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U tudng cua Hd Chi Minh vl con ngudi va giai phdng con ngudi Id sgi chi dd xuyen sudt cugc ddi hoat dgng each mang cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh. Tu tudng ve quyen eon ngudi Id su the hien cao nhat chu nghia nhan van cao ca va chu nghia yeu nudc chan chinh cua Hd Chi Minh nham giai phdng toan dien eon ngudi, phat trien hoan thien nhan each cua mdi ngudi, dem Iai cho mdi ngudi dan Viet Nam"quyen Idm ngudi" tft "kiep sdng dan den nd Ie". Ddng gdp ldn lao cua tu tudng cua Hd Chi Minh ve quyen eon ngudi mang tam thdi dai la cac gia tri ve ddc lap, tu do va quyen dan tgc tu quyet.
Quyen dan toe tu quyet Id mgt quyen con ngudi ca bdn
Trong tu tudng cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, quyen eon ngudi khdng chi la cae quyen thugc ve ca nhan (quyen ca nhan), la gia tri nhan van vdn cd va thieng lieng cua mdi ngudi, ma trudc het Id gia tri vdn hda cua cgng ddng, dan tdc, qudc gia - dan tde.
Cdng hiln to Idn eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh trong sir phat trien Iy luan ve quyen eon ngudi va Iuat qude te ve quyen eon ngudi Id d cho: Ngudi da gan ket hai chu the eua
'*' Vien Nghien ciru Quyen con nguai, Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh.
quyen, hai ndi ham ma trudc dd tudng chimg nhu hoan toan ddi lap vdi nhau (quyen con ngudi vdi tinh each Id cd nhan va quyen con ngudi vdi tinh each Id dan tgc, qudc gia - dan tgc) vao trong khai niem quyen eon ngudi. Cung vdi thue tien each mang Viet Nam, hai khai niem phap Iy tren da dugc phat trien thanh quyen dan tgc co ban (quyen duge tdn tai, ddc lap, chu quyen, thdng nhat va toan ven lanh thd) va trd thanh mgt pham tru phd quat cua luat qudc te hien dai. Ngudi da khdi quat hda tu tudng ay bang mgt chan ly hien nhien: "mgt dan tdc nd le khdng the cd eon ngudi tu do".
Sir phat trien khai niem quyen eon ngudi thanh quyen dan tgc co ban cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh duge the hien cd dgng trong ban Tuyen ngdn Dgc lap 1945 eua nude Viet Nam - van ban da danh dau mgt bude phat trien vugt bac cua ly luan ve quyen con ngudi cung nhu ciia Iuat qudc te ve quyen con ngudi, khi Ian dau tien trong lich su, khai niem quyen sdng, quyen tu do eua cac dan tdc da dugc ddng nhat vdi quyen sdng, quyen tu do cua con ngudi. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da md dau ban Tuyen ngon bang nhung luan de hien nhien duge edng ddng qude te thua nhan: "Tat ca mgi ngudi deu sinh ra cd quyen binh dang. Tao hoa eho hg nhflng quyen khdng ai cd the xam
LY L U A N CHINH TR! 9 - 2010 27
pham dugc; trong nhftng quyen ay, cd quyen dugc sdng, quyen tu do va quyen muu edu hanh phuc". Va Ngudi khang dinh: "Ldi bat hii ay d trong ban Tuyen ngon Dgc lap nam 1776 cua nudc My. Suy rgng ra, cau ay cd y nghia Id: tat ca cac dan tgc tren the gidi deu sinh ra binh dang, dan tgc nao cung cd quyen sdng, quyen sung sudng va quyen tu do" (Hd Chi Minh: Todn tap, t.4, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ngi,
1995, tr.l).
