NANG Ll/C CANH TRANH DICH VU LtfU TRU VA AN UONG CUA DOANH NGHIEP NHO VA Vl/A TREN DIA BAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
• NGUYEN THE VINH
TOM TAT:
Bai vie't nay chi nghien cffu vdi muc dich phan tich nhan td'kham pha (EFA) de tdm tat tap cac bien quan sat vao mdt sd'nhan to nhat dinh do Iffdng cac khia canh khac nhau cua cac khai niem nghien cffu. Tieu chuan ap dung va chon bie'n dd'i vdi phan tich nhan to kham pha EFA.
Tieu chua'n Bartlett va hd so KMO dung de danh gia sff Ihich hdp cho viec lich hdp. Gia thuye't HO (cac bie'n khdng cd lu'dng quan vdi nhau trong tdng the) hi bac bd, do do, EFA dffdc goi la thich hdp khi: 0,5 < KMO < 1,0 va Sig < 0,05. Trffdng hdp KMO < 0,5 thi phan lich nhan td'cd kha nang khdng thich hdp vdi dff Heu.
TiJf khda: Nang Iffc canh tranh, dich vu Iffu tru va an ud'ng, doanh nghiep nhd va vffa.
1. Dat va'n d&
Trong nen kinh te'thi trffdng, canh tranh la hien lu'dng phd bie'n va cd y nghTa quan trong ddi vdi phat irien kmh le' d cac qud'c gia. Doanh nghiep nhd va vffa cd mdt vai trd dac biel quan trong thiic day sff phal trien kinh te'- xa hdi, ddng gdp cho xa hoi khd'i Iffdng hang hda ldn, cung nhff giai quye't nhieu viec lam cho xa hoi. Mat khac, doanh nghiep nhd va vffa giff vai trd hd trd, bd sung cho cac doanh nghiep ldn, tao thanh md'i lien ke't ciing hdp tac, ciJng canh tranh va ciing nhau phat tnen... Hien nay, doanh nghiep nhd va vffa chie'm hdn 97%, sff dung hdn 50% lao ddng, tao 47% GDP va ddng gdp khoang 40% ngudn ihu ngan sach.
Cac doanh nghiep kmh doanh dich vu Iffu tru va an ud'ng tren dja ban Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh
la nhffng doanh nghiep nhd va vffa da tao nen ngudn thu nhap dn dinh cho mot bo phan dan cff, khai thac cac ngudn Iffc va tiem nang lai chd cua dia phffdng. Khd'i doanh nghiep nay chiem ty treng 5% tren ty le 97% doanh nghiep nhd va vffa. Ben canh u\i the' dd khdi nghiep, linh boat, phal huy dffdc nghe truydn thd'ng, la vffdn ffdm lai nang kinh doanh, khd'i doanh nghiep nay cd quy md nhd, trinh dp lao ddng va quan ly tha'p, cdng nghe lac hau, kha nang lie'p can vdn vay ban che.
Viet Nam tham gia khu vffe kinh te' iff do ASEAN va dang tie'p tuc thffc hien Id trinh da cam ket bdi nhap sau rdng vdi nen kinh te'the gidi qua cac hiep dinh thffdng mai, tao mdt san chdi binh dang giffa cac doanh nghiep du lich trong nffdc va nffdc ngoai, nhffng day cung se la thach ihffc ldn
So 19-Thdng 10/2019 257
lAP CHl GONG IHIfdNG
dd'i vdi doanh nghiep vffa va nhd. Viee trinh do phat trien kinh te' khdng ddng deu vdi cac nffdc trong khu vffe cd the dan de'n lang phi ngudn Iffc va mau ihuSn ve ldi ich. Ben canh dd, doanh nghiep vffa va nhd cdn gap nhffng khd khan ve ed che chinh sach, ba't cap tff khau hoach dinh de'n ke't qua trien khai; nhffng khd khan ve lai suat ngan hang cao, gia dien ngay cang tang vdi td'c dp chdng mat, thue nhap khau va thdi han tinh kha'u hao trang Ihie't bi phuc vu du lich,... Doanh nghiep cdn ihie'u kinh nghiem trong quan ly va dau tff dan den nhffng sai lam. khdng dap ffng dffde nhu cau khach hang, nhan sff thie'u chuyen mdn nghiep vu, lam cho chat Iffdng dich vu di xud'ng, Dffng trffdc nhffng thach thffc trdn, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh dich vu Iffu tru va an ud'ng phai khdng ngffng nang cao nang Iffc canh tranh, nham tao ra nhiJng ldi the' canh tranh dd'i vdi dich vu Iffu tru va an ud'ng.
1.1. Phiidngphdp nghien cffu
Theo Tff dien Thuat ngff Chinh sach thffdng mai (2003), nang life cua mdt doanh nghiep hoac mot nganh, ihSm chi mdt qud'c gia khdng bi doanh nghiep khac, nganh khac hoac nffdc khac danh bai ve nang Iffc kinh te".
