TAP c m KHOA HOC TRITQING B;»l HQC HONG BtTC - SO 41.2018
TRUYEN THO NOM TU" GOC NHIN VAN HOA DAN TOC
T r i n Q u a n g Dung^
TOIVI TAT
Bdi viet de cap den nhiing bieu hien cda vdn hoa ddn tpc duoc the hien qua truyen tha Ndm: tit hinh dnh buc tranh lang que binh di den nhiing phong tuc, tap qudn truyen thdng lau ddi; tU nhiing net dep cua dao ly truyen thong ddn tpc ben vUng den nhiing trdm tich vdn hda mang hon cot. khiphdch cha dng tu ngdn xua.
Tu- khda: Truyen tha Ndm, vdn hda, ddn tpc.
l . D A T V A N D E
Trong tien trinh nen van hpc chii viet thdi trung dai Viet Nam, su xuat hien the loai
"Truyen tho Ndm" duge xem la mdt thdnh tuu nghe thuat xuat sac, gan vdi ten tudi ciia nhieu nha van hda, van hpc ldn khien cho dien mao nen vdn hpc dan tdc da dang, phong phu ban, dong thdi ban sdc vdn hda cua dan tdc, tdm hon, tinh cdch nhdn dan ciing dugc the hien dam net ban: Tir hinh dnh biie tranh lang que dan da, binh di den nhiing phong tuc, tap quan truyen thdng lau ddi; tir nhiing net dep cua dao ly truyen thdng dan tpc ben viing den nhirng tram tich vdn hda mang hdn cot, khi phach cha dng tu ngan xua,... Tuy nhien, trong khudn khd cua bdi viet, chung tdi chi gidi han tim hieu ddu dn van hda ddn tdc d mpt sd phuang dien qua mot so tac phdm truyen tho Ndm tieu bieu.
2. N O I DUNG
Vdn hpc, nghe thuat la mot trong nhiing bp phdn hgp thdnh cua todn the cdu tnic van hod. Neu vdn hoa thS hien quan niem va each ling xir eua eon ngudi trudc the gidi, thi van hpc la hoat ddng luu giii nhiing thdnh qud do mdt each sinh dpng nhat. De cd dugc nhiing thdnh qua qud dd, vdn hoa eua mot ddn tpc ciing nhu cua toan the nhdn loai timg trai qua nhieu chang dudng tim kiem, chpn lira, dau tranh va sang tao de hinh thanh nhiing gid tri trong xa hdi. Van hpc vira the hien con dudng tim kiem do, vira la nai dinh hinh nhirng gia tri van hda da hinh thanh.
Truyen tho Ndm Id mot trong nhiing loai hinh tieu bieu cua vdn hpc Viet Nam thdi trung dai vira khdng dinh dugc nhimg thanh tuu nghe thuat to ldn vira la nai giii nhung trdm tich vdn hda dan tpc. 0 bdi viet ndy, chiing tdi de cap den mot so binh dien vdn hda tieu bieu ve tap tuc, Id hpi trong truyen tha Nom nhu: Tiet thanh minh va le tao mp, tuc an hoi, tuc ma ehay, tuc di le chiia, tuc phat "khdng chdng ma chira",...
2.1. Ti^t Thanh minh va tuc tao m0
Vdi dao ly "udng nude nhd ngudn ", tii xa xua tiet Thanh minh da trd thanh ngay 18 quan trpng, thieng lieng, di sdu vdo tiem thiic cua ngudi dan Viet Nam. Thanh minh tuy
^ Gidng vien khoa Khoa hoc Xa hpi, Trudng Dai hpc Hong Dice
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRUCfNG BAI HQC HONG PCTC - S 6 41.2018
khdng phai Id cai tk ldn, nhung lai gdn lien vdi dao diic, vdi bdn phdn con ngudi Viet Nam - bdn phan ciia con chau tudng nhd cdng lao ciia to phu, ciia nhiing ngudi di tnrdc.
