NCHIEN CIJV - TMO BOI
KY NANG KHAM NGHIEM HIEN T R V ^ G CAC VU CHAY NHA KHO, NHA XVdNG
NGUYEN THE CONG NGUYEN MINH TUAN**
Thdi gian g^n dSy, cac vy chdy nha kho, nha xudng xay ra trSn dia ban ca nirdc co chieu hu-dng gia tang, anh h u ^ g khong nho tdi tinh hinh an ninh tr^t ty. Trong qu^ trinh dilu tra giai quy^t nhumg viji vi^c nay, hoat ddng kh^m nghidm hi^n trirdng giu vai trd hit sire quan trong, giup xac dinh ro nguyen nhan, dien bien vu viec m$t each kh^ch quan, khoa hpc.
Tu khda: Khdm nghiem hiin trudng; hien trudng chdy, nd nhd kho, nhd xudng.
Nhgn bdi: 14/02/2020; biin tap xong: 20/02/2020; duyet bdi: 21/02/2020
1. Mdt so dac diem cua hi^n trirdng cac vy chay nha kho, nha xirdng
Nha kho, nha xudng la bd phan khdng the thidu ttong he thdng eo sd vat chat eiia CO quan, doanh nghidp. Day thudng li noi bd tri phucmg tidn sin xuit, ciing cd the la khu vyc tap trung luu giii, trung chuyen hang hda, nguyen vat lieu. Tuy nhien, nhieu CO quan, td chirc va doanh nghipp chua thye su quan tam den cdng tae phdng, chdng chiy nd, thilu cac bien phap phdng chiy, chiia chiy tai be thdng nhi kho, xudng.
Nhiing nam gin day, sd vy chay xiy ra tten dia ban ea nude eho thay xu hudng tang ca vd sd vy vi tinh chit, miic do nghiem ttgng.
Theo thdng ke cua Cue Cinh sat phdng chiy, chiia ehay, ciiu hd, ciiu nan (Bd Cdng an), chi tinh rieng ttong 09 thing dau nam 2019, ttdn dia ban ca nude xiy ra 2.959 vu
chiy, lim 76 ngudi chdt va 124 ngudi bi thuang, thiet hai udc tinh ban 1.057 ty ddng. Mac du sd vy viec va thiet hai bien ddng khdng ldn song sd vy ehay nd gay thiet hai nghiem ttpng ed xu hudng tang, teong do cd nhidu vy chiy nhi kho, nha xudng. Tmh din hit thing 9/2019, ghi nhan sd vy chay nha kho, nha xudng tten dia ban ca nude la 692 vy (chilm 23,4%, tang 3,8%
so vdi cimg ky nam 2018) lim 41 ngudi chit va bi thuong (tang 2,39%), ddng thdi gay thiet hai vl tai sin khoang 817 ty ddng (chilm 77,3%, tang 4,7% so vdi cung ky).
Trung ti, TiSn si, Phd trwang Khoa tham mwu, chi huy cinh sit, Hoc vien Cinh sit nhin dan.
* * ThwQ/ng uy', Th^c sT, Giing vien Khoa tham mwu, chi huy cinh sit, HQC vl$n Cinh sit nhin din.
Tap chi KIEM SAT_
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI Diln hmh mdt sd vy chay nha kho, nhi
xudng nghiem ttong xiy ra tten dia ban ci nude ttong thdi gian gan day nhu: Vu chay Cdng ty san xuat do gd d Binh Duong thude thi xa Thuan An, tinh Binh Duong xiy ra vio khoang 15 gid ngiy 27/01/2019, thidu ryi he thdng nha xudng rdng khoang 3.000 m^, thi^t hai udc tinh hing ty ddng; vy ehay tai nha kho cua Cdng ty Bdng den phich nude Rang Ddng (sd 91-93 Ha Dmh, Thanh Xuin) xiy ra vio khoang 18 gid ngiy 28/8/2019, khu vye chay rdng gin 2.000 m2, thiet hai udc tinh 150 ty ddng, gay d nhidm thu^' ngin tten dien rpng.
