MOT SO NOl DUNG DANG LlTU Y CUA PHANTHIT HAI
"QUYEN Sd HUtJ VA QUYEN K H A C D O I V 6 I T A I SAN"
T R O N G B Q L U A T DAN S V N A M 2015
Bui Thi Thanh H&ng Nguyen Anh Thir
Tom tat: Bo luqt Dan su nam 2015 duac ddnh gia Id Bo luqt c6 nhieu sua doi quan trqng khong chi ve tit duy phdp ly. ve cdu true, md con cd ve not dung; dqc biet Id trong Phdn thic hai "Quyen scr hitu vd quyen khdc dot vai tai sdn ". Day chinh Id noi dung si duac phdn tick trong bdi viet ndy.
Abstract: The Civil Code of 2015 has been regarded as containing important amendments in terms of not only its legal thinking and structure but also its content, particularly in the Second Part "Ownership and Other Proprietary Rights. This article will focus on this Part.
1. Ve ket cau va sir dyng thuat ngu' Do chiu anh hucmg cua mo hinh Pandekten (Pandectist System) va ly thuyet phan loai quyen tai san truyen thong (ly thuyet vat quyen va ly thuyet trai quyen), nen ket cau cua Bo iuat Dan su nam 2015 da logic va CO tinh khai quat cao. Day cung chinh la ca so ly giai cho sir hop ly va tuong dong hon ve ket cau ciia Phan thu hai Bg Iuat Dan su nam 2015 voi mot so Bg Iuat Dan su hien dai tren the giai. Vai ket cau 4 chuang gom cac noi dung: Nhung quy dinh chung;
chiem hihi; quyen so huu; quyen khac doi vai tai san, Phan thu hai cua Bo Iuat Dan su nam 2015 da chi ro, ben canh quyen so hijoi - mot vat quyen quan trong va day du nhat con ton tai cac quyen khac doi voi tai san hay con dugc xem la cac vat quyen han che.
Cac quyen nay bao gom: quyen doi voi bat dgng san lien ke hay con ggi la quyen dia dich, quyen hucmg dung, quyen be mat, va cac vat quyen bao dam hay con ggi la vat quyen phu thugc'. Day la van de ma Bg Iuat Dan sir nam 1995 va Bg Iuat Dan sir nam 2005 chua quy dinh ro rang.
Mac du khong su dung thuat ngu "vat quyen", nhimg Bg Iuat Dan sir nam 2015 da dua ra thuat ngir chung de chi den cac vat quyen khac vai quyen so huu. Dieu nay nham nhan dang quyen so huu voi tinh each la vat quyen chinh - vat quyen day dii, trong tarn nhat voi cac vat quyen con lai la cac phan nhanh ciia quyen so hixu — hay con ggi la vat quyen han che. Dieu nay gop phan tao nen sir thong nhat trong viec su dung thuat ngu khong chi ve ly luan, ma con trong boat
ThS., Khoa Luat, E>ai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
Khoa Luat, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
Bai viei nay dirge cong bo trong khuon kho thirc hien de tai cap Bp: "Bao dam quyen tai sdn trong nen kinh te ihi Inrang dinh hucmg xa hoi chu nghTa a Viet \am hien nay", do TS. Tran Van Bien lam chu nhiem.
Cac vat quyen nay dugc chi dan den Muc 3 Chirong XV cua Phan thir ba vcri quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 160 ve Nguyen tac xac lap, thirc hien quyen so huu, quyen khac doi vai tai san: "Quyen so hiju, quyen khac doi vai tai san dirpc xac lap, thuc hien trong truong hop Bo luat nay, luflt khac c6 lien quan quy dinh".
NHA NVdC VA PHAP LUiiTSO 8/2016
dgng thuc tien.
