QUAN CANG CAM RANH TRONG MOI QUAN HE UEN x d / LIEN BANG NGA - VIET NAM (1979 - 2013]
TS. Bui Thi Thao Trif&ng Dai hoc Swpham Hue
Ngay 3/11/1978, Lien Xd va Viet Nam ky Hiep ude Hiiu nghi va Hgp tdc cd thdi ban 25 ndm, danh dau budc ngoat can ban trong todn bd tien trinh phdt frien ciia quan he Xd - Viet ke tir khi hai nudc chinh thiic thief lap quan he ngoai giao (1950). Vdi hiep udc nay. Lien Xd thuc hipn chinh sach lien minh ddng thdi tang cudng sy giiip dd mgnh me va todn dien ddi vdi Viet Nam. Theo dd, ben cgnh nhung thanh tyu tien ITnh vyc ehinh tri, kinh fe. Lien Xd va Viet Nam cung dat dugc ket qua hgp tdc ndi bat trdn ITnh vyc quan sy vdi viec Chinh phii hai nudc ky kit hiep dinh ngdy 2/5/1979. Theo hiep dinh nay, quan ddi Lien Xd dugc quyen sir dung san bay va cang Cam Ranh ciia Viet Nam (ciing vdi cang Da Ndng). Sy hien dien quan sy tai cdn cii nay cho phep Lien Xd kilm sodt viing bien nam Thai Binh Duang, toan bd An Do Duong vd daf dugc su can bdng qudn sy vdi My tgi chau A. Sy hipn dien quan sy nay ciia Lien Xd cung gdp phdn to ldn trong cdng cudc bao ve thanh qua cdch mang cua Viet Nam.
Sau khi Chien tranh Lanh kit thiic, Lien Xd tan rd, ndm 1992, Lien bang Nga tilp nhan quyen sir dung Cam Ranh vdi tu each
thira ke hgp phap. Tuy nhien, ndm 2{M)1, ciing vdi vide trd Trung tdm Tinh bao dien tii Loudres cho Cuba, Nga quyet dinh nil quin khdi Cam Ranh trudc thdi hgn. Nguyen nhan ndo khien Nga dua ra quyit dinh nay? Lifu frong bdi cdnh hien nay, khi cdc cudng quoc khac deu tdng cudng hipn dien quan su lai Ddng A va nhdm ngd Cam Ranh nhu mgi cdn cii quan sy chien lugc, Nga cd ca hoi quay lai? Gdp phan tim hieu dieu nay, bai vilt tap trung ly gidi nhiing cdu hdi tren vi danh gia tac dgng ciia vdn dl Cam Ranh d^n quan he ddi tac chien lugc Nga - Viet.
1. Vai net ve quan cang Cam Ranh Cdn cii quan sy Cam Ranh ndm troiij vinh Cam Ranh, vdn la mdt vinh nudc sai tren bd bien phia ddng nam ciia Viet Nam thudc tinh Khanh Hda, gitra Phan Rang vi Nha Trang, each Thanh phd Hd Chi Mii|
khoang 290 km (180 dam) vl phia bdc. Cair Ranh cd dia thd vd cimg quan tigng, ddc bit la gan cdc tuyen hang hdi r i6c tl tren Bu.
Ddng. Theo tai lieu cua -o tham muu H- quan Nhgt Ban cdng h . igay 1/8/19**
"Cam Ranh la mQt cdng q... uvdologi^
nhdt thi gi&i, lgi ndm giua duang ^ Singapore di Hdng Kdng vd cung co khod
Qfidn edng &ant f^fianh... 67
each gdn nhu vgy tir Bien Ddng din Bangkok, Manila vd ddo Sarawak hay Bdc Borneo"^ Til Cam Ranh, cd the trien khai nhanh chdng lye lugng quan sy d Thdi Binh Duong vd An Do Duong. Dieu kien dia ly vd thiiy vdn ben trong vinh cho phep tdu chien quy md ldn (frgng tai 10-20 vgn tdn), ke ea tdu sdn bay neo dgu. Do vgy, fir nira sau the ky XIX, cdc cudng qudc dd tiep cgn, xdy dyng va sii dung Cam Ranh nhu mgf cdn cir qudn su quan trgng. Tir cudi ndm 1851^, tdu Phdp dd cap ben d cira bien Cam Ranh, den ndm 1939, dl bao v8 thudc dia Ddng Duong trudc cac the Iyc de qudc khac, Phap xay dyng Cam Ranh thanh can cii cho lye lugng bai quan ciia hg^. Tuy nhien, sau khi thdf bai trong Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai (22/6/1940), Phdp huge phai ddng chu quyen Ddng Duong (22/9/1940) va chdp nhgn mgi yeu cau ciia Nhgt, frong dd cd dieu kipn:
Phdp phdi nhugng lai cdc cdn cii qudn su va
v a n T^o (CB), "Cdch mgng thdng Tdm. mgt so vdn di Hch siy\ Nxb. Khoa hpc XI h^i, U.77 - 78 Din theo Lini Van Lt^ii, Nguyin Hong Thach (2002), Phdp tdl chiim Dong Duang vd Chiin tranh lgnh, Nxb.
