Trao doi nghiep vu xs hm h<,c. sd 4 (MS). 2019 6?
NHAN DIEN NHOM NONG DAN MOI TRONG BOI CANH H O I N H A P V A C A C H MANG CONG NGfflEP 4,0
NGUYEN Dire CHIEN' Tom tat: Nhom nong ddn mai xudt hien ngay cdng nhieu & cdc vung nong thon Viet Nam ke tu khi bdt ddu Doi m&i. Su thdnh cong trong sdn xudt cua cdc nong ddn mdi khong chi lam thay doi thdn phan ngheo kho md con lam bien doi dien mao cuoc song cong dong nong thon theo hudng ngdy cdng hien dgi, vdn minh. Tuy nhien, con dudng phdt then cua nong ddn Vi^t Nam hien cung khong trdnh khoi bdt cap, thdch thicc, vd dat ra nhieu cdu hoi cdn nghien cuu lam ro. Bdi viet nhdn dien vi the, vai trd ngudi nong ddn mdi, chi ra mot so bdt cap, thdch thicc vd goi md hdm y chinh sdch cho Chuang trinh xdy dicng ndng thon mdi giai dogn 2021-2030, tgo ca hdi han niia de nong ddn mdi thich ung vai bdi cdnh hoi nhdp quoc te vd cdch mgng cdng nghiep 4.0; day nhanh qud trinh chuyen ddi ca cdu ngdnh nghe, som hodn thdnh muc tieu cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hoa nong nghiep, nong thdn nuac ta.
Tic khda: vi th§, vai tro, nhom nong dan moi, Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0.
Nhgn bdi: 2/10/2019 Gin phdn bien: 25/10/2019 Duy^t ddng: 10/12/2019
1. Boi canh
Cugc s6ng cua nguoi nong dan Viet Nam da co nhieu thay doi sau hon ba muoi nam thuc hien cong cuoc D6i moi va hoi nhap qu6c te o Viet Nam. Moi viing nong thon tren pham vi ca nuoc, dang dugc chitag IciSn su gia tang nhom nong dan moi (nong dan im tii) voi nhiSu mo hinh san xuSt, Idnh doanh gioi, tieu bilu lam ra cac mat hang nong, lam, thiy san c6 gid tri kinh tS cao phuc vu nhu clu ctia thi truong trong va ngoai nuoc.
DiSu ly thii la su thanh cong ciia nhom nong hg nay khong chi lam thay d5i than phan ngheo kho ma con lam biSn d6i dien mao cugc song cgng dong nong thon nuoc ta theo huong hien dai va van minh. Dat dugc nhung thanh qua nay la do Dang va Nha nuac quan tam kip thoi diSu chinh chinh sach nong nghiep, nong dan, nong thon. Nhin lai lich su chang ducmg phat triSn dit nuoc cho thdy, cac Van kien Dai hgi Dang Cgng san Viet Nam tir Dai hgi lln thu VII cho din l&i thii XII, Chi thi, Nghi quySt Hgi nghi Trung uong cac nhiem ky noi tren luon thS hien mgt chiSn luge nhit quan d6i voi nong nghiep, nong dan, nong thon; timg buoc xac dinh y nghia va tim quan trgng cua viec phat trien toan
' Vi^n Xa hpi hpc, Vi4n Han lam Khpa hpc x5 hpi Vi?t Nam,
68 Nhdn dien nhdm nong ddn mdi trong boi cdnh...
dien kinh te ndng thdn va xay dung ndng thdn mdi. ChSng han. Van kien Dai hpi X nhin manh: "Hidn nay va trong nhieu nam tdi, van de ndng nghidp, ndng dan, ndng thdn co tam chien luoc dac biet quan trong". Van kien Dai hdi X eung the hien quyet tam cua Dang nham "Day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ndng nghiep va ndng thdn, giai quyet ddng bd cac van de ndng nghiep, ndng thdn va ndng dan". Hdi nghj Trung ucmg Isin thd bay (khda X) ra Nghi quyet sd 26-NQ/TW, ngay 5 thang 8 nam 2008 xac dinh:
"Trong mdi quan he m^t thiet giua ndng nghiep, ndng d^n va ndng thdn, ndng dan la chu the cda qua trinh phat trien". Tai Dai hdi XII Dang ta nhan manh "Phat trien ndng nghiep va kinh te ndng thdn gin vdi xay dung ndng thdn mdi; xay dung nen ndng nghiep theo hudng san xu4t hang hda Idn, dng dung cdng nghe cao, n ^ g eao ehat luang san pham, dam bao an toan ve sinh thuc pham; nang cao gia tri gia tang; day manh xuat khau; cd chinh sach phu hgp dd tich tu, tap trung rudng dat (Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, 2016:24).
Cu thd hda Quan didm va Nghi quydt cua Dang ve phat trien ndng thdn, trong Chien luge phat trien kinh te-xa hdi 2011-2020 cdng nhan manh: Chuyen dich ca cSu ndng nghiep va ndng thdn theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, phat huy the manh cua tdng vung; phat tridn san xu4t ndng san hang hda cd chat luong va hieu qua; gan san xuat vdi thi trudng trong nude va thi trudng qudc te nham ndng cao hieu qua su dung tai nguyen (dat dai, nude, rdng, lao ddng va ngudn vdn); nang cao thu nhap tren mdt dan vi hecta dat canh tac, tren mot ngay cdng lao ddng; cai thien ddi sdng cua ndng dan; phat trien ben vdng cac lang nghe. Day nhanh ap dung tien bd khoa hpc, ky thuat va cdng nghe trong san xuat, che bien, bao quan, dac biet la dng dung cdng nghe sinh hpc dd tao nhieu gidng cay trdng, vat nudi va quy trinh san xuat dat nang suat, chat luong cao. Dieu chinh, bd sung quy hoach phat trien ndng, lam, ngu nghiep trong tdng vung kinh td va lien vung theo hudng phat trien ben vdng, gan san xuat vdi thi trudng, gan viing nguyen Ii?u vdi cdng nghiep che bien. Dac biet la Chuang trinh Muc tieu qude gia ve xay dung ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2010-2020 duac Chinh phu phd duyet cd muc tieu phat trien toan dien ndng thdn.
