SJX doc lap cua toa an & Nhat Ban, bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
Truo-ng Thi Thu Trang<">
Tom tat: Tda dn dugc thiet lap de thuc hien quyen tuphdp. Neu tda dn khdng ddc lap thi quyen luc tuphdp khdng duac thiec hiin mgt cdch doc lap. Tinh ddc lap cd thi duac coi Id "dac quyen" cita quyen tuphdp. Id dieu kien tien quyet de quyen tuphdp cd the van hdnh mot cdch khdch quan (Lieu Binh Nhuong, 2015). Bdi viet tim hiiu khdi niem stf ddc lap cita tda dn, quy dinh ve sic ddc lap cua tda dn d Nhdt Bdn vd ggi md mgt so kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam.
Tir khoa: Tda an, Quyen tu phap, Sy ddc lap cua tda an, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam Abstract: Courts are established to exercise judicial power Without an independent court, it is perceptibly impossible to ensure the independent performance of judicial power.
Independence is an alleged „privilege " and prerequisite of judicial power that enables objective operation (Luu Binh Nhuong, 2015). The article explores the concept of the independence of court, its regulations in Japan and puts forward suggestions for Vietnam.
Keywords: Court, Judicial Power, the Independence of Courts, Japan, Vietnam
Md'dau
Mgt nen tu phap ddc lap la nen tang cho su thinh vugng cua nen kinh te qudc gia va the gidi. Sy ddc lap cua tda an va cua thim phan trong qua trinh xet xu la dieu kien quan ttgng dam bao cho liSra chinh tu phap. Khi tda an khdng ddc lap, ngudi dan se khdng thd bidt dugc quy dinh phap Iuat nao se dugc ap dung cho minh neu vudng vao cac vu kien tung hoac lao ly. Su tdn tai ciia phap luat khi ay se khdng cdn nhieu y nghia neu khdng mudn ndi la vd nghia.
Trong tradng hgp dd, cudc sdng cua con
<*' TS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xS hfii, Vien Han Iam Khoa hpc x3 hoi Viet Nam;
Email: [email protected]
ngudi trd nen bat dinh, nen tu phap khi dd tdn tai khdng phai vi muc tieu bao ve phap luat, bao ve cdng ly va bao ve con ngudi, ma se trd thaiih cdng cu cua su tiiy tien.
1. Khai niem sir doc lap cua toa an Sy ddc lap ciia tda an dugc dinh nghia tir khai niem ddc lap tu phap. John Ferejohn (1998: 353) cho rang, ddc lap tu phap la mdt y tudng dugc tiep can dudi hai yeu td: yeu td ben trong (mang nghta thdng thudng) hoac ben ngoai (mang tinh td chitc). Theo nghia thdng thudng, t h i m phan can sy ddc lap va cd p h i m chat dao diic, ngudi cd the dugc tin tudng dk giai quyet cac nhiem vu cdng doc lap vdi cac radi quan tdm khac. Tuy nhien, tham phan
Thong ttn Khoa hoc xa h&i. so 6.2019 cung la mdt con ngudi, va nhftng thu hg
quyet dinh lien quan rat Idn den con ngudi.
Vi vay, tham phan can den sue manh cua td chuc de ddi phd vdi nhftng ap lyc hoac ham mudn vat chat cd the cd trong cdng viec. Tu phap ddc lap, vdi nghia nay, la mgt yeu td cua viec thiet lap td chiic noi ma hoat dgng tu phap dien ra. Tuy nhien, ddc lap td chiic la mdt gia tri phiie tap bdi nd la cdng cu de theo dudi mgt gia tti khac, gia tti nha nudc phap quyen hoac gia tti Hien phap.
Tom Bingham (2000: 57) ciing cho rang, cd hai each tiep can ve tti' phap ddc lap. Cach tiep can thii nhat tap trang vao sy dge lap ciia ca nhan tham phan trong cdng viec hang ngay cua viec xet xft. Cach tiep can thii hai coi sy dge lap khdng chi cua rieng ca nhan tham phan raa cdn la sy dge lap cua quyen tu phap nhu ragt nhanh ddc lap cua quyen luc nha nudc.
Theo Lord Browne-Wilkinson (1998:
57), tham phan d nghia rdng cua dge lap, quyet dinh va trayen tai khdng nhftng phan quyet tu phap cudi cimg ma cdn la nen hanh chfnh - nen tang cho viec trayen tai va hieu luc bat huge cua phan quyet.
