TrSn Njpc ThSng, NguySn Thj Nh|
Mpt so bien phap boi di/dng nang lUc giai quyet van cTe cho hpc sinh trong day hpc mon Vat ii ol trifoing
trung hpc phd thong
T r i n Ngoc T h j n g \ Nguyen Thj Nhp
' Sdl GiSo dye vk DAo tao Binh PtiiJSc Phaflrg Tan Phu, thSnh pho Dong Xoii, tinh Binh Phaflc, Vigt Nam Email: ngoctfiangbp@gmail com
^ Tn/Sng Dgi hoc Vinh 182 LeDuSn,thanhph6 Vinh, Hnh Ngti^ An, Viet Nam Email' [email protected]
TOM TAT: Vi$c boi dudng ning li/c giii quySt vSn (3S cho hoc sinh la nhiem vg quan trong cua qua trinh day hoc vi giao due d tnJdng pho thong. Tuy vao tUng mon hoc cu the, hoat ddng giao due nhat dinh ma cd cic giii phap khie nhau de thuc hien nhiim vg do. Tic gii bai viet trinh bay cie bien phap cu thi boi dudng n^ng lUc giii quyet van de cua hoc sinh trong day hoc mdn V$t lid trudng trung hoc phd thong.
TLf KHOA: Nang life; nang liTc gidi quyet van tfe; bdi difdng nang lire gi^i quyet van de; hoat dpng trdi nghiem.
• * Nhan bai 09/01/2019 -^ Nhan ket qui phan bier va ctiinh siia 15/02/2019 s-- Duyet dang 25/03/2019,
L D a t v ^ n d e
Nang lyc (NL) giai quyet van de (GQVD) la NL can dugc boi duong cho hoc sinh (HS). Chuong trinh giao due ph6 thong moi cung quy djnh nhirng NL can duoc boi duong va phat trien, trong do NL GQVE) la mpt trong nhutig NL quan trgng. NL GQVD dugc b6i duong ichi HS tham gia GQVD, nghia la NL GQVD dugc boi duong thong qua hoat dpng hpc ciia HS truoc mgt van de cu the cua mon hpc, cua cac van de thuc tien. Mon Vat li a truong trung hpc pho thong (THPT) CO Icien thtic gan lien voi thuc tien. Trong do, nhieu van de thucmg gap trong mon Vat li se ren luyen va hinh thanh cac kT nang tu duy cho HS nhu so sanh, phan tich, tong hgp, kha nang phan doan va giai quyet cac van de voi nhiJng van de ma, trong boi canh phiic hpp, co nhieu phong each hgc da dang de phat trien NL, dac biet la NL GQVD. Qua khao sat thuc te, giao vien (GV) mon Vat If o cac trucmg pho thong cung da sir dung nhieu phuong phap day hpc vao day hgc nham dat dugc muc tieu cila timg bai hgc de ra. Trong bai viet nay, chung toi dua ra mgt so bien phap cu the de boi duong NL GQVD cho HS trong day hgc mon Vat li a truang THPT.
2 . N O i d u n g n g h i e n cuTu 2 . 1 . Nang liTc giai quyet van de
Theo tac gia Nguyen Thi Lan Phucmg, co che cua su phdt trien nhan thiic la tuan theo quy luat lugng ddi thi chdt ddi vd ngugc Igi, trong do lugng chinh la so lupng nhtfng v3n de dupe ITnh hgi theo kieu GQVD, chdt chinh la NL giai quyet cac van de nay sinh trong qua trinh hpc tap, trong hoat dpng thuc tiln [1]. Theo To chiic cac nuoc Kinh te phat tnen OECD, GQVD la NL cua mgt ca nhan tham gia vao qua trinh nhan thiic de hieu va giai quyet cac tinh huong CO vdn de ma phucmg phap ciia giai phap do khong phai ngay ISp tiic nhin thSy ro rang. No bao g6m su sin sang tham gia vao cac tinh huong tuong tu de dat duoc tiem nang
cua minh nhu mgt cong dan co tinh xay dimg va biet suy nghT [2]. Ngoai ra, NL GQVD con dugc hieu lit NL ma HS ma HS biet phat hien, xac dinh ro van de can nghien cuu, chuyen van de thiic tien thanh dang co the kham pha, giai quyet biti toan nhan thiic thong qua su thu thap thong tin, phan tich, lire chgn cae phuong an toi im va hanh dgng theo phuong an da chpn de GQVD, tiic la tim ra kien thiic khoa hgc. NL GQVD la hieu la NL ca nhan sir dung hieu qua cac qua trinh nhan thiic, xtic cam de giai quyet tinh huong c6 van de ma a do giai phap thong thuong, co san khong giai quyet ngay dugc [3]. Qua do, the hien kha nang tu duy, hgp tac trong lira chgn, quyet dinh va thuc hien giai phap cho van de, hay NL GQVD ciia HS trong day hgc khoa hpc tu nhien lit NL ca nhan ciia nguoi hpc sir dung hieu qua kiSn thirc ve khoa hpc tu nhien, kT nang, thai dp...de giai quyet tinh huong co chira dung van de ma a do khong chira dung giai phap thong thuong
Nhu vay, co nhieu each hieu khac nhau ve NL GQVD.