Cong an nhan dan, tr.27
^ Xem NguySn Phan Quang (1976), Ljch sti Viet Nam (1427 ' 1858), Quyen 2, t | p 2, Nxb. Giio dye. Ha NOi. tr. 212.
^ Cam Ranh cung \k noi h^m dpi Baltic cua Nga hoang do do doc Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky chi huy, t^m tni tnnSrc khi tham chien tai eo Tsushima (1905) vdi Nh^t. Sau khi thSng Nga trong tran nay, Nhjt c6 them khu v\fc inh hucmg a Tneu Tien, chiem ibin d^o Lieu Dong vi miln Nam dao Sakhalin. Do v$y, vi§c chilm dupc quan cing LiJ Thu^n (Lieu Dfing) dS khiln Nh$t Bdn tam thdi chua thon tinh cac cSn ciJ quSn s\r d Ddng Duong, luc nky dang thupc ichii quyin cua Phip, cho din c u l i th$p nien 1930, khi Nh$t diy m^nh y d l binh trudng Dong Nam A.
khdng qudn d Ddng Duong, cho phep Nhdt sir dung vimg thugc dia ndy ldm cdn cii tiln tieu fren dudng tdn cdng Malaysia, Singapore va hidonesia'*. Theo dd, tir thang 7/1941, sau khi gui tdi hau fhu cho Phap ydu cau dugc sur dung cac cdn cii khdng qudn vd hdi quan d Nam Viet Nam, Nhdt Bdn h i ^ dien quan sy tgi Cam Ranh. Nam 1942, Nhdt ddc ehiem Cam Ranh, xdy dyng qudn cdng ndy thdnh cdn cii hau can de xdm lugc cdc nudc Ddng Nam A ndi fren vd sir dung trong Chien franh the gidi thii Hai. Ndm 1944, Lye lugng ddc nhiem 38 cua My da tieu dipt hdu het hdi qudn Nhdt Ban tai day rdi nit di.
Dugc My ung hg trong ke hoach tai chiem Ddng Duong, Phdp trd lai tiep tyc sir dung quan cang Cam Ranh cho den khi qudn viln chinh Phdp nit khdi miln Nam Viet Nam (28/4/1956)1
Trong khi do, ngay sau thdf bgi cua Phap trong chiln dich Dien Bien Phu (1954), vdi cdc hogf ddng can thiep vdo Vi6t Nam, tdu chien My da tiep can Cam Ranh. Tuy nhien, hem 10 ndm sau. My mdi chinh thiic Sli dung Cam Ranh nhu mdt can cii qudn su chien lugc.
Sau nhung that bgi lien tilp frong cudc chiln tianh xdm lugc d miln Nam Viet
* Xem Pito A.Pula (1986), Nu&c My vd Dong Duong tie Rudaven den Nichxan, Nxb.Thong lin ly lu^n. Ha Npi,tt-.12.
' Luu v a n Lpi, Nguyen Hong Th^ch (2002), Phdp idi chiim Dong Ducmg vd Chiin tranh lgnh, Nxb. Coiij!
an nhan dan, tr.256.