Nhiing vy chiy nha kho, nhi xudng khdng chi gay tdn that ldn cho cac co quan, td chiie ma cdn tic ddng tieu cyc ddn tinh hinh an nmh ttat ty d dia phuang. Qua trinh dieu tta giii quydt, cic co quan chiie nang chii dpng tien banh kham nghiem hidn trudng nham xac dinh nguydn nhin, didn bidn vy viec. Day li hoat ddng dieu tta theo td tyng hinh sy mang tinh bat budc do cac CO quan cd tham quydn tien hanh ttong eae vy vide mang tinh binh sy ndi ehung, vy chay nhi kho, nha xudng ndi rieng nham kip thdi phit hien, thu thap eic loai diu vdt, vat chiing lien quan; qua do, xic dinh cd hay khdng cd hanh vi pham tgi, ddng thdi lim sang td cic tinh tiet cd y ngbia ttong giii quyet vu viec. Lye lupng tidn banh bao gdm eic Dieu tra vien, ein bd ky thuat vi cac nha chuyen mdn dudi su giim sat ciia Kidm sat vien, su dyng nhiing phuang phap, chien thuat phii hgp de nghien ciiu he thdng diu vet tu hidn trudng.
Qua nghidn ciiu nhiing vy chay nha kho, nha xudng thdi gian qua ed the khai quit mdt sd dac diem cy thd ciia loai hidn tiirdng niy nhu sau:
- Hipn tnrdng chay tai nha kho, nhi
xudng thudng d nhimg noi it ngudi qua lai, thdi dilm xay ra phin ldn vao ban ddm, ngoai gid hinh chinh, khdng cd nhilu nhiing thdng tin ban diu ho ttg cho boat ddng khim nghidm;
- Ludn tidm in nguy co xay ra tai nan do he thdng nhi kho, xudng san xuit thudng cd kdt eiu khung dd, tudng bao ylu, quay kin, vat lieu chiu tic ddng nhiet trong thdi gian dai dd bi gay, sap. Hidn trudng cd thd phit sinh cic vu nd thii cap hay tdn dpng khdi, khi dde tac ddng xau din siie khoe eon ngudi;
- Thudng khd xic dinh dilm xuit phat chay do he thdng nhi kho, nha xudng rgng, ehiia nhidu may mdc, phuang tien, vat lieu, hang hoi. Sau vu vide, sin pham chay cd the chdng de thinh nhieu Idp, ehe lap he thdng diu vet, vat chiing;
- Thudng bi xao frdn do viec trien khai cac bien phap khan cap nham ciiu chiia ngudi va tai san, giy bidn ddi, mit dau vet.
Dieu kien kham nghiem ban che do thidu anh sang, nhieu vi tri dpng nude, che lip bdi fro bui, san pham chay;
Tdn tai he thdng dau vet dugc hinh thinh ehu ydu do nhiing tac dpng nhidt hoae CO hpc (than boa, ndng chay, oxy hoi, eong vdnh...). Diy ddu la nhiing dang diu vet phiic tap, khd nghien ciiu, danh gii true tiep tai hien trudng.
2. He thong diu vlt t^i hifn t r u ^ g cac vy chay, no nha kho, nha xirdng
Cic vu chay xay ra tai nha kho, nhi xudng cd the phit sinh do nhung nguyen nhan khach quan (chap dien, set dinh, thdi tilt...), nhung ciing khdng it vu viec ed doi tirgng Igi dung hda hoan nhu mdt hinh thiie frdn franh nghTa vu phap Iy, chiem doat tidn bio hilm hoae do nguy tao hien trudng nhim che giiu hanh vi pham tdi khac. De Tap chi
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
xac dinh duge nguyen nhan, dien bidn vy viec thi boat ddng nghien eiiu be thdng d i u vet tai hidn tnrdng giu vai ttd dae biet quan ttpng. Moi diu vet tdn tai d hien trudng deu ehiia dung nhiing thdng tin lien quan ddn vy vide, qua nghien ciiu tdng the he thdng dau vet n i y giiip lyc lugng chiie nang cd nhung ket luan chinh xac, khieh quan v i khoa hpc ttong qui trinh dieu tea, giii quydt vy vide.
