Tranh tung trong to tung hinh su* cua Nhat Ban Kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
TruoTig Thi Thu Trang'**
Tom tat: Phdp ludt Nhgl Bdn duang dgi Id su kit hpp ddc biet cita he thdng phdp ludi chdu Au luc dia v&i he ihdng phdp ludi Anh - My. Trong nhiiu thi ky, Nhdt Bdn da khdn kheo trong viic hpc hdi kinh nghiim nu&c ngodi de xdy dung hi thdng phdp ludt nu&c minh. Md hinh td tung hinh su Nhdt Bdn vai sir ket hpp mpt sd yiu td hap ly cua td lung (ranh tung vdo td lung thdm vdn truyen thdng Id kinh nghiem rdt ddng di Viet Nam nghien ciru, tiep thu trong xdy dung, hodn thien md hinh td tung hinh su cho phii hap v&i diiu kiin thuc tiin vd truyin thdng phdp ly ddt nuac.
Tir khoa: Tfl tung hinh su, Tfl tung tranh tung, Tfl tung thdm vdn, Nhdt Bdn, Viet Nam
I. Tranh tung trong to tung hinh sir cua Nhgt Ban
Tu: thfi ky XIX, thoi ky Minh Tri, khi nufifc Nhdt Bdn dugc cdi cdch toan dien, Bg Iudt Huomg dan hinh sy nam 1880 dugc ban hanh voi mfi hinh tfi tung thdm vdn giflng cua Phap. Nam 1922, Bg ludt Tfi tung hinh sy siia dfli dugc ban hdnh vd CO hifiu lyc tir ndm 1924, chuyen tir mfi hinh tfi tung cua Phdp sang mfl hinh tfi tung cfia Diic, theo do quan toa Id ngufifi chii tga, dan ddt cugc hgp, gidi quyfit tranh ludn. Nhung difim khde cfia mfi hinh tfi tung hinh sy Nhat Ban so vai mfi hinh tfi tung hinh sy cfia Diic Id che dinh tiiy nghi truy tfi cua Cfing tfi vifin'"*'. Nam 1948, Bg ludt Tfi tung hinh su moi dugc ban ' ' TS., Vifin Th6ng tin Khoa hpc xa hoi; Email.
'"' Nguyen t3c tuy nghi truy t6 cho phfip C6ng to vien CO quyfin lua chon truy to toi phsim.
hdnh the hifin sy tifip thu gdn nhu hoan todn mfl hinh tranh tung ciia Hoa Ky vcri cdc quy dinh ve nguyfin tdc tranh tung, dieu tra thu thap tdi Hfiu, chiing cii, hgn chfi trong vific chdp nhdn chiing cii gidn tiep..., ngoai trir chfi djnh xet xii cfi Bfii thdm dodn. Nho khfing tifip thu chfi dinh bfii thdm cua My md thdm quyfin cua Tham phdn a Nhdt Bdn rfing hon tham quyen cua Thdm phan fif My. Trong thii tuc tfi tung, co sy thay dfii phucmg thurc thdm vdn nhdn chiing theo kieu tfi tung dfii khdng.
Ndm 2004, voi nhiing no lyc dfi cdi cdch tu phdp vfi tfi tung hinh sy, Qufic hgi Nhgt Bdn da ban hanh Eg ludt Tfi tung hinh sy siia dfii, trong dfi siia dfli phdn 1 cua Bfl ludt Tfl tung hinh su nhdm hodn thifin cac thu tuc tfi tung truflfc phifin toa vd kien todn vific cflng khai chiing cii tai phifin toa trfin co so quan difim cai cdch tu phap vd gidi quyet cdc yfiu cdu thyc tifin.