68 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROf £AN STUDIES REVIEW N"B n55).20I3 Nam , My quyet dinh thuc hien chien tranh
phd hoai bdng khdng quan vd hai qudn d mien Bdc. De trien khai kd hoach ndy. My cdn xay dyng them khu hgu can Iam cdn cii tiep lieu, khi tai qudn sy vd binh sT phuc vy myc tieu md rdng chien tranh. Hgm ddi hdi quan 7 cua My da tien hdnh cdc cudc thdm dd vd khdo sat thiiy vdn dgc bd bien ddng nam Viet Nam, bao gdm vjnh Cam Ranh.
Thang 2/1965, trong liic thi hdnh nhiem vu, tau trinh sat^ My da tinh cd phdt hien tau van tai ciia qudn ddi Bdc Viet d vinh Viing Rd (thyc chdt Id "tdu khong so" cung cap dgn dugc vd quan nhu cho quan ddn mien Nam).
Sy kien ndy dd thiic day My nhanh chdng quyet dinh chgn va xdy dyng Cam Ranh thanh cdn cii qudn sy quan trgng.
Cam Ranh Id mdt cdn cii quan sy phiic hgp, gdm cdng tranh gid nudc sau vd san bay, phuc vy cdng tdc hau cdn vd chiln ddu chien thudt. San bay Cam Ranh dugc qudn doan ky su cimg nhiing nhd thau dan sy My xdy dyng vdo ndm 1965. Nd dugc chuyin giao cho lye lugng khdng quan Thdi Binh Duong Hoa Ky vdo ngdy 8/11/1965^ vd dugc qudn dgi My sir dung frong sudt chien tranh Viet Nam (1965 - 1972). My ciing xdy dyng tai Cam Ranh trung tam tuan tra bd biln vdi Trong cac chien dich Dong Khdi 1/1960; Ap Bic 1/1963.
' Cd tu li^u cho la may bay tai thuong UH - IB do trung uy James S.Bowcrs lai, chd thuang binh cua Vift Nam Cpng hoa trong tran danh vdi Quan giii phong miln Nam tjii D6o Nhdng (7/2 - 8/2/1965).
* Xem Books LLC (2010), Russia Vietnam Relations: Ambassadors of Russia to Vietnam.
Ambassadors of Vietnam to Russia. Soviet Union - Vietnam Relations, Memphis, Tennessee, USA., tr.l7.
phi ddi hai quan gdm cdc loai mdy bay tuin tra P-2 Neptune vd P-3 Orion vdo thang 4/1967. Miia he ciing ndm, hg chuyen sd chi huy Iyc lugng giam sat bd bien tii Sai Gon din Cam Ranh, ddng thdi xdy dyng tram thdng tin hai quan tai ddy. Qudn ddi My gdm hdi qudn vd qudn doan linh thuy danh bd, dl su dung cdng vd san bay tai can cii quan sir Cam Ranh mdt each rdng rai.
Sau that bgi trong cudc tien cdng chien lugc ndm 1972, cdn cur quan sy Cam Ranh dugc My chuyen giao cho chinh phii mien Nam Viet Nam vdo ngay 15/5/1972 va dugc Quan ddi Viet Nam C^ng hda sii dung.
Ngdy 3/4/1975, Quan dgi nhdn dan Viet Nam tiln vdo gidi phdng Cam Ranh, chiem can cii qudn sy va tdt cd phuong tipn cdn tgi day.
2. Cam Ranh trong moi quan h | Lien Xd/Lien bang Nga - Vipt Nam
Sau Hipp udc Hiiu nghi va Hgp tac X6 - Viet (1978), sy hd frg quan su ciia Lien X6 ddi vdi Viet Nam mang dgc dilm mdi, nhlm myc dich xay dyng va hipn dai hda Iyc lugng khdng quan vd hai quan Viet Nam. Nhd do, Quan dgi nhdn dan Viet Nam khdng ngiing dugc cung cd vd ldn manh^.