Day ehinh la ngay gid td chung dk mpi ngudi cd dip bao hilu, tra nghia, gpi la d8n ddp phdn nao an sinh thdnh tao dung cua td tien.
"Thanh minh Id tiat thiic ndm trong "nhi thap tu- khi" va da dugc ngudi phuang Dong coi la mot ll tiSt hang ndm. Ti^t Thanh minh dSn sau ngay Lap Xuan 45 ngay. Theo nghia den, "thanh" Id khi trong, cdn "minh" la sang siia. Khi tilt Xuan phdn qua, nhimg com mua bui cua trdi xudn dd hk, bdu trdi trd nen quang dang, sdng sua la sang tilt Thanh minh" [5].
Theo phong tue trong nhihig ngdy Thanh minh truyen thong Id liic nhd ve coi ngudn, nhilu gia dinh td chiic tdo md, lam banh trdi bdnh ehay... Nguyin Du trong Truyen KiSu [4] c6 cau: "Ngdy xudn con en dua thoi - Thiiu quang chin chuc da ngodi sdu muoi - Cd non xanh tan chdn trdi - Cdnh le trdng diim mpt vdi bong hoa - Thanh minh trong tiet thdng Ba- Ldld tdo md. hdi Id dap thanh ".
Ong ba xua chpn tilt Thanh minh la ngay "tdo md" vd choi xudn ("dap thanh"). "Tao mp" la sua sang cdc ngdi mp ciia td tien eho dugc sach se, dap lai ndm md cho day dan, ddy bet cd dai mpc triun len mp ciing nhu trdnh khdng de cho cdc lodi dpng vdt hoang dd ddo hang, 1dm td ma theo suy nghT cua hp la cd thi pham tdi linh hdn ngudi da khudt. Sau do, con chdu thap ba nen huang, dot vang ma dat them bd hoa cho linh hdn ngudi da khudt. Ben canh nhung ngoi mp dugc trdng nom, cham sdc cdn than, cdn cd nhGng ngdi md v6 chu, khdng ngudi tham vieng. Nhimg ngudi di vieng mp thudng ciing cam cho cac ngdi md nay mpt nen huong. Cdn "dap thanh" la nhan di tao md ngudi da khudt, ngudi ta di choi ngoai ddng npi rdi dap xeo len cd xanh, hie la chai xudn. Ddy la mot le hgi dac tnmg dien ra 6 ngodi ddng trong nhirng le hdi miia xuan d phuang Dong thud trudc va cung Id mpt trong nhiing net dep trong van hda cua ngudi Vi?t tir trudc den nay.
Trd lai vdi doan tha tren cua Nguyin Du. Dd Id canh mot ngay xuan - mdt biic tranh thien nhiSn miia xuan dugc Nguyin Du mieu td bdng nhiing sdc mdu thdt trong sdng: Mdu cd xuan bao la, sac hoa xuan tinh khilt, ggi nen trong long mpi ngudi cdm giac say m8, sdng khoai trudc dat trdi vao nhung ngay ddu ciia thang cuoi xudn va mot ll hdi dam van hda tdm linh ngudi Viet, cd tac dung Idm cho cdu chuyen k l v l viec chi em Thiiy Kilu du xudn trong ngay Thanh minh d doan tha tiep theo cang them y vi: "Gdn xa nd nice yen anh - Chi em sdm sua bp hdnh chai xudn - Dap diu tdi tir giai nhdn - Ngua xe nhu nude do qudn nhu nem - Ngdn ngang go dong keo len - Thoi vdng vd rdc tro ti&n giay bay" {Truyen KiSu)
Tdm trang cua chi em Thiiy Kilu vd mpi ngudi ("tai tu giai nhan") that nao niic, hi hdi, dat ddo nilm vui va tran ddy khat vpng. Dd la nilm vui dugc tu do gap go, giao luu, dugc tu do chao ddn, hudng thu nhung ve dep ciia ddt trdi mua xuan vd ciia con ngudi.