30 Thdng Hn Khoa hgc xa hOi. s61.2017 Bg ludt Tfi tung hinh sy Nhdt Bdn
hifin hdnh sii dung phuong phap cua cd hai he thfing tfl tung tranh tung va tham van, viia dp dung nguyen tdc tranh tung, dflng thai vira chu trgng phuong phdp difiu tra, tham vdn. Tinh chat tranh tyng trong tfl tung hinh sy cua Nhat Bdn thfi hifin fif hdng logt quy dinh vfi yeu cdu va xdc dinh chiing cii chiing minh; kifim tra nhan chung; vi tri binh dang nhu nhau cua cdc ben tranh tung; nguyfin tdc chi giri bdn cdo Ugng nham logi bfl thanh kifin cua Toa dn khi xet xir; gicri han xet xir cua Toa dn chi trong phgm vi bugc tgi ma Cfing tfl vifin dua ra; viec tranh tung cua cdc bfin; vi tri dfic lap cua Toa an dfii voi cdc bfin... Ben canh do, mfit sfi nguyfin tdc cua tfi tung tham van cung dugc su' dung nhu vific ducmg nhien xdc minh chiing cii ciia Toa an, xfit xir khfing co Bfii thdm dodn, Toa an CO the difiu hanh vific kifim tra bdng chtmg theo tham quyen cfia minh khi xet thdy can thiet. Trong qud trinh xet xir, nfiu xet thdy hgp ly Toa an co thfi bfi sung hodc thay dfii ly do, thay dfli difiu khodn dp dung hinh phat.
Bg luat Tfl tung hinh sy Nhdt Ban phan chia qua trinh tfi tung hinh su thdnh 4 giai doan: Giai dogn dieu tra, giai doan xet XU-, giai doan truy tfi vd giai dogn thi hanh dn. Trong moi giai dogn dfiu xdc djnh ro vj tri, vai tro, chfi-c ndng, nhiera vu Clia moi chu the tham gia tfi tung. Giai doan dieu tra cfi su tham gia cua ba ca quan la co quan Canh sat, Vifin Cfing tfi va Toa dn. Co quan Canh sat va Vien Cong tfi tien hanh difiu tra phdt hifin tgi pham, Toa an ban hdnh lenh bdt, tam giii, tam giam theo dfi nghi cua ca quan difiu tra, Vien Cong tfi. Giai doan truy tfl gdn lien vcri vai tro cua co quan cfing tfl va Cflng tfl vien (voi quyfin tuy nghi truy tfl).
Giai doan xet xii dugc thuc hien theo
nguyen tac tranh tung, co su tham gia cfia Thdm phan, Cong tfl vien, lugt su bdo chua. Cflng to vien chuyfin cao trang cho Thdm phdn va chudn bj tdi lieu, chumg cii de trinh bay truoc Toa, tranh ludn vcri Iudt su vd Iudt su cung chuan bi tdi lieu, chirng cii de tranh luan voi Cfing to vifin. Cdc hogt dgng tfl tung tai phifin toa do Thdm phan dieu khien. Sau khi nghe cdc bfin tranh luan, Tham phdn ty ddnh gid chiing cu vd nit ra kfit ludn roi tuyfin an. Giai doan thi hanh an dugc bdt ddu khi bdn an CO hifiu luc (sau 2 tuan ke tix khi tuyen an).
Co quan cfing tfl co quyfin ra quyfit dinh thi hdnh dn vd gidm sdt vific thi hanh an.
Cac trai cai tgo chiu trach nhifim tfi chirc lao dgng cdi tao vd qudn ly phgm nhdn.
Nhu vdy, trong 5 chu the tham gia tfi tung thi cdnh sat, luat su, co quan thi hanh dn dfing vai tro quan trgng trong mfit giai dogn tfi tung, Toa dn dfing vai tro quan trgng khflng chi 6 giai doan xfit x\j ma ca giai doan difiu tra, chi cfi Vifin Cflng tfi la CO quan duy nhdt cfi vai tro quan trgng sufit cd qua trinh tfi tung: difiu tra, truy tfl, xet xir, thi hanh an. Cflng tfl vifin khflng chi cfi '''ddc quyen truy td" md cfin cfi tham quyfin difiu tra tfli phgm, gidm sdt vific thi hdnh cac quyfit djnh ciia Toa dn, yfiu cdu Toa an dp dung phdp ludt trong viec giai quyet vu dn hinh sy va thuc hifin nhihig cfing vific theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt voi tu cdch Id nguoi dgi difin cho lgi ich cflng.