Theo chiing toi, NL GQVD ciia HS trong mon Vdt li Id NL md cd nhdn HS cd khd ndng van dung kien thuc, kT nang, kinh nghiem, thdi do... thdng qua hdnh dgng (bin trong, ben ngodi) cua cd nhdn vdo qud irtnh gidi quyet cdc vdn di.
6 truong pho thong, co the xem hpc vat li la hpc phat hien vit giai quyet cac van de vat li. Day hgc vat li la day cac hoat dong. Mon Vat li la mon khoa hgc co cac hien tugng, cac iing dung gan lien voi thuc tien ma 6 do HS phai sir dung kinh nghiem, kien thirc, kT nang ctia minh vao giai quyet cac van de thuc tien thong qua cac hoat dpng nhu trai nghiem, phan tich tai lieu, xay dung mo hinh va mon Vat li la mon hpc co tinh thuc nghiem, mang tinh dac thii rieng, nen chiia dung nhieu tiem nang de boi duong NL GQVD.
Mat khac, trong day hgc mon Vat li, cu the la day hgc khai niem, day hgc dinh luat va thuyet ling dung ki thuat ciia vat li, moi dang kien thiic co mgt vai tro quan trgng rieng, nhung dac tnmg rieng trong viec gop phan hinh thanh, boi
So 15 thang 03/2019 S3
N G H | £ N c a u Lf LUAN
Bang 1 : Cau true NL GQVD trong day hpc mon Vat li
1 Phat hien van de 1,1. Phan tich, lam ro thong tin noi dung v l n d e . . . - ^ M . , . . . 1.2 Nhan ra mau thuan giQa van de mdi nay smh vdi kien thifc cd dUdc tU trSi nghigm vd ki6n thifc (13 hpc.
1 3, Phat bieu va dien dat dddc van de.
2 De xuat va li/a chon giai phap 2.1 De xuat cac giai phap.
2.2. Phan tich. so sanh giJa cac giai phap.
2 3-Chon ra giai phap kha thi.
3.Thi;c hien gi^i phap 3.1. De xuat cac phddng an de thiic hien giai phap.
3 2 Thuc hien giai phap theo phi/dng an da chon.
3.3. Oiia ra dddc ket qua, giai thich. iam rd nguyen nhan ciia van d§ va nit ra ket luSn.
4 Ddnh gid giai phap, van dung 4 . 1 , Danh gia, di§u chinh tirng budc thiic hien giai phap.
4 2 Xac nhan nhiing kien thflc, rut ra kinh nghiem thu nhan dUdc 4.3. Van dung kien thUc vao tinh huong mdi
duong NL GQVD cho HS. Do do, chiing toi xay dung cau true NL GQVD trong day hgc mon Vat li g6m cac thanh t6 sau (xem Bang 1):
2 . 2 . Bien phap boi difdng nang ILTC giai quyet van ffe cho hoc sinh trong day hoc mon Vat li d triTdng trung hpc phd thong 2 . 2 . 1 . Bien phap 1 - Boi dilfing nang luc giai quyet van ie cho hoc sinh thong qua hoat dpng trai nghiem
Hoat dgng trai nghiem trong hgc tap giiip HS phat trien cac pham chat, NL. Ci giai doan giao due dinh huong nghe nghiep, HS CO kha nang thich iing voi cac dieu kien song, hpe tap va lam viec khac nhau; Thich iing vai nhiing thay dQi ciia xa hgi hien dai; Co Idia nang to chiic cupc song, cong viec va quan li ban than; Co kha nang phat trien himg thu nghe nghiep va ra quyet dinh lua chgn dugc nghe nghi?p tuong lai. Not dung Hoat dgng trai nghiem dugc to chirc thitnh 4 mach hoat dgng sau: Hoat dpng huong vao ban than; Hoat dgng huong den xa hpi; Hoat dpng hucmg den tu nhien; Hoat dpng huong nghiep. Co 4 phuong thirc hoat dgng trai nghiem bao gom:
- Phirong Ihiec Khdmphd: Lit each to chirc hoat dpng tao CO hgi cho HS trai nghiem the gioi tu nhien, thuc te cupc song vit cong viec, giiip HS kham pha nhiing dieu mdi la, tim hieu. phat hien van de tir moi truong xung quanh, boi duong nhirng cam xiic tich cue va tinh yeu que huong dat nuoc;
- Phumig [hire Thi nghiem, lucmg tdc: La each to chiic hoat dpng tao co hpi cho HS giao luu, tac nghiep va the nghiem y tuang nhu dien dan, dong kich, hgi thao, hpi thi, tro choi va cac phuang thiic tuong tir khac;
- Phuang ihuc Cong hien: La each to chtic hoat dgng tao CO hpi cho HS mang lat nhiing gia tri xa hpi bang nhiing dong gop va cong hien thuc te cita minh thong qua cac hoat dgng tinh nguyen nhan dao, lao dong cong ich, tuyen truygn va cac phuong thirc tuong tu khac;
- Phuang thirc Nghiin cieu: La each to chtic hoat dgng tao CO hpi cho HS tham gia eae de tai, du itn nghien ciiu khoa hpc nho cam hiing tir nhirng trai nghiem thuc te, qua do d^
xua! nhung bien phap GQVD mpt each khoa hpc.