2. Ve cac nguyen tic va dSc tinh cua vat quySn
Dua tren ly thuySt v^t quy^n, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 ISn dSu tien ghi nhan ddy dii va minh thi cac nguyen tac cung nhu cac dac tinh cua vat quyen gom:
Nguyen t5c luat dinh (numerus clausus), nghia la cac chu the cua Luat dan SV khong the tu do tao ra cac vat quyen (quyen doi vat) khac voi cac vat quyen ma phap luat da cong nhan. Dieu nay the hien thong qua danh sach cac quyen khac doi voi tai san ma Bg luat Dan sir nam 2015 quy dinh ben canh quyen so hflu^ va khang dinh
"Quyen sa huu, quyen khac doi vai tai san dugc xac lap, thuc hien trong truong hop Bo luat nay, luat khac c6 lien quan quy dinh"
Nguyen tac vat quyen tuyet doi dugc the hien thong qua hai khia canh. Khia canh thu nhat, ngutri c6 vat quyen dugc thuc hien mgi hanh vi len doi tu'ong ciia vat quySn hoan toan theo y chi cua minh mien la khong trai voi quy dinh cua luat"*. Khia canh thu hai, nguoi c6 vat quyen dugc chong lai mgi hanh vi xam pham den vat quyen tir chu Xhk khac, tuc la nguoi c6 vat quyen c6 kha nang doi khang voi mgi chii the khac. Nguyen t4c nay dugc Bo luat Dan su nam 2015 ghi nhan qua quy dinh chu so hiiu va cac chii th^ vat quyen khac "dugc thuc hien mgi hanh vi"
trong pham vi vat quyen cua minh^.
Nguyen tac cong khai, la nguyen t5c nham bao dam mgi chii th6 d6u c6 th^ bilt den sy t6n tai ciia vat quy^n cung nhu sir dich chuyen cua no. Nguyen t^c nay dugc the hien trong quy dinh cua Bg luat Dan su
nam 2015 buoc nguoi nSm vat quy^n c6 doi"
tuong la bit dgng san phai dang ky va yeu c3u nguoi nim vat quyen doi voi dong san phai chi6m hihi thuc te tai san .
Dac tinh tac dgng true tiip len (J6i tucmg ciia vat quyen la dac tinh cho phep nguoi CO vat quyen dugc tac dgng true tiep len d6i tugfng cua vat quyen ma khong phu thugc vao hanh vi cua nguoi khac. Dac tinh nay bit ngu6n tir ly thuySt cho riing vat quySn la quyin n5m ngay trong v$t. BO luat Dan su nam 2015 cung th^ hien ro dac tinh nay thong qua quy dinh neu ro quyen cua chii thi nam vat quyen la "quyen ciia chii the true tiip nim giu, chi phoi tai san thugc quyen so hihi cua chu the khac"
Dac tinh cu the cua vat quyen cho phep xac dinh doi tuong ciia vat quyen bdi no luon gan voi mot vat xac dinh. Trong Bg luat Dan su nam 2015, dac tinh nay dugc the hien trong quy dinh vat quyen se cham dut khi doi tugng ctia vat quyen khong con'.
Dac tinh uTa tien la he qua ciia dac tinh doi khang, cho phep nguoi c6 vat quyen c6 Igi the hon so voi cac chu the khong CO vat quyen. Dac tinh uu tien dugc ghi nhan trong Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 qua quy dinh ve quyen uii tien thanh toan cua cac chii ng c6 bao dam voi viec cho phep "ben nhan bao dam... dugc quy6n thanh toan"'".
- Cling nhu dac tinh uu tien, dac tinh truy doi la he qua ciia dac tinh doi khang. Dac tinh nay dugc the hien thong qua viec cho phep "Chii so huu, chii the c6 quySn khac doi vai tai san c6 quyen doi lai tai san tu nguoi
" Xem khoan 2 Dieu 159 Bg luat Dan su nam 20] 5.
Xem khoan 1 Dieu 160 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015.
^ Xem khoan 2, 3 Dieu 160 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015.
•'Xemkhoan2, 3 D i a i 160 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015
'' Xem Dieu 106 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015.
^ Xem khoan 2 Dicu 310 Bp luai Dan su nam 20! 5.
Xem khoan 1 Dieu 159 Bp luat Dan sir nam 2015.
'' Xem khoan 3 Dieu 237, khoan 5 Di5u 265 va khoan4Di5u 272 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015.
' " X e m D i a u 2 9 7 Bp Iuat Dan su nam 2015
MOT SO .\0[ Di SC, DA.\G .,
chiem huu, nguoi su dung tai san, nguoi dugc tgi ve tai san khong c6 can cu phap luat"" va viec ghi nhan "ben nhan bao dam dugc quyen truy doi tai san bao dam"'"...
- Ben canh cac dac tinh tren, do chiu anh hucmg cua ly thuyet vat quyen chau Au, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 con ghi nhan minh thi nguyen tac kep cua vat quyen.