Theo Porter (1985, 1998), nang Iffc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep la kha nang duy tri, md rdng thi phan va dat ldi nhuan cao cua doanh nghiep. Day la quan nidm kha pho bie'n hien nay, theo do, nang Iffc canh iranh la kha nang tiSu thu hang hda, dich vu so vdi dd'i thu va kha nang "thu ldi" cua cac doanh nghiep. Porter (1985, 1998, tr. 10) cho rang, nang Iffc canh tranh la de cd the canh tranh thanh cdng, cae doanh nghiep phai cd dffdc tdi the' canh tranh dffdi hinh thffc hoac co dffdc chi phi san xua't tha'p hdn hoac cd kha nang khac biet hda san pham de dat dffdc nhffng mffc gia cao hdn trung binh De duy Iri ldi the canh tranh, cac doanh nghiep can ngay cang dat dffdc nhffng ldi the' canh Iranh tinh vi hdn, qua dd cd the cung cap nhffng hang hda cd cha't Iffdng cae hdn hoac san xua't cd hieu qua hdn.
Porter (1985. 1998) khdng chi de cap den va'n de nang Iffc canh tranh ma cdn bao ham ca viec doanh nghiep phai lien tuc duy tri ldi the canh tranh cua minh. Ndi each khac, doanh nghiep phai hen tuc duy tri mffc ldi nhuan tren cd sd bam sat vdi nhip do phat tnen ciia thi trffdng. Viec ha tha'p gia thanh san pham de nang cao nang Iffc canh Iranh theo
quan mem mang tinh dai han nay cua Porter, cung nhff dai da sd cac nha nghien cffu khac khdng bao gdm viec ha tha'p gia thanh bang nhffng bien phap cd tinh tieu cffc, nhff: cat giam Iffdng nhan vien, cat giam chi phi bao hd lao ddng, c^t giam chi phi phiic ldi, chi phi mdi trffdng,...
2.1. Cdc tieu chi xdc dinh ndng Iffc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep
Tac gia Chaharbaghi & Feurer (1994) dffa ra khung khe dd Iffdng nang Iffc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep, theo dd nang Iffc canh tranh phu thupc vao danh gia cua khach hang va ngffdi cung ffng, moi trffdng canh tranh va ddng cd thtic day canh tranh.
Ho phan ra 3 loai gia tri: gia tri cua khdch hang, gia tri cua nhffng ngffdi cdng tac va kha nang hanh ddng phan ffng.
Theo Wangwe (1995), Biggs & Saturi (1997), chi tieu do Iffdng nang Iffc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep la hidu qua ky thuat va nang sua't;
Cockbum (1997) la hieu qua tai chinh theo nghia hep (ldi nhuan); Porter (1990), la kha nang duy tri ldi the' canh tranh (chi phi tha'p va sff khdc biel cua san pham); Salinger (2001), la nang sua't lao dong va nang Iffc vd'n con ngffdi (Human Capital);
Flanagan (2007) & cac cdng sff da he thdng hda cac tai lieu nghien cffu va do Iffdng nang Iffc canh tranh d nhieu nffdc dffdi cac giac do khac nhau:
qud'c gia, ng^nh va doanh nghiep. O ca'p dp doanh nghidp, cd 2 nhdm chi tieu do Iffdng nang life canh iranh, dd la: mffc thu lai v& nang sua't. Trong do, mffc thu lai dffdc tinh bang cac chi so nhff: tien lai tren doanh sd', tien lai tren td'ng vd'n,... Cdn nang sua't dffdc linh theo nang sua't yeu to' (dau ra tren mdi yeu id dau vao) va nang suat long th^ (long dau ra tren long d^u vao). Momaya (2004) da he thd'ng hda cu the hdn cac tieu chi do Iffdng nang Iffc canh tranh doanh nghiep theo tffng nhdm nang Iffc nhff sau:
Kha nang khai thac, sff dung tai san (Assets) gdm cac chi tieu hen quan tdi: ngudn nhan Iffc, cd ca'u doanh nghiep, van hda doanh nghiep, cdng nghe.
Nang Iffc van hanh cac qua trinh (Processes):
qua trinh quan ly chie'n Iffdc (nang Iffc quan H, chie'n Iffdc canh tranh, kha nang linh boat va thich ffng); qua tnnh sff dung ngudn nhan Iffc (tai nang thiet ke va cdi lien); cac qua trinh cdng nghe (doi
mdi, cac he thd'ng cdng nghe, cdng nghe thdng tin;
cac qua trinh tac nghiep (san xua't, chat Iffdng...);
cac qua trinh marketing (marketing, quan ly cac mdi quan he, nang Iffc thuye't phuc...).