'Theo tin tinh bao Australia nim 1985, tir culi nSm 1978 den d^u nim 1985, Lien X6 cung c^p cho hii quan Vi?t Nam 2 tau khu tryc nhd Petya - II, 7 tau tu4n tra duyen hii loai Zhuk, 8 tiu l^n cdng Uang bj ten Ilia dat doi dat OSA - II, 14 tau cd ten lura dit dii dit loai PT/PCF, 4 tau ngim khu tryc S.O, 5 tau quel thuy ioi lo^i K-8 MSB va 2 tau quet thuy loi lo?i Yurka MSF ciing nhilu lo^i phuong ti?n, thiet bj hii quan khac. Vl khong quan, vdi su giup dd cua Lifin X6, Uong thdi gian nay, Vi?t Nam cd 250 miy bay
^Ifidn edng ^ant (^anh... 69
Dap lai, Viet Nam cho phep Lien Xd quyen sir dyng nhieu fien nghi qudn su, trong do quan trgng nhdt Id cdn cii hai qudn tgi vinh Cam Ranh. Cdc chuyen gia qudn su Lien Xd nhanh chdng nhgn thdy vi fri chidn lugc cua cdn cii nay vdi chiic ndng mdt cang qua cdnh, cung cdp va sira chua thief bi cho cdc tdu ldn ciia hg ddng quan tgi An Do Duong. Ddy cung la cdn cii de Lien Xd thu thgp tin tiic finh bdo d Bien Ddng vd khu vye chau A trong Chien tranh Lanh. Quyen sii dung cdng Cam Ranh cdn cho phep Lien Xd trien khai qudn mgt each nhanh chdng, linh hogt tai Thai Binh Duang vd ho frg cho hai qudn Lien Xd d An Do Duong trong tinh trgng khdn cap. Nhdn thdy tdm quan frgng nay nen ngay tir nam 1975, Lien Xd dd xiic tien vipc sii dung, nhung den ndm 1979, ca hgi nay mdi thdnh hien thyc thdng qua Hipp djnh Xd - Viet ngdy 2/5/1979. Theo Hiep djnh nay. Lien Xd dugc quyen sir dung khdng phai trd tiln thud qudn eang Cam Ranh trong thdi hgn 25 ndm (1979 - 2004).
Ciing vdi Hipp udc ndm 1978, thda thudn ndy ddnh dau sy phat tridn vugt bdc ciia lien minh Xd - Viet.
Thdng qua sy hien dipn quan sy cua Lien Xd tgi Cam Ranh, Lien Xd va Viet Nam dd dgt dugc ca ehe dam bdo an ninh tuang ho. Dieu ndy gdp phdn to Idn trong cugc ddu tranh bao ve dat nudc cua Viet
chiln d^u va 37 true thing vu trang, khoing 100 rada va 66 ten lira dit dli dat. Ramesh Thakur, bdd, tr.I2S - 126.
Nam vd nguge Igi, ldm gia tang manh me siic manh va vi thi eua Lien Xd tgi Ddng Nam A vd chdu A. Do dd. Lien Xd da uu tien xdy dyng Cam Ranh tir mgf tram eung img vat tu ky thugt cho Ham ddi Thdi Binh Duong mang phien hieu 922 thanh "cdn cir qudn su Xd viet l&n nhdt ndm ngodi idnh thd" vd kef qud nay dd gdp phdn khdng dinh quan he ddng minh ehien lugc Xd - Viet.
Tuy nhien, fir thang 3/1985, khi Mikhail Gorbachev len Iam Tdng Bi thu Ddng Cdng sdn Lien Xd, thyc hipn chuang trinh "cdi td"
(ddi ndi) va "tu duy chinh tri m&f^ (ddi ngogi), quan hp Xd - Viet ciing nhu quan he quan su hai nudc bi tdc ddng sdu sac. Cimg vdi khimg hodng ve kinh te, de binh thudng hda quan hp vdi My vd Trung Qudc, Lien Xd dd cdt gidm sy hien dien qudn su tgi An Do Duong. Dieu ndy ldm suy gidm mgnh vai trd ciia Cam Ranh, vdi mgt trong nhiing chiic ndng quan trgng la cdng qud cdnh tic Thdi Binh Duong sang An Do Duong. Tuy nhien, tac ddng true tiep den quan he qudn su - qudc phdng Xd - Viet vd "so phgn" ciia Cam Ranh la quyet dinh ciia M.Gorbachev tai Vladivostok va Krasnoyarsk. Trong Tuyen bd Vladivostok (7/1986), Gorbachev nhan mgnh mong mudn nhanh chdng cd hanh
Trong nhQng nSm cudi thap nien 1970, diu thap nien 1980, s^r ho trp va hi?n di?n quin su ciia Lien X6 di gdp phin dua den thing lpi trong cu^c dau tranh chdng luc lupng Khmer Dd Campuchia, luc lupng phin dpng Trung QuIc va cac the luc dl quoc thii djch, bio v^ toan v?n lanh tho va cong cudc xiy dyiig dit nudc cua Vi0t Nam.
