuat khau cdn chUa thyc sU dat den trinh do phat trien cao va dn dinh thi vigc chUa hinh thanh dUdc mdt ddi ngu thUdng nhan chuyen nghiep, ddng dao, dUdc nha nUdc khuyen khich, bao trd cung khien cho hoat ddng kinh te ddi ngoai phan nao thieu sQc manh va ldi the canh tranh tren thi trUdng khu vUc, qud'c te. Cung vdi nhQng nguyen nhan tren thi lich sQ kinh te Viet Nam dudng nhu cung chUa thyc sy cd dUdc nhQng tU duy, triet ly sau sic va he thdng ve nghe nghiep, ve vai trd cua kinh te ndi chung trong dd cd kinh te thUdng nghiep.
Hdn the nQa, chu trUdng n i m ddc quyen ve ngoai thUdng cua chinh the quan lieu cung da kim ham sU phat trien ty nhien ciia mgt so' linh vUc kinh te ddi ngoai trong thdi dai ma nen thUdng mai Biln Ddng phat trien hung thinh. Cudi cung, cung phai thay ring, do lien tuc phai chiu ap lyc chinh tri tQ phUdng Bic va tinh trang mat an ninh tQ phUdng Nam nen cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam deu phai thyc thi nhieu bign phap chat che n h i m bao vg chii quyen
lanh thd, an ninh kinh te ddi ngoai va nen kinh te trong nUdc.
Ve kinh te, b i i u hien cua mdt sd' chinh sach "ngan sdng, cam chd", "trgng ndng Qc thUdng" cua chinh the q u i n chii cung mdt p h i n la sU t h i hien Idl tU duy va quan diem chinh tri dd. Do vay, mac du cd thdi doan bQc t r a n h kinh te da bQng len v i cd phan khdi sic nhUng kinh te ddi ngoai da khdng t h i tao nen nhQng dgng lyc manh me cd the d i n den nhQng chuyin bien can ban trong ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi ngd h i u cd t h i dUa kinh te nUde ta cd nhQng bien ddi ve chat va dy nhap manh me vdi bien chuyin chung cua khu vQc: Ddng A: nhU nhQng qud'c gia tieu bieu Nhat Ban, Xiem La.
Song cdng b i n g ma ndi, dya vao tiem nang v i truyen thd'ng vdn cd, sQ tham gia mdt each tich eye cua ngUdi Viet vao nen thUdng mai chau A vao Thdi ky dai thUdng {Great Commerce Age) da gdp phan thuc day sU phat t r i l n cua nhieu nganh kinh te trong nUdc, tao dUng vi the dang ke ciia Dai Viet trong cic mdi quan he khu vyc. Cd le da den luc chung ta can cd nhQng nhan dinh chuan xac va t h i u dao hdn ve vai trd cua bien va vung duyen hai trong viec dinh thanh cau true kinh te - xa hdi cua cic the che nha nUdc trong lich sQ Viet Nam. TQ thyc te lich sQ va vdi y nghia lich sQ dd, "de h i l u lich svl Viet Nam, dieu h i l n nhien, chung ta phai cd cai nhin hUdng biln". Mat khic, de nhan thQc t h i u triet q u i trinh bien chuyen cua Viet Nam thdi ky C i n dai cung c i n "phai ed cai nhin hUdng bien" (83) mdt each k h i c h quan v i t o i n dien hdn.