Nang Iffc canh tranh boat dong, gdm cae ehi tieu: nang sua't, thi phan lai chinh, sff khac biet, mffc sinh ldi, gia ca, chi phi, sff da dang san pham, hieu qua, tao ra gia trj, dap ffng nhu cau khach hang phat trien san pham mdi. Nang life canh tranh va do Iffdng nang lu'c canh tranh cua doanh nghiep gan vdi 3 nhdm ye'u to': kha nang boat ddng, kha nang lao d^u ra cua lai san va qua trinh quan ly.
2.1.2. Ndng tuc canh tranh tiep can tit chudi gta Iri
Chudi gia tri la mpl khai niem dffdc dffa ra dau tien bdi Pdrter (1985) "Competitive Advantage:
Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance".
Chudi gia tri la tdng the cae hoat ddng lien quan de'n san xua't va tieu thu mot san pham hoac dich vu nao do. Chudi gia tri dien ra qua trinh tffdng tac giffa cac ye'u to' can va du de' lao ra mdt hoac mot nhdm san pham. Cac hoat ddng phan phdi, lieu thu san pham, nhdm san pham theo mdt phffdng thffc nha't dinh. Gia tri tao ra cua chudi bao gdm tdng cac gia tri tao ra lai mdi cdng doan cua chudi.
Porter (1985), chudi gia tri gdm cd 9 boat ddng.
cd 5 boat ddng cd ban va 4 boat dong bd' trd.
Nhffng boat ddng cdban the hien mot chudi nhffng cdng viec tff cung cap nguyen vat lieu dau vao, gia cdng san pham, phan phd'i san pham, de'n boat ddng ban hang va cdc dich vu sau ban hang Cac hoalddngcdbannay trffc tiep lidn quan de'n ludng di chuye'n (vat ly) cua qua trinh lao ra gia tri sff dung cua san pham va dffa san pham den vdi ngffdi
cac nganh ma ehi cd the thanh cdng tren thffdng trffdng kinh doanh qud'c te khi ho cd ldi the' canh Iranh ben vffng trong mdt so' nganh nao do. Kha nang canh tranh cua mot qud'c gia ngay nay lai phu thudc vao kha nang sang tao va sff nang ddng cua nganh, cua qud'c gia dd Khi nen tang cua canh tranh cang chuyen dich sang sff sang lao va iri thffc mdi thi vai trd cua qud'c gia ngay cang tang len.
Porter cho rang, cac nen kinh te' dlu phai trai qua 3 giai doan phat trien canh tranh, dd la: Canh tranh dffa vao ye'u td' san xua'l, canh tranh dffa vao dau tff, canh tranh dffa vao dd'i mdi va sang tao. Cac giai doan canh tranh phan anh ngudi ldi the dac Irffng, ban cha't va quy md cua nhffng nganh phai dd'i mat vdi canh tranh qud'c le'. Viec phan chia cac giai doan canh tranh chi mang linh chat tffdng dd'i va eac qud'c gia hay cac dia phffdng khdng nha't thiet phai di qua ta't ca cac giai doan, nhffng viec xac dinh dffdc mdt nen kinh te' dang d giai doan phat Irien nao se la cd sd de chinh quyen dia phffdng hoach dinh chinh sach, cung nhff cac doanh nghiep lffa chon chie'n Iffdc phti hdp de' sff dung hieu qua ngudn Iffc, nang cao nang sua! va vi thd' canh tranh.
Md hinh 5 nang Iffc canh tranh cua Porter's (2009) nhff mdt cdng cu hffu dung va hidu qua de tim hie'u ngudn gd'c ldi nhuan. Cung ca'p cac chie'n Iffdc canh tranh de' doanh nghiep duy tri hay tang ldi nhuan. 5 nang Iffc canh tranh cd the dCing de' xet cac nhan id'anh hffdng de'n viec ra chie'n Iffdc va de ra chie'n Iffdc td't hdn chd doanh nghiep.
(Md hinh 1)
Tac gia Tran Bao An va cdng sff (2012), cho rang, cac nhan Id' anh hffdng den nang life canh sff dung, Chudi gia Iri la mdt
trong nhffng phffdng phap dffdc sff dung rdng rai nha't de dai dien cho boat ddng cua mdt doanh nghiep va cac quy trinh kmh doanh.
2.1.3. Thuyet lai the canh tranh qud'c gia cua Porter (1772-1823)
Theo Porter (1772- 1823), khdng mdt qud'c gia nao cd dffde kha nang canh tranh d tat ca cac nganh hoac d hau bet
Mo hinh 1: Mo hinh 5 ndng IUc cgnh tranh
^
QuycTi ihtrony lupiig cua nha cmiy vrng
Nha cung img ^
Nguy CO cua san va dich v\i Ihay
Cac doi ihu ucm uang J 1 NgQ
f AC D O n H t l ( A M I I R A M l I H O M ; ^ < ; . ^ M l C'iinh tranh ^iir.t
t" rt
San pham Shay llic
1
Kliach hniig ySn (hvioii|; Inong
Sd 19-Thang 10/2019 259
l A P GHI CONG THIfdNG
tranh cua cac khach san 4 sao tren dia ban Thffa Thien Hue' da dffa ra 3 nhan td' chinh la: Vi the canh tranh cua khach san; Nang Iffc canh tranh d cap do phd'i thffc thi trffdng; Nang Iffc canh tranh d ca'p dp ngudn Iffc. (Md hlnh 2).