Theo do, mot mat \'at quyen cho phep chii the dugc tu do thuc hien true tiep cac quyen nang luat dinh len vat'"' va mgi chii the khac deu CO nghTa vu ton trgng quyen nang do'^
Mat khac. chii the c6 vat quyen cung c6 nghTa vu ton trgng quyen va Igi ich chinh dang cua cac chii the khac ' va phai chiu trach nhiem trong truong hgp viec thuc hien vat quyen gay thiet hai cho nguoi khac .
3. Ve thoi diem xac lap vat quyen Bg luat Dan su nam 2005 moi chi ghi nhan thai diem xac lap quyen sa hiiu ma khong quy dinh ve thai diem xac lap cac vat quyen khac. Do da nhan dien mot each tucmg doi day du cac vat quyen ciing nhu Earn quan trgng ciia cac vat quyen ban che nen Bo iuat Dan su nam 2015 da quy dinh ro thu tu xac dinh thai diem xac lap vat quyen tai Dieu 161 nhu sau:
- Thai diem xac lap quyen so huu.
quyen khac doi vai tai san thuc hien theo quy dinh ctia Bg luat nay, luat khac c6 lien quan;
- Truong hgp luat khong c6 quy dinh thi thirc hien theo thoa thuan ciia cac ben,
- Truong hgp luat khong quy djnh va
Xem khoan 1 Dicu 166 Bo iuai Dan su nam 2015 - Xem DiSu 297 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015 -' Xem khoan 2 DiC^u 160. Dicu 190 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015
' Xem khoan 1 Dieu 163 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015
•" Xem khoan 2. 3 Dii}u 160 \ a tir Dicu 171 den Dl^u I':^^. Di'iu 190 Bg luat Dan.su nam 2015.
" .Xem Di^u 1"2 \ a khoan 3 Di^u 1"7 Bo luat Dan sunam 2015,
cac ben khong c6 thoa thuan thi thai diem xac lap quyen so hiru, quyen khac doi voi tai san la thai diem tai san dugc chuyen giao - thai diem ben c6 quyen hoac nguai dai dien hgp phap ciia ho chiem hiru tai san.
Ben canh do, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 con quy dmh neu tai san chua dugc chuyen giao ma phat sinh hoa Igi, Igi tuc thi hoa loi, loi tuc thugc vc ben c6 tai san chuyen giao, trir truong hop c6 thoa thuan khac.
Trong truong hgp tai san da dugc chuyen giao truoc thoi diem hgp dong dugc giao ket thi thai diem chuyen quyen so huu va cac vat quyen khac la "thai diem hgp dong CO hieu luc, trir truong hgp luat hoac hgp dong CO quy dinh kliac" va "thofi diem dang ky" tai ca quan c6 tham quyen neu luat CO quy dinh viec chuyen giao vat phai dugc dang ky tai co quan c6 tham quyen''.
De bao dam cac vat quyen c6 the dugc cong khai, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 da sua doi can ban quy dinh ve dang ky tai san.
Theo do, neu nhu Bg iuat Dan sy nam 2005 chi dimg lai a viec quy dinh ve dang ky quyen so hij-u thi Bo luat Dan su nam 2015 da ma rgng hon pham vi dang ky kJiong chi quyen scr hiiu ma con cho ca cac vat quyen khac '. Tuy nhien, theo chiing toi tieu de ciia dieu luat chua thuc su phii hgp vai noi dung. Se la hgp ly hon neu sua doi tieu de cua Dieu 106 tir "dang ky tai san" sang
"dang ky quyen so huu va cac quyen khac doi voi tai san" de phii hop vai dieu luat va ban chat la dang ky vat quyen.
Co the noi, cac quy djnh nay chinh la yeu to quan trong de giam toi da cac tranh chap trong truong hop chuyen giao quyen so huu cung nhu cac quyen khac doi vai tai san.
Xem khoan 3 Dicu 450 Bn luat Dan su nam 2015 ' Xem Di6u 106 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015
NHA mfdc VA PHAPLU4TS6 8/2016
4. Ve chiem hihi
Khac voi Bo luat Dan su nam 2005, B6 luat Dan sy nam 2015 khong chi nhin nhSn chiem hihi la mot noi dung cua quyen so hihi ma con nhin nhan chiem hihi voi noi ham la m6t tinh trang phap ly. Viec nhin nhan chiem hihi la mot tinh trang phap ly nham han chS toi da nhimg hanh xu mang tinh vii lyc de doi !ai tai san va qua do nham duy tri trat ty, an toan xa hoi. Voi each tiep c^n nay, Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 da xay dyng rieng che dinh chiem hihi ben canh che dinh so hihi.