Trong qua trinh day hgc mon Vat li, GV co the to chiic cho HS nghien cuu bai hoc thong qua h? thdng cac bai tap, cac tinh huong thuc tiln theo chuong trinh giao di^c hi?n hanh thong qua cac phuang thiic nhu tren. Hoat dpng trai nghiem dugc thuc hien theo nhom hoac ca nhan bang hinh thiic long ghep vao hoat dpng day hgc tren ldp, CO ban gom cac buoc sau: Buoc 1; Xac dinh muc tieu ve cac van de can giai quylt; Buoc 2: Dua ra dugc cae giai phap de GQVD;
Buoc 3: Xay dung kk hoach, thuc hien cac giai phap; Budc 4: Bao eao va danh gia ket qua hoat dpng.
Cff hoi boi du-&ng nang NL GQVD cho HS Of bi^n ph^p 1 (xem Bdng 2):
Vi du 1: Trai nghiem thuc tiln, tim hiSu may biln ap trong he thong truyen tai dien trong thyc te de thu thap nhiing kien thiic tir thuc tten, sap xep cdc kien thtic d6 de dua vao chit de hpc tap.
Budc 1: Muc tieu vi kiin thuc, kindng, thai dp, NL khi hodn thdnh ho^t dgng trdi nghiem
- Biet ve nguyen tSc hoat dgng, nguyen tie cau tao cita may bien ap va he thong truyen tai dien Hen quan chat chS voi cac kien thirc ve san xuat, phan phoi va sir dung di?n nang trong doi song, nhu san xuSt may bien ap va H? thong truyen tai dien la hai nganh quan trgng trong n6n kinh te quoc dan. Day lii nganh nghe lien quan den vi?c cung cap nang lugng dien cho viec van hanh nhieu nganh nghe khac ..
- Trinh bay dugc yeu cau ve kien thirc, kT nang ph6 ^^^^
khi vao lam trong cac co so san xuat may bien the va ca sir van hiinh he thong truyen tai dien.
- Trinh bay dugc quy trinh co ban ciia viec san xuat may bien ap, xay dung he thong truyin tai dien tai dja phuong, nhiing cong doan kho khan...
- Trinh bay dugc chi phi san xuSt mgt so loai may bien ap va gia ban ciia chiing tren thi trudng.
- Nhan biet dugc cac ludi dien vdi cac miic dien ap khac nhau va biet thuc hien cac quy tic an toan vdi tiing loai lucri dien dd.
- Tim hieu nganh nghe. co sd san xuat, kinh doanh, dich vu tai dia phuong lien quan den may bien ap va h^ thong
54 TAP CHi KHOA HQC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Bing 2: Boi dugng NL GWD thong qua hoat tang tiii nghiem va cac bieu hien cua NL GQVD
BOI dU6ng NL GQVB thong qua hoat (ong trii nghiem
BKcIc 1: Xac cfinh muc tieu ve cac van de can giai quyet.
Bieu hien cua NL GQVD
- Xac dmh muc tieu nhiem vu va cac van de can gi^i quyet.
- PhSn tich Itia chon diJcic cac van de phu hdp vdi hiing thu, phong each, dieu kien...
- Nhan ra (JUdc cac van de can giai quyet.
Budc 2: Dda ra dtldc cac glAl ph5p de GQVO - De xuat diJcic y tiffing lien quan den van iJe can giai quyet - Oe xuat dtfdc cac phtJdng an phu hdp, toi tfu Bi/dc 3: Xay diing ke hoach, thiTc hien cac gi^i - Lap ke hoach de tht/c hien
- Thi/c hien dt/dc cac giai phap va cd ket qua
BiJdc 4: Bao Ceio va danh gia k^t qua hoat ddng - Phoi hdp vdi cac thanh vien trong nhdm de bao cao k^t qua, trinh bSy san pham.
- SO dung cac tieu chi ttf danh gia, danh gia ddng dang ve san pham.
- Van dung kien thifc de GQVD dat ra trong thUc tien
truyen tai diSn.
- Quan tam den cac van de ve may bien ap va truyen tai dien. Hiio hiing va chit dgng nhan nhiem vu tim hieu ve cac hieu ting 6 ludi dien cao ap va tim hieu cac co sd san xuat, kinh doanh ve may bien ap va truyen tai dien. Cliia se, hgp tac, cd tinh than xay dung khi trao doi cac van de bai hgc.