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NGHIEN COU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (155).2013ddng dap tra tuang ty niu Hoa Ky tir bd sy hien dien qudn sy tgi Philippines. Y tudng nay dugc cy the hda mgt each thdng thdn trong diln van Krasnoyarsk (9/1988), rdng:
"Neu My rut sir hien dien cdc cdn cii qudn su
& Philippines. Lien Xd sdn sdng thuemg luang v&i Viet Nam de tic bd diem ho tr<^ ky thugt vd nguyen vgt lieu hdi qudn & vinh Cam Ranh"^\ Thang 11/1989, Phd Bg trudng Bd Qudc phdng Lien Xd thdng bdo, hg se don phuang nit khdi Cam Ranh vd cdt giam su hd frg quan sy cho Viet Nam. Thdng 12/1989, Lien Xd frien khai quyet dinh fren vdi vipc ddi di toan bd dai ddi linh thuy ddnh bd, tdu chien, phi dgi MIG - 23, phi dgi nem bom Vien Ddng, gdm: 8 chiec Tu - 16, 2 Tu - 95, 2 Tu - 142*1 Quydt dinh nay cua Lien Xd tac dgng vd phdn dnh sdu sdc frang thai ngimg tre cua quan he Xd - Viet vao nhiing nam cudi thdp nidn 80 the ky XX. Cimg vdi viec nit hidn dien qudn sy tgi Cam Ranh, viec cdt gidm vien trg cho Viet Nam (cdn 1/3 so vdi frudc) va van dd ng da budc ddu cham diit giai dogn hgp tdc trong chinh sdeh lidn minh ciia nhd nudc Xd viet ddi vdi Viet Nam cho ddn khi Lien Xd sup dd vao cudi nam 1991.
Tii nam 1991, sy hipn dien cua Lien Xd tai Cam Ranh chi mang tinh tugng trung.
Nam 1992, khi hg nit hoan toan, Nga tilp qudn viec sur dung Cam Ranh. Ndm 1993,
chinh phli Nga kl thira Lidn Xd, tiep tuc thuc hien hiep udc sii dung Cam Ranh trong thdi hgn 25 ndm da dugc Lidn Xd k;^ vdi Viet Nam tiirdc do (1979 - 2004). Vdo tiidi gian nay, da sd nhan vidn vd tau hai quan ldn da nit khdi, chi cdn it nhdn sy vd nhung tiam h6 trg ky thuat. Sy hipn dien qudn su ciia Nga ldn nay chu yeu phuc vy cho myc tieu duy tri dnh hudng va thu thdp thdng tin tinh bao, thdng tin ve Trung Qudc, Bien Ddng, ddng thdi ciing khang dinh sy kd thira quan he X6 - Viet trong thdi ky mdi. Tuy nhien, culi thdp nien 1990, Viet Nam mudn cimg Nga ddm phdn de siia ddi hidp dinh vl Cam Ranh nam 1979 cho phu hgp vdi tinh hinh moi nhung hai ben khdng dgt dugc thda thuan, nhat Id vdn de chi phi fbue cang. Ket qua nay cung vdi viec theo dudi muc tidu ddi ngoai rieng ciia ca Nga vd Viet Nam nen thang 6/2001, hai nudc ra thdng bdo ngimg thue cdng. Theo dd, ngdy 2/5/2002, Chu tich Uy ban Thanh ly Qudc gia Lien bang Nga - Chudn dd ddc Ivliev A. da cung Chu tich Uy ban Tidp nhan Qudc gia Cgng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam - Chudn dd ddc Nguyen VSn Hien ky bien ban ve vipc kit thiic tilp nhan - chuyen giao cac cdng trinh tgi Cam Ranh'l Ngay 2/5/2002, Id cd Nga dugc ha xudng ISn cudi, danh dau viec ket thiic sy hien dien quan sy cua Nga tai Cam Ranh.