Mdt sd loai dau vet thudng xuat hien d hien trudng cic vu chiy ndi ehung, hidn trudng chay nha kho, nha xudng ndi ridng nhu sau:
- Sdn phdm chdy: Gdm cic chat hinh thanh teong qua trinh chiy nhu:
+ Mui vi dugc hinh thanh do q u i trinh chay khdng hoan t o i n cua chat chay tao ndn. Cd the ke den nhu: Mui khet d i e tnmg chay cao su, chat simg, chit deo, sgi hda hoc; mui bae khi chay photpho va c i c hgp chat cua nd; mui d i m chua ciia axit axetie; mui khi soc khi xuat hien chit khi S 0 2 , S 0 3 . . .
+ Khdi ciing la mdt phin ciia sin pham ehay, la hoi ciia cic ehat ldng, chat khi va nhiing hat chit ran nhd phan tan deu ttong mdi trudng khi. Chang han nhu: Khdi ttang khi chiy cac chat ed dp am; khdi xam kbi chay eae vat lieu khd, xdp; khdi den khi chit chiy cd thanh phin cacbon; khdi vang khi chat ehay cd luu huynh...
+ Ngpn lua ciing cung cap nhiing thdng tm quan ttgng giiip nhin dinh, danh gia chat chiy, vung chiy diu tidn; chang ban nhu:
Chiy bdt nhdm, bdt magie cho i n h sing m i u tring; c h i y mudi strontioxalat SrC204, SrN03 cd mau dd; chiy natri va mudi ciia nd cd m i u vang; chay cac sin pham diu md ed mau vang sam.
- Ddu vet dgc tnmg chdy: Bao gdm tat ca nhiing hien tugng, dae didm vat chat d i bi biln ddi hoae chua bi bien ddi sau qua trinh
chiy tao ra. Cy the:
+ D i u vdt chiy sdm hinh thanh khi nggn lua cua dam chiy tiep xiic vdi mdt phan eua vat thi, phin dd bi than hda nhung chua bi bit chay. Sii dyng diu vlt chay sem de md ta dien biln qua trinh chiy, xic dinh hudng truydn nhiet;
+ D i u vdt chiy rdp hinh thanh dudi tic dyng nhiet lim cic lop son, vdi ve, ehat miu d be ngoai vat the bi say khd nung ndng, bien d ^ g , eong vdnh, bong rdp, ben chiy. Can cii vao sy phan bd cua diu vet niy de xac dinh hudng chiy;
+ Diu vlt nung bong ttde hinh thanh khi be mat tudng, bd tdng bi nhiet nung ndng cyc bd, bi ran vd, ttde va tach ra timg ming, xu hudng loang ra xung quanh. Dudng hudng tam eua dau vet n i y giup xac dinh hudng viing ehay diu tidn;
+ D i u vet mudi den hinh thanh khi khdi tir dam chay tiep xiic vdi vat thd ed nhiet do thap hon tao Idp mudi den (eic bat cacbon ngung tu) bam teen bd mat (khe, vach, tean hay cac dd vat) giiip dinh hudng diem xuit phat chiy;
+ Dau vet than hda den hinh thanh khi cho vit lieu chiy teong didu kidn thieu oxy hoae su chiy dimg dot ngdt. Mire do, vi tri tuong quan eua dau vdt giiip xae dinh dugc thdi gian, eudng do v i chieu hudng ehay;
+ Dau vet tan ttang hinh thinh khi vat lieu bi chay ttong dieu kidn du oxy, sy chiy da didn ra hoan toan tao nhieu tan ttang.
Nghien ciiu d i e diem eua diu vdt n i y cd the xac dinh dugc cudng dp chay, hudng ehay va diem xuat phit chiy;
+ Dau vet ndng chiy hinh thinh khi cic vat lieu kim loai va phi kim loai bi tae dyng nhipt ciia d i m chay den miic ndng chay, nhd gipt rdi vdn cyc. Dae diem diu vdt phan anh nhiet dp dam chay noi vat lieu bi ndng chay, Tap chi
KIEM SAT_
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI dien bien chiy;
+ Diu vet tin than tto hinh thinh do ket qua eua sy chay. Dae biet, ndu dau vdt tan than tto thu d diem xuat phat chay se giup xic dinh chat chay diu tidn, mdi kich thich chay va nguon nhipt gay ra sy chiy, do do, nd phan anh nguydn nhin chay;
+ Diu vet eong vdnh, bien dang hinh thanh khi cudng dp tic ddng nhiet khac nhau d nhiing vj tri khac nhau teen bd mat vit lipu. Can cii vao chidu hudng eong vdnh, bien dang cd the suy ra hudng lan tmyen cua ngpn lira;
+ Dau vdt bien ddi mau sac phin anh miic dp thdi gian vi chieu hudng tac dpng cua nhiet trong qua trinh phit tridn dam chay;
+ Dau vet in ban che khuit cho phep xac dinh duge sy sip xep do vat trude kbi bi chay, didu nay c6 y ngbia ttong vipe dung lai hidn trudng.