Cdn tiieo Frank Cross (2003), ddc lap thudng dugc dinh nghia nhu su ty do hoac dugc lam bat ky dieu gi rainh mudn. Khia canh dau tien va quan trgng nhat cua dinh nghia tu phap dge lap lien quan ddn mgt he thdng, ttong dd cac tranh chap dugc giai quyet bdi mdt ben thii ba khach quan, nhung nd dan den cau hdi la khach quan vdi cai gi. Ddc lap dugc dinh nghia nhu su ty do tu cac quyen lyc ben ngoai, nhung tu phap ddc lap khdng thd la tuyet doi, bdi
"khdng ai la mdt dao hoang, tinh ttang ddc lap tuyet ddi la khdng thye te".
Cach hieu trayen thdng cua t u phap ddc lap cd lien quan ddn su ty do ciia tda
an tir su dieu khidn bdi he thdng quyen lyc nha nudc khac, nhu nhanh lap phap va hanh phap. Tda an toi cao My cho rang, thim phan la ngudi ddc lap tmdc bat ky su tac dgng nao cd the cd tii cac nhanh quydn lyc (US Supreme Court, 1980). Tuy nhien, tu phap ddc lap khdng cd nghia thara phan ddc lap vdi mgi su ban chd, ma dugc gidi han bdi su doc lap cua hanh vi tu phap.
Theo van kien Cdc nguyen tac ca bdn ve tinh ddc lap cita tda dn cua Lien Hgp Qudc, "Ti'nh ddc lap cua tda an cd nghia la tda an phai quyet dinh cac van de ragt each vd tu, khdng thien vi dua tten sy viec va theo luat phap raa khdng chiu nhirng han che, nhftng anh hudng khdng phu hgp, dy dd, sue ep, de dga hay can thiep sai ttai, true tiep hay gian tiep tit bat cu ragt ngudn nao hay vi bat cii ragt Iy do nao. Tda an phai cd quyen tai phan ddi vdi mgi van de cd tinh chat xet xir va phai cd quyen lyc rieng de quyet dinh xem radt van de dugc ttmh len tda an cd thudc thara quyen ciia tda theo nhu luat phap quy dinh hay khdng.
Khdng dugc can thiep khdng thda dang hay khdng cd Iy do xac dang vao qua trinh xet xu, cung nhu khdng dugc xet lai cac phan quyet cua tda an" (Lien Hgp Qudc, 1985).
Day cung la khai niem dugc su dung trong bai viet nay.
2. Quy dinh ve sy doc lap cua tda an d Nhat Ban
Didu 76 Hidn phap nam 1946 cua Nhat Ban quy dinh: "Toan bd quydn tu phap dugc teao cho Tda an tdi cao va cac tda an cac cap dugc thanh lap theo quy dinh cua phap luat. Khdng dugc thanh lap bat ky mdt tda an dac biet nao ciing nhu khdng mgt CO quan hanh phap nao dugc trao quydn tu phap cudi cimg". Dieu 81 Hien phap Nhat Ban quy dinh: "Tda an tdi cao la d p xet xu cao nhat vdi tham quydn xac dinh tinh
£}|^ Q^ti l^f) iiiiiii Mv>^ > 39
hgp hidn cua cac dao luat, sac lenh, quy tac hoac cac hanh vi cdng khac"'.
Nhu vay, vdi viec quy dinh quyen luc tu phap khong chi cd thira quyen ddi vdi cac vu viec dan sy va hinh sy ma cdn cd thara quydn xet xu cac teanh chap hanh chinh va xem xet tinh hgp hien eiia cac dao Iuat, tu phap dugc coi la "ngudi gac cdng cudi cimg"
ddi vdi cac quyen tu do ciia nhan dan, ngudi duy tti ttat tu phap Iy vdi dinh cao la Hien phap. Tuy nhien, khi tda an ra phan quyet mdt dao luat cy the nao dd vi hien thi dao luat dd khdng mac nhien bi coi la vd hieu.
Thay vao dd, tda an se giri phan quyet cua minh cho Ngi cac va Qudc hdi de ban hanh lai. Ngoai ra, cac quyet dinh chinh tti quan ttgng thudng khdng bi xem xet Iai bing con dudng tu phap (tda an). Cung vi vay ma ca quan tir phap hau nhu khdng can thiep dugc vao lich su chinh tri cua Nhat Ban (Nottage, Anderson, Ibusuki, Johnson, 2010: 467).