" Lien Xd muln ndi din vifc tir bd hi^n di?n quin su '^ Bien bin gIm 4 dilu, n^i dung khing djnh: "Kitii cua My t^i Vjnh Subic (Philippines). Xem them ngdy IQ> bien bdn ndy, quyin khai thdc tiep tuc vdvi^c Ramesh Thakur, Carlyle A. Thayer, Bdd, tr. 130 - 131. sii diing cdc cong trinh vd trang thiit bf dugc ch^
" Ramesh Thakur, Bdd, tr. 131. giao tren thugc vi phia Viet Nam" (d'lku 3).
Qfidn edng, ©ant (Hanh... 71
Cd the thay, sy nit di cua Lien Xd chiu tdc ddng chii yeu tir chu dinh cua nudc ndy khi theo dudi chinh sdeh "citng chung song hoa binh" frong bdi cdnh hda hoan Ddng - Tay tir giiia thdp nien 1980, nhvmg sy ra di ciia Nga d Cam Ranh dugc thuc ddy bdi nhieu nguyen nhan ban:
Thic nhdt, cho den cudi nhiing nam 90 thi ky XX, nin kinh te chuyen ddi cua Nga van d trong thyc frang khd khan, siie mgnh qudn sy suy gidm nghiem trgng. Nudc Nga, thgm chi, "khdng co tien de gidi quyet nhimg nhiem vu buc xuc nhdt"^^. Do do, uu tien cap bach hdng ddu ciia Nga Mc nay la tap trung hoan todn vao chuong trinh phat trien kinh te va cdi each todn dien nen qudc phdng de khdi phuc ndi lye dat nudc. De thuc hipn, Tdng thdng V.Putin da trien khai ke hoach tinh giam quy md va chuyen nghiep hda quan dpi. K I hoach ndy khdng cho phep Nga dan tidi chi phi fhdng qua cac cdn cii quan sy nudc ngodi khdng phuc vy tryc tiep cho myc tieu frudc mat eiia Nga. Trong khi do, de phu hgp vdi nhu cau phat trien dat nudc thdi ky mdi, Vipt Nam quy djnh 200 trieu USD tien thue moi ndm cho viec tiep tuc hogt ddng eiia Cam Ranh'^ Thyc tl ndy khiln Nga khd cd the dap iing dugc.
'* Theo V, Putin (2012), Nu&c Nga vd thi gi&i dang thay ddi (Ban djch cua Le Thi Mau), NXB Chinh tri QuIc gia - Su Th§t, Hi Npi, fr. 245.
'* Xem Books LLC (2010), Russia Vietnam Relations: Ambassadors of Russia to Vietnam, Ambassadors of Vietnam to Russia, Soviet Union -
Vietnam Relations, Memphis, Tennessee, USA, tr28.
Thd hai, quyet dinh nit khdi Cam Ranh the hipn uu tien trong dinh hudng ddi ngogi cua Nga va dugc thiic ddy mgnh me hon bdi sy kien 11/9/2001. Thyc hien muc tieu khdi phuc vi the cudng qudc trong dieu kipn ndi lye ddt nudc cdn han che, fdng thdng V.Putin da fheo dudi chinh sach ddi ngoai thyc dung fren co sd fu tudng Nga. Theo dd, fuy thyc hien ehinh sach can bang Ddng - Tay, nhung V.Putin nhdn manh "bdn sdc chdu Au" va xem viec cai thipn quan he vdi My va phuong Tdy la nhiem vu chien Iugc. Do do, sy kien 11/9/2001 la "ca hdi duy nhdt"
(unique opportunity) de Nga xich lai gan hon vdi My va phuong Tay. De fan dung co hdi nay va thuyet phuc hem niia long tin tir phuang Tay, sau khi tuyen bd ung hd My trong cugc chien chdng khimg bd todn cdu, ngay 17/10/2001, fdng fhdng V.Putin quyit dinh tra lgi can cii quan sy Cam Ranh cho Viet Nam va Trung tdm Tinh bao dien tii Loudres cho Cuba. Tir bd Cam Ranh khdng chi phdn dnh nhu cau sir dung cdn cii nay cua ' Nga khdng cdn niia ma quan frpng han, Nga mudn khang dinh: Hg khdng phdt trien ham dpi dgi duang foan cau va khdng ddi dau vdi My tren ddt ciing nhu ngoai bien. Vipc nit khdi Trung tam Tinh bao Loudres d Cuba - tram frinh sat tien ddn fheo doi hdu nhu toan bd khu vyc Bdc My - cung nam frong chudi nhung tin hieu chiing td Nga quyet tam xda bd "di sdn Chiin tranh Lgnh" vd khdng coi My la ke thii. Quyet dinh nay cua V.Putin dd nhanh chdng cdi thien vi the qudc te cua Nga vdi tu each ddng minh chiSn lugc cCia My
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NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N^'S 0551.2013nhung lai tdc ddng hgn che doi vdi cdc ddng minh truyen thdng cua Nga nhu Viet Nam, Cuba. Dieu ndy dnh hudng ldn den vi the cua Nga trong chinh sach ddi ngogi cua Viet Nam va thiic ddy ban niia chinh sdeh cdn bdng nudc ldn cua Viet Nam, bdng cdch fdng cudng quan he vdi My nhu ddi tdc tiem ndng nhdt.