Cd the ndi, quan diem ve ndng dan trong tien trinh phat tridn kinh td-xa hdi dat nude la sir dot phat trong tu duy ly luan cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam. Ndi dung cot ldi cua Van kien dat ra nhiem vu lanh dao va quan ly dat nude phai khai day tinh than yeu nude, tu chu, ty luc tu cudng vuan len cua ndng dan va nhan manh tam quan trpng ciia viec nang cao trinh dp giac ngp va vi the chinh tri cua giai cip ndng dan, tao dieu kidn de ndng dan tham gia ddng gdp va hudng lai nhieu han trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa dat nirdc. Nhin lai lich sd cho thay giai cap ndng dan cd ddng gdp to Idn vao sir nghiep dau tranh bao ve thdng nhat td qudc. Trong bdi canh cdng nghiep hda, xay dung ndng thdn mdi ndng dan dang tiep tue ddng gdp vao sy: tang trudng va phat trien kinh te-xa hdi. Tuy nhien, con dudng phat trien cua ndng dan Viet Nam hien nay ciing khdng tranh khdi bSt cap, thach thdc, nhSt la trong bdi canh hdi nhap va each mang cdng nghiep 4.0. Cau hdi dat ra la vi thd, vai trd cua ngudi ndng dan mdi dang thd hien nhu the nao? Hudng phat diin cua ndng dan da theo dung quan diim trong Van kien Dang, Chien lupc phat trien kmh tl-xa hdi, va muc tieu Dai hdi Hdi Ndng dan Vi?t Nam nhiem ky 2018-2023? Cdn
Nguyen Due Chien 69
bd sung luan diem va dinh hudng nao de day manh phat triln tam ndng d nude ta? Nhung bat cap, thach thdc nao dang chi phdi su phat trien eua ndng dan mdi? Dua vao ngudn tu lieu thu cap, bai viet nhan dien vi the, vai trd ngudi ndng dan mdi', gan vdi ket qua dat dupe trong xay dung ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2010-2020; bai vilt cung chi ra mot sd bit cap, thach thdc va goi md quan diim va giai phap nhim tilp tue hoan thien chinh sach phuc vu Chucmg trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2021-2030, tao ca hpi han nua de ndng dan mdi phat trien thich dng vdi bdi canh hdi nhap qude tl va each mang 4.0.
2. Co* sd ly luan v€ cac hinh thai xa hoi nong dSn
Trudc khi lam rd vai trd nhdm ndng dan mdi trong bdi canh hien nay, chung tdi mudn ban thao mdt sd luan diem ve hinh thai ndng dan. Diem luan cho thiy nhung tranh luan ve ndng dan va hinh thai phat trien cac xa hdi ndng nghiep la chu de nghien cdu kinh dien trong gidi nghien euu qudc te. Cho den nay, cac hpc gia tren the gidi da cd nhieu nd lyc giai thich thuat ngd "ndng dan". Wolf (1955:456-462) khi phan tich vl ndng dan d chau My La-tinh da phan biet hai loai hinh edng ddng: "cpng ddng ndng dan phudng hdi"
va "cdng ddng md". Cdng ddng ndng dan phudng hdi la loai cdng ddng bao gdm chu yeu la ndng dan, mang tinh chat ddng kin vi nd thudng "cudng lai nhimg anh hudng td ben ngoai vdn cd the de dpa den sy toan ven cua nd". Trong khi do, ioai hinh cdng ddng md la cdng ddng hdi nhap tang ldp ndng dan vdi nhdng tang Idp xa hdi khac va vdi xa hdi tdng the ben ngoai thdng qua cac hoat ddng kinh te-xa hdi da dang; cdng ddng nay chu trpng den nhirng mdi quan he tuong tac vdi the gidi ben ngoai va gan lien cac ngudn thu nhap cua minh vdi nhdng nhu eau td the gidi ben ngoai. Trai ngupc vdi loai cpng ddng ddng phudng hdi khep kin, loai cdng ddng md "chap nhan va ky vong tich liiy cua ca nhan va viec phd bay sy giau cd". Wolf nhan manh rang "tinh chat cua xa hpi ben ngoai la nhan td quy dinh chu ylu ngay td dSu" doi vdi sy hinh thanh cua mdt cdng ddng md. Dya tren quan diim nay Wolf da phan biet giua "ndng dan" (peasant) va "nha ndng" (farmer).
Ndng dan la ngudi chu ylu "nham den muc tieu sinh tdn, chd khdng phai tai dau tu", va thudng giu lai phin Idn ndng san, ngoai trd sd ndng san ra thi trudng (Din theo Tran Huu Quang, 2018:53).
Dilu nay duac Redfield (1989:18) nhan manh them, coi boat ddng ndng nghiep cua ndng dan la mdt sinh kl va la mot ldi sdng, chd khdng phai la mot hoat ddng kinh doanh vi loi nhuan. Trong khi do, nha ndng la ngudi "coi hoat ddng ndng nghiep la mdt doanh nghiep", va muc tieu cua dng ta khdng phai la sinh tdn, ma la tai dau tu (Wolf, 1955:454).