- NL tu hgc va tu chii; GQVD va sang tao; giao tiep va hpp tac; ngon ngir, tinh toan, lim hieu khoa hgc tu nhien va xa hgi, cong nghe, tin hgc. Cu the: NL hieu biet kien ve may bien ap, he thong truyen tai dien nang; NL tim tdi, kham pha ve may bien ap, he thdng truyen tai dien nang;
NL GQVD nghien ctiu ciia bai hpc trong SGK va thuc tien, Budc 2: Gidi phdp di GQVB
- GV xay dung danh muc eo sd lien quan den may bien ap, truyen tai dien, cac hoat dgng kinh doanh dien nang tai dia phuong. Tiiy theo dja ban, cac tram bien ap la tram ha ap vdi cac cd dien ap vao lit 35 kV, 22 kV, 6 kV...
- GV khito sat co sd san xuat, kmh doanh, dich vu ve san xuat, sua chu'a, bao dudng vit van hanh may bien ap vit he thdng truyen tin dien...
- Cho HS tu trat nghiem, lam viec theo nhom sau khi GV giao nhiem vu va hoan thanh bao cao san pham.
Budc 3: Xdy dung ki hogch, thuc hifn cdc gidi phdp - Lap kl hoach trai nghiem cu the ve thdi gian, dia diem..
Chii y dgn ddi tugng HS; dieu kien dam bao ve tai Heu, co sdvatchitvacac video clip, anh lien quan den may bien ap va truyen tai dien nang...
- Chuan bi he thdng cau hdi thiet ke thanh phieu hpc tap, d^ HS tim hilu san xuat, kinh doanh; phieu danh gia san pham, mau bao cao...
- Tim hilu them thdng tin tir cae nguon khac (sach bao, Intemet), sip xep cac kiln thtic ve may bien ap va he thong truyen tai dien.
- Tu dat ra cac cau hdt ve may bien ap vii he thdng truyen tai dien. . , ,
- Tham quan va tim hieu thuc tien ve tram bien ap va truyin tai dien. Ghi lai nhCrng thdng tin quan sat dugc va
nghe duoc vao philu hoc tap (xem Phieu hgc tap 1) PHIEU HOC TAP 1
TilVI HIElJ LTNG D U N G IVIAY BIEN AP VA CACH TRUYEN TAI DIEN NANG
Trudng THPT: Ldp Hg va ten: Nhdm Cau I: Tim hieu ve may bien ap, khu vuc tram bien ap qua tim hieu cac thiet bi truyen tai dien tai cac co sd san xuat kinh doanh va tren intemet.. tra ldi cac cau hoi sau;
!. Neu cau tao va cdng dung cita may bien ap? May bien ap dugc img dung trong ddi sdng sitn xuat va truyen tai dien nang nhu the niio?
2. Tim hieu cac thiet bi lien quan khu vuc bien ap? iing dung ctia moi loai?
Cau 2: Cach tmyen tai dien nang, Iam the nao de tiet ki?m hao phi khi truyen tai dien nang di xa?
Cau 3: Neu cac bien phap an toan khi rap rap mach dieu khien?
Cau 4: Cac van de chua dugc giai quyet la gi?
HS can luu y:
- Tuan thii cdc quy dinh cua ca sd, ciia ngirdi hudng ddn
- Khi din cdc ca sd khdng dugc tiey, lgi gdn hoac sd vdo cdc thiet bi khi chua dugc phep.
- Hoan thanh phieu ca nhan sau hoat trai nghiem, sau dd lam viec nhdm tai nha de xay dijng bao cao san pham nhdm ve cac van de tren de trinh bay tai Idp vao buoi hgc chti de ddng dien trong cac mdi tnrdng, mdi nhdm trinh bay tir 7 den 10 phiit, san pham la video clip, power point, hinh anh,...
Budc 4: Bdo cdo vd ddnh gid ket qud hogt dgng Chon tir 1 den 2 nhdm bao cao ket qua de trao ddi, thao luan vii de ra cac cau hot nghien ctiu li thuyet va thuc nghiem.Tien hiinh danh gia ket qua hoat dgng ciia HS.
So 15 thanq 03/2019 55
2.2.2. Bien phap 2 - Boi ddSng nang life gi^i quyet van Se cha hoc sinh thong qua tinh huong co van 3e trong bai day hoc kien thiic mdi
Trong nghien ciiu cac kien thiic vat li, cd rat nhieu tinh huong cd van de xuat hien nhung no van d dang tiem an.