Bang sir md rdng quyen eon ngudi ehi vdi tinh each ea nhan Ien quyen eon ngudi vdi tinh each la dan tgc, qudc gia - dan tdc, Hd Chi Minh da nang van de quyen tu nhien cua con ngudi Ien mdt tam cao mdi ve chat, tren tinh than the gidi quan khoa hgc cua chu nghia duy vat bien chiing ve lich su va xa hgi Ioai ngudi, phan anh chan thuc qua trinh lich su, tdn tai va phat trien eua dan tde Viet Nam ciing nhu cua cac dan tgc bi nd dich va dp buc tren toan the gidi. Sir md rgng chu the quyen vdi ngi ham dugc sdng, duge tu do, dugc muu cau hanh phiic cua ca nhan thanh cua qudc gia - dan tgc Id mgt budc tien nhay vgt ve Iy luan. Ngudi da dem Iai mgt quan niem diing dan ve mdi quan he bien chiing gifta tu do ca nhan vd tu do cua cdng ddng, gifta giai phdng ca nhan va giai phdng toan xa hgi.
Ban Tuyen ngon cung ket thuc bang Idi khang dinh sau sac va manh me, cd y nghia nhu mdt Idi tuyen the quyet tu: "Nude Viet Nam cd quyen hudng tu do va dgc lap, vd su that da thanh mgt nudc tu do dgc lap.
Toan the dan tgc Viet Nam quyet dem tdt ca tinh than va lire lugng, tinh mang va eua cai de gift vftng quyen tu do, doe lap ay".
Ddi vdi Hd Chi Minh, quyln va tu do co ban cua con ngudi trudc het la gid tri nhan
van eao quy cua loai ngudi, du chu the cua quyen Id nhftng con ngudi khae nhau ve chimg tgc, mau da, lanh thd... Dieu nay dugc the hien rd trong Thu gui nhiing ngudi Phdp d Dong Duang, Ngudi viet: "Hdi nhung ngudi Phap! [...] Cac ban yeu nudc Phap cua cac ban va mudn nd ddc lap. Cdc ban yeu ddng bao eua eae ban va mudn hg dugc tu do. Ldng yeu nudc thuang ndi nay Idm ve vang cac ban vi nd la ly tudng eao quy nhat cua Ioai ngudi[...] Cai ma cac ban coi la Iy tudng ciing phai la Iy tudng ciia chiing tdi"(Sdd, tr.65). Nhu vay, ddi vdi Hd Chi Minh, quyen con ngudi phai la gia tri nhan van vdn cd va mang tinh phd bien ddi vdi mgi ngudi, mgi dan tde, nd ehinh Id sir khang dinh nhirng gia tri thieng lieng, vdn cd va bat kha xam pham cua con ngudi.
Tren co sd cua phuang phap luan triet hgc duy vat bien chiing, Ngudi da chung minh vd chi ra sir thdng nhat khdng the tdch rdi gifta thudc tinh tu nhien va thudc tinh xa hgi cua quyen eon ngudi. Trong tae pham Ong An-be vd bdn Tuyen ngon nhdn quyen, Hd Chi Minh da the hien tu tudng nhan van va nhan dao cao ca bang each nhan manh luan diem ndi tieng trong Tuyen ngon Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyen 1789 eua Phap: "Ngudi ta sinh ra va mai mai tu do va binh dang ve quyen. Cac quyen ay la: tu do, tu hflru, an ninh va chong ap buc" (Sdd, t.l, tr.240).
Nhung ddng gdp ldn lao eua Ngudi ve quyen eon ngudi d day da vugt rat xa eac tu tudng tu san khi ngi ham cua khai niem nhan quyen da dugc md rdng (dac biet d giai doan nay - giai doan ehii nghla tu ban da trd thdnh chu nghia de qude) bdng viee nang nhung quyen cd tinh chat ca nhan thudn tuy dd len thanh nhimg quyln cd tinh chdt dan tdc, Id quyen eua tdt ea cac dan tdc
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chdng lai sir dp buc. Vdi Hd Chi Minh,
"quyen duge an ninh va chdng dp buc" duge nhan manh d day chinh la quyln dan tdc tu quyet, bat kha xam pham, khdng can thiep vao cdng viee ndi bd cua bdt ky mdt dan tde, qudc gia nao. Ngudi da phdt trien va md rdng ndi ham cua khdi niem "nhan quyen", nang ndi ham ciia nd Ien tam eao mdi ve chat khi nd duge ap dung cho thdnh td quan trgng, khdng the tdch rdi eua quyen con ngudi, dd la quyen dan tdc tu quyet, Id quyen eua eae dan tgc. Hon the nfta, qua dd Ngudi cdn khang dinh, ciing nhu nhung dac tinh hien rihien vd "bat kha xam pham" cua quyen con ngudi, quyen eiia eac dan tde (qude gia - dan tdc) cung Id quyen "tu nhien", "ed hiiu" vd "bat kha xam pham".