Thu ba. viec xdy dyng mdi quan he ddi tac chien lugc giua Nga vdi Tnmg Qudc trong tam giac chien lugc Nga - Trung - An Cling nhu trong Nhdm Cdc nen kinh te mdi ndi (BRICS) it nhieu tdc ddng den quyet dinh ddi khdi Cam Ranh (vdi chiic ndng fhu thap tin tlie finh bao ve Trung Qudc, Bien Ddng) ciia Nga vao dau the ky XXI. Dilu nay phu hgp vdi myc tieu "xdy dung nen qudc phdng "thdng minh" nhdm hda gidi nhiing nguy ca m&i" ma tdng thdng V.Putin xac dinh.
Taf ca cac Iy do trdn cho thay, viec Nga nit khdi Cam Ranh trudc thdi ban Id mdt diln biln khdng qud bat ngd, nhdt la khi nd dugc thiic day bdi nguyen nhan tir phia Viet Nam, cho chien luge cdn bang quan he vdi eac nudc ldn ma sy hien dien quan su cua Nga trd thanh nhdn td nhgy cdm.
* vi khd ndng tr& lai Cam Ranh cda quan dgi Nga
Hien nay, cimg vdi bien ddi vl mdi trudng an ninh d khu vyc Chau A - Thai
Bmh Duong, tham vgng ngay cdng ro rang cua cac cudng qudc, nhat la Trung Qudc va tranh chdp biln ddo, ddc biet id tranh ch^
fren Bien Ddng dd thiic day sy quan tam nhilu ban cua cac nudc ldn. Theo dd, vai fro, vi fri chien lugc cua can cii Cam Ranh dupc nhgn thiic sau sac hon.
. vi phia Nga, budc sang thdp nien thii hai ciia the ky XXI, tuy chua hoan todn thoat ra khdi khung hodng nhung Nga cung dang budc vao giai doan hdi phyc va kien toan.
Theo do, cimg vdi muc tieu khdi phyc vi fh^
cudng qudc, Nga xac dinh nhiem vy quoc phdng cua thdp nidn tdi Id "chuyen sang qud trinh trang bi lgi tren phgm vi l&n vd dong bo cho qudn dgi vd hgm doi cung nhu nhiiu ca cdu sice mgnh khdc de ddm bdo an ninh qudc gia"^^ Tridn khai muc tidu nay, tdng thdng V.Pufin da chi ra "nhiem vu cita chung ta Id phitc hoi hgm ddi hdi qudn dgi duang cua Nga, tru&c hit la & biin Bdc vd Vien Ddng" . Dieu nay chiing td Nga dang tinh tdi su hipn dien trd lgi cua hgm dpi d^i duang d nhiing khu vyc chien lugc tren the gidi. Do vgy, cimg vdi vide ngay cang chii trgng chdu A va mdi quan he vdi Viet Nam, viec Nga quan tam din Cam Ranh - mdt cU cii quan sy chien lugc cd thd triln khai quan d cd An Do Duong va Thdi Binh Duong - la dieu khdng the khdng tinh din. Bilu hipn r6 nhdt la trong chuyen thdm Viet Nam gdn dSy (5/3/2013), Bd tiidng Bd Qudc phdng Nga, Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, da thdm qufe
'*V.Putm (2012), Bdd, fr.239, ' ' V. Putin (2012), Bdd, fr.252.
'^ V. Putin (2012), Bdd, tr. 253.