Can biet each nghien ciiu va giai quyet cac tinh hudng nay trong qua trinh day hpc mdn Vat H. Do la nhiing tinh hudng van de nay sinh khi cd su mau thuan giiia nhijng kien thiic vat li da biet va nhiing kien thiic mdi can xay dting, mau thuan giua vdn kien thirc ctia HS vdi nhihig hien tugng xay ra. Tinh hudng cd van de phai kich thich, gay dugc hiing thii nhan thiic ddi vdi HS, tao cho HS tinh tu giac va tich cue trong hoat dong nhan thiic. Tinh huong cd van de phai phu hgp vdi NL HS. HS cd thi giai quylt dugc vin dl biing von kien thiic lien quan den van d^ bJng hoat ddng tu duy, thi nghiem, thu thap thdng tm...Can hudng din HS nhan dien (xem xet cac mat ciia van de) dugc vSn dl va neu dugc van de nghien ciiu.
Cff hoi boi dir&ng nang NL GQVD cho HS & biSn phap 2:
Vdi bign phap nay, thanh td NL phat hien vin dl ciia HS se dugc bdi dudng va phat tnen. Thdng qua tinh hudng hpc tap, HS phai huy dgng kiln thiic, kT nang, vdn kinh nghiem dg nhan dien (cac mat) v4n dl dat ra. HS se bgc lg nhung quan mem rieng ciia minh vl tinh hudng dat ra. Giiip GV xac dinh duge su hilu bilt eua HS vl eac vin dl trong thuc tiln dl trao nhiem vu hoc tap tilp theo phii hgp vdi NL ctia HS.
Vi diji 2: Quan sat hien tugng khi dien phan dung dich CuSO^ .Tai sao co hien tugng cue duong tan ?
Dg GQVD nay, chiing tdt thigt kl hoat ddng hgc ciia HS theo hudng tu hpc va tu GQVD dudi sy hudng din ctia GV, nhu sau:
a. Muc lieu hogt ddng
Tim hieu dugc ban chat ddng dien trong chdt dien phan, hien tugng duong cue tan va img dung tir sach giao khoa.
- HS lam viec ca nhan tim hieu edu tnic ctia chit dien Ii va tra lot cau hdi: 1/Hgt ldi dien trong chat diin phdn Id gi?
Tgi sao? 2/Ndng do cdc hgt tdi dien trong chat diin phdn
Bang 3: Hoat dgng cua GV va HS
phu thudc vdo cdc yiu td ndo? 3/ Phdt biiu bdn chdt ddng dign trong chdt diin phdn? 4/Khi cdc hgt tdi dien din dien cue sexdy ra Men lucmg thi ndo? 5/Khdi lugng chdt thoat ra d dien ciec (niu cd) dugc tinh theo cdng thiec ndo?
- Trinh bay trude nhdm va thao luan de chgn ra thong tin hgp li cho cac cau hdi tren; Bao cao kit qua trude ci Idp, trao ddi de chgn dugc cac thdng tin quan trgng; Thao luan vl su phu thugc ctia cudng do ddng dien qua chdt di6n phan, vdi tmdng hgp cue duong tan, phu thugc vao cac ylu td ciia binh dien phan.
- Lam viec nhdm, thiet ke phuang an thi nghiem kilm ha cac dii doan va tien hanh thi nghiem theo yeu edu sau: 1/
Xet trudng hgp cue ducmg tan, nhdm thdo ludn dixdc dinh • cudng do ddng dien qua chdt dien phdn (khi dien dp khong ddi) phu thugc vdo cdc yeu td ndo vdphu thugc nhu thi nao vdo cdc yeu td dd? 2/Thiit ke cdc dung cu vdve hinh cdch bd tri thi nghiem? 3/ Ke hoach thuc hiin thi nghiem? 41 Tien hdnh thi nghiem vd ghi lgi cdc kit qud quan sat duac?
5/Nhdn xet.
b. Hogt ddng cua GVvd HS (xem Bdng 3) c. Sdn phdm hoat dgng
San pham ca nhan, san pham nhdm, eac bao cao va thao luan co ban phai dat dugc nhiing ngi dung dudi day:
Trong dung dich CuSO^ xay ra qua trinh phan li va tai hgp, trong dung dich cd cac hat tai dien hr do la cac ion.
CuSO^ -> Cu^'^ + sol* • ^ ^^^ duong andt ed su kit hgp ciia cac ion: Cu^* + ( S O / - = CuSO^; CuSO^ tan vao dung dich, tigp tuc phSn li lam cho cue duong mdn di; d cue am catdt: Cu^"" + 2e = Cu ; Cu nguyen tu bam vao bl mat catlt.
Nhu vay, cd thi xem Cu tii cue duong da bam vao cue Im.
Mpt phan nhd chuyen thanh nhigt nang va mgt phdn khac chuygn thanh hoa nang.