Khoan 3 Dieu 76 Hien phap Nhat Ban quy dinh "cac tham phan xet xtr ragt each ddc lap, theo luang tam, Hien phap va phap luat". Dieu 82 quy dinh "phien tda dugc xet xii cdng khai va ban an phai dugc cdng bd tiii tmdng hgp ngoai le do anh hudng ddn ttat ty cdng cgng hoac dao diic". Ddi vdi cac vu an chinh tti, bao chi, nhan quyen, tda an bugc phai xet xu cdng khai.
Trong qua ttmh xet xir, tham phan cd vai trd nhu mgt ttgng tai, cd quydn dua ra phan quyet cdng bang tren co sd bang chiing ma cdng td vien va luat su bao chfta dua ra. Dieu nay dugc bao dara tren nguyen tac loai tru dinh kidn, chi de trinh cao ttang. Cac tham phan cd nghTa vu chap hanh nghiem chinh quy dinh ve chdng dinh kien nham ngan ngua bat cii suy doan nao
tiordc khi xet xu. Ndi dung cao ttang dugc trinh Ien thim phan hit siic ngln ggn va cd dgng, chi bao gdm ten va nhftng thdng tin khac ve nhan than cua bi cao, nhirng sy kien cau thanh tdi pham bi tiny td, tdi danh.
Viec nam gift va xu ly tai lieu dieu tta dugc giao cho cdng td vien nhim teanh khong dd tham phan bi tac ddng bdi kdt qua didu tta trong viec ra phan quydt.
Trong giai doan xet xu, cdng td vien chiu trach nhiem chiing minh theo nguyen tac ttanh timg, chi de trinh cao ttang. Tit ca cac tai lieu va chiing cii thu thap dugc trong giai doan dieu tra do cdng td vien gift va lya chgn, ttinh Ien tda an vdi tu each la bing chiing theo quyet dinh cua cdng td vien.
Tda an chi xet xu tgi ttang cua bi cao tten CO sd quyet dinh tray td cua vien cdng td trinh bay tmdc phien tda. Cdng td vien cd quyen thay ddi, bd sung hoac nit quyet dinh tmy td tmdc va trong khi md phien tda. Tai phien tda, vide thay ddi, bd sung quyet dinh tmy td khdng dugc dan den viec thay ddi ve tdi danh, chi cd the khac ve thdng tin lien quan den quyet dinh hinh phat de dam bao quyen bao chua cua bi can, bi cao.
Ve mat ly thuyet, tda an cd quy6n xir tdi danh nhe ban tgi danh ma vien cdng td da tmy td, song tren tbyc te tda an van can cd su ddng y cua cdng td vien. Trong qua trinh chiing minh tai phien tda, khi xet thay can xu bi cao ve tdi danh nang hon thi cdng td vien se thay ddi cao trang, neu khdng tda se yeu clu cdng td vien lam viec nay. Trong tmdng hgp nay, tda an phai hoan phien tda dd tao dieu kien cho cdng td vien thay ddi cao teang va khdng gay hai den quyen bao chua cua bi cao^
Thii tuc xet xir dugc td chiic theo nguyen tic tranh tung. Theo Dieu 308, 311, ' DiSu 76 vk Dilu 81 Hiin phdp Nhdt Ban (Van
phong Qu6c hgi, 2009: 131, 133). ^ Bp ludt Td tung Hinh syNhdt Bdn, Dilu 312.
40 Thong Hn Khoa hgc xa h6i. s6 S.soia
351 Bd luat To tung hinh sy Nhat Ban, cdng td vien, luat su va bi cao cd quyen ttanh tyng ve bang chiing dua ra. Bi cao cd quyen gift im Iang ttong toan bd qua ttinh xet xir hoac tu chdi tta ldi nhftng cau hdi cd tinh chat rieng tu. Cac ben cd quyen bac bd viec kiem tta bang chiing, bac bd bien phap do tham phan chii tga dua ra. Cdng td vien hoac bi cao cd the khang cao. Tuy nhien, viec xet xu khdng cd su tham gia ciia Bdi tham doan, day la diem khac biet ciia td tung hinh su Nhat Ban so vdi md hinh td tyng xet xir tranh timg ciia M>*.
Ve viec bd nhiem, theo Dieu 79 Hien phap Nhat Ban, "viec bd nhiem tham phan Tda an tdi cao ciing phai dugc nhan dan xem xet tai cugc tuyen cu dau tien cac thanh vien Ha vien sau khi hg dugc bd nhiem. Cac cir tti ciing dugc quyen xem xet sau dd theo timg giai doan 10 nam"^
Tuy nhien, do cac thara phan Tda an tdi cao thudng dugc bd nhiem khi da gan den tudi nghi huu nen tten thuc te hau nhu khdng ap dyng quy dinh xem xet lai sau 10 nam.