Md hinh 2: Mo hinh nghien cCfu hieu chinh
Bdng 1. Cac nhdn to nhqn diTdc sU dong y
Cacphoillmc mariiciing
Co so vai cliai ky ihuai
Trinh do 10 chirc va phuc \ u khach
Tac gia Phffdng va cdng sxi (2017), nang Iffc canh tranh cua diem de'n du lich Cao nguyen Mdc Chau thudc huyen Mdc Chau va huyen Van Ho tinh Sdn La, (Mo hlnh 3)
Tac gia Pham Viet Hung va cdng sff (2017), da nghien cffu cac ye'u td'anh hffdng de'n nang Iffc canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep du lich tinh Quang Ngai, vdi md hinh nghien cffu nhff: (Md hlnh 4, Bang 1)
M6 hinh 3: Cdc yeu to' anh hu'dng den nang IUc cgnh tranh cua diem den du Ijch Mgc Chdu
TT
1
2 3
4
5
6
Nhan to
Nang IJc marketing va dich vu ThUOng hieu Nguon nhan luc Chat luong san pham, djch vu Trach nhiem xa hoi Chien luoc doanh nghiep
So chuyen gia phong van
Soy kien dongy (nguai)
14
15 15
12
13
15
15 T5.IS ddngy
93,33
100,00 100,00
80,00 86,67
100,00
Md hinh 4. Cdc yeu to anh hUdng den ndng IUc cgnh tranh cua cdc doanh nghiep du tjch tinh Quang Ngdi
Ndng luc markcUng du lith
thirong hiC'u
N Jng luc img dung tong nghe liDng tac nghiep vu du lich Nang lire qujn iri to chiic lien
kt'I hoai dong
i rjch nhicm xa hoi
Nangluccaohtranh cua doanh nghiep du hch tinh Quang Ngai
S.in pham dich \u du IKII
Nguiin nhan luc
Ning lire lit ehinh, ha lane m Ml vai ehii
Chien lunc vc gi j
Chitn liriic doanh nghiop
Tac gia dffa ra mo hlnh phu hdp vdi bai vie't, bao gdm cac nhan tdnhff: (Md hinh 5),
3. Ke't qua nghifin ci?u
Khao sat 200 doanh nghiep, phan chia theo chffc vu dffdc khao sdt nhffsau: (Bang 2)
Ke'l qua khao sat thu dffdc sau khi khao sat va ty le nhff sau: (Bang 3)
Quy md khao sat nganh djch vu dffdc thdng ke md ta: (Bang4)
3.1. Phdn tich h§ so Cronbach's Alpha
Ye'u to' nang Iffc tiep thi du lich cd he so Cronbach's Alpha la 0,812, dat yeu cau ved6 tin cay. He sd tffdng quan bie'n tdng thap nhS'i cua
Mo hinh 5: Mo hmh nghien cdu de xuat cua tac gia
Nang luc marketing du lich Thuong hieu Nguon nhan luc Chat Ivrgng san pham, dich vu
Trach nhiem xa hoi ChiSn luge doanh nghiep
Bang 2. Cdc doi tUdng dt/dc khdo sdt trong doanh nghiep STT
1 2 3 4
Doanh nghidp l^ao sat Lanh dao doanh nghiep (GD, PGD) Ketoan trui^ng
Lanh dao cac phong ban To'ng cong
Tong c6ng 20 32 148 200
Tyi8(%) 10 16 74 100
Bang 3. Ket qua thu 6\idc sau khi khdo sdt
Lanh dao doanh nghiep (GD, PGB) Ke toan tru6ng
Lanh dao cac phong ban Tong cong
DiJI^en So luong
20 32 148 200
Ty trpng (%) 10 16 74 100
Thucte So llidng
11 14 140 165
Ty trpng {%) 6,67 8,48 84,85 100 Bang 4. Khdo sdt cdc ngdnh dUdc thong ke
Cac nganh
Cong nghiep - xay dung Dich vu Tong cong
Doanh nghigp nho SolUdng
(DN) 47 153 200
Tyl§
(%)
23 50 76,50 52,63
Doanh nghi$p vCra SolUdng
(DN) 83 97 180
Tyi$
(%)
46,11 53,88 47,36
C^ng SfTiuong
(DN) 130 250 380
Tyis
(%)
34,21 65,79 100
So 19-Thang 10/2019 261
TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG
thang do nay la 0.506 (bien MAI).