- Ddu vit khong dgc trung cita chdy:
Gdm nhung hien tugng vit chit tdn tai d hien trudng ehay ma khdng phii sin phim do sy ehay tao ndn, nhu: Diu vet ehan, giay dep; dau vet dudng van; dau vet vai, sgi;
diu vdt sinh hpc... M^e dti khdng tiyc tiep phan anh thdng tin vd sy chay nhung nhung dau vet nay giiip Co quan dieu tta xic dinh cd hay khdng hanh vi pham tdi, giii thich dien bien vy viec.
3. Ky nang kham nghiem hien trirdng chay nha kho, nha xirdng
Thye tidn khim nghidm bien trudng chiy nhi kho, nhi xudng cd the thay diy la loai hien trudng dae thii vdi he thdng dau vet da dang, phuc tap. (Jui ttinh kham nghiem, ben canh viec dam bio diing quy trinh cdng tae, moi ein bg kham nghiem can ty trang bi mpt sd ky nang co ban sau:
- Ky ndng tu dam bdo an todn: Xuat
phit tir die didm cua hipn trudng tilm in nhieu nguy co xiy ra tai nan, vipe dim bio an toan ttude, ttong va sau khi kham nghiem la ydu eiu mang tinh bit budc. Chi tien hanh khim nghiem khi da dam bio nhiing dilu kien nhu: Dim ehay da dip tat hoan toan; kiem tta chat lugng khdng khi tai hien hirdng; thio dd, giang chdng be thdng tudng bao, khung, mai ydu; loai bd nhung yeu td ed the gay cac vy chay nd thu cap...
Mdi ein bd kham nghiem ein tu ttang bi cho minh du kien thiic, phuong tien bio hd can thidt khi tidp can bien trudng nhu: Khau ttang, mat na phdng dpc, mu bio hd, giay bio hd...
- Ky ndng quan sdt: Ky nang co bin niy khdng ehi giup ein bd kham nghiem cd kha nang bao quit hien trudng ma cdn phye vu vide thu thap, danh gii diu vet, vat chiing.
Khi quan sit phii xic dinh dugc tinh ttang, cac khu vyc hidn ttudng, nhin dinh khu vyc xuit phat chiy tu dd lya chgn phuang phap, chien thuit khim nghidm khoa hge, phu hgp. Vide quan sat dam bio tu xa tdi gan, tir ehung din rieng, tir bao quit den cy the.
Dae biet, tai hien trudng ehay, can quan sat nhiing dac dilm ciia he thdng dau vet nhu:
Chidu hudng, vi tri tuong ddi, miu sac, miic dp bidn ddi... dieu niy giup nhan dinh chinh xic ve tinh chat, dien bidn vy vide.
Ky ndng lam viec nhom: Khim nghiem hidn trudng la tdng hgp edng vide vdi sy tham gia ciia nhieu lye lugng; do dd, dl khai thac, phit huy bdt hieu qui cic ngudn luc, tdi uu hoa hieu qui edng tic kham nghidm thi ky nang Iam viec nhdm ed y nghia bit stic quan trgng. Moi ca nhan ein ty y thiic duge vai trd, ttaeh nhiem cua minh, ddng thdi, nam bat dugc ebiic nang, nhipm vu va nang luc ciia cic luc lugng tham gia dl cd dilu kidn ehia se, hd ttg Tap chi I _KIEM SAT I 4 7
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
nham khai thic, sir dyng hdt tilm nang, lgi the. Chu ddng duy tri quan he phdi hpp, ttao ddi thdng tin "bai chieu" giiia eic lyc lugng tham gia, tdn ttpng va lang nghe quan diem cua cic thinh vidn khi nhan dinh, danh gia mdt v i n dd cy the.