Khdng phai ngau nhien Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da md dau ban Tuyen ngon Dgc lap, khai sinh ra nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hod bang nhirng ldi bat hu trong Tuyen ngdn dde lap 1776 cua My vd Tuyen ngon Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyen cua Phdp. Hai luan diem dugc trich dan deu ehi ra tinh tu nhien - ban chat cd hfln cua quyen con ngudi khi chung ddng thdi dugc su dung hai thuat ngu ddng nghia la "tao hod" vd
"sinh ra". Nhung Chu tich Ho Chi Minh lai hieu va nhan manh thudc tinh cd hiru dd tren phuang dien sau sac hon, khi di den
"sir nit ra bien chiing" tu hai luan diem dd:
"Do la nhiing le phdi khong ai choi cdi duac". O day, thuat ngft "le phai" da thay eho khdi niem "tao hod" va "sinh ra". Nghia la trudc het, Ngudi khang dinh quyen eon ngudi la thudc tinh vdn cd cua eon ngudi.
Id cdi thudc ve "ban chat tu nhien" cua con ngudi. Tuy nhien, cdi "tu nhien" d day chinh la cdi "ban chat tu nhien da dugc xa hdi hod" eua con ngudi, la "cdi Iam cho eon
ngudi dung tren, eao hon con vat", trd nen
"nhan tinh tu do". Vi vay, ddi vdi Hd Chi Minh, quyen eon ngudi trudc het Id gia tri nhan vdn cao quy, vdn cd ciia con ngudi, nhung phai la con ngudi da dugc giai phdng khdi chu nghia thuc dan, trong mgt xa hdi dugc tu do, ddc lap.
Cung gidng nhu ede nha maexit tien bdi, Hd Chi Minh chi ra con dudng duy nhdt de eon ngudi gianh lai quyen dd cua minh thdng qua dau tranh giai cap, each mang xa hgi. Hd Chi Minh da khdng chi ban ve khdi niem "nhan quyen" mdt each trim tugng, phi thue te, ma Ngudi cdn chi ra con dudng hien thuc de hien thue hoa dugc dieu dd.
Nam 1925, trong ban dich Quoc te ca, d doan III, Ngudi viet:
"Viee ta ta phdi gang Io,
Chdng nhd trdi phat chdng nhd than Iinh.
Cdng ndng minh ciiu lay minh.
Sua sang the dao kinh dinh nhan quyen.
Mudn eho danh dd cudng quyen,
Tu do binh dang ven tuyen cd hai" (Sdd, t.2,tr.491).
Ngay trong khai niem nhdn quyen duge Hd Chi Minh su dung d tren da hdm ehua mdt each day du nhat ngi ham eua nd trong quan he vdi khai niem "cdng dan quyen"
(quyen edng dan). Hd Chi Minh da cu the hod quyen eon ngudi vao dieu kien va hoan canh cu the ciia mdi qudc gia, dan tgc va giai cap nhat dinh. Nhu vay, d day mdt mat Hd Chi Minh ngam phe phdn quan diem
"tu nhien luan" ve quyen con ngudi, cho rang quyen eon ngudi la sir ban on, trao tdng cua Thugng de hay eua nhiing ca nhan sieu viet nao dd, mat khac chi ra quan niem diing dan vd con dudng thuc hien nd mdt
LY LUAN CHINH TRI 9-2010 29
cdch hien thuc - do la "qua trinh tu than", qua trinh dau tranh each mang de trudc tien gidi phdng cai hien thuc dang nd dich vd tha hod con ngudi ve mat nhan tinh.
Dpc lap, tu do - gid tri nen tdng vd quan trong nhat cua quyen con ngudi
Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan la sir ket hgp nhuan nhuyen, khoa hgc va day sang tao, gifta ly luan va thuc tien,... Dde biet Id, tu tudng dd da duge hun due va tich tu trong sudt qua trinh Ngudi ra di tim dudng cuu nudc eho dan tgc va dugc hien thue hod trong Tuyen
ngdn Dgc lap 1945, khai sinh ra nude VietNam Dan chu Cdng hod.