Do do, ta't ca cac bie'n cua thang do deu dffdc sff dung cho phan phan dch ye'u to'. (Bang 5)
Ye'u Id'Thffdng hieu cd hd sd' Cronbach's Alpha la 0,854, dat yeu cau ve dd lin cay. He sd' tffdng quan bid'n long tha'p nhS't cua thang do nay la 0.594 (bie'n TMl). Do dd, ta'tca cae bie'n cua thang do deu dffdc sff dting cho phan phan tich ye'u to'. (Bang 6)
Ye'u td Ngudn nhSn Iffc cd he sd' Cronbach's Alpha la 0.854, dat ydu cau ve dd tin cay. He sd' Iffdng quan bie'n tdng tha'p nhal cua thang do nay la 0.559 (bie'n HR4). Do dd, ta't ca cac bie'n cua thang do deu dffdc sff dung cho phan phan tich ye'u td'. (Bang 7)
Ye'u td' Cha'l Iffdng san pham dich vu cd he so' Cronbach's Alpha la 0.820, dat yeu cau ve dd tm cay. He sd' tffdng quan bie'n tdng tha'p nhal cua thang do nay la 0.429 (bie'n QT4). Do dd, lal ca cac bie'n cua thang do deu dffdc sff dung cho ph^n phan tich ye'u id'.
(Bdng 8)^
Yd'u id Trach nhiem xa hoi cd hd so'Cronbach's Aipha la 0.333, chffa dat yeu c^u ve do tin cay.
He sd tffdng quan bie'n tdng tha'p nha't cua thang dd nay la -0.083 bie'n SR5 Do dd, can loai bie'n SR5 ra khdi thang do, (Bang 9)
PhSn lich lan 2 ye'u id' Trach nhiem xa hdi cd he sd'Cronbach's Alpha ia 0.611, dat yeu cau ve dp tin cay. He so' tffdng quan bien tdng tha'p nha't cua thang dd nay la 0,335 (bien SR4). Do dd, ta't ca cac bid'n cua thang do deu dffdc sff dung cho phan phan tich ye'u td'.
(Bang 10)
Ye'u to' Chie'n iffdc doanh nghiep cd hd sd' Cronbach's Alpha la 0,577, dat yeu cau ve dd
Bdng 5. Cdc bien cua Thang do Ndng life marketing du Ijch Tiiang do Nang iUc marlteting du iich: Cronbach'Alphs y A i
MA2
13,6000 13.3212
13.412 11.939
506 .667
= 0.812 801 757 Bang 6. Cdc bien cua thong do ThiJdng hieu
Thang do ThUdng hieu: Cronbach' Alpha = 0.854 TMl
TM2
13.5939 13 6000
6 718 6.217
.594 730
844 .807 Bang 7. Cdc bien cua thang do Nguon nhan ILTC
Thang do Nguon nhan luc: Cronbach'Alpha = 0.854 HR1
HR3 HR4
12 2909 12 5576 12 3152
8.281 8.077 8.595
.711 .724 559
.812 .808 853 Bang 8. Thong do Cha't lUdng sdn phdm djch vu Thang do Chat iuong san pham djch vu
QT1 QT4
12.7636 12 5152
8.462 9.837
Cronbach'Alpha = 0.820 .559 429
.806 .836 Jong 9. Thang d o Trach n h i e m x d hp Thang do Trach nhiem xa hpi: Cronbach'Alpha = 0.333 SRI
SR5
14.8848 16 2545
2.944 2.837
.236 -083
.241 611 Bdng 10. Thang do Trdch nhiem xa hpi (Idn 2) Thang do Trach nhiem xa hOI (lan 2): Cronbach' Aiphg SRI
SR4
11 9515 12.3818
1.876 1.872
.411 335
= 0.611 528 .582 Bdng 11. Thang do Chien \\Sdc doanh nghiep Thang do Chien lUdc doanh nghi$p: Cronbach'Alpha = 0.577 BS2
BS3 BS4
14.3030 15 1333 14 6545
6 542 6.421 5 715
390 .445 807
.769 .749 632
Bang 12. Bien phu thupc Ndng liic c a n h tranh Bien phu thudc Nang Iffo canh tranh: Cronbach' Alpha CC1 1 5,98 ' 1 030 I 0.601 [ CCS I 6.92 1256 0 549
dn cay. He so' iffdng quan bie'n tdng tha'p nha't cua thang do nay la 0.390 bie'n BS2. Do do, tat ca cac bien cua thang do deu dffdc sff dung cho phan phan tich ye'u to. (Bang 11)
Bie'n phu thudc Nang Iffc canh tranh cd he sd' Cronbach's Alpha la 0.762, dat yeu cau ve dp tin cay. He sd' tffdng quan bie'n tong tha'p nha't cua thang do nay la 0,549 (bie'n CCS). Do dd, lal ca cac bid'n cua thang dod^u dffdc sff dung cho phan phan tich ye'u td' (Bang 12)
3.1.2. Phdn tich nhdn to khdm phd EFA Phan tich ma Iran iffdng quan cac bie'n cd nhieu he so iffdng quan ldn hdn 0.3 He so KMO dat 0.710 (Idn hdn 0,5) va gia in Sig Kiem dinh Bartlett dat 0.000 (nhd hdn 0.05) khdng bac HO, khang dinh giffa cac bie'n thanh phan cd tffdng quan nen cd the tie'n hanh phan tich nhan td' kham pha EFA dat yeu cau de tie'n hanh phan tich nhan td'kham pha EFA. Khi loai bo bie'n BS2 va QTl, phan tich ma Iran iffdng quan cac bie'n cd nhieu he sd tffdng quan ldn hdn 0.3. He so' KMO dai 0.724 (ldn hdn 0.5) va gia tri Sig. d kiem dinh
0 673 0 733
Bartlett dat 0.000 (nhd hdn 0 05), dat yeu cau dd' tie'n hanh phan tich nhan td' kham pha EFA.