- Ky ndng dgt cdu hdi: Q u i trinh khim nghidm, vide dua ra eac cau bdi cd lidn quan ddn hidn trudng khdng chi giiip xiy dyng, kidm chiing nhung gia thuyet m i edn cung cd nhiing thdng tin lien quan den didn bien vy viec. Nhiing eiu hdi thudng dat ra nhu: Thdi gian, miic dp chay? Dien bidn chiy va cdng tac ciiu chua? Nhihig dau vet cd the tdn tai d hien trudng? Su phu hgp ciia d i u vet? Khu vye, didm xuat phit chiy?... C i c eiu hdi phii tip trung cung cd thdng tin mang tinh nhin dinh, dinh gia ve tinh ehit, didn bidn eiia vu vide. Ndi dung khai thac vao tinh logic cua van de, kip thdi phat hien ra nhung diem bat hgp ly, mau thuan nham di den thdng nhat ve nhan thiic ve vy viec.
- Ky ndng thu thdp, ddnh gid ddu vit:
Qua trinh dieu tta tai hidn trudng, nghien ciiu dau vet dugc eoi la nhiem vy ttgng tam, do dd, ky ning thu thap, danh gia dau vet giii vai tto vd eung quan ttgng, quyet dinh den hidu q u i edng tac nay. Day la tdng hgp cac boat ddng dugc tien banh theo quy trinh thdng nhat gdm: Phit hien, ghi nhan, thu lugm, b i o quan va danh gia diu vet. Can bp kham nghiem can tu ttang bj eho minh nhiing kidn thiic ve diu vet hinh su ndi ehung, cic dau vet hinh sy dac tnmg ttong eac vy chiy nha kho, nha xudng ndi ridng.
Thu thap, dinh gia mdi dau vdt phii dat ttong mdi quan he bidn chiing vdi he thdng diu vlt d bien trudng. Ky nang nay ddi hdi ein bp khim nghiem tidn hanh mdt cich than ttpng, ti mi, chinh xic, diing quy dinh
cua phip lu^t nham dam b i o gia tri truy nguyen cua dau vdt.
- Ky ndng tdng hpp thong tin: Diy l i ky ning CO b i n giiip can bp khim nghidm khai thac hieu qui nhiing thdng tin, tai lieu thu thap dugc nhim nang cao hieu qua edng tie.
Can bd kham nghidm ein ed k h i nang phan tich, xir ly thdng tin, chu ddng lya chpn dugc nhiing thdng tin ein thidt, kip thdi dua ra nhiing nhan dinh, danh gii mang tinh khich quan, khoa bpe. C i n xem xet, nhin nhin vin de mdt cich toan didn, danh gia dudi cai nhin bidn ehung nham lam ro bin chit v i n de, lam co sd xac dinh tinh chit, dien bien vy vide xay ra.
Cung vdi nhiing ky nang neu tten, de nang eao hieu qua boat ddng kham nghiem hien trudng, theo chiing tdi can thuc hien tdt mdt sd giai p h i p nhu sau:
Mpt Id, can bd sung, hoan thien nhiing quy dinh cd lien quan ddn boat ddng kham nghiem hien trudng.
Hai Id, nang cao nhan thiic va ttinh dp cho can bp de d i p iing yeu cau kham nghiem hien trudng c i c vu c h i y n h i kho, n h i xudng. Dinh ky td chiic tap h u i n cho lyc lugng Dieu tea vien, c i n bd ky thuat hinh sy ciing nhu Kiem sit vien c i c cap vd boat ddng k h i m nghiem, nghidn cuu d i u vet hinh sy ndi ehung, cac vy c h i y n h i kho, nha xudng ndi rieng. Da dang ndi dung, hinh thiic tap huan de giiip c i n bd nam ro quy trinh cdng tae, he thdng dau vet d i e trung va nhiing ky nang can thiet khi tidn hanh k h i m nghiem. Cae dia phuang c i n ed dinh hudng trong d i o tao, bdi dudng dpi ngu chuyen gia timg linh vyc, trong do cd kham nghidm hidn trudng ehay.
Ba la, tang cudng ttang bi eo sd vit chit, phucmg tidn v i d i m b i o che do chinh sich Tap chi
KIEM SAT_
NCHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI dap ling ydu eiu edng tic khim nghiem
hien ttudng.