Nguyen Du tiep hic td phdn "hpi" bdng viec dung bi lay "dap diu" dat len trudc thdnh ngu tieng Viet "tai bi giai nhdn" theo bien phdp nghe thuat ddo ngii lam eho cau lue ta ngudi cdng dep them gdp boi. Ddng thdi, trong cdu bdt, Nguyin Du mugn y mdt cau van d Han thu: "Xa nhu luu thiiy, ma nhu du long, y quan tdc Ip" (Xe nhu nude ehay, ngua nhu ring bai, do mu ddy dudng) d l mieu td ve dep hao hoa, thanh lich, quy phai cua mpi ngudi tham
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T ^ P c m KHOA HQC TRlTCfNG BAI HOC H 6 N G BlTC - SO 41.2018
gia hdi "dap thanh". Cdn phdn " l i " d doan tha nay dugc dinh danh bang cap lue bat:
"Ngon ngang gd dong keo len - Thoi vdng vd rdc tro tien gidy bay"... Trong tiet thanh minh trong sdng, am ap dy, moi ngudi mudn danh thai gian de nhd ve tien nhdn, tri dn nhiing cong lao cua ngudi da khudt. Nhung nen huang duge thdp len, nhiing thoi vang, tien gidy dugc rdc ra nhu nhiing cdy cdu ndi lien giira dm vd duong de nhac nhd con chdu khdng bao gid dugc quen qua khir, ngudn cdi cua minh. Dd Id mdt trong nhiing net van hda truyen thong tdt dep cua ddn tpc cdn dugc luu giu den ngdy nay.
2.2. Le an hdi
"Le an hdi cdn dugc gpi la le dinh hdn, la mpt nghi thiic trong phong tuc hdn nhdn truyen thdng ciia ngudi Viet. Day Id su thdng bao ehinh thiic ve viec hiia ga giua hai hp; Id giai doan quan trpng trong quan he hdn nhdn: cd gdi trd thdnh "va sdp cudi" cua chdng trai, va chang trai sau khi mang le vdt den nha gdi Id da chinh thiic xin dugc nhdn lam re ciia nhd gdi vd tap gpi bd me xung con" [1].
Trong le an hdi, nhd trai mang le vdt tdi nhd gdi. Nhd gdi nhdn le dn hdi tiic la chinh danh cdng nhdn su gd con gai cho nha trai, va ke tir ngay an hdi, ddi trai gai cd the coi Id doi vg chdng chua cudi, chi cdn chd ngay cudi de cdng bo vdi hai hg.
Cii theo quan ni6m truyin thong v l 16 dn hdi, cudi xin thi chuyen "nen vg nen chdng" cua Tdng Trdn vd Ciic Hoa trong truyen Tdng Trdn - Cue Hoa [7] lai mdt
"nghich cdnh" xdt xa. Nghich cdnh vd xdt xa Id bdi tinh duyen, hanh phuc den vdi Tdng Trdn vd Cue Hoa that ngdu nhien, bdt ngd vd d mpt hodn cdnh khdng ngd nhdt: dy Id khi Tong Trdn dat me di dn xin, go cua nhd phu Ong de cdu xin su bd thi: "Ddm xin bd thi mpt khi - Gpi Id ciiu ke lac thi dudng xa... Ca hdn da tdm ndm nay - Tdi phdi ddt me dn mdy khdp nai". Gia eanh va than phdn cua Tdng Trdn khien Ciie Hoa dpng long thuong xdt: "Thdy ngudi net mat lanh hien - Dong long mdi trd gdt sen vdo nhd ". "Hay xin ke het tinh ddu - Thdy chdng tdi cung xdt dau vi chdng"... Tat nhien, sir thuong cdm, ddng cdm ciia Ciic Hoa da khien phu Ong liic ddu ndi gidn: "Con ddu noi gian dung dung - Doi ba con gdi vdo trong day nhdi - Sinh con mong sanh ddng noi - Trao ta phdi lua chpn ngudi ket hon ". Phii Ong cho ddi Tong Trdn vao hau chuyen va sau khi nghe het su tinh Tdng Tran gidi bay, Phii Ong da thay ddi tinh cam va cho Ciic Hoa quyen lua chpn:
"Phu ong nghe ndi xdt xa - Bao con ndy thuc duoc hoa chdng ndy - Chi Hang kheo leo se ddy - Dao cdu cat chi su ndy tu con". Ddu la duyen trdi, da cd tien dinh theo cdch ndi cua phii Ong nhung trong mdt xa hpi cd su phdn chia ve dang cap sang - hen, giau - ngheo, quy - tien... va nep nhd "Bd me dat ddu con ngdi ddy" thi viec "cho phep" Ciic Hoa dugc ket duyen cimg Tdng Tran cua Phii Ong "Dao cdu cat chi su ndy tir con" la mot quan niem tiln bg, vugt len tren giai cap va dinh kien xa hdi ciia cdc tdc gia Truyen t h a Nom liic bdy gid. That ra, chuyen "nen vg nen chdng cua Tong Trdn - Cue Hoa ciing la mdt "mdtip" quen thudc ciia Truyen tha Nom tren ca sd tiep thu tir vdn hpc dan gian, va vi thi, nd la su ket tinh ciia cai nhin day nhan van theo dao dire truyen thdng, Id ddu an cd chieu sdu cua ban sac vdn hda ddn tdc. Va ngugc lai, neu cd nhiing bieu hien "lech chudn" vdi dao diic, vdn hda truyen thdng (bi "ep ga") tdt se bi nhan dan len an. Ca dao
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRlTCWG B ^ I HQC H 6 N G P C C - SO 41.2018
dd cd cau: "Me em tham thdng xdi rin - Tham con Ipn beo tham tiin Cdnh Hung - Me em tham thung bdnh chung - Tham con Ion beo, lung em chiu don" (Ca dao),...
Cling lien quan din tuc ll an hdi, cudi xin, trong quan niem truyin thdng cua vdn hda phuong Dong con nhdc din thanh ngu "kit tdc se to". Rdt nhilu truyen tha Nom Vi$t Nam thdi trung dai da d l cap din vdn dl nay. Truyen Tdng Trdn - Cue Hoa cung the, vdn Id Idi cua Phu Ong: "Nhdn duyen thdi da ven trdn - To hdng sdm lieu nghenh hdn trpn ngdy - Trdm ndm kit tdc tir ddy - Thoi thi sinh li lieu ngdy sua sang ",...
Vdi quan niem "nghia vg chlng kit tdc se ta" thi hdn nhdn dai su deu la duyen tien dinh nen ngudi xua rdt coi trpng dao ly vg chdng. Chinh vi the, khi dugc Li^c Van Tien ciiu nan, "an" chua kip tra thi "duyen" nhu da dugc dinh hi trudc, va Nguyet Nga dd nguyen cdu: '"Ndng ni hai cha uyen uong - Chudi sdu ai kheo vdn vuong vdo long - Nguyen cung Nguyet lao hdi ong - Trdm ndm cho ven chic tung mdi an" (Truyen Luc Vdn Tien) [3],... Ngudi xua ciing thudng ndi: "Mdt ngay la vg chdng cd ddi nen an nghia", bode "Giiia vg chdng phdi cd cung kinh, trgng dao brpng nghia vd cd cd su biet on". Dd la ll giao van hda truyin thing cd thi giiip cho con ngucri hilu dugc nghia ly ve dao ly Idm ngudi. Tdt nhien ciing cd nhiing nghich cdnh thii vi, khi tinh duyen vg chdng khdng dugc nhu y mudn, ngudi ta thudng "dd tdi" cho ba Nguyet, dng Ta. Ca dao cd edu: "Ong Ta. bd Nguyet lira ta - Lgi them bd mdi chd ra cdi gf...