Nhdt Ban quy dinh, Cflng to vien, bj cdo va nguoi bdo chiia cfi vj tri binh ddng trong tham gia qud trinh tfi tung. Do bi cdo cfi thfi khfing CO chuyfin mfin phdp ly va hg cfing khflng cfl bdt ky quyfin ban gi de thu thdp bdng chiing trong giai doan dieu tra nfin Bfi ludt Tfl tung hinh sy quy dinh hg cfi mfit sfl quyfin dfi bdo ddm dugc binh dang vfi phuong difin phdp ly: Quyen cfi
Tranh lyng trong t6 hjng hinh ay.. 31 ludt su bifin hg, quyfin yfiu cdu chi dinh
mgt luat su bifin bg cbinh thiic, quyfin dugc lifin Igc vd phfing vdn, quyfin giir im ldng... Bfin canh do, bi cdo cfi nghTa vu hgp tac nhu nghTa vy cfi mat tai toa dn, o lai toa va giii trdt ty tgi t6a'*l
Bj cdo va ludt su bifin hg c6 dia vi binh ddng vcri Cflng tfi vifin vd dua ra nhung lap ludn chfing Iai cdo bugc cua Cong tfi vifin. Bi cao, nguoi bdo chiia c6 quyfin tbam gia cac hoat d^ng kham xet, thu gifi-, yfiu cau va kifim tra chiing cii, chdt vdn nhdn chumg, tranh ludn vfi bdt bugc chiing minh chiing cii, phan dfli vific kiem tra chung cii. Bi cdo ciing co quyfin yeu cdu nhdp cdc vu an dfi xet xii, chuyen vu an, quyfin dua ra quan difim phdn bac, quyfin dugc tiep nhan cac vdn bdn cua Tfia dn, yfiu cau thay dfli ngdy xet xu:***'.
Thdm phdn cfi vai tro nhu mflt trgng tdi, cfi quyfin dua ra phan quyfit cflng bdng trfin CO sfif bdng chung md Cflng tfl vien vd ludt su bdo c h ^ dua ra. Difiu ndy dugc bao dam trfin nguyfin tdc loai trir djnh kien, chi dfi trinh cdo trang. Ngi dung cdo trang dugc trinh Ifin Thdm phdn het sire ngdn ggn vd cfl dgng, chi bao gflm tfin vd nhung thfing tin khac vfi nhdn than cua bi cdo, nhfing su kifin cau thdnh tgi phgm bi truy tfi, tfii danh. Viec ndm gifi vd xfi ly tdi lieu dieu tra dugc giao cho Cfing tfi vifin nhdm tranh khfing de Thdm phan bj tac dgng bcri ket qud difiu tra trong viec ra phan quyet.
Trong giai doan xet xir, Cflng tfl vifin chiu trdch nhifim chiing minh theo nguyen tdc tranh tung, chi dfi trinh cdo trang.
Thdm phan xet xir cflng bang va khfing '*' Cac dieu 3 0 i . 36, 39, 3111 Bo luSt To tung hinh sy Nhat Ban.
' " ' Cac difiu 113-1, 142, 157, 2981, 308, 3091, 8, 191,21.49,276 Bp luat T 6 tung hinh sir Nh^t Ban.
dinh kifin. Truoc khi bdt ddu phien toa, Thdm phdn chi dugc dgc cdo trgng. Tdt cd cdc tdi lieu vd chung cfir thu thap dugc trong giai dogn difiu tra do Cong to vifin giii va lya chgn, trinh len Tfia an voi tu each la bang chung theo quyfit dinh cua Cfing tfi vien.
Nhdm ngan chgn vific Toa an hinh thanh dinh kien truoc khi xet xfi', Toa an chi xet xir tgi trgng ciia bj cao trfin co sfif quyfit dinh truy to cua Vifin Cfing tfi trinh bay trufifc phifin toa. Cfing tfl vifin co quyen thay dfii, bfi sung hodc nit quyfit dinh truy tfi trufifc va trong khi mo phifin toa. Tgi phifin toa, viec thay dfii, bfi sung quyfit djnh truy tfl khfing dugc dan den vific thay dfli ve tgi danh, chi cfi the khac vfi thfing tin lien quan dfin quyfit dinh hinh phgt dfi ddm bdo quyfin bdo chiia cua bi can, bi cdo.
Vfi mat ly thuyfit, Toa an co quyfin xii tgi danh nhe hon tgi danh md Vien Cfing tfi dd truy tfi, song trfin thyc te Tfia an van can CO sy dflng y cua Cfing tfi vifin. Trong qud trinh chung minh tai phien toa, khi xet thdy can xu: bi cdo vfi tgi danh ndng hom thi Cflng tfi vifin thay dfii cao trgng, neu khfing Toa se yfiu cdu Cfing tfl vien ldm difiu do.