Ngay tu nam 1919, trong yeu saeh gui doan dai bieu eac nudc Ddng minh thang tran trong Chien tranh the gidi thu nhdt, Ngudi da ddi eho nhdn dan Viet Nam dugc hudng quyen binh dang, tu do, tu quyet nhu nhan dan cua cac dan tde khde. Ngudi da thay dugc su thdng nhat bien chiing gifta ca nhan va xa hdi, dan tdc va nhdn loai.
Ngudi khdng dinh rang: "Chi co gidi phong
giai cdp vd sdn thi mdi gidi phong dugc ddn tgc; ca hai cugc giai phdng ndy ehi cdthe la sir nghiep cua chu nghia cdng san vd eua each mang the gidi" (Sdd, t.l, tr.416);
rang each mang Viet Nam phai dugc tien hanh triet de, dua tdi sir giai phdng ca nhan, giai phdng dan tdc, giai phdng xa hdi vd xac lap vai trd lam chu xa hgi ehu nghTa cua nhan dan lao ddng, dem lai quyen tu do, hanh phuc cho mgi ngudi. Nhirng quyen dd phai la quyen phd bien cua da sd, cua ngudi lao ddng: "Chung ta da hy sinh lam cdch menh, thi nen lam cho den nai, nghia la lam sao each menh rdi thi quyen giao cho dan chiing sd nhieu, chd de trong
tay mdt bgn it ngudi. Thl mdi khdi hy sinh nhieu Ian, the dan ehiing mdi dugc hanh phuc" (Sdd, t.2, tr.270). Theo Hd Chi Minh, quyen tu do, binh dang cua nhan dan cung chi ed the gianh duge bang eon dudng duy nhat - dd la con dudng each mang, con dudng giai phdng dan tgc, giai phdng giai cap. Sir nghiep each mang, giai phdng dan tgc, giai phdng quan chung lao dgng vd hien thuc hod quyen con ngudi, quyen edng dan phai dugc tien hanh bdng chinh nd luc quan chiing.
Net ddc tnmg trong tu tudng cua Hd Chf Minh ve dde lap dan tdc la d chd coi viec ddng bao duge hudng hanh phue, tu do la hat nhan, la thudc do gia tri cua dgc lap tu do. Hd Chi Minh ludn coi muc tieu ddu tranh vi ddc lap cua Td qudc, tu do cua ddng bao Id le sdng cua minh, quyen dgc lap dan tde khdng tach rdi quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan va ddc lap dan tgc Id dieu kien tien quyet de mang lai hanh phuc cho ddng bao. Luan diem ndi tieng cua Ngudi ve tinh thdng nhat bien chung khdng the tach rdi gifta quyen con ngudi, quyen edng dan vd quyen dan tdc thieng lieng, the hien trong buc thu Ngudj viet cho Anbe Xaro (Bd trudng Bd thudc dia Phdp) nam 1922: "Cdi ma tdi cdn nhat tren ddi: Ddng bao tdi dugc tu do, Td qudc tdi dugc dgc lap". Ldgich cua sir thdng nhat dd da chi ra con dudng thuc hien: mudn gidi phdng cd nhan - con ngudi thi trudc het phai giai phdng dan tdc khdi sir nd dich.
Ngudi khdng dinh rang: "mgt dan tdc nd le khdng the cd con ngudi tu do", "tu do cho ddng bdo tdi, ddc lap cho Td qudc tdi, day la tdt ca nhflng dieu tdi mudn, day la tat ed nhung dilu tdi hieu"^'\ Ly tudng cao ca cua Ngudi "lam sao cho nudc ta dugc hoan
30 LY LUAN CHINH TR! 9-2010
toan ddc lap, dan ta dugc hoan todn tu do, ddng bao ai cung cd com an do mac, ai cung dugc hgc hanh" (Sdd, t.4, tr.161) eung chinh la chan Iy vd sir khdi qudt sau sac ve tinh thdng nhat khdng thl tach rdi eua dgc lap, tu do va hanh phue.