Nhu vay, tuc an hdi, cudi xin cung nhu quan niem ve "ket tde se to" trong truyen tha Ndm cd cdi gde tir dao ly truyin thdng ddn tdc, hgp vdi quan niem dao diic cua nhdn ddn. Vi thi nd Id mot net vdn hda dugc luu huyen, ca nggi va bieu duong.
2.3. Tuc le ma ehay
"Ma ehay la phong tyc khdng thi thilu dugc d tat cd cdc nen van hda, qudc gia tren thi gidi. Tuy Id chung cung mdt muc dich la de tudng nhd ngudi da khudt song moi nai lai cd each the hien khdc nhau. Theo van hda ma ehay ngudi Viet, khi mdt ngudi mdt, tuy quan he huyet thong va tinh nghia thdn so, ma phan ra cdc miic thp tang khac nhau de khac ghi su thuong tiee" [7].
Trong thdi phong kien, ludt le Id edn edn do chudn muc dao diic ciia con ngudi, gia dinh, ddng tdc, lang xdm nen ngudi Viet rat chap hanh nhiing gia l l eua vdn hda ma ehay, va tuc nay ciing dd dugc cdc tac gia truyen tha Nom d l cap din trong tac phdm cua minh kha dn tugng. Cd the ke den cdu chuyen cam dpng ciia nhan vat Luc Van Tien trong Truyen L^ic Vdn Tien [3] b-en dudng di ung thi nghe tin me mdt da vpi quay v l chiu thp tang me: "Cdnh budm bao qudn gid xieu - Ngdn trung bien rpng chin chiu rupt dau - Thuong thay chin chit cu lao - Ba ndm nhu bo biit bao nhieu tinh".
B& dien ta tinh cdm ciia Luc Van Tien vdi ddng sinh thanh theo dao ly vdn hda dan tdc, Nguyen Dinh Chieu dd dung ca dao ly ciia nha Phat "cii lao chin chii" (sinh, cue, phu, sue, trudng, due, co, phuc, phuc) va nhiing Idi khuyen nhu v l dao lam con trong ca dao truyen thdng. Trong "Kinh Tdm Dia Qudn", Phat day.- "An cha cao lanh nhu nui chda, Dire me hiin sdu nhu be khai. Ddu ta ddng cd mpt ddi. Ciing khdng trd duac dn ngudi sanh ta". D I cao cdng on cha me, ca dao Viet Nam ciing cd cau .- "Cdng eha nhu niii Thai Son - Nghia me nhu
Ti»P c m KHOA HQC TRlTCfNG BAI HOC HONG BlTC - SO 41.2018
nude trong ngudn ehay ra", hay: "Cdng cha nhu ndi ngdt trdi - NghTa me nhu nude d ngodi bien dong - Nui cao bien rpng menh mong - Cii lao chin cha ghi long ai ai". Nhu vay, "chin cha cu lao " di vao ca dao va trd thanh mot net dep van boa trong ddi sdng tam linh ngudi Vi?t. Tren dudng trd ve chiu tang me, Luc Van Tien da khdc den mil cd mdt ma vdn chua thdi day diit, nirc nd: "Nen hu chut phdn chi sdn - Nhd cdu duong due, lo on sinh thdnh - Mang cdu bdt hieu da ddnh - Nghi minh md then cho minh lam con" (Truyen Luc Vdn Tien) [3].