Trong trufimg hgp ndy Tfia an phai hodn phifin toa dfi tao difiu kifin cho Cfing tfi vifin thay dfii cdo trang va khfing gdy hgi dfin quyen dugc bao chira cua bi cao'*l
Thu tuc xet xu dugc tfi chtic theo nguyfin tdc tranh tung. Cfing tfi vifin, bj cdo vd ludt su CO quyfin tranh tung ve bdng chiing dua ra. Bi cdo cfi quyfin giii im lgng trong todn bfi qud trinh xfit xic hoac tir chfii tra loi nhihig cau hfii cfi tinh chdt rifing tu.
Cdc bfin CO quyfin bdc bfl vific kifim tra
' Dieu 312 B6 luat To tyng hinh sy Nhat Ban.
32 Thfing tin Khoa hgc xa h$i. s61.2017 bdng chimg, bdc bo bien phdp do Thdm
phan chfi tga dua ra. Cfing tfi vifin hoac bi cao CO thfi khdng cao. Tuy nhien, yiec xet xir khfing co sy tham gia cfia Bfli tham doan, vd day la difim khde bifit cfia tfi tung hinh sy Nhgt Bdn so vfii mfi hinh tfl tung tranh tung' '.
Viec thdm vdn cac nhdn chung va bj cdo cua Thdm phan chi la phu. Toa dn cfi thfi thay dfii lich xfit xu, thay dfii chu tga phien toa, hgn chfi vific thdm vin vd Idy loi khai, tgm hoan vd mfif phifin toa moi.
Tfi tung hinh su Nhdt Ban van dung nguyfin tdc difiu tra chinh xdc tren co scr dp dung ludt chiing cfi-, khfing truy tfl nfiu khd ndng phdn quyet co tfli khfing cao vd chfi do xet xir khfing co bfii tham. Day chinh la nhung dac diem ca ban cua he tfi tung hinh sy tranh tung ma Nhdt Ban da tiep thu vd the hifin trong mfl hinh tfi tung hinh sy cfia minh.
Voi mfi hinh tfi tung hinh su vira co tinh chat cua tfl tung tranh tung, vira raang dgc diera ciia he tfi tung hinh sy thdra vdn, tfl tung hinh sy Nhdt Bdn da dat dugc rauc dich "/am sdng id nhirng linh Hit ciia vu dn cUng nhu dp dung vd thirc thi viic Irung tri mpt cdch nhanh chdng tdi phgm Irong khi vdn xem xet ddy du viec duy tri phiic lai cdng vd bdo ddm nhdn quyin ddi v&i tirng cd nhdn"*"**^
IL Kinh nghifim cho tranh tung trong to tung hinh sy o- Viet Nam
Viet Nam hifin dang dp dung mfi hinh tfl tung pha trgn giira thdm vdn va tranh tung (gifing nhu Nhat Bdn) nhung thien vfi thdm vdn. Difiu tra, thdm vdn la phuong phap chu yfiu dugc ap dung a tdt ca cdc
'*' Cac difiu 308, 311, 351 Bo luat T6 tung hinh s Nhat Ban.
' " ' Dieu I Bo luat T6 tung hinh sy Nhat Ban.
giai dogn to tung, thdm chi tai phifin toa.
Viec tfi chiic cac hogt dgng to tung hinh su dang CO su chong lan, mdu thuan giu'a cac chiic ndng co ban cua tfi tung hinh sy.
Cimg mgt chii thfi nhung lgi dugc giao nhieu chiic ndng tfl tung khde nhau. Toa dn CO vai tro qud chfi dgng, tich cue trong phifin toa so tham, phuc tham va dang dugc giao thyc hien mgt sfl tham quyfin khfing phu hgp vod chuc nang xet xu: (khai tfi vu dn, tra ho so cho Vifin Kifim sat dfi difiu tra bo sung...). Vai tro cua Vifin Kifim sat tai phien toa so tham con kha mfif nhgt, khfing tao co sfif phdt huy tinh chu dfing, tich cyc va trach nhifim cfia co quan bugc tgi. Ddc biet, vai tro cua ngucri bdo chfi'a con yfiu ot; chua cfi nhfing quy dinh dfi bdo vfi quyfin cua nguoi bao chua trong vific thuc hifin quyfin tfi tung. Vific thu thgp chiing cii, yfiu tfl quan trgng nhat lifin quan dfin vific dinh tgi hodn toan do CO quan nha nuoc voi nhiing chiic ndng tfi tung khac nhau hinh thanh nfin hfi so vu an CO xu huong thifin vfi chung cii buflc tfii md thieu chiing cii g 5 tgi, ddn dfin quyfin suy dodn vfl tgi cfia bi cdo khfi dugc tfin trgng mgt each thuc sy.