Theo do, khoan 1 Di^u 179 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 dua ra khai niem: "ChiSm hihi la viec chu the nam giii, chi phoi tai san mot each true tiep hoac gian tiep nhu chii th^ c6 quyen doi voi tai san". Co thg nhan thdy, khai niem nay tuy chua that sy ro rang, nhung da phan anh diing noi ham chi§m hihi dugc thua nhan chung trong he th6ng phap luat cac quoc gia tren thS gidi.
Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 con quy dinh cho phep suy doan ve tinh trang ciia nguai chiem hihi, theo do, nguoi chiSm huu luon dugc suy doan la ngay tinh va do do, bSt cu ai cho ring nguoi chiSm hihi tai san la khong ngay tinh thi phai chung minh. Di^u do CO nghTa la, nguoi chiem hihi luon dugc suy doan la nguoi c6 quy8n d6i voi tai san cho din khi c6 chung minh ngugc lai. He qua la trong truong hgp xay ra tranh ch3p, nguai dang chiSm hiru dugc mac nhien suy doan la nguoi c6 quy8n d6i voi tai san cho den khi nguoi c6 tranh chap v8 quyen tai san chung minh ngugc lai. Ben canh do, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 cung chi ro nguoi chiem huu tai san ngay tinh n€u thyc hien viec chiem hihi lien tuc va cong khai trong thoi han 10 nam d6i voi dgng san va 30 nam doi voi bat dgng san se dugc ap dung thoi hieu huang quygn va dugc huong hoa Igi,
Igi tuc ma tai san mang lai'
5. Ve m6i quan he giira cac v?t quy^n Bg luat D5n sy nam 2015 da bo sung cac quy dinh xac dinh ro moi quan he gifia cac vat quyen. Ben canh ghi nhan quyen so huu la mot vat quyen day du va quan trgng nhat, Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 con bao ve cac vat quyen khac thong qua viec ghi nhan
"quyen khac doi voi tai san van c6 hieu lyc trong truong hop quyen s6 hihi dugc chuyen giao" **, hay quy dinh "chu so huu khong CO quyen doi lai tai san tu sy chiem huu ciia chu the dang c6 quyen khac doi voi tai san d o " ... khi c6 nhieu vat quyen khac nhau cung ton tai tren mot vat. Ben canh do, chu so hihi tai san ciang dugc bao ve mot each can bang trong moi quan he voi chu the CO vSt quyen thong qua mot s6 quy dinh
"chu sof hihi tai san g4n li^n vai d4t dugc tiep tuc su dung dat trong pham vi quy8n, nghTa vu ciia minh; quyen va nghTa vu ciia ben the chap trong moi quan he vai chu scr hihi tai san gan lien voi dkt dugc chuyen giao cho nguoi nhan chuyen quyin su dung dSt" trong truong hgp "th6 chSp quy6n sii dung dat ma khong th6 ch4p tai san g5n liin voi dSt va nguoi sii dung d^t d6ng thai la chii so hiiu tai san gan li^n voi 6k" va
"nguoi nhan chuyen quySn so huu tai san gan lien voi d i t dugc ti§p tuc su dung dat trong pham vi quySn, nghTa vu cua chii so hihi tai san gan lien voi dit dugc chuyin giao" trong truong hgp "thi ch^p tai san g5n lien voi dat ma khong the ch§p quy^n su dyng dat va chii so huu tai san gSn li^n voi dat khong dong thai la nguoi su dung dk"^^
Xem Dieu 236 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015.
""Xem Dieu 160 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015
^' Xem khoan 2 Dieu 166 Bo luai Dan su nam 2015 -- Xem khoan 2 Dicu 325, khoan 2 Digu 326 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015.
MQTSO NQI DUNG BANG .
Co the noi, dSy la nhimg quy dinh c6 y nghTa het siic quan trong trong viec thao go vuong mac cua giao dich dan sy noi chung va giao dich bao dam noi rieng trong Ihcri gian qua, cho phep cac chii the quySn yen tarn khai thac toi da gia t n ciia tai san va qua do thuc day giao luu dan su phat tri^n.