Ngoai ra, cu tti hau nhu chua bao gid bd phieu bat tin nhiem tham phan Tda an tdi cao, cdn Ndi cac thi chua bao gid tu choi bd nhiem bat cir iing vien nao.
Ddi vdi tham phan tda an cac cap, Ndi cac la CO quan bd nhiem ciing vdi nhiem ky 10 nam. Ca tham phan Tda an tdi cao lin thara phan tda an cac cap deu dugc hudng luong va phu cap kha cao, dae biet la nhiing ngudi cd tham nien edng tac tu tira tmng ttd len va khdng bi cat giam trong thdi gian tai vi. Chang han, luong ciia Chanh an Tda an tdi cao cd the bang lucmg Thii tudng, luong ciia thara phan tda an tdi cao cd thd bang luong bd tmdng, luang cua thira
phan bing vdi luong ciia cdng to vien va cao hon luong ciia luat su (xem: http://ssm.
com/absttact=951622).
Day dugc coi la mdt kinh nghiera hay dd gdp phin lam cho t h i m phan yen tam cdng tac. Tuy nhien, cac thim phan phai lam viec rit nhidu va thudng phai luan chuydn ddn cac tda an khac nhau ttong sudt thdi gian cdng tac. Che do luong huu kha cao nhung cung kha phiic tap, dugc tinh tten CO sd thu nhap khi cdn lara viec va sd nam cdng tac. Day la mdt trong nhftng Iy do de giai thi'ch tai sao hau nhu khdng cd tham nhung ttong nganh tda an tai Nhat Ban tir sau chien ttanh den nay.
De dam bao tinh ddc lap cua nhanh quyen luc tu phap vdi cac nhanh quyen luc hanh phap, Dieu 78 Hien phap Nhat Ban quy dinh "tham phan khdng bi each chuc ngoai trii theo thu tyc dan hach^ hoac bi tda an tuyen bd khdng du nang lyc can thiet ve the chat de thye hien cdng viec. Khdng mdt CO quan nao trong nganh hanh phap cd the ap dung bien phap ky luat tham phan"^
Ve raat chinh thuc, thu tuc bai nhiem dugc quy dinh ttong Luat Bai nhiem thim phan nam 1947. Theo do, mdt Hdi ddng gdm 07 thanh vien tft mdi vien ciia Qudc hdi (nhung hanh ddng dge lap va khdng bi rang budc bdi quyet dinh ciia Qudc hdi) se giai quyet cac vu viec do Uy ban Cdng td ciia Qudc hdi dua ra theo khieu nai cua bat ky ca nhan nao. C o sd bai nhiem la hanh vi vi pham hoac bat can nghiem trgng va cu xu khdng diing lam anh hudng ddn quydn
' Hien phdp Nhdt Bdn, Di§u 79 (xem: Van phong Qu6c hoi, 2009: 132).
^ Dan hach (impeachment) la hoat dong ciia co quan lap phap xem xet viec bai nhiem chiic vu cua mot quan chiic nha nuoc voi nh&ng cao bupc vh nh&ng hanh vi sai trai (Theo: Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition, p. 755)
' Hiin phdp Nhdt Bdn, DiSu 78 (Van phong Qu6c hoi, 2009: 132).
lyc va uy tin cua tham phan (bat ke hanh vi dd xay ra teong hay ngoai thdi gian duong nhiem cua tham phan cd lien quan). Hdi ddng CO the quyet dinh bai nhiem hoac mien teach (thdng qua da sd 2/3). Cac bien phap ky luat khac thudc tham quyen eua Tda an tdi cao hoac Tda thugng tham.
Thim phan cung cd the bi tda an ky luat do vi pham hoac cd hanh vi bat can nghe nghiep, hanh vi cu xir khdng diing lam anh hudng den thanh danh cua tda an', nhung hien chua cd sd lieu ve van de nay.
Thay vi bi ky luat chinh thiic do cac hanh vi cu xu khdng diing, cac thara phan bat can ttong thuc hien nhiem vu thudng bi ky luat dudi hinh thiic khdng dugc de bat hoac bi thuyen chuyen den vi tei cdng tac kem hon.