Qfidn edng ©am Cfiunh...
73
cdng Cam Ranh va dam phdn chi tilt vdi Bd frudng Quoc phdng Viet Nam Phimg Quang Thanh ve vipc md rgng hgp tdc qude phdng giiia hai nudc.
Ve phia Viet Nam, mdi quan be truyen thong vdi Lien Xd frudc ddy vd quan hp doi tdc chiln lugc toan dien vdi Nga hipn nay (fir thdng 7/2012) Id mdt lgi the cua Nga so vdi cdc cudng qudc khdc trong vide tilp cgn Cam Ranh. Vide chgn Nga lam ddi tdc de fu van vd mua cdng nghd tiong dy an xay dung Cam Ranh thdnh mdt cang dich vu tdng hgp cho tau hai qudn nudc ngoai ciia chinh phu Viet Nam hidn nay da the hipn dieu dd".
Ngodi ra, viee cac cudng qudc nhu My, Trung Qudc, Nhdt Ban, Canada, Australia, An Dg deu ed ddng thdi quan tdm Cam Ranh va bay td nhu cau su dyng dich vu d day, mgt cdch dl hg md rdng sy hien dipn tai Chau A - Thdi Binh Duong, ciing tdc ddng ldn den sy quay trd lai ciia Nga. Tuy nhien, han chl vl thyc lye kinh te, quan su hipn nay cua Nga, ddc bipt la lap trudng khdng su dyng Cam Ranh vao myc dich qudn sy ciia chinh phu Viet Nam^*' khien kha ndng su dyng Cam Ranh nhu mgt can cii qudn sy cua
Nim 2009, Vi^t Nam bit dau mua thiet bj quin s\r Nga, d^c bi^t li may bay chien dau Sukhoi Su - 30 va tau ngim. Thing 11/2010, chinh phii Viet Nam da mdi chuyen gia Nga nang cip cin cu hii quin Cam Ranh. Xem Ohvia Kioth, Russia's return to Viebiam, http://enplish.pravda.ru/russia/economics/04-03- 2Q13/123963-russia vietnam-0/
" Vi^t Nam dang triln khai vi^c xSy dung Cam Ranh thinh m$t cSn ciJr din s\r, tuong ty nhu Chinh phii Philippines di lam t^i can cii hii quin Subic (dl tii chii s\r hi^n di^n quin su cua M5> t^i diy).
Nga khd cd the thyc hipn, mde dii bien nay, Nga Id nudc cd ca hdi tilp can Cam Ranh ldn nhdt so vdi cdc cudng qudc cdn lai.
3. Ket Iuan
Cd the ndi. Cam Ranh dd timg la can cii qudn sy quan frgng bdc nhdt ciia Lien Xd tai Ddng Nam A va chau A frong thdp nidn 1980. Tuy lich su phaf triln cua Cam Ranh trai qua nhieu fhdng tram, nhung su hipn dien quan sy cua Lien Xd (tir 1979 den 1991), cua Nga (tir 1992 din 2002) tai ddy vd quan be Nga - Viet hipn nay ve vdn de Cam Ranh dd phdn anh sau sdc tien trinh phat trien ciia mdi quan he Lien Xd/Lien bang Nga - Viet Nam. Trong lich su, viec Lien Xd sir dung va trien khai quan dgi tai Cam Ranh da gdp phdn hd trg die lye cho su nghiep each mgng Vipt Nam. Tir nhung ndm 90 the ky XX trd di, su cd mat, sau dd Id nhiing lien he cua Nga tgi Cam Ranh thi hien tinh ke thira ciia quan he truyen thdng Xd - Viet, ddng thdi khang dinh quan he ddi tdc chien lugc Nga - Viet frong bdi cdnh mdi, binh ddng, hgp tdc ciing cd lgi. Hien nay, sy hgp tde vd giiip dd cua Nga ddi vdi Viet Nam ve con ngudi, vu khi va cdng nghe trong vipc xdy dyng Cam Ranh thanh mdt trung tam dich vu hdi qudn ciing nhu sy tin cay ve chinh tri cua hai nudc dd chiing td:
Cam Ranh tiep tyc ddng vai trd mgt cdu ndi quan trgng, gdn ket quan he Nga - Vipt trong tinh hinh mdi./.
