Tgp chi khoa ht?c TrUdng Dgi hqc Quy Nhtfti - Sd'3, T4p VI ndm 2012
HOAT DONG KINH DOANH CUA TU SAN TRUNG KY TXJ DAU THE KY XX DEN N A M 1914
N G U Y I N VAN PHLf0NG"
Difdi tdc ddng ciaa cdc cudc khai ihdc thudc dia vd nhiTng dilu kien chu quan, khach quan khdc, vao dau the kj XX, ciing vdi tu" sdn ca nifdc, lif san Trung Ky (TSTK) ciing dan hinh thanh vd ngdy cdng ldn manh len
Vi^fa ra ddi, TSTK da cd nhiJng boat dgng difdi nhifng hinh thiJc khdc nhau vd cd ddng lam dn theo Id'i lu'bdn chu nghia khd sdi noi, vdi nhifng phifdng thu'c kinh doanh phu hdp. Hg khdng ngifng vu'dn len va tufng bifdc khang dinh vai trd, vi the cua minh, Iren cd sd dd gdp phan vao phong irao dan Idc trong nhifng nam dau the ky XX.
Trong khudn kh6 bdi viet ndy, chiing tdi tap trung lam rd boat ddng kinh doanh cua TSTK d cdc ITnh vifc cu the; tiS dd chi ra phu'dng thu'c vd cac hinh thiJc kinh doanh cua hg trong giai doan lif dau the k;y XX den nam 1914.
I. CAC LINH VUC VA P H U O N G THLfC KINH DOANH 1.1. LTnh vijfc cdng nghigp va thu cdng nghidp
Trong thdi ky thUc dan Phdp thd'ng tri Viet Nam, chu trifdng nhai quan ciia chung la Ididng phdt trien cdng nghiep thudc dia. Ngdy 23/3/1897, todn quyen Ddng Difdng Poul Doumer da bao cao chinh phu Phdp rang: "Neu viec xdy dung cong nghiep cdn dugc khuyen khich d thugc dia thi chi Irong gidi han khong hgi de'n cong nghiep chinh qudc. Cong nghiep chinh qudc cdn dugc bd sung chii khdng phdi la de phd sdn bdi cong nghiep thugc dia" [6, tr.I4].
Vdi tinh than do, ngay iCf nhiing nam dau chiem ddng Viel Nam, ihiJc dan Phdp da chu y ngdn can TSTK thanh lap xi nghiep, cdng ly ldn, cd kha ndng canh tranh vdi cac cdng ly tif ban Phap. D i n ra day mot vi du cu the dd'i vdi cdng nghiep mia difdng Trung Ky. Vao cud'i the'ky XIX, Ichi tim hieu cdng nghe san xua't mia du'dng d Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Lanessan da canh bao lif ban Phap nhu" sau: Cdc nha cong nghiep Phdp cdn de phdng tinh trgng da xdy ra nhu d Bom-bay. O Bom-bay, cdc xudng del khong phdi d trong tay IU bdn Anh md Id d trong tay cdc nhd lU bdn ban xti, cdc nhd cong nghiep ban xii [3, tr.l57]. Nhan Idi khuyen cao cua Lanessan, Hgi nghien clfu Ddng Difdng chu iru'dng chi de cho tif ban Phdp md xi nghiep san xuat, cdn nhd lam difdng Trung Ky chi ddng vai trd trong mia ma thdi.
Mac dil chinh sach chen ep cdng nghiep Viet Nam cua IhUc dan Phap la thifdng xuyen va day tinh toan, nhtfng mdt sd' TSTK khdng chiu Ihoai lui. Trong qud trinh kinh
NOUYSN VAN PHlfONG doanh, mdt khi cd dilu ki|n thujn Ipi 15p tlfc hp tim cich d l bUdc vio kinh doanh cic nginh cdng nghilp phfi hpp vdi dic:ii ki|n \6n cd. Do dd, dSu thi kj XX, di xuat hi|n cic nhi tU sin trong mpt sd nginh cdng nghilp nhU lim dirdng. d|t, gdm sd, lim dd sil..