2.2.3. Bien phap 3 - Boi dUdng nang Idc gidi quyet van ^e cho hpc sinh thong qua luyen tap.van dung kien Ihffc vao cac bai tip gan vciilhifc t i i n
Day la bien phap giiip HS luyen tap, he thdng hda kiln thtic, van dung kiln thiic da ITnh hot vao giai thich cae hien tugng, cac bai toan, dua ra cac giai phap, dl xudt cac y
- GV hUdng dan HS floe SGK, . H S , di/a ra dU Soar- - GV fii;cing dan HS bao cao tntdc, giam sat va dieu khien thao luan, Ghi Cac loai hat dan dign nhan k i t qua lam viec cua ca nhan hoac nhom HS, Sir hat d i n diln phu thupc vao - Yeu cau HS thilc hien theo cac budc, nhiet do, chat dign phan - GV Phat cac dung cu thi nghiem cho moi nhom (DUa theo bo thi - HS thuc hien nhiem' vu ca nghiem dong dien trong chat dien phan - Danh muc thiet hi thi nghl6m nhan, sau il6 thao trinh bay va toi tbieu do Bd Giao due va Oao tao ban hanh nam 2009): Olen cKc ddng thao luan nhdm de thong nhat va than, sunfat dong, dong ho do dien da nang hien so hoac dong ho ket qua.
kim, cac day noi,..(GV til xay diing hoac hi/dng dan HS tii xay dUng va - OUa ra di/Oc ke't luan cua ca t i l n h^nh thi nghiem d phong thi nghiem hoac ci nh^ nhan hoac nhom, - GV hiidng dan va giam sat HS lam thi nghiem khao sat sU phu thudc
cua ciidng do ddng dien vSo cac yeu to (dien tich dien cue, khoang each dien eye, nong do dung dich).
- Phat hien van de vS phat bleu bleu van de bang kien thflc, kmh nghiem d a c d ,
- Ou doan hien tifdng x l y ra d hai ci/c khi dien phan, - Phan tich, diJ do^n, xii li so lieu, hien tuong khi tien hanh thi nghiem, - Pboi hdp nhom, tich cue tham gia tra ldi cau h6l va bo sung y kien cho nhdm
56 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
tudng v^o giai quyet cac van de thuc tiln khac nhau, khac situ kien thiic da hpc, lam cho viec hgc tap trd nen cd y nghTa ddng thdi bdi dudng va phat trien NL GQVD, NL khac thdng cac hoat dgng eu the ciia chii de mdn hgc.Trong hoat dgng nay. GV cd the hudng dan hgc hoat ddng ea nhiin, hoat dgng theo nhdm thdng he thdng bai tap, eau hdi ngi dung da thilt ke,
Cff hoi bhi dirdng NL GQVS thong qua luy^n tap, van dung thiTC ti^n
Vdi bien phap niiy, HS se giai thich hien tugng thuc tign mpt each cd can cir, thuc hien cac nhiem vu thdng qua viec van dting cac kien thirc da cd; xay dung img dung cac kien thtic da cd cd the sir dung vao ddi sdng, kT thuat; giai thich va de ra each iing xir thich hgp vdi cdng nghe vii hi$n tugng thien nhign trong mgt so tinh hudng lign quan den ban than, gia dinh, cgng ddng.
Vi du 3: Sau khi hgc xong chu de "Ddng dien trong chat khi", HS van dung vao giai thich cau ca dao sau: "Lua chi- em lap Id ddu bd; he nghe tieng sdm phat cd md ten ". Day la kinh nghiem ciia dng ba xua, viio nhiing vu lua chiem xuan, nhiing con mua rao mang theo dudng chat thien nhi- en, rat tdt cho cay cdi, hoa mau, dac biet lii cay liia nudc.
Nhd cd dam tii nhien, liia ben re va phat trien nhanh, tdt tuai. Bang kign thirc da hgc va sy hieu biet ciia minh Em hay giai thich dudi gdc nhin khoa hpc.
Day la mdt van de can van dung kign thirc Vat li, Hda hpc, Sinh hpc. Dg giai quygt dugc van de nay, GV ngn cho HS mgt sd eau hdi mang tinh ggi md de HS timg budc thuc hien:
- Hien tugng sam, set trong cau ea tren va hien tugng set d kien thtic HS da hoc ndi len y nghia gi? (kinh nghifm thuc tign).
- Ngudn Ozdn tir dau mil cd? (Phan img hda hgc: 20^ (lia Ilia dien)—> O3 + [O])
- Khi khdng cd Set (khdng ed tia lira dien) phan tir Nito tdn tai nhu the nao? (Trong khdng khi, Nito ton tai dang Nito phan tii cd lien ket 3 bgn vung, nen rl cay khdng hap thu dugc)
- Khi ed Set (cd tia lira dien) phan tu Nito tdn tai nhu thi nao? (nhd vao sdm set, mdt lugng N^ trong khdng khi chuyen hda theo so dd ciia phan iing:
N^+0^ = 2N0 2N0 + O, = 2N0j + H,0
4N0^ + 6^ + 2H^0 = 4HNO3HNO3 " H* + NO3-) - Rg cay hdp thu Nito d dang nao? (Re cly chi hdp thu dugc nito dang nitrat (NOS) va amdn (NH4-') cho qua trmh phat triln, Trong khdng khi cd khoang 80% Nito va 20 % oxi. Khi cd sdm chop (tia lua dien) thi N^ va O^ trong khdng khi tac dung vdi nhau tao thanh khi NO^. hda tan trong nudc mua tao ra HNO, roi xuong ddt tac dung vdi cac chdt kilm cd trong ddt tao ra muoi nitrat (N03-) va amdn (NH4+), ed chdt dam (N), lan (P), kali (K), Amdn (NH/) va qua trinh amdn hda gdc nitrat (N03-) dl hinh thanh NH/ tao hanh axit amin giiip cay phat trien)
Tir nhiing eau hdi ggi md chiia diing cac tinh hudng cd
vdn dl, HS se timg budc giai quyet dg tra ldi cau hdi tren.