Le phuc ciia ngudi con trai khi chiu tang me theo truyen thdng ciing duge Nguyen Dinh Chieu mieu ta cu the: "Bdy gid kip rude tha may - Sdm do tang phuc npi ngdy cho xong - Ddy ram, md bac. do thung - Cir theo trong sdch Vdn Cdng md Idm" {Truyen Luc Vdn Tien),... Cdn vdi Thach Sanh trong Truyen Thach Sanh [6], dam ma me dien ra trong cdnh thieu thdn, khdn khd du dudng, phdi nhd din su cuu mang, trg giiip cua mpi ngudi de me dugc "md yen ma dep": "Xdm lang nghe tieng on do - Tdi nai trdng thdy ai ndo chdng thuang - NghT cdng thi nude, sira dudng - Bdo nhau lam phdc vpi vang chdn cho". Le me cung chi cd bat cam qud tning, rdi Thach Sanh chdng gay tien me ra ddng: "Chdn ciing Thach NghTa mpt md - Thach Sanh chdng gdy vpi dua ra ddng... Md cha, md me yen ray - Thach Sanh bdi tg lang nay cd long: Cua nhd cdn cd mdy ddng - Bdt cam. cdi trung tam diing le dan"... Nhu v^y, theo quan niem nhdn ddn, dii thieu thdn du b6 nhung vdi con chau, bd me, ong bd khi khudt niii phdi dugc "md yen md dep" mdi thoa Idng cua diic hieu sinh.
Day la mpt net dep cua dao diic van hda truyen thdng bao ddi nay cua nhdn dan ta. Tdt nhien, trong cupc sdng hien dai, trong tuc ma ehay cdn tdn tai nhieu hu tuc rudra rd nhu: cd tuc di tim ddt de chdn, ddt phdi ket phdt tai Ipc mdi gpi Id ddc dia, roi xem ngdy chpn gid mdi ddng quan va cd khi quang xac tai nha nhieu ngay... Cho nen ciing can bd bdt nhiing le tuc khdng ddng phdi phd truong d l cho ngudi ehet duge yen dn ma ve vdi cat bui.
2.4. Tuc phat "Chua khong ch6ng"
Day Id mdt cd tuc thdi phong kien ddi vdi ngudi phu nii "khdng chdng ma chira"
theo quan niem "tam tdng tii diic". Thi sT Hd Xudn Huong ciing da timg len dn da kich cd tuc nay bang each ndi ngugc: "Qudn bao mieng the Idi chenh lech - Khong cd. nhung md cd, mdi ngoan" (Khong chong md chiia). Ca dao ciing cd cau: "Khong chdng md chita mdi ngoan - Cd chdng md chiia the gian su thudng",...
Tuy vay, ddu dn van hda nay vdn kha dam net trong truyen tha Nom, nhat la truyen tho Nom binh ddn cd ngudn gde tu van hgc dan gian. Cd the ddn ra truyen Quan Am Thi Kinh Id mot vi du.
Quan Am Thi Kinh [2] cdn cd ten la Quan Am tdn truyen, la mpt truyen tho Ndm Viet Nam. Truyen tha nay cd nguon gde tir mpt chuyen cd tich cua xii Cao Ly (nay la Trilu Tien - Han Qudc). Theo van ban do GS. Duong Qudng Ham gidi thieu tai ldn xudt ban duy nhat cho den nay ciia Nha xudt bdn Vdn hpc, Hd Ndi dn hdnh vao ndm 1961 thi truyen nay gdm 786 cau lue bdt. Tir Idu, truyen tho Quan Am Thi Kinh dugc xem Id cua tac gid "khuylt danh", npi dung chinh cua truyen Id cot td diic tinh nhan nhin vd long tir bi ciia ba Thi Kinh (nhdn vat chinh), vi dd ma sau nay ba trd thanh Phdt Quan Am.
v l tuc phat "khdng chdng ma chua" trong Quan Am Thi Kinh lien quan true tilp d i n nhdn vdt Thi Mau va canh phii Ong dua Thi Mdu ra dinh phat va. Cii theo ndi dung
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRlTCWG B ^ HQC H 6 N G BUC - SO 41.2018
truyen thi trong lang cd Thi Mdu, con gdi cua mdt phii Ong, cd tinh Idng la, di le chua, thdy"Kinh Tam thi dem long yeu trpm. Bao ldn Thi Mdu tan tinh nhung "chii tieu" Kiiih Tdm vdn cii than nhien, cdng 1dm cho Thi Mdu say me. Quen thdi trdng hoa, Thi Mdu ben hi thdng vdi mdt ngudi ddy td trong nha, khdng ngd thi mang thai va bi lang phat v?.