Dfi hoan thien mfl hinh tfi tung hinh sy trong thfifi gian tfifi, Viet Nam co the tifip thu cdc kinh nghifim cua Nhdt Ban gfim:
Thu nhdi, cdn phan dinh rdnh mach cac chiic nang co ban cua to tung hinh sy:
bufic tgi, bao chira vd xet xir; dua cac chfi the vfi diing vi tri, vai tro tfl tung cua minh. Theo do, C o quan dieu tra chiu trdch nhiem hodn todn vfi hogt dgng va ket qua dieu tra, Vifin Kifim sat chju trach nhifim vfi kfit qua hoat dfing truy tfi vd thyc hdnh quyfin cflng tfi tgi phien toa, Tfia an chiu trdch nhifim vfi hogt dgng xet xu vu dn hinh su. Toa dn phdi cfi thdi dO
Tranh tung trong to tyng hinh su... 33 khdch quan, vfi tu vd cfing minh. Hgi dong
xet xu khflng thfi bi rang bugc bfii cac yfiu cau, dfi nghi cua cac bfin, Toa dn khfing dugc bieu lg chinh kifin ciia minh ve nhihig vdn dfi thugc ngi dung vu an, cfing nhu kfit luan vfi cac chung cur dang dugc xac minh, xem xet tgi phien toa.
Thii: hai, cdn quy dinh ddy du cdc quyfin vd xdy dyng co chfi bdo dam thyc hifin quyfin cua nguoi bj tgm giu', bi can, bi cao trong tfi tung hinh su; tao cdc difiu kifin vfi phdp ly va thyc tien dfi bi can, bi cao va ngucri bao chfia cua hg thuc hien quyfin chiing minh sy vfl tgi hodc gidm tgi, giam nhe hinh phgt; co bifin phdp chfi tai dfi xir ly kip thfifi, nghifim minh hanh vi vi phgm quyfin cua nhirng ngufifi tham gia tfi tung, nhdt la vi pham tir phia cdc ca quan tifin hanh tfl tung, nguoi tifin hanh tfi tung.
Thir ba, cdn phdi tao dugc co chfi bdo ddm sy binh dang giira ben bugc tgi vd bfin bdo chira trong vific thyc thi cac chiic ndng huge tgi va bao chu;a, nang cao vai trfi cua ngucri bao chiia trong cac giai doan tfl tung. Ddy khflng chi la co scr de bao vfi quyfin Igi cua phia bi bugc tgi ma vific tdng cuong tranh tung trong tfi tung hinh sy con CO y nghia rat quan trgng trong viec ndng cao tinh dan chu, cfing bang trong qud trinh giai quyfit vu an.
Cdc bfin bugc tgi vd go tgi co vj tri binh ddng, dugc tao dieu kifin, ca hfii ngang nhau vfi quyfin dua ra chiing cii, lap ludn, bdo ve quan difim cua minh de bdo dam xdc dinh sy that khdch quan cfia vu dn. Ngucri bdo chiia dugc gap hi can, bi cdo, thu thap vd dua ra nhung chung cur, tnmg tap nhd chuyen mfin* , co the dfi nghj Vifin kifim sat, Toa an thu thdp chung
'•' Cac difiu tilr 316-13 dfin 316-24 Bo luat To tung hinh sy Nhat Ban.
cii, hoac dfi nghi Toa dn thflng bdo cho nhdn chiing ra toa ldm chiing. Sy binh ddng ve dia vj tfl tung giu'a ben huge tgi va bfin bao chiia truoc Toa dn thfi hifin rfl net trong cdc quy djnh cua Bg lugt tfi tung hinh sy vfi quyen cua cdc chfi the khi tham gia tfl tung.
Dac bifit tai phifin toa xet xir, cdc bfin bugc tgi vd bao chira co quyfin dua ra yfiu cdu logi trir chiing cii trong thii tuc thdm tra hfi sa truac khi xet xii vu dn, co quyen hfii bi cao, ngucri bi hai, ngucri lam chiing, nguoi gidm djnh; xudt trinh cdc tdi lieu truoc Toa dn, tham gia vdo vific thdm tra cdc chung cii, dua ra yfiu cau, tranh ludn, phdt bieu quan difim cua minh vfi Ioi bugc tgi tgi phifin toa.