Trong mdn Vat li cd rat nhieu dang bai tap ed ndi dung thuc tl, gdn vdi eudc sdng thudng ngay neu GV biet each cho HS van dung thi se giup HS phat triln NLGQVD.
2.2.4. Bien phap 4 - Boi dUdng nang Idc giai quyet van de cho hoc sinh trong bai thiic hanh tioac thi nghiem tren Idp Trong day hpc mdn Vat li, cd cac phuong phap chung cua nhan thtic khoa hgc va nhiing phuong phap dac thii cua vat li, dac biet lii thiic hanh, thi nghiem vi trong cac bai thuc hanb, thi nghiem ciing cd nhimg tinh hudng cd van de nay sinh. GV can hudng dan HS giai quyet cac van de dat ra.
Ca h^i bdi dv&ng NL GQVD thong qua thu-c hdnh thi nghiem:
HS md ta dugc cac ddi tugng, su kien, khai niem hoac cac qua trinh thdng qua thi nghiem, sir dung ket qua thi nghiem vao dign dat day dtl cac dae tinh ctia hien tugng quan sat bdng cdn dudng thuc nghiem. Day la mdt bien phap CO ban dg HS giai quyet eac van de trong hpc vat li.
Vi du 4: Dg nghign ciiu nguyen nhan hinh thanh, dac diem va iing dting ciia ddng dien cam ling, HS can thi nghiem dg xac dinh "Nguyen nhan chung lam xuat hi?n ddng dien trong dng day khi thuc hi?n cac thi nghiem la gi?
Mdi Uen he giiia chigu va do idn ciia dong dien vdi nguygn nhan Iam xuat hien ddng dien dd lit gi? GV dat van de, HS lam thi nghiem va tra Idi cac eau hdi sau:
- Cho nam cham chuyen ddng vao, ra khdi dng day, kim dien kg nhu the nao? (quay theo 2 chieu nguge nhau),
- Khi nam cham dting ygn trong long dng day, kim dien ke nhu the nao? (khdng quay);
- Khi dng day duge ndi vdi ngudn dien dat ldng vdi dng day ndi vdi dien kg. Ddng/md mach dien, kim dien ke quay nhu the nao? (theo 2 chigu ngugc nhau; khi da ddng mach dn dinh, kim dien kg khdng quay).
- Cho khung day dan dat trong tir trudng ctia nam cham, hai dau khung not vdi dien ke. Kim dien kg quay nhu the nao khi quay khung? (kim dien ke quay theo 2 chieu ngugc nhau) va khi khung dirng ygn? (kim dien ke khdng quay)
HS: Tien hanh lam thi nghiem; ghi vao vd y kien ciia minh. Sau do dugc thao luan nhdm, thdng nhat each trinh bay kgt qua thao luan nhdm, ghi vao vd cac nhan y kien ciia nhdm va lam rd ket qua:
- Cach tien hanh vii kgt qua cua doi vdi mdi thi nghiem, bang each di sau vao ban chat ctia sii thay ddi "nhin thdy"
(nam cham ehuyin dgng, khung day quay, ddng dien trong cudn day thay ddi), HS cd the du doan dugc mgt phdn nguyen nhan chung lam xuat hien ddng dien trong cac thi nghiem dd. Su khdng day du dd tao ra miic dich va dgng luc de HS hgc kiln thiic mdi trong bai.
- Bao cao kit qua hoat ddng nhdm va ngi dung vd ghi ciia HS.
2.2.5. Bien phap 5 - Boi di/dng nang liic giai quyet van de cho hoc sinh thong qua day tigc gan vfli nghien ciiu khoa hoc ki thuat Hien nay, viec lam ra cac san pham kT thuat hay mdt y So 15 thang 03/2019 57
NGHIEN c a u LI LUAN
tudng khoa hgc mdt ngudi binh thudng nhu mpt bac ndng dan hay la cae em HS ciing cd the thuc hien. Ddi vdi cac em HS d trudng phd thdng, lam the dg tao ra dugc mdt san pham cu the, lam the nao de van dung kign thiic da hgc vao thigt kg lap rap thanh san pham ap dting dugc vao cupc sdng phuc vu cho nhu cau giai tri, hgc tap, san xuat cdng, ndng nghiep.. .Viec bdi duong N L G Q V D thuc tien cho HS can dugc quan tam nhieu hon trong day hpc nhat ia ddi vdt mdn Vat li, mpt mdn khoa hpc co ban ma kien thtic cita nd gan lien vdi hau hgt cac hien tugng dien ra xung quanh ta.