TOT cudi thi ky XIX. trong cdng nghilp sin xuift dudng 3 Quing Nam. Quing Ngai da cd nhiTng ehii sin xuSft tien hinh cii tiin trvic Ip mia d l ting ning sui'l. Til nhiing bin true bing g8 diing sdc klo ciia trau. bd phd biin tnrdc day, nhilu chu xudng di dau tU vdn mua bin true Ip bing sit. Bing viic da u IU vio cdng eij sin xuat, ning sua't sin xua't dudng d diy di ting lln. Dic-u dd dupe minh chiJng qua bao cio cila khim sd Trung Ky nim 1903: "Vi^c .sdn xudl dudng hi$n nay nhiiu khdng Ihiki xiet, cdc trite ^p mia ldm vi§e sudt ngd v dent, thIiu cd ihuven mdnh di biin di chd bao dudng ra Faifo vd Dd Ndng" [8]. IVIpt dilu ding chii J nffa li nhiTng chO xUdng sin xua't dudng khi di cd mpt sd vd'n nha't dinh trong tay. d l tin thu Ipi nhuin tdi da, hp di ddng tiin kiem dupe mua them rudng da't trdng mia lim nguyin li|u vi sin xu^t Ilia.
PhUdng thdc kinh doanh trdn cOa cac chii xUdng sin xua't dUdng cho thay tir cudi the ky XIX. hp da tich lOy dupe mdt so' tU bin nhit djnh; ddng thdi sif phin hda trong ddi ngu thd thu cdng lim dudng the hipn d vi^c tip trung tU bin trong tay mpt sd ngifdi vi lam phi sin nhiTng ngudi khic eCing nginh dien ra khi phd bien. Bdi vl dl mua mdt true dp mia bing sit loai nhd phai mat 115 ddng. cdn loai idn gii 230 ddng. uong khi dd true Ip bing go chi cd gii 20 ddng [3. tr.dll. Sd tien dd vio thdi diim bay gid va dd'i vdi eac chu xUdng lim dudng khdng phii li nhd. Tuy nhien. dilu ding tile li sd ludng nhiTng chu xUdng ed kha ning dau tU cai tien ky thuat sin xuat nhu trdn khdng nhieu, qui md sin xui't cdn nhd. vipc si> dung true dp bing go van cdn phd biin.
Mae dau vay, day cung Ii tien de quan trpng de thdi k> sau chie'n tranh the gidi thif nhi't. d Trung Ky xua't hien cac "cong M" san xui't dudng quy md ldn.
Trong nginh gdm cung di xua't hien mpt sd xudng san xui't lam in phit dat. Til cud'i tbl ky XIX. d Trung Ky hinh thinh nhifng vilng chuyen sin xui't gdm ndi tilng d Thanh Hda, Phan Thiet. Thifa Thien Hul... Tren cP sd dd. den dau the ky XX. da xua't hien mdt sd xUdng san xui't vi chii xUdng ldn. Tai Thanh Hda. cic xa Ddc Thp (thi xa Thanh Hda). Thd PhUPng (Ddng Sdn). Doanh Xa (phu Thipu Hda) cd khoang 25 id sin xui't gdm [I, B-.2501; d Thp Hac, Cdc Ha (sit thi xi Thanh Hda) ed 30- 35 Id chum vii tiiu sinh [3, a-.56]. Die biet. d vilng TU My thudc phu Quing Hda (each Dd Lln 10 km) xuat hien mpt ed sd sin xua't gdm ndi tieng ciia Nguyen Vin Vien. Theo tai lieu ghi lai. Nguyin Vin Vien gd'c d Nam Dinh, nim 1910, dng vio vDng TuMy khai thie di't vi xay difng Id san xui't dd sif. Cic loai bit, dia sd do cd sd dng san xui't dep vi tdt nhudd sd Mdng Cii (Quang Ninh); cdn chum, vai thi to hdn. ed cha't lUdng tdt vi hinh thdc dep hdn loai sin xuat d Hudng Canh (Vinh Yin) [I, tr.248. 250]. Khi lap cd sd sin xuat. dng di tuyen ca thd d Mdng Cii ve cdng ngUdi dia phUPng sin xua't dd gdm.
VI the, cd sd sin xua't nay lam in phit dat, chiem Iinh dUde thi trudng vi li "ddu hieu ciia sii phdt triin vi mat chat lugng cua tieu Ihu cdng nghiep Thanh Hda vdi linh chdt
HOAT DQNG KINH DOANH CUA TU SAN TRUNG KY Tif DAU THE KY XX 25 lUbdn cha nghia ro r$t" [I, lr.251 ]. Vdi phifdng thiJc kinh doanh dd, NguySn Vdn Viin
giau len nhanh chdng, trd thdnh mOt nhd tif sdn trong ITnh vi;c ndy.