Trudc nhftng Idi bien minh cua Thi Mdu: "Thua rdng: "Ho phdn nii nhi - Tam tdng vdn gia mdt ly ddm rdi... Cd ddu nhang thdi ddm-td - Bdi chung xdu mdu hoa ra the ndy".
Idng da tuyen phat: "Lang rdng: "Ndo phdi noi choi - DUng quen dao la nhang Idi vdt chanh - Tudng kia coi da hien hinh - Nhdn quang nhu thuy co lanh duac ddu?" vd:
"Phdi ai thi thu thuc tinh - Ludt cho dodn tu cung thdnh thdt gia - Khong thi mot cha thdn qua - Chin trdu chua di chupc ra duoc ndo". Nghe loi tuyen phat cua lang, Thi Mdu: "Nghe Idi de ngt md nao - Nghi minh dd trot, di sao bung bdng" ben vu ya cho Kinh Tdm an ndm vdi thi. Vi thi, Kinh Tdm bi lang ddi din tra khao, khdng biet bien bach ra sao d l go mdi oan nay. Kinh Tdm bi ddnh ddn, su cu thuong tinh, keu xin vdi Idng nop khoan. Dii thuang xdt Kinh Tdm, nhung vi sg 6 danh chdn thiln mon nen su cy ciing phdi d l Kinh Tdm ra d ngodi mai tam quan. Thi Mdu sanh con trai, dem diia be bd trudc cong chiia. Dong Idng tis bi, Kinh Tdm ra dm lay diia be va cham lo nudi ndng het Idng. That rung ddng sau sa, ggi nhd ggi thuang din nao long khi nghe tilng ru con hoa vao tilng chudng chiia trong mot budi chilu mudn ben mai tay hien: "Khi trdng giuc, lue chudng ddn - Tiing chudng ldn tiing ru con tdi ngdy ". Dd la Idi ru niic nd cua mdt than phdn chiu ddy oan nghigt ciing hda ddng, vang vpng nai mot khdng gian "thieng" da thdm sau vao tdm linh ngudi Viet bao ddi. Thi Mdu Idng la, sam sd, tdo bao; Thi Mau dang gidn, dang trach. Vi Thi Mdu md Thi Kinh bi oan, phai nudi con trong chdn thiln mdn. Tu chuyen tich ndy, dan gian cd thdnh ngii "oan Thi Kinh" de so sdnh vdi nhiing noi oan khuat ciing cue md khdng sao giai bdy dugc.
Tuy nhien, can phdi nhdn thdy rang, viec Kinh Tdm nhdn cai thai cua Thi Mdu ciing cd nhilu nguyen nhan dn sau ben trong. La mpt ngudi phu nil, Kinh Tdm nhdn thay dugc cupc sdng va tinh cam eua Thi Mdu ed nhiing udn khiic rieng. Vi^c "khdng chong md chira" cua TM Mdu (ngudi phu nil) ddi vdi dao diic nghiet nga ciia xa hpi thdi bay gid.
Hinh phat cd the la gpt tdc bdi vdi rdi tha be trdi sdng. Vi vay, ehiing ta cd the hieu them, viee Thi Mdu dd tdi cho Kinh Tdm khdng dan thudn chi la hanh dpng vu oan gia hpa cho ke tu hanh ma dd thue su la keu cihi Idng tii bi eiiu khd ciiu nan cua Phat. Va ddy la dieu cao ca chi ed d Kinh Tam - mdt ngudi xuat gia, lai la nii gidi, su kit tinh ciia tir bi, tri tue - chinh la li do de Kinh Tam chiu oan de Thi Mdu bdt khd. Nhu the "nhdn vd sanh nhdn" d ddy hodn todn ddu phai la thdi dp phan khdng tieu cue va thu dpng. Nhdn d ddy la nhan nhuc hien hda, la nhdn dieu khd nhdn, Id hy sinh chinh minh, chiu oan chiu kho thay ngudi khi cudc ddi dang cdn trdn ddy bit cdng nghiet nga.