Ngudi ludn gin sir phat triln tu do cd nhan vdi phdt triln tu do eua edng ddng dan tde. Sir phdt triln tu do day du eua cdc cd nhan chi cd the cd dugc khi vd chi khi xd hdi dugc gidi phdng khdi mgi hinh thue bde lot, dp buc, trong dd cd sir dp buc va nd dich dan tdc. Tu Bdn dn che do thuc ddn Phdp den Tuyen ngon Dgc lap, Hd Chi Minh da vach tran bd mat gia nhan, gid nghia cua nhiing ke nhan danh, lgi dung nggn ed tu do, binh ddng, bae ai, quyen con ngudi de di dp bue, cha dap Ien ddi sdng cua cac dan tde khde.
Hd Chi Minh hieu rat sau sdc nhung niem dau, ndi khd cua con ngudi mat nudc vd con ngudi eung khd. Ngudi khang dinh:
"Tren ddi tram van dieu eay dang. Cay ddng chi bdng mat tu do". Ngudi tftng ndi:
"Dil phai ddt chay cd day Trudng Son eung phai kien quyet gianh eho duge dgc lap" vd
"Thd hy sinh tat cd chu nhat dinh khdng chiu mat nudc, khdng chiu lam nd le",
"Khdng ed gi quy hon Ddc lap - Tu do!".
Tuy nhien, Ngudi dae biet de eao vai trd cua viec hien thue hda nhirng gid tri co ban cua quyen con ngudi vd coi dd la muc tieu cdt yeu cua each mang: "Nhung neu nudc ddc lap ma dan khdng hudng hanh phuc tu do, thi ddc lap eung chdng ed nghia Iy gi"
(Sdd, t.4, tr.56), vd "Dan ehi biet rd gid tri eua tu do, eua dde lap khi ma dan dugc dn no, mac du" (Sdd, tr.l52). Nhirng luan diem cua Ngudi ve viee thuc hdnh dan ehu trong
hoat ddng to chuc, qudn ly va dieu hdnh nha nudc ndi ehung vd hoat ddng lap phap ndi rieng ed mdt y nghia het sue sau sac.
Chdng han tu tudng cua Ngudi ve tinh cdng khai, minh bach vd thuc hanh dan chu cua cae eo quan edng quyen va ve quyen tu do dan chu cua ngudi dan dugc the hien rd trong Tuyen ngon Dgc lap vd dde biet Id ban Hien phdp dau tien nam 1946: "Nghi vien hgp edng khai cho dan chung vao nghe" (dilu 30).
Y nghla ly luan vd thuc tien cua Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve quyen con ngudi
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da ddng gdp vdo viec dat nen mdng eho mdt budc phat trien mdi ve chat cua ly luan ve quyen con ngudi duong thdi. Ngudi da nang nhiing Iy tudng truyin thdng cua the ky XVlll-XlX Ien ngang tam vdi ly tudng eua thdi dai mdi - thdi dai giai phdng dan tgc khdi ach dp buc cua chu nghla thue dan tren pham vi toan the gidi, thdi dai dap tan xieng xich cua chu nghia thuc dan, thdi dai cua cae dan tde bi dp buc, bde lot gianh Iai quyen sdng, quyen ddc lap, quyen tu do, quyen dan chu vd phdt trien "sanh vai vdi eac cudng qudc nam chau". Hon the, dieu quan trgng han la ngay tu dau the ky XX, Ngudi da y thue sau sac dugc van de then chdt cua quyen con ngudi Id dgc lap dan tgc - chu nghia xa hdi va sir giai phdng eon ngudi dich thuc. Tu tudng tien phong ay cua Ngudi da trd thanh kim chi nam cho Iy luan duong dai ve quyen eon ngudi: quyen ca nhan gan lien vdi quyen cua cdng ddng, quyen tap the; dde lap, tu do cho dan tde (quyen sdng eua dan tdc) va phdt trien la nhirng quyen co ban cua eon ngudi; quyen con ngudi khdng bao gid ed the eao hon ehu quyen qudc gia.