Trong ngdnh ddt d Binh Dinh, Phd Yen, Qudng Nam ciSng da c6 m0t sd' chi3 xifdng giau len nhanh chdng. Tif cud'i thd' ky XIX, d nhifng dia phifdng ndy da hinh thanh nhiJng vdng chuyen ifdm td, d?t lua, nhieu, the vd dd cd hi?n tu'dng thu6 mifdn nhan cdng trong qud trinh sdn xud't. Theo bdo cdo cua Tong lanh sif Phdp tai Quy Nhdn Id De Vdrn^ville, ngdy 4/2/1881, trong tinh Binh Dinh cd 7 t^ng cd nghe d$l nhieu la Nhdn Ngai, An Ngai (thugc phO An Nhdn); Du'dng An, Nhdn An (thudc huy?n Tuy Phifdc); Trung Sdn. Tdi Lifdng, Y^n Sdn (thupc huy^n Hodi Nhdn), vdi tong cpng 34 khung dpt. Trong dd cd mgt so Idng tdp trung nhieu khung dpi nhif Gd Mit (tong An Ngai) cd 10 khung d$t. Idng Phd'Trach (td'ng Nhdn An) cd 12 khung del [9]. Cung theo De Vemdville, vipc thue mifdn nhan cdng da cd trong det nhieu, moi khung det thue 4 thd, moi thd dam nhiem mdt cdng doan trong quy trinh del. Gid nhan cdng trong thdi gian nay ra't ha, moi ta'm nhidu hang thifdng ngu'oi chu phdi tra lien Ihue nhan cdng 7 quan, cdn tien lai la 5-6 quan. Sang dau the'ky XX, da xua't hien mgt so chii khung del giau cd, tich luy difdc sd'vd'n ldn trong tay. Tieu bieu nha't la Le Vdn Nhan- chii xifdng det d Quy Nhdn.
1.2. LTnh vi/c thi/dng nghipp
Tnfdc khi thifc dan Phap chiem ddng, d Trung Ky da xua't hien ldp thifdng nhan budn bdn hang hda di khap ca nifdc. Chung ta da biet tdi nhffng thifdng nhan chuyen budn nhidu Binh Dinh. lua Quang Nam, Thanh Hda ra Bac, vdo Nam, tham chi sang tan ca Hong Kong [7, tr.43]. Nhiing thifdng nhan nay da lap cac hieu budn rieng cho minh va tien tdi lap thifdng diem d cac tinh khdc trong va ngoai khu viJc.
Khi thifc dan Phap thong tri, mac dil y do cua Phdp Id tim mgi cdch de ddc chiem thi tnfdng Viet Nam, nhifng trong bd'i canh tif ban Phap chu'a the dp dung ngay chinh sach "budn tan gd'c, ban tan ngon" thi chiing budc phai can tdi vai trd mdi gidi trung gian ciia ddi ngu thifdng nhan ngifdi Viet. Hdn nffa, lOc ndy Ihi trifdng da difdc md rdng, trao doi hang hda thuan Idi hdn; nen san xuat hang hda trong khu vifc cung phat Irien hdn trifdc nen hoat dpng kinh doanh ciia thifdng nhan cd phan phdt dat len.
Tif vai trd mdi gidi dia phifdng giifa nhifng ngifdi san xua't hang hda, nhieu thifdng nhan va hgi budn da tien len thdnh chii bao mua, trd thdnh tif san thifdng nghiep.
Nhieu tif san nhd nam bat difdc cd hdi kinh doanh da manh dan bd vd'n lap cdng ty bao mua san pham, cung cap cho thi tnfdng trong nifdc. Chang han nhif trong ITnh vifc budn ban ldm san, ndng san, mdt so' tif san ngifdi Viet d Vinh, Ben Thuy nhu"
Le Viel Ldi, Trifdng Dac Lap, Bach Hifng Nghiem.. da de'n tan gd'c d mien ihu'dng vd sang ca Lao thu mua gd vd lam ddc san bdn ra thi tnfdng kiem ldi. Cd sd kinh doanh cua Le Viet Ldi vd Tnfdng Dac Lap phdt trien nhanh chdng. Rieng cd sd cua Le Viet Ldi tnfdc Chie'n tranh the gidi thiJ nha't, cd liic da su* dung de'n 30 cdng nhdn [5, tr.l03].
26 NGUY6N VAN PHUONO
d Di Ning cd mpt sd tU sin nhd Ll Vin Tap, Ddc Thi, Kim Quy... di bd vdn, lap cdng ty chuyin thu mua eic loai ndng san va lim sin d Quing Nam, Quing Ngii nhu qui, trim hUPng, diu... cung ci'p cho cic cd sd sin xui't vi dem xuat eilng. Nhd nim bit cd hdi vi biet cich kinh doanh nIn nhiing lUsan niy giiu lln nhanh chdng vi tiin len thinh lip cdng ty Idn khi cd dieu ki|n.