Ve kinh phi hoat dgng cua nganh tda an, sau khi cd nghi quyet cua Dai hdi ddng tham phan, Tda an tdi cao se ttinh dy toan ngan sach hang nam (thu va chi) tryc tiep cho Ngi cac. Neu Ndi cae cat giara chi phi dy toan cua tda an thi Tda an tdi cao cd the yeu cau Ngi cac gift nguyen khdng cat. Ndi cac se cd ban trinh chi tiet ve cac khoan cat giam lien quan den cac khoan chi dy toan trong ngan sach thu chi va neu ro cac ngudn tai chinh can thiet de Qudc hdi toan quyen sua doi cac con sd trong hang muc ngan sach. Ngan sach cho boat dgng cua tda an cd thdi ky cao gap khoang 3 den 4 ian so vdi ngan sach cho Vien cdng td (Xem: http://homepage3.nifty, com/harueichousakai/).
Vdi nhftng quy dinh neu tten, trong thuc te, boat ddng cua tda an d Nhat Ban dugc nhieu hgc gia danh gia la ddc lap thuc thu(Ginsburg, 2014: 7;Nottage, Anderson, Ibusuki, Johnson, 2010: 559).
' Ludt Tda dn Nhdt Bdn, DiSu 49.
3. Mgt sd bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam Co thd thay, bao dam sy ddc lap ciia tda an dugc coi la ragt yeu clu c6 tinh then ehdt dS bao dam tinh chinh danh, chinh dang cua ndn tu phap d Nhat Ban va ciing la yeu cau tien quydt de cdng chiing dat niem tin vao sy tdn tai cua cdng ly, su nghiem minh va thugng tdn phap luat. De bao dam tda an ludn thuc su ddc lap ttong hoat ddng, Nhat Ban khdng chi coi ttgng vide bao dam su doc lap cua he thong tda an vdi cac nhanh quyen luc nha nudc khac trong qua trinh xet xii, ma cdn bao dam sy ddc lap cua timg thara phan trong qua trinh thye thi chiic trach cua rainh bing 3 ydu td quan trgng la: (1) ngudn bd nhiem, each thuc bd nhiem va nhiera ky dai ban (10 nam) cua thara phan; (2) bao dam che do dai ngg tuang xiing nhung rat cdng khai, minh bach ve tien luang va cac dieu kien Iam viec cho dgi ngu tham phan cung co che ky Iuat khach quan, cdng bang; va (3) bao dam tinh ddc lap nhat dinh cua timg tda an ttong viec quan ly cac cdng viec hanh chinh ndi bg. Viet Nam cd the tham khao nhirng kinh nghiera neu tren trong viec quy djnh va bao dam sy ddc lap cua he thdng tda an nhan dan eac cap ciing nhu su ddc lap cua thim phan trong qua trinh xet xu, trong dd, can chii trgng mdt sd ngi dung sau:
Thic nhdt, phai xay dyng mdt he thdng t h i m phan chuyen nghiep vd chuyen radn nghiep vu va phara chat dao diic, nhan each trong sang, cd tinh than diing cam dau tranh bao ve cdng ly, cd tinh than thugng tdn phap luat; ludn tuan theo le cdng bang;
cd trach nhiem vdi xa hgi. Mudn vay, viec tuyen chgn va bd nhiem tham phan phai that sy cdng khai, rainh bach, canh tranh va ngat ngheo, can md rgng ngudn de tuydn chgn.
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De cd dugc nhiing tham phan that sy cd nang lyc, can tuyen chgn tham phan khdng chi tir ddi ngu can bg tda an ma cdn tir ddi ngu cac chuc danh tu phap khac nhu didu tea vien, cdng td vien, luat su, kd ca nhftng Iuat gia da qua dao tao nghd tiilra phan nhung chua lara tham phan. Dd dugc lara tham phan, cac iing vien can ttai qua radt ky thi qudc gia nhara tao ra sy canh tranh lanh manh, binh dang. Can nghien ciiu tung budc chuyen tir che do xet tuyen tiiam phan d timg cap tda an hien hanh sang che do thi tuyen cap qudc gia. Ddng thdi, can cd ca che Iuan chuyen tham phan thudng xuyen, cdng khai cac tieu chuan phan cdng thara phan den cae tda an cu the (ca khu vyc dd thi ian nhirng khu vuc khac) ttong radt khoang thdi gian cu the. Cac thara phan phai thudng xuyen ttau ddi, nang cao ttinh do chuyen mdn nghiep vu va luon thuc thi cac quy tac dao ddc cua tham phan ttong qua trinh xet xir ciing nhu ttong cudc sdng hang ngay.