3.1.3. Phdn tich nhdn to khdm phd EFA bien phu thuoc
Phan tich nhan to' kham pha bie'n phu thuoc CC ma Iran tffdng quan cac bie'n cd nhieu he so' tffdng quan ldn hdn 0.3. He sd KMO dat 0.684 (ldn hdn 0.5) va gia tri Sig. d kiem dinh Bartlett dat 0,000 (nhd hdn 0.05), dat yeu cau de tie'n hanh phan tich nhan to kham pha EFA.
3.1.4. Phdn tich hdi qui
Bffdc dau phan lich he so'iffdng quan giffa cac nhan td' vdi bie'n phu thudc CC. Likert la thang do khoang nen phan tich tffdng quan sff dung he so'Pearson, khi hd so'Pearson > 0,2, cac nhan td' tffdng quan vdi bie'n phu thudc, tffdng quan giffa bie'n phu thudc CC vdi cac nhan id' vdi mffc y nghTa ~ = 0.01 (1%), bie'n phu thudc CC cd md'i tffdng quan vdi nhan td' Ngudn nhan Iffc (He sd' tffdng quan 0.520**); Nang Iffc Marketing dich vu (he so'tffdng quan .665**) nhan to'Chie'n Iffdc doanh nghiep (he sd'lffdng quan 0.334**) (Bac HO). Cac nhan id'cdn lai vdi mffc y nghia 1%
khdng tffdng quan vdi bie'n phu thudc CC. Gia thuye't: HO. Khdng cd tffdng quan giffa cac bie'n (dinh Iffdng) HI: Cd tffdng quan giffa cac bie'n.
(Bang 13)
Bdng 13. He sd tu'dng quan giiJa c d c bien
cc
TM
HR
He so tuong quan Pearson Sig (2-tailed)
N He so tuong quan Pearson
Sig. {2-tailed) N He so tuong quan Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed) N
CC 1
165 .003 .974 165 520"
.000 165
Till .003 974 165 1
165 .000 1.000 165
HR 520"
000 165 000 1.000 165 1
165
MA
.665"
000 165 .000 1 000
165 .000 1.000 165
So 19-Thdng 10/2019 263
TAP CHi CONG THlKHlG
MA
QT
BS
SR
He so tuong quan Pearson Sig. (2-tailed)
N He so tuong quan Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed) N He so tuong quan Pearson
Sig (2-tailed) N He so tuong quan Pearson
Sig. (2-tailed) N
CC .665"
000 165 .027 .731 165 .334"
.000 165 -013 871 165
TM .000 1.000 165 .000 1.000 165 .000 1.000 165 .000 1.000 166
HR .000 1.000 165 000 1.000 165 .000 1.000 165 .000 1000 165
MA 1
165 .000 1.000 165 .000 1.000 165 .000 1.000 165
Hoi qui bdi cd 3 ye'u id tac ddng de'n bid'n phu thudc CC, nhff: Ngudn nhan Iffc, Nang Iffc Marketing dich vu va nhan Id'Chien Iffdc doanh nghidp (deu cd Sig 0.00 <0.05). Loai bie'n khdng cd y nghia thd'ng ke khi lien hanh phan lich hdi qui. (Bang 14)
3.1.5. Ki8m dinh mo hlnh
He so phdng dai phffdng sai cua cac bie'n thanh phan VIFj 1 < 10 nen ke't lu|n khdng cd da cdng tuye'n Md hlnh hdi qui cd he sd' xac dinh hieu chinh bang la 0.821 tffc la 3 ye'u to': Ngudn nhan Iffc, Nang Iffc marketing dich vu va nhan td Chien Bdng 14. Phdn tich hoi quy giuTo cdc bien
Bien phan tich
1
(Constant) HR_NhanLuc MA_Marketing BS_ChienLuoc
H$ so chua chuan hoa B 9 673
767 .980 .492
Sai so chuan .049 .049 049 .049
H$ so chuan hoa
Beta
520 .665 .334
t
199.156 15.744 20.118 10 094
Sig.
000 .000 .000 .000
Thong ke da c$ng tuyen Tolerance
1.000 1 000 1.000
VIF
1.000 1000 1.000
Cac gia tn SigCP,), SigCP,). SigCPj), lan luat bang 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, deu nho han 0.05 nen cac he so cua nio hinh deu co y nghla thong ke.