Sy hien dien cua mdt Truyen thd'ng thuong mgi bao gdm ca cac boat ddng ndi thUdng va ngoai thUdng trong lich sii dan tgc la dieu khdng t h i phii nhan. Song, c i p
Truyen tho'ng va hoat dgng thuong mai... 53
do va t a m mQc a n h h u d n g c u n g nhU vai trd cua k i n h t e cdng - thUdng t r o n g dd cd ngoai thUdng n h u t h e n a o vdi ddi sd'ng k i n h te - xa hdi t r o n g nUdc la mgt t r o n g nhQng chu de t r g n g t a m c a n p h a i t i e p t u c di s a u t i m h i l u , n g h i e n cQu. V a n de la, de cd dUdc mgt n h a n thQc s a u s i c va t o a n dien ve t r u y e n t h d n g thUdng m a i t r o n g lich sQ d a n tdc t h i dieu can t h i e t la p h a i k h a i t h a c t r i e t de hdn nQa cac n g u d n tQ lieu t r o n g nUdc, qud'c te, k e t hdp vdi q u a n d i e m Nghiin cau so sanh khu viic va d a n h gia k h a c h q u a n t h e o Phaong phdp chuyin gia. B e n c a n h dd, gidi
n g h i e n cQu t r o n g nUdc c u n g n e n sdm cd nhQng k h a o cQu c h u y e n s a u ve tQng Hnh vyc b o a t ddng cua k i n h t e thQdng mai, mdi lien h e giQa ndi thUdng va ngoai thUdng, dac trUng di b i e t cua cac k h d n g gian k i n h te, vai trd cua cac t h e che, cac t u y e n giao thUdng t r o n g nUdc, qud'c te cung nhU cac n g a n h k i n h te, t r u n g t a m s a n x u i t t h u cdng... c u n g nhQng ddng gdp tieu bieu cua moi vUdng qud'c, nidi thdi ky t r o n g t r u y e n thd'ng k i n h t e Viet N a m vdi t u each la nhQng bg p h a n hdp t h a n h t r o n g ddng chay c h u n g lich sQ d i n tgc.
CHU THICH
(41). Todn thii con cho biet: Ph6p Ifi'y muoi cua nhfi Minh: TrUdc het sai vien cue sii vfi vien ph6 doc thiic dan nfi'u muoi, moi thang dUdc bao nhieu dua tdi ty De cit thu giiJ. Cac vien noi quan mg ngudi buon bo tien ra Hnh gia'y kham hdp ciia ty Bo chinh. Gifi'y kham hdp 16n thi Ifi'y 10 can muo'i, gifi'y kham h(?p nho thi Ifi'y 1 can roi mdi diJcJc dem ban. Ne'u khong c6 gifi'y kham hdp thi xit toi nhu lufit nfi'u Ifiu. Lai cfi'm ngUdi di dildng, 1? chi dugc dem 3 bat muoi vfi 1 lo nu6c mfim thoi. Dai Viet sii ky todn thu. Tap II, Sdd, tr. 236-237.
(42), (43), (44). Dai Viet su: ky todn thU, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 296, 297, 298.
(45), (46), (47), (48), (49). Dai Viet sd ky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 348, 401, 393, 299, 435.
(50). Vi?n Sii hoc Vigt Nam: Qud'c triiu hinh ludt, Nxb. Phap ly, Hfi Ngi, 1991, tr. 42-43. Ve ngi dung bg lufit noi tieng nhfi Le: Qud'c trieu hinh ludt, cac nhfi nghien ciiu deu c6 chung quan diem ve sU "dung hda" giiJa yeu to bon ngoai (ngoai sinh) vfi thuc te ben trong (ngi sinh). KTiiing ngUdi diing din trieu Le khong chi tiep nhfin khuon mlu, nguyen tfic bien soan lufit phap Trung Hoa (cho muc dich cai tri hien ton), mfi con co nhieu
sang tao trong viec thay doi vfi che dinh ra nhiJng dieu khoan phii hdp vdi thuc te xa hgi. Hdn the niJa, ciing nhU cac trieu dai Ly, Tran, trong vigc thUc thi lufit phap, trieu Le cung c6 sU vfin dyng linh hoat nhim tranh gay nen sU "xung dot vdi truyen tho'ng ban dia". Do vfiy, trong qua trinh vfin dgng vfi xay dUng the che chinh tri theo mo hinh quan chii quan lieu, dildng nhU qua trinh "dan tgc hda" "dfi khien hg thong Nho giao quan phUdng thien ve hoat dgng quan ly ciia chinh quyen vfi trd thanh ndi hgi tu nhieu mau thuan xfi hgi vfi chinh tri da't nUdc, ndi phan anh nhieu xung dgt quyin Igi vd nhdn thiic ciia xd hdi...". Xem Insun Yu:
Ludt vd xd hdi Viet Nam theky XVII-XVIU, Nxb.
Khoa hoc xfi hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1994, tr. 20, 44, 79. Vifn Nghien ciiu Han Nom - Vign Harvard-Yenching Hoa Ky: Nho gido d Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 2006, tr. 312-313.