6. Ve quyen so^ hiru
Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 da ghi nhan day du cac dac tinh ciia quy^n so hihi voi tinh each cua mot vat quyen; la mot quyin tuyet d6i va vTnh vien. Dac tinh tuyet d6i cua quySn so hihi dugc the hien thong qua hai khia canh. Thii nhat, chu so hihi c6 quygn n^m giii va thyc hien cac quySn nang ciia minh true tiep tren doi tugng ciia quy^n so huu, huong dyng va dinh doat d6i tugng cua quyen so hiiu hoan toan theo y chi ciia minh (mot each tuyet doi nhat), tni truong hgp trai voi quy dinh ciia luat^^. Thu hai, chu so hihi c6 quyen chong lai cac chu the khac cd hanh vi xam pham quyen so hihi cua minh hay ngan cam (kliong cho phep) cac chii the khac tiep can, khai thac, su dung hay huong hoa Igi, Igi tiic do doi tugng ciia quyen so huu mang lai^'^. Noi each khac, dac tinh nay mang lai cho chii so hiiu quyen thong tri tuyet doi voi doi tugng cua quyen so hihi- Nhu vay, vat quyen cua chu so hiiu ton tai ngay trong doi tugng ciia quyen so huu va tao cho chii so hiiu kha nang doi khang vcri mgi chii the khac. He qua ciia dac tinh doi khang nay tao cho chu so hihi quyen truy doi va quyen uu tien. Dac tinh vTnh vien ciia quyen so huu ton tai song hanh voi su ton tai cua doi tugng quyen so hiiu^^- Dieu nay c6 nghTa, ve nguyen tSc quyen so hihi chi cham diit khi doi tugng
ciia quySn so hiiu khong con. Noi each khac, dac tinh nay chi ra m6i lien he tryc tiip giiia chu so hiiu va d6i tugng ciia quyen so him. Day la ly do ma he thdng phap luat cua mot s6 qu6c gia luon xem xet dac tinh nay trong m6i quan he v6i dac tinh cy the (speciality)^^ cua vat quyen.
Ben canh nhiing thay doi quan trgng ve noi dung cua quyen so huu, Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 ciing c6 sy thay d6i co ban trong viec ghi nhan cac hinh thuc cua quyen scr hiiu. Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 da xac dinh lai cac hinh thiic so hiru o Viet Nam gom ba hinh thuc la: so hiiu toan dan, so hiiu rieng va so huu chung. Sy sua doi nay da khac phyc cac quy dinh mang tinh liet ke theo chu the, dan den tinh trang tning lap, chong cheo ve noi dung nhung lai thieu tinh bao quat giiia cac hinh thiic so hiiu cua Bo luat Dan sy nam 2005. Viec xac dinh 3 hinh thuc so hiiu nay la can cu vao tinh dac thu trong viec thyc hien cac quyen nang ciia chu so hiiii, CO che thuc hien quyen so huu cung nhu vi tri ciia moi hinh thiic so hihi ddi voi nen kinh te quoc dan.
7. Ve cac vat quyen khac
Ben canh viec ghi nhan quyen so hihi la vat quyen quan trgng nhat Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 con quy dinh 3 loai vat q u y i n khac sau:
Thu nhat, quyen doi voi bat dgng san lien ke hay con dugc biit d i n la quyin dia dich. Tuong ty Bg luat Dan sy nam 2005, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 khong su dung
-' Xem khoan 2, 3 Di^u 160 Bg iuat Dan su nam 2015.
-"• Xem Digu 164 Bp luat Dan sir nam 2015.
'^ Xem khoan 3 Dieu 237 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015.
"'' Xem National Reports on the Transfer of Movables in Europe. Volume I. Austria, Estonia.
Italy, Slovenia, Page 18, 234, 369,515, National Reports on the Transfer of Movables in Europe.Volume 3. Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Hungary Page 527 National Reports on the Transfer of Movables in Europe Volume 4: France, Belgium, Bulgaria, Poland, Portugal, p.602.