Vdi quan diim rdng md han, Ellis (2000:10) cho ring ndng dan (peasants) la nhung ngudi "chi hdi nhap mdt phin vao nhdng thi trudng khdng day du". Ong cung mudn phan biet giOa ndng dan vdi nha ndng vdn la ngudi hoan toan hdi nhap vao nhung thi trudng
' Vj th^ don gian chi c6 nghTa la vi tri ma mpt nguai chiem gifi trong cau tnic xa hoi; vi the kinh te-xa hoi c6 gang phan loai cac ca nhan. gia dinh, hay hp gia dinh duoi dang chi bao nhu nghe nghiep, thu nhap va hpc van (Marshall, 2010: 656-657). Vai tro nhin manh nhirng ky vpng xa hpi gSnyoi nh&ngvithe hay vi tri nhdt dinh trong xa hpi (Marshall, 2010 639). Nhom, th^ he nong dan moi la nguoi co nang luc quan ly va ky nang san xu5t chuyen nghiep, dap iing nhu ciu ngay cang cao ciia thj truang (Hpi Nong dan Viet Nam, 2018:8). Trong nghien cuu nay, vi the, vai tro nhom nong dan mai the hien trong cac hoat dpng kinh te, xa hpi, van hoa cr c6ng dong nong thon.
70 Nhgn dien nhom nong ddn mai trong boi cdnh..
van hanh mdt each day du. Nhu vay, xet ve mat nao do, ndng dan la ngudi d vao vi tri qua dp giua ngudi so khai (primitive) va nha ndng (farmer) hieu theo nghTa cua Redfield (1953) va Wolf (1955). Ngudi sa khai la ngudi sdng hoan toan tu cip ty tdc trong nhung cdng ddng biet lap vdi the gidi ben ngoai; cdn ndng dan la ngudi tuy cd san xuat hang hda nhung chua thoat ban ra khdi tinh trang ty cap ty tijc va sdng trong nhirng cdng ddng ndng thdn cd mdi lien he vdi thanh thi; va nha ndng la ngudi cd mdc dp san xuat hang hda cao theo nhu cau cua thi trudng, coi rupng dat la hang hda, biet tai dau tu vao ndng nghiep, va khdng cdn sdng phu thudc vao mdt cdng ddng dia phuang nua (dan theo Tran Hdu Quang, 2018:53). Mdt sd luan diim tren da khai quat hda cac hinh thai xa hdi ndng dan trai qua nhieu giai doan, td ndng dan trong xa hpi sa khai, qua ndng dan thdi ky dau cua san xuat hang hda, va ndng dan san xuat hang hda cao theo nhu cau cua thi trudng.
Gidi khoa hpc Viet Nam da cd mdt vai nd lyc lam ro cac hinh thai ndng dan hay ta ndng hd trong phat trien ke td sau Ddi mdi den nay. Dya tren ket qua cac cupc dieu tra ndng ho td nam 1989 tdi nam 1992 cua Vien Khoa hpc Ndng nghiep Viet Nam tai mpt sd dja ban tren ca nude, Dao Thi Tuan (1995, 1999) da tien hanh phan cac ndng hp dya tren mdt sd dac trung kinh te chu yeu, vdi ba loai hinh ndng hd chinh: a) ndng hd chi du an, tdc la ty cap tu tue (trong dd gdm ba tieu loai: loai hd thieu an, loai ho thieu vdn san xuat, loai hd du vdn nhung muc tieu san xuat la chi du an); b) loai ndng hd san xuat vua de an, vua de ban thi trudng; c) loai ndng hp chu yeu san xuat hang hda de ban ra thi trudng.
Trong khi do, Td chdc World Agriculture Watch (2014:1-2) dya vao dd lieu khao sat mdc sdng dan cu nam 2010 va cupc Tdng dieu tra ndng thdn, ndng nghiep va thuy san nam 2011 cua Tdng eye Thdng ke, da phan ndng hd Viet Nam ra nam nhdm: ndng hd ban sinh tdn, ndng hd hudng den thi trudng, ndng hd san xuat hang hda d mdc trung binh, ndng hd san xuat hang hda d mdc cao, ndng hd san xuat hang hda d mdc rat cao (dan theo Tran Huu Quang, 2018:53).
Cd the thay mdt qua trinh phan hda ro ret trong ndng dan Viet Nam tu sau Ddi mdi den nay. Trong ndi nhdm ndng dan cdng dang trong qua trinh phan hda ra cae tieu nhdm, tuy theo tinh chat, quy md va phuang thdc san xuat. Quan sat xa hdi ndng thdn cho thay tinh hinh di bien ddng nghe cung dang dien ra manh trong ndi nhdm ndng dan, ngudi di ddng sang cac nghe kinh doanh, dich vy, ngudi thoat ly khdi ndng thdn, di lam va dinh cu d cac khu cdng nghiep, thanh phd. Day la xu hudng tat yeu trong qua trinh phat trien cua tat ca cac qudc gia. Ve mat ly luan, cung nhu cac giai tang khac, ndng dan khdng bien mat ma cd sy chuyen hda can ban. Cac phan tich sau day se lam ro vi the, vai trd nhdm ndng dan mdi va bat cap, thach thdc dang dat ra trong phat trien ndng thdn.