Thir lu, can cdi tifin cdc thu tuc tfi tung tgi phifin tfla dfi bdo ddm tranh tung ddn chfi, binh ddng giua bfin bugc tfii va bfin bdo chira. Nfin co quy dinh thii tyc thdm tra so bg truoc kbi xet xii vu an, loai trir chiing cii bdt hgp phap; thu tuc xet hfii kifim tra chfio chiing cii, tranh ludn, dfii ddp binh ddng tai phien toa cua bfin bugc tgi vd g& tgi. Ben bdo chiia dugc tao co hfii binh dang nhu Vifin kifim sdt trong viec thyc hi?n churc ndng bdo chiia, chirng minh bi can, bi cdo khflng pham tgi hoac giam tgi, gidm mirc hinh phgt.
Toa an phdi thyc su la hifin than ciia cong ly, cua sy khach quan, vfl tu trong qua trinh xet xu vu an. Toa dn chi thuc hien chiic nang xet xir, khflng thyc hifin vific bugc tfii bj cdo. Bat cii thdm quyfin ndo Clia Toa dn mdu thuan voi chiic ndng xet xfi-, dnh hucmg dfin tinh khdch quan cua Toa an dfiu phdi bj logi bo. Toa dn cfi trdch nhifim tao difiu kifin dfi cdc bfin tranh tung dan chu tgi phien toa; tfin trgng vd ldng nghe ddy du y kifin cfia cdc
34 Thang Hn Khoa hoc xa h«l. sfi 1.2017 ben, ra phan quySt tr6n co so ket qim
tranh tung dSn chu tai phien t6a.
Noi torn lai, tranh tung trong td tung liinh SV khong chi 14 thanh tpi phdp ly don thudn, ma cao hon no la thanh tuu cua sir phat triSn tu tuong ciia nen van minh nhan loai. Day la co che 16 tung c6 hieu qua bao dam cho Toa an xac dinh sir that khach quan cua vu an, giai quyet diing dan vu viec, dam bao sir cong bang va bdo ve cac quyen vd Ioi ich cua cac ben tham gia to tung. Nhat Ban dd thdnh cong trong viec ap dung mo hinh to tung hon hgp (to tung tranh tung va 16 tung thfai vdn). Day cung la m6 hinh md Viet Nam dang xdy dung theo Nghi quySt s6 49-NQ/TW ngdy 2/6/2005 Clia Bp chinh tri vk Chi6n lugc cdi each tu phap d6n nam 2020 nen cdc kinh nghiem ciia Nhjt Ban rat co y nghia ve ly ludn vd thuc tien Q
Tai liSu tham khao
1. Bo luat Td tung hinh su Nhat Bdn, Ludi sd 131 ndm 1948, sira ddi ndm 2004, ban dich cua Vien Khoa hoc phap ly. Bo Tu phap. Ha Ngi, 2010.
2. William B. Cleary (1991), "The Law of Criminal Procedure in
Contemporary Japan", The Hokkaido Law Review, Vol.42.
3. Hodng Van Hieu, Nguyin Viet Ha (2012), "Mgt s6 m6 hinh 16 tyng hinh sir IrSn thS gioi vd mo hinh t6 tung hinh sir o Viet Nam theo ti6n trinh cdi cdch lir phap", Tap chi Kiim sdl, s6 20.
4. Nguyen Nggc Kien (2015), "Thli tuc xel hoi, tranh lu$n lai phien Ida hinh s\r so tham or Nhdt Ban va ggi ma d6i voi ViSt Nam", T?p chi Nhd nudc vd Phdp lugt, so 324, thang 4.
5. Supreme Court of Japan (2014), Outline of Criminal Procedure in Janpan, file:///C:/Users/Truong%20Th u%20Trang/OneDrive/Ho%20so%20d i%20hoc%20Dai%20Loan/20140417- criminal-design.Japan.pdf
6. Vi$n Kiim sdt nhan dan tdi cao (2015), Bdo cdo tham khdo phdp ludt td lung hinh su ciia mdi sd nudc tren thi gidi (Phdp, Birc, Anh, Hoa Ky, Nhgt Bdn, Nga, Trung QuSc), Tdi li$u bao cao Quoc hoi. Ha N6i.
7. ViSn Khoa hgc phdp ly (1999), Chuyen de ve tuphdp hinh sir so sdnh, Nxb. Tu phdp, Ha N6i.