NHA NlfdC VA PHAPLUATSO 8/2016
thuat ngir "quyin dia dich" ma sir dyng cum tii "quyin d6i voi bat dgng san lien ke". V6 CO ban, noi ham cua cac quy dinh tu Dieu 245 din Diiu 256 vi "quyin dii vai hk dgng san liin ki" da thi hien dugc ban chat va dac tinh cua quyen dia dich nhu: la quyin mang tinh phu thugc, la quyin mang tinh vTnh viln, la quyen mang tinh tuyet dii^^ "Quyin ddi voi b4t dgng san lien ki"
la vat quyin bdi no cho nguoi huong quyen CO dugc nhiing quyen nang nhat dinh tren
"bat dgng san chiu huong quyen" dua tren mii lien he giiia hai bat dgng san, theo do, mot bat dgng san phai chiu ganh nang nham phyc vu cho viec khai thac bat dgng san con lai thugc quyen so hChi cua nguoi khac Dac tinh phu thugc ciia "quyen doi voi bat dgng san lien ke" dugc the hien qua viec quyen nay ton tai phu thugc vao su ton tai cua moi lien he mat thiet giua hai bat dgng san thugc hai chii so huu khac nhau. Noi each khac, "quyen doi voi bat dgng san lien ke" la mot dich quyen theo vat, co nghTa la vat quyen nay se truyen cho nhiing chu so hiiu tiep theo ciia bat dgng san chju dia dich chung nao giiia hai bat dgng san con tin tai moi lien he noi tren^^. Dac tinh vTnh vien ciia quyen dia dich la he qua tir dac tinh cu the ciia quyen so hiiu dugc xac lap tren hai bat dgng san thugc hai chii so hiiu khac nhau.
Thu hai, quyen huong dung. Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 Ian dau tien ghi nhan thuat ngir "quyen huong dung" thay cho cum tu "quyen ciia nguoi khong phai la chu so hiiu". Nhin chung, diiu nay giiip cac quy
• Dieu 247 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015 quy dinh.
"quyen doi voi hk dong san liSn k^ c6 hieu lire ddi voi mgi ca nhan, phap nhan".
"*' Xem DiSu 245 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015.
" Dieu 247 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015 quy dinh ro
"quyen d6i voi bit dong san Ii6n k^.. dupe chuyen giao khi bat dong san dugc chuyen giao"
dinh ciia Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 ve quySn huong dung tuong dfing hon voi phap luat cua cac qu6c gia tren thi giai. Dinh nghTa dugc quy dinh tai Diiu 257 Bg Iuat Dan sy nam 2015 da chi ro quyin huong dung la mot phan nhanh ciia quyen so hiiu, theo do nguai huang dung se co quyin su dung va quyin huong Igi^"- Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 ciing chi ra cac dac tinh cua quyin huong dyng, bao gom: la vat quyen theo nguoi (dich quyen theo nguoi), tinh co then han, tinh tuyet d6i, tinh bao toan gia tn ciia d6i tugng quyen. Dac tinh theo nguoi ciia quyin huong dung the hien 6 viec vat quyen nay gan lien voi nhan than ciia nguoi huong dyng, dieu do co nghia la khi nguai co quyen huong dung cham dut sy ton tai thi quyen nay ciing cham diit^'. Dac tinh co thai han ciia quyen huong dung the hien thong qua thoi han huong quyen khong mang tinh vTnh vien ma chi ton tai trong mot thai han nhat dinh . Dac tinh tuyet doi ciia quyen huang dung the hien thong qua viec nguoi huang dung co the thyc hien quyen ciia minh chong lai tat ca mgi nguoi, tham chi quyen ciia nguoi huong dung con dugc bao dam trong moi tuong quan vai quyen so hiiu"'^. Dac tinh tuyet doi con the hien a quyen ciia nguai hucmg dung trong viec cho phep hoac ngan cam cac chu the khac tiep can, khai thac, sir dung hay huang hoa Igi, Igi tiic do doi tugng ciia quyen huang dung mang lai^"^. Dac tinh bao toan gia tri doi tugng ciia quyen huang dung the hien o nghTa vy cua nguoi huong dung
Xem Dieu 257 8 6 luat Dan s u n a m 2015.
^' Xem khoan 1 Diau 260 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015.
^" Xem Di^u 257 va Dicu 260 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015.
^' Xem khoan 1, 3, va 4 Didu 263, Di^u 263, Di6u 263 Bo luat Dan sir nam 2015.
^•' Xem khoan ! Di^u 261 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015.