3. Sv the hien vj the, vai trd ndng dan mdi trong hoat ddng kinh te-x3 hdi d mot so dia phuong trong bdi canh hoi nhap va Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0
Khi ban ve vj the, vai trd ndng dan cin bao quat vi the, vai trd trong cac hoat ddng kinh tl, xa hdi, chinh tri, van hda. Trong ndng thdn Viet Nam truyen thdng, nIn san xudt chu yeu ddc canh cay Ida gan vdi chan nudi nhd le. Vdi md hinh san xuat nay ndng dan chi san xuit ra cac san phim phuc vu cho nhu ciu tieu dung cua chinh ndng hd, khdng cd du thua dl trao ddi ra thi trudng. Cac mdi quan he xa hdi cung chi gidi ban trong pham vi
Nguyen Due Chien 71
cdng ddng; td chuc chinh trj hoat ddng mang tinh ty quan, ty di; va van hda mang ban sac cdng ddng (Nguyin Hdng Phong, 1978; Trin Dinh Hupu, 1996; Nguyin Van Huyen, 2003 [1939]; Trin Td, 1984; Trin Ngpc Them, 2001). Td khi Ddi mdi (1986), dac biet la trien khai Chuang trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi (2010), hoat ddng san xuit, cac quan he cdng ddng va khdng gian xa hdi ndng thdn trong ddng thai chuyin ddi (Bui Quang Dung va Dang Thi Viet Phuang, 2011; Mai Van Hai va Ngd Thi Thanh Quy, 2011; Nguyen Thi Minh Phuang, 2011; Nguyin Ddc Chien, 2015).
Vi the, vai tro mai trong ma rong quy mo vd phuang thuc sdn xudt, kinh doanh Xu hudng ndng dan san xuat theo hudng hang hda diin ra manh td sau Ddi mdi (1986), tuy nhien sy phat triln manh han khi Nha nude ban hanh Luat Dit dai (2013), Luat Hap tac xa (2012), Chuang trinh Xay dyng Ndng thdn mdi (2010) va cac chinh sach hd trp vdn, may mdc, ky thuat. Qua trinh nay da pha vd thi ddc canh cay lua cung cac hinh thdc nudi trdng nhd le ty cung tu cap sang da dang hda md hinh nudi trdng vdi quy md Idn, cd tinh thuang mai va cdng nghiep. Thdi gian qua xuit hien nhilu md hinh san xuat ciia ndng dan mdi dem lai hieu qua kinh te cao d cac dia phuang, vung miin tren ca nude (...). Thyc te, cdn rat nhieu md hinh ndng dan san xuit hieu qua, khdng chi nang cao thu nhap cho gia dinh ma cdn tao viec lam cho nhilu lao ddng tai dja phuong duac bao chl de cap nhieu trong thdi gian qua.
Cd the nhan thay, sau hon ba muoi nam Ddi mdi, va sau gan 10 nam chuang trinh ndng thdn mdi, phat trien ndng nghiep dat nhieu thanh qua kinh te. Md hinh san xuat ndng, lam nghiep quy md Idn theo phuang thdc san xuat hang hda ciia ndng dan mdi dang diin ra rat manh d cac vung ndng thdn. Viec tai co cau nganh ndng nghiep, dua cay trdng cd tinh chit thuang pham va gia tri cao, da nhanh chdng thdc day ndng nghiep trd thanh nganh san xuat hang hda va dua ndng nghiep trd thanh nganh san xuat chii lyc trong nen kinh te. Viet Nam trd thanh cudng qudc ve xuat khau ndng san, kim ngach xuat khau ndng san 2018 dat ky luc hon 40 ty USD (https://www.nhandan.com.vn). Md hinh san xuat ndng nghiep hieu qua kinh te cao lan tda khap cac vung mien cua dat nude nhu: lua tap trang d Ddng bang sdng Cdu Long, mien Ddng Nam Bd; rau, qua, dau do, nhat la cac cay trdng cdng nghiep, nhu ca phe, cao su, tieu, dieu, cay dupe lieu d cac dja phuang thudc khu vyc Tay Nguyen; nudi trdng thuy san d cac dja phuang Tay Nam Bd va Duyen hai mien Trung.
Mdt nhdm ndng dan uu tu trong san xuat dang hinh thanh d ndng thdn, tham gia khai thac the manh va tiem nang ndng nghiep, ddng gdp dn dinh kinh te, tang tnrdng GDP qudc gia. Sy phat trien nay trong thdi gian qua khdng chi dam bao an ninh luang thyc ma cdn xuat khau, ddng gdp tang trudng kinh te ndng nghiep, giai quyet nhieu van de xa hdi nhu thiiu viec lam, that nghiep, di cu ndng thdn-dd thi. Cac md hinh san xuat nay da lam thay ddi can ban vj the, vai trd kinh te ciia ndng dan. Tuy nhien, van cdn khdng it bat cap, thach thdc dang dat ra trong qua trinh phat triln ciia ndng dan mdi hien nay.