Ngoii ra cdn phii ke ddn nhiJng nhan vfit khic nhu PhiTdng Thinh, Nguyen Dinh Khue, Lj Quy li nhiTng tUsin ndi lii-'ng trong ITnh vi/c kinh doanh ndng san NhiTng thudng nhan niy chuyin thu mua bdng vii spi d nhiTng ndi sin xuat tip trung nhif Thanh Hda, Hi Tinh, Die Lie... dem ra bin cho nhi miy dpi spi d Nam Dinh vi xuit eing sang Hong Kdng. Vi^e thu mua bdng trong khu vi/e Trung KJ' cda nhiTng tif sin niy gip nhieu khd khin do sif canh tranh cda thUdng nhin nglTdi Hoa vi ngUdi Au, bdi khu vifc niy li npi cung ci'p lUpng bdng Idn cOa nUdc ta. Theo tii li|u, mdi nim. ridng Thanh Hda da cung cap cho thi trudng Bic Ky (chii yiu li Nam Dinh) gin 159 tin hat bdng [I. tr.2521. Do dd, de mua dUdc bdng, tlT san ngUdi Vit-l da ed sing tao Uon$
phudng thdc kinh doanh nhubd lien ra mua ciy gid'ng. cung ciip kj' thuat cho ngUdi sin xua't vi bupe hp ban hat bdng khi thu hoach theo thda thuin ban dau.
Ben canh nhiTng tU sin kinh doanh mpt mit hang rieng biet cdn cd ngUdi kinh doanh nhilu loai mit hing ciing mdt Idc. Sd nay tUPng dd'i ddng. Die diim cua nhiTng nhi tu sin nay la ed vd'n tUdng dd'i ldn. nen ed the thu mua nhilu loai hing hda dl budn bin vi sinh sdng tap uaing d cic dd thi Idn. Dien hinh cho so na\ li Tnnh Vin Ngan- mdt tu san giiu cd bic nha't d Vinh. Ong budn bin ri't nhieu mit hing nhU bdng vii sdi. hang kim khi. liia gao, cie loai ndng cu, thuc pham...
Diim khi ddc dao trong hoat ddng kinh doanh thUPng nghiep cua TSTK thdi ky nay la da ddc chiem thi trudng budn bin mpt sd mit hang. Dien hinh nhu ttong linh vifc kinh doanh vang bac, da hinh thinh nhieu cda hieu cd ten tudi nhu Bao Nguyin, Hoinh Trang. TrUdng Hung, Bao Thuycl, Bao Thinh... NhiTng chu hieu budn niy sd'ng tap trung d eic trung tam dd thi. chuyen bin cac san pham ving bac nhU vdng tay.
vdng cd. hoa tai... Sau mdt thdi gian budn ban. nhd tich k)y dupe kinh nghiem vi dUa vao ddi ngu thd ed tay nghe td't. hp trd thinh nhiTng dng chd giiu ed \'a dan chii'm ITnh toan bd thi trudng kinh doanh vang bac d mdt sd u'nh nhu Nghe An. Hi Tinh. tham chi con sang tan Lao de mua ban. trao ddi vang bac.
1.3. LTnh viTc ndng nghipp
Dau the ky XX, khi thifc din Phap tang cudng dau tU vao nUde ta. ed sd ha tang di dupe cai thien; giao thdng dUdng bd, dudng thuy va dUdng sat deu thuan ldi, tao dieu kien cho nIn kinh te hing hda dupe md rong. Luc nay, trong ndng nghiep, cdng vdi sif hinh thanh he thd'ng ndng giang. nhieu uai thi nghi|m gidng cung dupe md ra.
Xu hudng kinh doanh hang hda trong ndng nghiep nd rp, nha't la khi tU ban Phip xua't khau manh nong san Viet Nam ra thi trudng the gidi. Kinh te ndng nghiep bi ldi cudn
HOAT D6NG KINH DOANH CIJ A TU SAN TRUNG KY TtJ BAU TH^ K^ XX 27 vdo thi tnfdng ngdy cdng nhieu. NhiJng sdn pha'm ndng nghiep nhif liia gao, ngd, lac,
bdng... difdc dem ra thi trifdng trao ddi ngdy cdng nhieu. Quan hp tif bdn chifl nghTa xdm nhdp vao ndng thdn Trung Ky.