Mo hlnh hoi qui cuo'i cung nhU sau Y = 9.673 -I- .520 x HR + .665 x MA
-1- .459 X BS
luac doanh nghiep co tac dong den Nang IUc canh tranh 6^140 82.19%.
He so Durbin-Watson = 1.926 < 2, tien hanh tra bang Durbin-Watson vdi k = 3, n = 165, duac dl = 1.707, du= 1.791, nen khong xay ra tU tuang quan.
(Bang 15)
Bong 15. Kiem djnh md hlnh
K h o n g CO tir tircmg q u a n Tir tUGHg q u a n d i r a n g K h d n g quyet d i n h dirge j ^ ^ ^ , ^^^^
dL= 1.707 du ^ 1 . 7 9 1
DW =1.926
4. N3ng cao nang life canh tranh dich vir lifti trii va an ud'ng cua cac doanh nghiep nhd va vtfa tr^n dia ban Thanh phd' Hd Chi IVlinh
Phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc cha't Iffdng cao va hd thd'ng quan ly td't nham nang cao nang Iffc canh tranh dich vu Iffu tru va an ud'ng cua cae doanh nghiep nho va vffa tren dia ban Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh. Phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc chat Iffdng cao cdn giup xay dffng va cung cd' ddi ngiJ can bd quan ly cd linh than trach nhiem cao, y thffc va pham cha't dao dffc lot; cd irlnh dp chuyen mdn, nghiep vu cao, ky nang quan ly thuan thuc, xff ly tinh moi hud'ng trong thffc lien hieu qua dap ffng ydu clu phat tnen ben vffng cua doanh nghiep trong thdi ky hdi nhap. Phat trien dpi ngii can bp chuyen mdn, nghiep vu sau, tan tam, tan tuy, cd tinh than trach nhiem vdi doanh nghiep;
dap ffng yeu cau ngay cang cao cua khach hang, xa hdi trong viec sff dung san pham, dich vu cua doanh nghiep hien nay. Ngudn nhan Iffc chat Iffdng cao se giup hoan thien he thd'ng td chffc kinh doanh, dich vu phu hdp nang Iffc quan ly cua doanh nghiep; dap ffng nhu cau sff dung san pham, dich vu cua thi trffdng, sff hai Idng cua khach hang; dam bad hieu qua kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep dat dffdc cao nha't. Ben canh dd, cdn dam bao cdng lac quan ly hoat ddng ciia cac id chffc, ddn vi trffc thudc doanh nghiep dat hieu qua cao nhat; duy irl giff vffng uy tin cua doanh nghieptrenthi trffdng, gdp phan vao sff phat tnen ben vffng cua doanh nghiep. Nghien cffu, bdi dffdng chuyen mdn, nghiep vu va ky nang boat ddng kinh doanh theo nganh, nghe cua doanh nghiep cho ngffdi dffng dau va can bd quan ly chu chd't de' nang cao chat Iffdng quan ly kinh doanh, tang ldi nhuan thu ve cho ddanh nghiep, ddng thdi nang cao nang Iffc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep. Ra soat, danh gia thffc trang cha't Iffdng
ddi ngu can bd quan ly, nhan vien cua doanh nghiep iff khd'i van phdng de'n cac ddn vi trffc thudc lam cd sd kien toan, sSp xe'p, dieu chinh dpi ngu dam bao chat iffdng hoat ddng hieu qua nha't cho ddn vi, Danh gia thffc trang, xay dffng quy hoach can bd de chu ddng ngudn nhan Iffc nha't la dpi ngu can bp khd'i phuc vu cac phdng, ban trffc thudc doanh nghiep. Tff do cd hffdng dao tao, dao tao lai, bdi dffdng dd' nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghiep vu va thai dp phuc vu, lam viec cho dpi ngii can bd doanh nghiep. Thffc hien tuyen dung can bd quan ly va can bd cd trinh dp chuyen mdn dap ffng nhu cau nang cao chat Iffdng ngudn nhan Iffc trong giai doan hidn nay. Nghien cffu kien loan cac phdng, ban chffc nang, cac bp phan nghiep vu, cac ddn vi trffc tie'p san xua't..., giam td'i da sd' Iffdng phdng, ban, ddn vi phuc vu tang cffdng phan cdng, phan cS'p mdt each hdp Iy, dam bao thich nghi vdi nhffng bie'n ddng cua thj trffdng, vdi nhiem vu cua nganh,.,, Dau tff xay dffng ddi ngu lao ddng cd trinh do chuydn mdn, lay nghe cao, dap ffng yeu clu cdng viec trong giai doan hdi nhap qud'c te', tao lien de de nang cao nang Iffc canh tranh ve san pham, gia tri hang hda, dich vu.
Nang Iffc tid'p thi la mot trong nhffng nang Iffc quan trong tao nen ldi the'canh tranh cua doanh nghiep trong mdi irffdng canh tranh ngay nay.