Vi the, vai trd mai trong ma rong mgng luai quan he xd hoi
Trong ndng thdn truyen thdng, phuang thdc san xuat lac hau, ndng dan giao dip chu yeu vdi mdi trudng ty nhien, cac quan he xa hdi chu yeu trong ndi nhdm nhd, va lao
72 Nhdn dien nhom nong ddn mdi trong boi cdnh...
ddng ddi cdng d pham vi cdng ddng. Khi md hinh san xuit quy md Idn va mang tinh hang hda ra ddi thi tat yeu tao lap mang ludi quan he mdi d ndng thdn. Tu khi thyc hien cac chinh sach Ddi mdi den nay, quan he san xuat, quan he xa hdi cua ndng dan mdi khdng chi dung lai d pham vi ndi nhdm giua cac thanh vien gia dinh, ddng hp, cdng ddng lang xa ma tao lap nhieu mdi quan he ngoai nhdm ra ngoai cdng ddng, tham ehi md rdng mang ludi quan he trong va ngoai nude. Hien nay, ndng dan mdi cung it lam viec d mdi trudng ty nhien, td bd thdi quen san xuat dua vao kinh nghidm "trdng trdi, trdng dat, trdng may", tiep nhan tien bp khoa hpc, cdng nghe mdi va lam viec trong mdi trudng nhan tao. Ngudi ndng dan mdi cung la nhan vat trung tam trong hoat ddng quan he vdi nha khoa hpc, nha quan ly, nha doanh nghiep va cac chu the khac nhu ngan hang tin dyng v.v. Md rdng quy md san xuat va cung cap hang hda ra thi trudng d5 hinh thanh cac doanh nghiep san xuat ndng nghiep. De dap dng nhu cau hang hda cung cap cho thi trudng, nhieu ndng hd, doanh nghiep phai thue them nhan cdng khac la ngudi khdng thudc quan he huyet thdng, cdng ddng vao lam viec theo hinh thdc tra luang ngay, luang thang nhu mdt nhan vien cda doanh nghiep. Thyc te nay dang sap xep phan cdng lai lao ddng va xae lap mdi quan he xa hpi mdi giua chu va ngudi lao ddng trong ndng nghiep.
Nghien cdu cua Nguyen Due Chien (2018) ve "Mang ludi xa hdi trong phat trien kinh te hd gia dinh ndng thdn Ddng bang sdng Hdng thdi Ddi mdi" cho thay nhdm ndng hd md rpng cac mdi quan he san xuat ra ngoai cdng ddng, lien ket ngoai nhdm vdi chu the ngoai dia phuang, va cac ddi tac nude ngoai. Sy lien ket nay the hien d cac khau trong quy trinh san xuat ndng nghiep. Thyc sy day la qua trinh td chdc va tai sap xip phan cdng lao dpng xa hdi d khu vyc ndng thdn va toan xa hdi trong khung canh ehung cua tien trinh thi trudng hda, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda. Day la xu hudng tat yeu cua xa hdi cdng nghiep va chuyen mdn hda ngay cang sau rdng. Ro rang la trong tien trinh phat triln nay ndng dan khdng dam chan tai chd, hay tieu vong ma phat triln thanh mdt nhdm xa hdi mdi vdi vi the, vai trd va mang ludi quan he xa hdi md rdng va da dang trong bdi canh xa hdi hdi nhap. Tuy nhien, khdng it bat cap va thach thdc dat ra trong qua trinh md rdng mang ludi quan he xa hdi eiia ndng dan.
Vj the, vai tro mai phdt trien, bdo ton vdn hoa vd moi truang tir nhien Cac nha nghien cdu van hda quan niem rang van hda la cac san phim do con ngudi tao ra, gdm cd van hda vat chat va tinh than. Hay theo quan diem khac, van hda la he thdng cdng trinh, kien true, gia tri, chuin myc, bieu tuong va dng xd cua cdng ddng (Doan Van Chuc, 1997; Mai Van Hai, Mai Kiem, 2003). Van hda mang dac tinh cua xa hdi va dac diem cua mdi trudng ty nhien va sinh thai (Trin Ngpc Them, 2001). Nhiing san pham van hda nay da dupe gin giu va truyen thu qua nhilu the he va tao nen ban sic van hda trong mdi cpng ddng ndng thdn. Cdn mdi trudng ty nhien la cac thanh td tai nguyen dat, nude, khdng khi va he mdi trudng sinh thai d dia phuang. He mdi trudng ty nhien va sinh thai ndng thdn da duac bao the he ngudi Viet nudi dudng duy tri theo sudt chieu dai lich sd phat trien cua dan tdc.
Nhdng cdng trinh, cac gia tri van hda va mdi trudng ty nhien sinh thai d ndng thdn dang bj tac ddng trong bdi canh do thi hda, cdng nghiep hda, toan ciu hda. Qua
Nguyen Due Chi$n 73
trinh thi trudng hda, cdng nghiep hda va dd thi hda lam thay ddi ca sd v|t chat, didu kien sdng cua ngudi dan nong thdn. C) cac vdng ndng thdn phat trien, ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cda ndng dan da cd mpt budc tiln manh tiem can vdi trinh dp cua cac dd thi, th|m chi cd the vupt bdi dam bao cac tiSu chi mdi trudng va giao thdng. Dieu nay cho thiy cac van dl dan tri, dan khi, dSn sinh (tam dSn) dat trong qua trinh phdt tri6n dang di diing hudng. Ngudi dan da cd nhiing ca sd vat chat de thuc hien quyen Iam chd dung vdng tren hai chan cua mdt ca nhan ty do, cua mot cdng dan hien dai.
Nguac lai chinh ca sd v$t chat, tinh than va ldi sdng thanh thi dang gdp phan hien dai hda ldi sdng ndng dan.