Nhac den hinh tugng nhdn vdt Thi Mdu trong Quan Am Thi Kinh, chung ta cam thdy dpng Idng khi dpc lai bdi tha "Thi Mdu" ciia nha tho Anh Ngpc: "... Nhiing xiing xich phet mdu son dgo due - Mdy trdm ndm khdng khda ndi Thi Mdu - Nhihig cdnh mdn da khep lgi ddng sau - Tdo vdn rung sdn dinh khdng ai nhdt - Bao Thi Mdu trd ve vdi ddi thuc - Vi tdo cdn chua maid ddu mdi",...
TAP CHI KHOA HQC TRU'CflVG BAI HOC HONG BlTC - SO 41.2018
Nhu vdy, nhiing phong tuc, tap qudn cua Ngudi Viet trong truyen tha Ndm cd nhiing le tuc van hda mang tinh chat tich cue, tien bp cd khd ndng boi dudng, hoan thien nhdn each con ngudi hien tai nhiing cung cd nhirng hii tue tieu cue, dang phe phan vi nd di ngugc lai vdi khat vpng ve quyen sdng eua con ngudi.
3. KET LUAN
Mdt sd nhiing phong tuc, le tuc trong ddi song tdm linh cua ngudi Viet bao ddi nay, la su ket tinh nhirng trdm tich van hda tir ngan xua ciia cha ong de lai da dugc truySn tho Ndm dd tai hien thdnh cong. Nhiing dau an vdn hda dy da gdp phan lam nen mdt ban sac dan tdc Vi6t vd ciing Id nai the hien sau dam tu tudng, tinh cam cua cdc the h6 nhan ddn; Id nhung bai hgc ve dao ly lam ngudi ludn dugc de cao vd truyen tung.
Tiep thu nhiing di san van hda cha dng de lai, ben canh viec giir vtmg vd tang cudng su dn dinh ve chinh tri xa hpi, xdy dung mdt phong each sdng Idnh manh, ki cuong, chiing ta can no lue xdy dung mot nen vdn hda van minh uu tii, ma d dd vira la nai md rpng de thu hiit mpi tinh hoa rue ra nhdt cua vdn hda nhan loai, vira khdng de roi rung di ve dep mpc mac, binh di cua vdn hda ddn tpc. Tir dd chung cat len thanh cot each chudn muc va sang trpng cua nen vdn hda Viet Nam trong cudc sdng hien nay.
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Bach khoa toan thu md (2017), https://Wikipedia. ogr/wiki/ Le an hdi.
[2] Bach khoa toan thu md (2017), Quan Am Thi Kinh, https/wikipedia. org/quan am thi kinh (truyen tho).
[3] Nguyin Dinh Chieu, Luc Vdn Tien, http://vforum.vn/diendan/shovrthread.php? 45416- Doc-truyen-Luc-Van-Tien-Nguyen-Dinh-Chieu-ban-Quoc-Ngu-2082-cau-Full [4] Nguyen Du, Truyen Kiiu, nguon: https://lazi.vn/qa/d/toan-bo-3254-cau-tho-
truyen-kieu-nguyen-du
[5] Nguon goc vdy nghia cua tiet Thanh Minh (2018), https://khoahoc.tv/nguon-goc- va-y-nghia-cua-tiet-thanh-minh-80070, cap nhat ngay 05/4/20ISNguyen [6] Thach Sanh tdn truyen, https/site.google.com/thach sanh tan truyen [7] Tdng Trdn - Cue Hoa, https://plup.google.com/tongtran-cuchoa, ngdy 22/10/2017.
NOM POETRY FROM CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Tran Quang Dung
ABSTRACT
The article mentions the manifestations of national cultural nuances illustrated by Nom poetry in the 15th century. From the picture of idyllic villages to traditional customs;
from the beauty of the nation's traditional moral to cultural sediments which carry the soul and the spirit of our ancient ancestors.
Keywords: Nom poetry, cultural, national.