LY LUAN CHiNH TR! 9-2010 31
Nhung gia tri nhan van mang tam thdi dai cua tu tudng cua Hd Chi Minh ve quyen eon ngudi da khdng chi dnh hudng sau rgng ddi vdi viec xay dimg va hien thuc hoa cac van ban phap ly mang tinh chat Hiln dinh va phap dinh eua Viet Nam, ma cdn trd thdnh mdt trong nhung co sd cua phdp Iuat qudc te hien dai trong viec thiet lap pham tru "quyen dan tgc co ban". Ngay tft giua the ky XX, nhieu nude A - Phi da thua nhan ddng gdp to ldn eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vdo su xac lap mdt dinh che phdp Iy qudc te mdi - nen cdng phdp qudc te bao ve cdc quyen, tu do va binh dang cua tat ca cdc dan tde tren the gidi, dde biet la quyen thodt khdi ach dd hd cua thuc dan, chu nghia de qude, quyen dan tgc tu quyet (ddc biet Id duge tu do lira chgn con dudng phat trien cua minh ve the ehe ehinh tri, kinh te, van hod...), va quyen cua nhiing nhdm ngudi de bi tdn thuang nhat trong xa hdi (nhu phu nft, tre em, ngudi gid, ngudi ngheo...). Vi vay, nam 1959, tai ll trao bdng tien sT Iuat khoa danh du eho Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, ddnh gid ve y nghia va tam vdc qudc te, thdi dai cua tu tudng ve quyen con ngudi trong Tuyen ngon Dgc lap 1945, gidm dde trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp Bangdung (Inddnexia) da khdng dinh: "Dd la mgt dao luat mdi cua nhan dan the gidi khang dinh quyen tu do, ddc lap bat kha xam pham eua cdc dan tdc bi dp bue"'^l Ldi nhdn xet ay, sau nua the ky vdn cdn nguyen gid tri nhu mdt ket ludn khoa hge ve mgt tu tudng khoa hge mang tinh thdi dai eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vT dai. Tu tudng ay da gdp phan thuc ddy su phat triln cua ly luan ve quyen con ngudi d nudc ta vd tren the gidi, dae biet la nhung ddng gdp
cho su md rdng khai niem quyen con ngudi thanh quyen dan tde co ban trong he thdng phdp luat quoc tl hien dai.
Ve mat thue tiln, trong thdi dai ngay nay, bao ve quyen con ngudi ludn ludn gan lien vdi cac muc tieu ldn cua loai ngudi vd Id mdt trong nhung van de chung va hue xue cua cgng ddng quoc te. Dd la: dde lap dan tde va tien bd xa hgi, dan ehu vd phdt trien, hod binh vd dn dinh chinh tri - xa hgi, chdng chu nghia khung bd, sir thay ddi khi hdu todn cau va mdi trudng,... Quyen con ngudi, mac du la dac quyen vdn ed cua con ngudi, khdng tu nhien hien hiiu d tat ea mgi ngudi, mgi dan tdc vd mgi nen vdn hod, ma Id san pham cua lich su con ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi, trdi qua qua trinh ddu tranh hy sinh, gian khd, day bi trdng eua eon ngudi trudc sir thdng tri cua nhiing lire lugng tu nhien va xa hgi mdi gianh dugc.
Hon luc nao het, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve quyen con ngudi da rgi sdng vd chi ldi cho nhdn thue va hanh dgng thue tien cua Dang va Nha nudc ta trong cugc dau tranh vdi nhirng ludn dieu sai trdi ve quyen con ngudi cung nhu trong sir nghiep chdm lo, bao ve va thuc day viec tdn trgng va hien thue hda cac quyen va tu do co ban cho nhan dan da dugc khdng dinh trong cdc vdn kien dai hdi eua Dang ta. Thuc te da minh chiing cho mdt chan ly hien nhien: ddi vdi mdt dan tgc khdng cd chu quyen thi khdng the ed tu do, va ngugc lai, mdt dan tdc dung sue manh cua minh di thdng tri, nd dieh, dp dat, cha dap len mdt dan tdc khac thi dan tdc dd cung khdng thl la dan tdc nhan danh cho tu do dich thuc.