Viec ndng dan mdi d cac dia phuang phat trien md hinh san xuat, kinh doanh ndng nghiep khdng chi tao vide lam, nSng cao nang xuat lao ddng ma cdn gdp phan gin gid, va hien dai hda cac cdng trinh, gia tri, chuSn myc, bidu tupng van hda ndng thdn. Tren khap ca nude, nhieu cdng ddng ndng thdn dang dien ra phong trao khdi phyc van hda cd truyin, cac cdng trmh van hda nhu den, dinh, chua, mieu va nghi le van hda; xay dung ca sd h£i ting nhu nha van hda, dudng lang ngo xdm. Dieu dang quan tam la nhieu ndng dan mdi da ty nguyen ddng gdp t^ san va tien bac cho hoat ddng nay. Ben canh dd, sy phat trien ciia ndng hp ciing gdp phan han che ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va sinh thai dang bi can kiet, huy ho^u va xam lin cua do thi va cdng nghiep hda. Giam thieu cac xich mieh, xung dot vl dit dai do qua trinh thu hdi dit phat tridn do thi va cac khu edng nghiep xdy ra gin day. Dilu quan trpng nda la sy phat trien nay ve ca ban cung sg bao tdn va gin gift duac cac cdng trinh van hda, cac gia tri, chuan myc trong cdng ddng ndng thdn. Han the, viec phat triln cac md hinh san xuat, kinh doanh ndng nghiep vdi cac ndng san pham cd gia tri dupe xuit khiu khdng chi mang ve Ipi nhuan kinh te ma cdn ddng gdp vao viec quang ba san pham ndng nghiep gan vdi dac trung van hda Viet Nam ra thi trudng trong nude va qudc tl. Day la hudng san xuat mdi ma chi cd ngudi ndng dan trong thdi ky hdi nhdp lam dupe. Tuy nhien, khdng it bat cap va thach thdc lidn quan den phat trien, bao tdn van hda va mdi trudng ty nhien ndng thdn cdng dang dat ra.
Vi thi, vai tro hinh thanh khong gian mai vd hien dgi hoa nong thon
Sy phat triln kinh tl ndng nghi?p theo hudng thi trudng hda, edng nghiep hda gdp phin hinh thanh nhdm ndng ddn mdi gidu cd la cac chu co sd sdn xuit cac mat hang ndng lam thuy hai sdn cd gia tri kinh tl cao. Trong thdn lang khdng chi Id tap hpp cua ndng dan ngheo khd, ma cd sy hien dien cua nhdm ndng dan thanh dat, gan vdi cac md hinh sdn xuit, nhd d vd cupc sdng hi?n dai. Thyc tiln ndy cd thi nhin thiy rd d cac dia phuang tren ca nude, ndng ddn mdi dang Id chu thi 1dm thay ddi khdng gian cdng ddng xa hdi ndng thon. Nhieu vung ndng thdn khd khan hudc day nhu Tay Nguyen cimg dang hinh thdnh nhilu budn lang ndng dan sdn xuit cd phe, dilu, ca cao, rau qud va hoa mau; hay md hinh ndng ddn trdng vdi thieu d Luc Ngan, Bic Giang, v.v....
Sy phat triln cdng nghi9p va dich vu d ndng thdn thuc diy sy hinh thanh thj tu, thi trin vd lam thay ddi ldi sdng theo hudng hien dai hda ndng thdn truyen thdng. Cung vdi qua trinh thj trudng hda, cdng nghiep hda vd do thi hda, quan he kinh te-xa hdi trong cac thdn lang dupe d^t vdo khimg khd the che, phap luat cua xa hdi dan chd va nha nude phap
74 Nhgn di$n nhdm ndng ddn m&i trong boi cdnh...
quyen; Dd cung Id tap hpp eua xa hdi cdng nghidp, xa hpi dan chu: ngudi dan la cdng dan cua xa hpi cdng nghidp - dan chu.
Cung vdi sy phat trien kinh te, va sy phdt tridn ket cau ha ting, ndng thdn thay ddi nhdng ca sd, dieu kien sdng, pha va khdng gian sdng truyen thdng. Cd the khdng gian sdng khdp kin, chat hep vd ngheo khd da khdng cdn thich hpp vdi xa hpi thi trudng hda, cdng nghiep hda, hien d^ hda va dd thi hda. Bdi vay, trong thdn lang da dien ra mdt sy thay ddi khdng gian sdng ciing nhu thay ddi Idn ket cau ha tang va cau true nhd cda. Cd the ndi, thdn Idng dang trong qua trinh dd thi hda trd thdnh nhdng "dd thi mini", phan anh sy xich gdn lai gifta ndng thdn vd thdnh thi.
Nhitng bdt cap, thdch thicc dgt ra vdi nhom nong ddn mdi
Nhung nam gin day, ndng nghiep duac ddnh gid Id nganh cd tang trudng manh, song sy phat trien ndi tai nganh nay van chua tuong xung vdi tiem nSng ddt nude. Cho den hien nay, ndng nghiep van la khu vyc it thu hut dau tu hon so vdi cdc khu vuc kinh te boat ddng tai do thi vd cdc khu vuc kinh te khac. Khdng it bang chung cho thdy ndng dan vdn khdng phai la thdnh phan hudng Ipi chd yeu td cac thdnh qud Doi mdi.
Hoat ddng chuyin giao khoa hpc ky thudt trong ndng nghidp diin bien sdi ddng d cac dia phuong, song han che chat lupng nhan lyc (hoc vdn, tri thdc vd duy tri tap quan, thdi quen sdn xuat cu) nen viee ap dung tien bd khoa hpc ky thuat khdng dupe triet de.
Cdng nghS bdo qudn, che bien san pham chua cd sy dot pha nham nang cao gid tri ndng sdn. Mat khac, sy phdt trien khoa hpc ky thuat ndng nghiep d nude ta thdi gian qua rit cham, boat ddng san xuat cua ndng dan mdi phu thupc qua nhieu vdo ngudn gidng gen cay con cua nude ngodi, mdt sd gidng cay con du nhap ben ngodi cd hieu qua kinh tl thip Iam phuang hai mdi trudng sinh thai, trong khi cdc gidng cay con ban dia cd gia tri ciia nhieu dia phuang chua dupe coi trpng bdo tdn vd phat trien.