MOT SO NOI DUNG DANG ..
trong viec giii nguyen gia tri ddi tugng cua quyen hucmg dung va phai hoan tra lai d6i tugng nay diing voi gia tri ban dkn khi hit thai han huong quyin^^
Thu ba, quyen be mat. Day la vat quyen dugc Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 ISn dSu tien quy dinh tai Muc 3 Chuomg XIV Phin thir hai. Mac du co su khac biet nhdt dinh v i quyen b i mat trong he thdng phap luat Viet Nam va mot so quoc gia tren t h i gioi^^, nhung nhin chung voi cac quy dinh tir Diiu 267 den Diiu 273, Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 da the hien dugc ban chat va cac dac tinh ciia quyin b i mat. Theo Diiu 267 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015, quyin b i mat dugc hieu la mot vat quyin dugc hinh thanh nham cho phep mot nguoi co quyen "d6i vcri mat dat, mat nuoc, khoang khong gian tren mat dat, mat nuoc va long dat ma quyen sii dung dat do thugc v i chii thi khac". Nhu vay, co the nhan th^y quyin h i mat la mot vat quyen sii dung, cho phep mot nguoi khong phai la nguoi co quyin su dung dat dugc thyc hien tryc tiip cac quyin nang tuong ty quyen cua chu so hiru len mat dat, mat nuoc, khoang khong gian tren mat dat, mat nuoc, long dat ma quyen sir dung dat do thugc ve chu the khac va quyen nang nay cung cho phep nguoi co quyin d6i khang vai tat ca moi nguoi^^. Quyin b i mat la vat quyen sii dung co diiy dii cac thanh t6 ciia quyen so hihi, dieu do co nghTa la nguoi CO quyen be mat khong chi co quyin sir
"*' Xem Dieu 262 Bg itdt Dan su nam 2015.
^* Trong he thong phap luat ciia cac qu6c gia thua nhan quyen tu huu doi voi dat dai, quy^n hh mat dugc hieu la mot vai quyen cho phep nguoi c6 quyen CO dugc quyen so hiru doi vcri cong trinh xay dyng hoac cay trong a tren, trong long dat hoac tren mot cong trinh xay dung khac ma quyen so huu manh dIt thupc vc nguoi khac.
- ' Xem Dieu 269 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015.
dung, quyen huang Igi ma con co ca quyen dinh doat doi tugng ciia quyen be mat"*^, trong khi nhiing nguai co quyen huong dung hay quyen dia dich chi co the co mot so quyen nhu quyen su dung hoac quyen huong Igi. Do do, co the noi, each ma Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 dieu chinh quyen be mat cung tuong tu nhu quyen so hiiu. Dieu nay dugc chung minh qua viec quyen be mat cung co the chiu nhiing ganh nang bai nhiing vat quyen khac^^ va kha nang tao ra cac vat quyen khac tuong ty nhu quyen so hiru. Quyen be mat cho phep nguoi co quyen co dugc quyen sa hiiu mot cong trinh xay dyng hay cay coi, nhung khong phai mua quyen sii dung dat de xay dyng cong trinh xay dyng hoac de trong trgt. Tuy nhien, quyen be mat la quyen mang tinh thoi han, theo do, thai han cua quyen be mat CO the dugc xac dinh truoc hoac khong, nhung khong the vugt qua thai ban cua quyen sir dung dit'*"
8. Ve vat quyen bao dam
Mac du khong dugc liet ke mgt each tryc tiep tai Dieu 159 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015, nhung voi quy dinh tai khoan 1 Diiu 160 va cac quy djnh tai Muc 3 Chuong XV cua Phan thu ba da gian tiip ghi nhan sy t i n tai cua cac vat quyen bao dam.
Vai each tiep can dua tren co so hinh thanh, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 da chia cac bien phap bao dam thuc hien nghTa vu thanh hai nhom: bien phap bao dam hinh thanh tren ccr so thoa thuan (gim cam c6 tai san, the chap tai san, bao luu quyin so hihi, dat cgc, ky cugc, ky quy, bao lanh va tin chap) va bien phap bao dam hinh thanh tren co so luat dinh (cam giii tai san). Trong do, nhom
^^ Xem khoan 2 Dieu 271 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015.
^ Xem khoan i Dieu 271 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015.