(51), (52). Dai Viet sit ky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 322, 334.
(53). Momoki Shiro: Dai Viet and South China Sea Trade from the X"" to the XV* Century, Crossroad - An Interdisciplinary Journal of South Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1998.
(54). Dai Viet sitky todn thit, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 323.
54 Rghien curu Lich sit, sg 9.2007
(55). Dai Viet sCl ky todn thii, Tap II, Sdd, tr.
327. Day la each thUc thi lufit phap rfi't dang chii y cua chinh quyen Le sd. Vdi gidi quan lai cao cfi'p nhflng ngUdi diing diu trieu Le van cd nhiJng nhfin nhUdng vfi thUdng cd thai do "khoan dung"
khi xdt xii.
(56), (57), (58). Dai Viet sH ky todn thU, Tap II, Sdd, tr. 323, 330, 358.
(59). Quoc triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 71.
(60), (61), (62). Dai Viet sit ky todn thU, Tap II, Sdd, tr. 358, 469, 489.
(63). Quoc triiu hinh luat, Sdd, tr. 87-88.
(64). Hong Diic thien chinh thii, Dai hgc vien Sfii Gdn, Nam Hfi fi'n quan, Sfii Gon, 1959, tr. 145.
(65). Dai Viet sH ky todn thit. Tap II, Sdd, tr.
500. .. ._.
(66). Qud'c trieu hinh ludt, Sdd, xem cac dieu 21-25, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79 vfi 81.
(67). Dai Viet sU ky todn thU, Nxb.Khoa hgc Xa hgi, Hfi Ngi, 1993, Tfip III, tr. 63.
(68), (69). Bat Viet si ky todn thii, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 451, 346.
(70), (71), (72). Qud'c triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr.
57,59,210.
(73). Tham khao them Li Tana: A View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, The National University of Singapore;
No. 37 (1), pp. 83-102, Feb-2006
(74). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chUdng loai chi. Tap III, Nxb. Sii hgc, 1961, tr. 114. Vinh ve phong thd An Bang, Le Thanh Tong ciing viS't:
Ngu diem nhit thd ddn xu ldi - Hda dao vd diin thue bac chinh; tile: Cd , mudi nhiiu nhU ddt, ddn xd nhau kiem ldi - Lua ma khdng cd rugng cdy nen thue ddnh cUng nhe (tr. 114).
(75). Quoc triiu hinh ludt, Sdd, tr. 211.
(76). Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chUOng loai chi, Sdd, tr.l51.
(77). Hdng Diic thien chinh thU, Sdd, tr. 83.
(78). Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Tan bien, Tfip II, Sdd, tr. 464.
(79). Pham Quoc Quan: Ket qud khai quat tdu cd dam d viing Cii Lao Chdm (1997-2000); Ho Xuan Tinh: Cu Lao Chdm trong "Con ditdng ta lua tren bien". Tap chi XUa & Nay, so 76, thang 6- 2000, tr. 20-23 vfi so 134 (182), thang 2-2003, tr.
28-29. Cd the tham khao them bfii viet ciia cac tac gia Nguyin Dinh Chien - Pham Quoc Quan - Tong Trung Tin vfi Do Manh Hfi trong Thdng Bdo khoa hoc, Bao tfing Lich sit Viet Nam, Hfi Ngi, 2000.
(80). Phan Huy Le: Le Thdnh Tdng (1442- 1497); trong: Tim vi cudi ngudn, tfip II, Nxb. Th^
Gidi, Hfi Ngi, 1999, tr. 597.
(81). Dai Viet sH ky todn thii, Tfip III, Sdd, tr.
77.
(82). Trin Quoc VUdng: Mdt net bdn sdc cua vdn hda Viet Nam: Khd ndng Ung bien; trong: Vdn hda Viet Nam tim tbi vd suy ngdm, Nxb. Vfin hda Dfin tgc - Tap chi Vfin hda Nghg thufit, Hfi Ngi, 2000, tr. 42-43.
(83). Charles Wheeler: A Maritime Logic to Vietnamese History? Littoral Society in Hoi An's Trading World c. 1550-1830. http://www.hi8tory cooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/wheeler.html