Hien tuang mdt sd nong hd tien hanh sdn xuat vdn qua coi trpng Ipi nhuan trudc mat, bat chap mpi thu doan md tien hdnh boat ddng san xuat gay d nhiem, huy hoai mdi trudng, hoac sdn xuat ra nhdng hang hda kem chat lupng, lam phuong hgi den sue khde va niem tin cua ngudi tieu diing. Ben canh dd, nhiing dien bien phuc tap ciia bidn ddi khi hau nhu nude bien dang, bao lu lut; hay nan dich benh trong nudi trdng xay ra thudng xuyen nhu dich ta Ion chau Phi, dich benh ciia tdm ca, v.v... Tkih hmh kinh te-chinh tri thi gidi, dac bidt id cuoc chien thuang mai My-Trung dang de dpa hoat ddng san xuat cua ndng dan mdi.
Mac dii ndng dan mdi budc dau thyc hien cac ket ndi trong sdn xudt, tieu thu ndng sdn ra thi trudng trong vd ngodi nude, song qua trinh nay cung dang gap khdng it bat cap, kien thuc thi trudng, hieu biet phdp luat qudc te, dac bi^t Id viec giai quyet lai ich gida cac ben cung nhu sy phdi hpp thieu ddng bd giua cac nha khiln cho tinh ben viing khdng cao. Khdng it ndng dan han che kinh nghiem sdn xuat, manh mun, khdng ddm bao dupe chat lugng sdn pham, hoac vi Ipi ich trudc mdt md pha va hpp dong, khien mdi lien ket gida doanh nghiep vd ndng dan bj tan va; khdng it md hinh hpp tac xa vd td hop tac di vdo hoat ddng nhung thiiu nang lyc quan ly, khiln md hinh chuoi sdn pham khdng thi thanh cdng.
Nguyen Due Chi$n 75
Thdi gian qua, Chinh phu vd ngdnh ndng nghiep ban hanh nhieu chinh sach mdi (hS tra vay von, trp gid mdy mdc phuang tien san xuat, cdc mat hang diu vao vd dau ra cua ndng nghiep, v.v...), tuy nhi6n kit qud sdn xuit cda nhilu noi chua diing mong dpi cua xa hdi. Cdng tac phdi hap t^o ngudn vdn vay giup ndng ddn phdt triln kinh tl, van ddng ndng dan diy manh phat triln cdc hinh thuc kinh tl tdp thi, hpfp tac, lien kit sdn xuit vd tung budc hinh thanh cdc vung sdn xuat hang hda phuc vu nhu ciu thi trudng cdn bat cap.
Tinh trang "dupe mua mat gia, dupe gia mdt mua" vdn tilp dien, dilu ndy phdn dnh quy hoach san xuat chua tdt vd phuang thuc san xuat tieu ndng cdn tdn tai.
Cac chinh sach lien quan nhu Luat Ddt dai timg budc trao quyen chu ddng cho ndng ddn ddi vdi rupng dat, va cai each thu tue hanh chinh trong viec md rpng phdt triln sdn xuit. Tuy nhien, thuc te nhieu noi van tdn t£U khdng it cac rao can lien quan den chuyen ddi sd dyng rupng dat, rao can phap ly, chEim tre td phia cdc td chuc chinh quyen dja phuang trong viec gidi quylt thu tyc giay td phat huy quyen ty chu cua ndng ddn doi vdi mong ddt.
Ndng dan Viet Nam da cd nhieu thay d^i td truyin th6ng, trdi qua chien tranh, tham gia ndn kinh te ke hoach, den thdi Doi mdi vd hdi nhdp qudc te. Trong truyen thdng, ndng dan la nhung ta diin cd vi the xa hpi thap kem phu thupc vdo dia chd vd cudng hdo, sdn xuit nhd, ty cung, tu cip, quan hd xa hdi d pham vi h?p trong cpng ddng thi ngdy nay hp la nhdng nhdn vat xa hdi mdi trong cdng ddng, hay ndi each khdc Id nhdm ndng dan uu tu trong cpng ddng. Hp dang ciing vdi gia dinh md rdng khdng gian quan h? xa h^i ra ben ngoai, ty chd thyc hien nhilu md hinh sdn xuat, nhu nudi trdng thdy san, ehdn nudi gia sue, gia cim, uam trdng cdc lo^ cay ndng cdng nghiep cd gia tri kinh te cao. Dieu dang quan tam la phuang thdc va md hinh sdn xuat cua hp khdng cdn dya vdo lao ddng co bap ma chuyen sang dng dyng thdnh tyu khoa hpc kj? thudt (ca gidi hda, ty dpng hda, cdng nghe cao), sdn xuit hdng hda theo hudng phuc vu nhu cdu thi trudng. Hp cung Id chu the quan trpng trong viec bao tdn, phat triln vd qudng ba loai hinh van hda truyin thdng ra ben ngoai cdng dong.
Cdng cupc Ddi mdi vd hdi nhgip qudc tl nhirng thap ky vda qua dd md rOng ca hpi dl ndng ddn vuan len thoat ngheo, trd thdnh nhdn v|it xa hoi mdi, dam nhEin vi thi vd vai trd chinh ddi vdi chuyin doi ca ciu nganh nghi, ciu true kinh tl, khdng gian xd hpi ndng thdn hi?n dai. Nhin lai ch|ng dudng phat triln vda qua cho thiy cd su thay ddi vl chit tu ndng ddn tilu ndng sang ndng ddn th; trudng, cdng nghiep hda. Su chuyin biln cda nen nong nghiep cung chinh Id su chuyin biln cua ndng thdn va bdn thdn ndng dan nude ta, trong do cd ddng gdp rdt Idn cua ngudi ndng ddn mdi hidn nay.