Xem khoan 1 Dieu 270 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUATSd 8/2016
bien phap bao dam hinh thanh tren ca so thoa thuan tiip tuc dugc chia lam hai nhom nho: Cac bien phap bao dam bSng tai san gim cSm c6 tai san, thi chip tai san, bao luu quyin so huu, dat cgc, ky cugc, ky quy va cac bien phap bao dam khong bang tai san gom bao lanh va tin chap" Vai each phan chia nay, co thi nhan thiy, c^c bien phap bao dam bSng tai san - bao dam doi vat trong Bo luat Dan su nam 2015 dugc ma rgng hon so vai Bg lu|it Dan su nam 2005, b k g viec bi sung them hai bien phap bao dam cSm giii tai san va bao luu quyen so hiru''l Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 da tiep can tit hon ly thuyit vat quyin va trai quyin khi quy djnh vi cac bien phap bao dam cung nhu trong viec xac dinh hieu luc giiia cac ben trong hgp dong bao dam va hieu lyc vai nguai thii ba.
Dac biet han, so vai cac quy dinh ciia Bg luat Dan sy nam 2005, cac quy dinh ciia Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 ve cac bien phap bao dam bang tai san da chi ro dac tinh quan trgng ciia cac bien phap bao dam doi vat nhu: la vat quyen phu thugc, dac tinh doi khang, dac tinh uu tien va dac tinh truy doi.
Dac tinh vat quyen phu thugc ciia cac bien phap bao dam doi vat dugc the hien thong qua sy doc lap cua chii ng (ben nhan bao dam) trong viec thuc hien quyen nang cua minh thay vi phu thugc vao hanh vi thyc hien nghTa vu ciia con ng (ben bao
^' Day la mot dac ihii cita phap luat bao dam Viet Nam voi y nghia la mot giai phap mang tinh xa hpi nham ho trg ca nhan, ho gia dinh ngheo co kha nang tiep can nguon von, nhung ve ban chdt, tin chip khong phai la bien phap bao dam do ben nhan bao dam khong co bat cu quyen gi doi vai ben bao dam.
Trong Bp luai Dan su nam 2005, bien phap cSm giu truoc day duoc ghi nhan g ph^n thyc hien hop dong voi tinh each la mot bien phap xu ly vi pham hop dong va bien phap bao luu quy^n so huu dugc ghi nhan 6 phan hop dong mua ban.
dam), cho phep chii ng co thi tac dgng vac d6i tugng bao dam, hay chinh xac hon la tat dgng vao gia trj tiin te ciia dii tugng bao dam''^ Va do do, dii tugng bao dam hay dii tugng ciia vat quyin dugc xem la sy dy tnj vi gia tri va dugc su dyng khi chii ng khong con sy lya chgn khac cho viec thyc hien trai quyin ciia minh"". Tuy nhien, vat quyen bao dam khong tin tai doc lap ma dugc hinh thanh nhSm bao dam cho nghia vy chinh va vat quyin bao dam chi dugc thyc hien khi nghia vu dugc bao dam (nghTa vu chinh) khong dugc thyc hien hoac thyc hien khong diing hoac ben co nghTa vu phai thuc hien nghTa vu dugc bao dam truoc thoi han do vi pham nghTa vu theo thoa thu^n hoac theo quy dinh cua luat ma khong thyc hien.
Dac tinh doi khang ciia cac bien phap bao dam doi vat dugc the hien a cho, mac du trong hau het cac bien phap bao dam doi vat"^ quyen cua ben nhan bao dam dugc xac lap tren co so hgp dong bao dam (quan he trai quyen), nhung quyen ciia ben nhan bao dam khong chi c6 hieu luc vai ben kia trong quan he hgp dong" , ma con co hieu lyc doi khang (chong lai) ben thii ba khong thamgia xac lap hgp dong bao dam"^ neu dap ung dugc dieu kien ve cong khai vat quyen hay cong khai hoa giao dich bao dam.
Dac tinh uu tien la he qua cua hieu lire doi khang, nghTa la dua tren hieu lyc doi (Xem tiep trang 19}
*^ Xem khoan 3 Di£u 305, khoan 2 Di^u 307. khoan 2 Di6u 328, khoan 2 Diau 329, khoan 2 Di^u 330, Dieu 332, khoan 4 DiSu 349 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 '"' Xem Nguyen Ngpc Dien, Su can thiet ctia viec xay dimg cac chi dinh vat quyen va trai quyen trong luat dan su, Tap chi Nghien ciru lap phap dien tii, http://www.nclp.org.vn, truy cap ngay 15/5/2016.
''^ Tru cam giCr tai san la bien phap bao dam dugc xac lap tren co so luat djnh
"'^ Hieu lyc tuong doi.
" H i e u lyc tuyet d6i.
10