{Xem dip trang 39)
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vd dao tao edn thap; quan tdm din viec phat trien sd lugng nhilu hon chdt lugng. He thdng gido due vd ddo tao thilu ddng bd, chua lien thdng, mdt can ddi trong cdc cdp hgc, nganh hge, co cdu, nganh, nghl, vung, mien. Viec giao due tu tudng, dao due, ldi sdng, ve truyen thdng vdn hod, lich su dan tde, ve Dang, v l quyen Igi vd nghTa vu cdng dan eho hgc sinh, sinh vien chua dugc chu y dung muc ca ve ndi dung vd phuong phdp; gido due phd thdng mdi chi quan tam nhieu den "day chft", chua quan tam dung muc din "day ngudi", ky ndng sdng vd "day nghl" cho thanh, thieu nien.
- Chuong trinh, gido trinh, phuang phdp gido due chdm ddi mdi, chdm hien dai hod;
nhd trudng chua gdn chat vdi ddi sdng xa hdi vd lao ddng nghe nghiep, chua ehii trgng phat huy tinh sang tao, ndng lire thuc hdnh cua hgc sinh, sinh vien.
- Cdng tdc quan ly gido due cdn nhieu yeu kem va la nguyen nhdn chu yeu cua nhieu yeu kem khdc. Co che quan ly giao due chdm ddi mdi, chua theo kip sir ddi mdi tren cdc linh vuc eua ddt nudc. Dao due vd nang lire cua mdt bd phdn cdn bd quan ly gido due edn thdp. Cdng tac xay dimg ddi ngu nha gido chua dap img yeu cdu. Mgt sd nganh, dia phuang chua nhan thuc day du va diing dan ve cdng tac xa hdi hod gido due, ldm han ehe kha nang thu hiit cac ngudn lire de cham Io cho sir nghiep giao due va dao tao va gidi quyet nhung khd khan dang dat ra ddi vdi mdt bg phan nhan dan.
Tap chi Ly lu^n chinh tri V Bien soan theo tai lieu
cua Hpi dong Ly luan Trung uofng
GIA TR! THDI DAI
CUA Tir TirOfNG HO CHi IVIINH...
{Tiep theo trang 32)
Tu tudng cua Hd Chi Minh ve quyen eon ngudi dugc the hien trong sudt qua trinh hoat ddng each mang cua Ngudi, Id Iy tudng vd le sdng cua Ngudi. Dd cung chinh Id Iy tudng vd le sdng eua dan tde vd todn nhdn Ioai. Tuyen ngdn Dgc lap - mdt sir ket tinh sdu sdc nhat tu tudng cua Ngudi ve quyen con ngudi, da dugc ca cdng ddng quoc t l ddnh gia cao khdng chi ve tinh nhdn van sau sdc, gia tri dao ly vd chinh tri to Idn ddi vdi eac dan tde thugc dia va nhan dan lao dgng tren todn the gidi, md cdn d tinh khoa hgc phap ly chat che va ddy sang tao. Nhiing tu tudng dd da, dang vd se cdn tilp tuc soi dudng eho sir nghiep giai phdng con ngudi, giai phdng dan tdc va gidi phdng nhan Ioai trong bdi canh the gidi duong dai, nhat la, ddi vdi Viet Nam dang trong qua trinh xay dung mdt nha nudc phdp quyln XHCN "cua dan, do dan vd vi dan" va qud trinh phat trien ddt nudc vi muc tieu "dan gidu, nudc manh, xa hdi edng bang, dan chu vd van minh".
(1) Tran Dan Tien: Nhimg mdu chuyen ve ddi hogt dgng cua Hd Chu tich, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1995, tr.53.
(2) Xem Song Thanh; Tuyen ngon Dgc lap ndm 1945 - Dqo lugt mdi khdng dinh quyen tu do, dgc lap bdt khd xdm pham cua cdc ddn tgc, trong Bo Tu phap - Vien NCKH Phap ly, Ticyen ngon Dgc lap ndm 1945 cua Chit tich Ho Chi Minh - Nhimg gid tri vd y nghia thdi dqi, NXB Chinh trj qudc gia. Ha Noi, 1996, tr.69.
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