Bon Id, tang cudng mdi quan he phdi hgp giua Dieu tra vien, Kiem sat vien va cac luc lugng chuc nang khac teong boat ddng khim nghiem hien trudng ehay. Nhat li vide sua ddi, bd sung nhung quy dinh lien quan den quy ehe phdi hgp giira Kiem sit vien, Dilu tea vien vi eae lyc lugng khac ttong cdng tie kham nghidm, tao thuin lgi ttong ttao ddi thdng tin, tai lieu "bai ehieu" trude, teong va sau qua trinh khim nghidm. Phdi hpp teong xay dung, hoan thien cac van ban hudng din ve quy trinh khim nghidm va nghien eiiu diu vet hinh sy tai hidn tnrdng cac vy vide ey the.
Ndm Id. tang eudng tap huan cho lyc lugng Cdng an co sd, bio ve co quan, td chiie, doanh nghiep de lim tdt cdng tic bio vd hien trudng. n
Tai li^u tham khao:
- Bo luat To tung hinh si^r nam 2015.
Q u y l t dinh s6 170/QD-VKSTC ngay 02/5/2018 cua Vi?n truong Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao ve viec ban hanh Quy che eong tac thuc hanh quyen eong to, kiem sat viec kham nghiem hien tnrong, kham nghiem tii thi, thuc nghiem dilu tra va giam dinh.
- Chi thi s6 02/2001/CT-BCA(Cll) ngay 06/02/2011 cua B Q tnrcmg Bp Cong an ve eong tac kham nghi?m hien trucmg ciia lire luong Cong ao nhan dan;
- Quylt djnh s6 57/200!/QD-BCA(Cll} ngay 06/02/2011 ciia Bp trudng Bp Cong an ban hanh Quy che phan eong trach nhiem giua cac luc lucmg Cong an nhan dan trong kham nghidm hien truong.
- Bao cao tong kSt eong tac ciia Cyc Canh sat phong chay chiia chay, ciiu ho ciiu nan (Bp Cong an) nam 2017, 2018 va 09 thang d k nam 2019
- Tien sT Nguyen Diic Hanh, Nhirng ky ndng Idem sdt viec khdm nghiem hien truang chdy, no, baovephapluat.vn, dang ngay 29/10/2019.
DOITVONGCUA...
ITiep theo trang 45)
dung dat dugc ghi nhin tai diem e khoan I Dilu 188 Luat dit dai nam 2013 thi didu kien nay ehua dugc ghi nhan diy du; do do, tie gii kien nghi bd sung quy dinh niy nhu sau: "Quydn su dyng dat khdng bi ke bien de bao dim thi hanh an hoae khdng bi ke bidn de chap hanh quyet dinh hanh chinh da cd hieu lye phip luat ciia co quan nha nude cd thim quydn".
Thir hai, hodn thien phdp lugt ve diiu kiin tdng cho quyin sic dung ddt.
So vdi eae dieu kien de tang cho quyen sii dung dit thi didu kidn de xac lip cac giao dich ddi vdi nha d (trong dd bao gdm
ci hgp ddng tang cho tai sin) duge ghi nhan chinh xae vi day du ban. Tuy nhien, khoin 2 Dilu 137 Luit nha d nam 2014 quy dinh trudng hgp tang cho nha d thupc sd hiiu ehung theo phan thi chu sd hiiu chi duge tang cho phan nha d thupc quyen sd hiiu cua minh va khdng dugc lim anh hudng din quyen vi lgi ieh hgp phip eua eae chu sd hihi nhi d thude sd hiiu ehung khae. Quy dinh sii dung thuat ngii "tang cho phdn nhd d" la khdng chinh xic va khdng cd sy nhat quin vdi Dieu 218 BLDS nam 2015 (da phan tich tai muc 2).
Nhim thdng nhit vdi quy dinh ttong BLDS nam 2015 va dam bio sy chinh xac cua tiiuat ngu, khoan 2 Dilu 137 Luat nhi d nam 2014 can su dung cum tu "tdng cho phdn quyin sd hiru doi vdi nhd d" tbay cho
cum tii "tang cho phdn nhd d".0 Tap chi _KIEM SAT