Thic hai, du doc lap de dara bao phan xu cdng bang, nhung tda an van phai chiu sy giam sat va cd trach nhiem giai ttinh.
Ve giara sat, can day manh viec hoan thien ca che giam sat cua co quan dan cu ddi vdi cdng tac xet xir: Can ddi radi phuang tbiic, ngi dung va pham vi giam sat cua Qudc hdi theo hudng Quoc hdi thye hien giam sat tdi cao ddi vdi hoat ddng ciia tda an nhung khdng lam thay doi edng viec xem xet, ket luan ve viec xet xu cac vu an cu the; khdng can thiep, ket Iuan viec xet xu sai/diing ciia tda an, cung khdng kien nghi ve tdi danh hay muc an cu thd. Viec giara sat ciia co quan dan cu can tap trung thye hien theo hinh thiic giam sat theo chuyen de, theo van de lien quan den cdng tac xet xft (nhu chuyen de an tteo hay van de tham nhiing...) nham
muc dich hd trg va tao didu kien cho tda an thye hien tdt cac chiic nang.
Vd trach nhiem ciia thira phan, de cd sy cdng bing, cln phai cd cac the che lam cho cac thim phan phai chiu ttach nhiem ve hanh ddng cua minh. Su dge lap cua tda an cln phai di cimg vdi co che teach nhiem giai trinh. Khi cac tham phan phai chiu teach nhiem vd nhung hanh ddng cua ramh, he thong tu phap se trd nen cd hieu qua hon va cac thira phan cd thd giai quyet cac vu kien mdt each nhanh chdng, cdng bang hon. Do dd, can cd quy dinh ro rang ve ttach nhiem ciia thim phan, kip thdi ddng vien va xir ly ky luat khi cd vi phara pham chat dao due hoac nang lyc xet xu yeu kem.
Thu ba, thay ddi ca che lap va tieu chi phan bd ngan sach cho hoat ddng xet xft. De ddc lap thuc hien chuc nang tu phap, tda an phai cd day dii ngan sach, neu khong tda an se khdng ed du ngudn lyc de bao dam thye hien quyen nang tu phap mgt each hieu qua, chu chua ndi den radt each ddc lap. Mdi tda an phai duge ty dy toan ngan sach hang nam, can cii vao nhu cau va dya vao nhftng tieu chi da dugc xae dinh. Didu nay se tao cho nidi tda an quyen ty chu va chiu ttach nhiem ve dy toan ngan sach cho hoat ddng ciia minh, Tda an tdi cao cd quyen ty chu va chiu ttach nhiem ve dy toan ngan saeh cua toan nganh tda an. Tieu chi phe duyet ngan sach cho hoat dgng xet xu phai dugc nghien ciiu va quy dinh khac so vdi cac tieu chi chung ve phan bd ngan sach hien nay (tinh tten diu bien chd). Hoat ddng xet xu la boat ddng dac thu, do dd, can nghien ciiu de xuit ngan saeh dua tten cac tieu chi nhu:
sd vu an xet xtr, diu bien chd, muc do chi phi d moi dia phuong,... Viec phan bd ngan sach phai khach quan, dua teen nhu clu va muc tieu thye su, khdng mang tinh dan trai, binh quan.
Sy ddc lap cua tda dn.. 43 Ket luan
Sy ddc lap cua tda an la nguyen tac hien djnh, la cdt ldi ciia quyen tu phap trong nha nudc phap quyen, cd vai tro dae biet quan ttgng ttong viec bao dam ti'nh tdi cao cua phap Iuat, dam bao sy can bang va kiem soat cac quyen lyc nha nudc va bao ve quyen con ngudi. Nhat Ban dugc danh gia la kha thanh cdng trong viec quy dinh va bao dam sy ddc lap cua tda an ttong thye thi boat ddng xet xu. Khdng the sao chep mdt each may mdc nhung Viet Nara cd the thara khao kinh nghiera cua Nhat Ban ve ca ehe tuyen chgn thara phan qua ky thi qudc gia cdng khai, rainh bach, canh ttanh va ngat ngheo; ve chinh sach dai ngd tham phan tuong xiing cimg vdi c a che giara sat, trach nhiem giai ttinh rainh bach, khach quan; ve co che ty chii va chiu ttach nhiera teong dy toan ngan sach cho hoat dgng ciia tung toa an eiing nhu ca he thdng tda an •
Tai lieu tham khao
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