C o hoi boi du'ong N L G Q V S thong q u a day hoe gdn lien voi khoa hoc kT thuSt:
Day lit bien phap giiip HS phat huy tdt NL G Q V D , sang tao. HS thoai mai tim tot, kham pha the gidi t u nhign, tu dat ra cau hdi trude mdt hien tugng tu nhien vii dot sdng;
de xuat du doan dg trii ldi ciic cau hdi, hien tugng. Tii cac ngudn tai lieu phong phii nhu sach tham khao, tap chi, thdng tin tir intemet va nhu cau ban than HS se thuc hien nhung du an va cho ra nhung san pham kT thuat theo nhu cau ban than hoac theo nhiem vu dugc giao.
Chiing tdi da td chirc day hgc theo chii de vdi HS ldp II tai 3 trudng THPT d ba vung mien cd dieu kien khac nhau tai tinh Binh Phudc. Trong qua trinh thiet ke ke hoach day hpc, chiing tdi da ap dung nhCrng bien phap tren vao timg chu de hpc tap cu the.Trong qtia trinh td chiic hoat
ddng hpc cho H S , chiing tdi tiln hanh danh gia NL GQVB cua HS thdng qua bd cdng cu danh gia nhu: bang kilm, philu hot, phigu danh gia va tu danh eua H S , danh gid san phdm, bai kiem tra. Qua phan tich dien bien hoat d^nghoc ctia H S , chung tdi nhan thdy, HS hpc tap vdi thai dg tich cue, hgp tac vii hao himg vdi nhiem vu dugc giao nhu hoat ddng trai nghiem thuc tien, bao cao vit thao luan kgt qua trai nghiem,van dung k i l n thiie d u g c hgc vao lam nhirng san phdm don gian hoac giai thich eac hien tugng thudng gap trong cupc sdng.
3. Ket luan
N h u vay, cd nhieu bien phap khae nhau de bdi dudng NL G Q V D cho HS trong qua trinh day hgc ndi chung, tuy thudc vao dac diem ciia timg mdn hgc khac nhau. Qua trinh day hgc mdn Vat li cd rat nhieu tinh huong cd viin de xuit hien, nhdt la cac tinh hudng gan lien vdi cugc sdng thuc tien ma hang ngay HS gap phai. GV can phai dua ra cac nhiem vu cu thg cho HS thuc hien. Mdi nhiem vu can co nhiing cau hdi djnh hudng cho HS giai quyet cae van de dat ra g^n vdi nhirng bien phap cu the thdng qua nhiing phong each hgc tap da dang ma d dd H S cd thg tu hgc, hpc nhdm, co hudng dan ciia G V hoac khdng. N h u n g cac nhiem vu deu dugc giai quyet thdng qua hoat ddng ciia H S , tir do HS se dugc bdi dudng va phat trien N L G Q V D .
Tai li|u tham khao
Nguyen Thi Lan Phucmg, (2010), Ddnh gid ket qud hoc tdp theo chudn hen thuc. kindng cua chucmg trinh gido due pho thong Viet Nam, Bao cao Tong ket de tai klioa hoc v^ cong nghe cip Bo, Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam, tr.33.
OECD, (2010), PISA 2012 Field Trial Problem Solving Framevi'ork, Draft Subject to Possible Revision after Ihe Field Trial, tr.M.
Do Huong Tra, (2011), Cdc kieu to chirc dgy hoc hien dgi
trong day hgc vdt li a truang pho thong, NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi
Bo Giao due va Dao tao, (2006A Vat li 10.11.12, NXB Gido due. Ha Not.
Bo Giao due va Dao tao, (2006), Vat li 10,11, 12, sach giao vien, NXB Gido due. Ha Npi,
Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Idn thie tdm Ban Chap hanh Tning ucmg khoa XI (Nghi quyit sd 29 - NQ/TW).
SOME MEASURES TO FOSTER PROBLEM-SOLVING COMPETENCY FOR STUDENTS IN TEACHING PHYSICS IN HIGH SCHOOLS
Tran Ngoc T h a n g \ Nguyen Thi Nhi^
' Bmh Phuoc Education and Training Department Tan Phu waid, Dong Xoai city, Bmh Phuoc province, Vietnam Emai[ n90cthan9bp@gmai( com 2 Vinh University
182 Le Duan, Vtnh city, Nghe An province, Vietnam Email nhint@vinhuni edu vn
ABSTRACT: Developing problem-solving competency for students is the task of all teaching and education processes in high schools. Depending on the specific subject and certain educational activities, different solutions are provided to perform the tasks. In this article, the author presents concrete measures to foster the problem-solving competency for students in teaching Physics m high schools.
KEYWORDS: Competency; problem-solving competency; developing problem-soivinci competency; experience activities.
58 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