Doanh nghiep nhd va vtfa tren dia ban Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh dich vu lu'u tru va an ud'ng can phai nang cao nang Iffc hdn nffa; can phai xay dffng chie'n Iffdc san pham phu hdp, xac dinh rd san pham phai gan vdi tffng loai thi trffdng, dac biet la phai bao dam du ve sd'lffdng, cha't Iffdng.
Cha't Iffdng san pham bad ham ca gia tri sff dung cung nhff tinh nang, cdng dung cu the la gia tri cam quan nhff kieu dang, mau ma, nhan mac cua san pham.
So 19-Thang 10/2019 265
TAP CHl CONG THIfdNG
Cha'l Iffdng san pham: Khi cd tiem iffc manh, can phai lie'n hanh ddi mdi cdng nghe mdt each dong bp va tang gia tri sff dung, gia tri cam quan cua tffng san pham; khi cac doanh nghiep cd ngudn Iffc ban hep, cd the bat dau bang viec Ciii tie'n mau ma, kie'u dang, lam cd sd cho viec dau Iff chieu sau trong bffdc tie'p theo.
Cin phai nang cao lay nghe cua ddi ngu cdng nhan, cu the phai cIn chu trpng de'n khau thie't ke', cai tie'n mau ma, kieu dang, kich cd, bao gdi.
Day la mdt irong nhffng khau ye'u nha't cua ra't nhieu doanh nghiep nhd va vffa hien nay. De nang cao chat Iffdng san pham cac doanh nghiep can phai quan lam nhff:
Lay viec nang cao chat Iffdng san pham lam muc lieu pha'n da'u d ta't ca cac bd phan. Cac nha quan ly cac ca'p va ngffdi lao ddng trong doanh nghiep phai nhiet linh ung hd trid't ly nang cao chat Iffdng va hoat ddng td't de thffc hien trie't ly nay. Doanh nghiep phai tao ra cho ngffdi lao ddng y thffc quen vdi viec san xua't hang hda theo lieu chuan. Dd cd the la lieu chuan cd sd, lieu chuan nganh, lieu chuan Viet Nam, lieu chuan nffdc ngoai hoac lieu chuiin qud'c te'. Can
tao ra cho ngffdi lao ddng trong doanh nghiep sff hffng khdi trong cdng viec, giup hp xac dinh ro muc lieu, nhiem vu phai lam. De kich thich y thffc nang cao cha't Iffdng va tinh sang tao, doi hdi doanh nghiep phai xay dffng dffdc mot he thd'ng danh gia dung dan ke't qua cdng viec ca nhan va tap the - la'y do lam cd sd cho viec tra cdng va tie'n cff. Tang cffdng dau tff, doi mdi trang thie't bi, cdng nghe, nghien cffu, ap dung lien bd khoa hoc - ky thuat gan Hen vdi dau tif cho hoat ddng dao tao, nang cao cha'l Iffdng ngudn nhan lu'c, de lao ra dpi ngu ngffdi lao dong khdng chi sff dung thanh thao ma cdn cd kh^
nang lam chu, sffa chffa, cai lao day chuydn cdng nghe, may mdc thie't hi. Dd'i vdi cdng ngh$ hien dai, mdi dau iff, doanh nghiep phai lap hua'n cho ngffdi lao ddng cd che'van hanh, each thffc phat hien va khac phuc nhanh cac sff cd'. Thffc hien td't giai phap nay khdng nhffng tao cho doanh nghiep dpi ngu lao ddng, va san pham cd chat Iffdng, ma cdn giup doanh nghidp giam dffdc cic chi phi phat sinh; ap dung he thd'ng quan ly lien tie'n, cac cdng cu va giai phap nang cao nang sua't, chat Iffdng hieu qua •
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Ngay nh0n bai: 8/9/2019
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va su'a chiJa: 18/9/2019 Ngay chS'p nhan dang bai: 28/9/2019
Thong tiji ldc gid:
NGUYfeN THE VINH Hpc vign cao hpc Dai hoc Qud'c td' Dai hpc Quo'c gia Thanh phd'Hd Chi Minh
THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMES SPECIALIZING IN PROVIDING ACCOMMODATION AND CATERING
SERVICES IN HO CHI MINH CITY
• NGUYEN THE VINH
Postgraduate student, International University - Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City
ABSTRACT:
In this study. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is used to summanze the set of observed variables into certain factors which measure differeni aspects of research concepts. This study also introduces standards in selecting variables for EFA. The Bartlett standard and KMO coefficient are used to assess the suitability for integration. The hypothesis HO (the variables are not correlated with each other in the whole dataset) is rejected, so EFA is appropriate to dataset when 0.5 < KMO < 1,0 and Sig <0.05. In case KMO <0.5, EFA may not be suitable for the data.
Keywords; Competitiveness, accommodation and catering services, small and medium- sized enterprises.
So 19-Thang 10/2019 267