Nhin lai Uch sd cho thiy sy biln ddi vl chit td ngudi ndng ddn vdi tinh cdch Id nhiing cd nhdn cd than phan kinh tl-xa hpi thip kem, duac giai phdng khdi cac quan h? 1^
thupc bdi dia chu, phong kiln dl trd thanh con ngudi tu do, thanh cdng dan ty chu trong san xuit kinh doanh vd khoa hpc ky thudt. Nhdm ndng ddn mdi dang gid vi thi, vai trd rit quan trpng, hp xiing dang Id nhdn v^t dau tau trong cac hoat ddng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hpi va van hda d cpng ddng ndng thdn trong bdi cdnh hdi nhap.
76 Nhdn dien nhom nong ddn mdi trong boi cdnh..
Nhdm ndng dan mdi d cae dia phuong dang tham gia ddng gdp tri lyc dl Idm cho nen ndng nghiep Vidt Nam thay ddi can ban ve ban chit kinh tl. Cd thi nhan thay qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va xay dung ndng thdn mdi dang lam phdn hda ndng ddn, tan ra phuang thdc san xudt tieu ndng vd hudng den phuang thuc sdn xuat thi trudng, cdng nghiep. Ndng nghiep hien dai Id ndng nghiep sdn xudt hdng hda, dau tu kinh doanh, dien ra tren ca sd cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao, cdng nghe thdng minh vd Id chudi ndng phdm, md kit thdc la ndng pham da qua che bien.
Qua trinh tren se lam thay ddi can ban kinh te ndng hp vdi tinh each Id mOt don vi kinh te ty chu. Dd Id qud trinh chuyen ndng hd gia dinh thanh doanh nghiep, tap dodn san xuit, kinh doanh trong ITnh vyc ndng nghiep. Day la budc ngoat quyet dinh sy tan ra cua phucmg thdc san xuit tilu ndng de hudng den xac lap phuang thdc san xuat thi trudng, cdng nghiep va cdng nghe eao trong nen ndng nghiep. Thyc tien nay ciing se gdp phan day manh qua trinh ehuyen ddi ca cdu nganh sdn xudt ndng nghiep theo hudng chuyen mdn hda va da dang hda nganh nghe mdi trong ndng thdn. Day phdi dupe xem Id chien luac quan trpng, ddng lye chinh lam tang trudng kinh te ndng nghiep, phat trien hai hda ndng thdn-dd thi, khdc phyc cdc bdt cap trong phdt trien ddt nude hien nay.
Tren co sd nhung bat cap va thach thdc dat ra trong cupc sdng cua ndng dan mdi, cung nhu todn canh phdt trien ndng thdn Viet Nam trong bdi canh hpi nhlip va cdch mang cdng nghiep 4.0 diin ra sau rpng, chdng tdi cho rang de hudng din phat trien tam ndng bao trum vd ben vung, cdn luu y' dSn cdc hdm y chinh sdch sau: Ve phia Nha nude vd chinh quyen dia phuong, can het sue coi trpng cdng tac quy ho^ch vd phdt trien ndng nghi?p, ndng thdn dung hudng, phu hpp vdi the manh cua vung, trong do quy hoach phdt trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn khdng nen tach biet vdi cdc khu vyc kinh te khdc vd xem nhe vai trd cua ndng nghiep, ndng thdn trong tuong quan vdi phdt trien cdng nghiep, dd thi, phat trien ndi va ngoai vung. Md rpng han ca hdi tu chu rupng dat trong sdn xudt ndng nghiep, hudng den qua trinh tich tu rupng dat phu hop quy luat phat trien de hinh thanh rd ret nhdm ndng dan mdi dau tu phdt triSn lau dai. Ben canh do tiep tue tao ca che uu tien cho ndng nghiep vd ndng thdn, hodn thifn gpn nhe hon nda cdc thu tyc hdnh chinh lien quan ddn quyen sd dung dat va gidy ph^p cua hoat dpng sdn xuat, kinh doanh. Thuc ddy phdt trien khoa hpc va cdng ngh$ trong ndng nghiep, dac biet xd hpi hda khoa hpc vd cdng nghd trong phdt tridn ndng nghiep dl tao ca hdi cho cac chu the nhd nude vd phi nhd nude ddu tu, ddng gdp ngudn lyc vdo su phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn; khuyen khich sy ddu tu cua cdc chu the phi nha nude vdo phat trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn. Doanh nghiep tham gia phdt trien kinh te ndng nghiep, ndng thdn can phat huy vai trd trong sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd lam tdt cdc trdch nhiem xa hdi d dia phuang; ddng thai sdm hinh thdnh hiep hpi san xuat ndng nghiep nham phdt huy tinh lien kit trong chuoi sdn xuat, kinh doanh ndng nghiep. Mdi ngudi dan tich eye tham gia cac hinh thdc ren luyen, hpc tap dl nang cao tri lyc, cap nhat tri thuc va cdng nghe mdi dl lam chii hoat dpng san xudt, kinh doanh, td dd diy nhanh qua trinh chuyin doi ca ciu ngdnh nghe, sdm hoan thdnh muc tieu cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ndng nghiep, ndng thdn nude ta.
Nguyen Due Chi?n 77
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