Ciing vdi qud trinh dd, d Trung KJ" cung xua't hipn mpt sd tif sdn kinh doanh irong ndng nghipp. Hg thifdng Id nhiJng ngifdi giau cd len d ndng thdn gpi Id phii ndng.
Life lUdng nay da hifdng vdo san xua't ndng pha'm dem bdn tren thi tnfdng, thue mifdn lao ddng dil chi theo thdi vu. Phifdng thii'c kinh doanh ph6 bien nha't gi^ng nhif tu'bdn Phdp la ldp don dien. The nhutig, do nen kinh te cdn ndng tinh chat tU nhien vd quan he san xua't phong kien thd'ng in d ndng thdn, nen quan he tUban chii nghTa trong ndng nghiep mdi he ra. Do dd, cac dien chii cd xu hu'dng tau rudng rdi dem phdt canh thu td chd" khdng tau rupng roi thud mifdn nhdn cdng, bdc lot theo Id'i ttfbdn chii nghTa. Theo thd'ng kc. chi cd mdt so' ngifdi lap ddn dien d Thanh Hda, Quang Nam, Kon Turn...
nhu^g dien tich khdng ldn. Tieu bieu nhif ddn dien ciia Bdt Soan, Nguyen Hffu Ngpc, Tran Vdn Ban, Han Thanh.. Phai den sau chien tranh the gidi Ihif nha't, so lifdng dien chu ngifdi Viet mdi tdng len nhanh chdng. Dong thdi, do dieu kien khi hau, thd nhifdng d Trung Ky it thuan Idi hdn vdng khdc, trong khi cac ddn dien chu yeu tap trung d ddng b^ng, nen cay trdng chinh Id lua. Neu cd kinh doanh cay cdng nghiep thi cung rat khd khan. Tuy nhien, hien lifdng tu" san bd vd'n kinh doanh trong ndng nghiep da xua't hien d Trung Ky vd day se la ITnh vifc kinh doanh phat trien mdt khi cd dieu kien thudn ldi hdn.
1.4. Linh vuTc giao thdng van tai
Nhan thu'c difdc tiem nang va nhu cau trong ITnh vifc van tai, tif ban Phap da sdm lim each dgc quyen trong ITnh vifc nay. Ngay tiJf dau the ky XX, lu' ban Phap da lap Cdng ty van tai d td Bac Trung Ky vd Lao, ggi tat Id SAMANAL de chiem ITnh Ihi iru'dng van tai tren cac tuyen di cac tinh Trung Ky va sang Lao.
Dd'i vdi TSTK, day Id mdt ITnh vifc kinh doanh mdi, lan dau tien xuat hien d khu VU'C. Tuy nhien, dau the ky XX, da xua't hien mdt so' tU' san kinh doanh trong ITnh vifc ndy, tieu bieu nhif Pham Van Phi, Hdo Hifng, Minh Tam, Ta Quang Chau...
Nhffng' tu san nay deu cd phifdng thii'c kinh doanh chung Id bai dau tif viec md cdc cd sd sijfa chiJa d td d cac trung tam dd thi. Ban dau hg chap nhan siJa chUa xe cho cdc hang van lai d td ciia ngu'di Phdp de tich IQy vd'n, hgc tap kinh nghiem, sau dd mdi mua phifdng tien van tai de kinh doanh. Vidu nhif tnfdng hdp cua Pham Van Phi. Dau the'ky XX, khi mdi tif Ha Ndi vao Vinh lap nghiep, dng da lap cd sd chuyen su'a chu'a d td cho Cdng ty van tai d td Bac Trung Ky va Lao; de'n nam 1912, dng da thdnh lap cdng ty rieng ciia minh vdi sd'vd'n Id 15.000 phdrang [5, tr.l35]. Liic nay, ngoai viec tiep tuc siJachiTa, cdng ty ciia dng dd bit dau mua mdt so d td, tuyen dung them cdng nhan de van lai hang hda, hdnh khach d mpt vai tuyen tif Vinh di cdc tinh d Trung Ky.
Dd'i vdi van tai du'dng thiiy, mac dii day la mot the manh cua khu vifc Trung Ky
NOUYfeN VAN PHUONn nhung chUa cd mit tUsin ngUdi Vi|t nio kinh doanh. Bdi day li mOt nginh mdi. ddi hdi sd vdn ldn, trong khi TSTK vdn (1 l^i chtfa cd kinh nghipm kinh doanh.
Tuy nginh v^n tii d td di phit iriln, song hSu hit cic dd thj d Trung Ky diu chifa cd cic tuyIn xe bu^t. xe ea chd khich trong ndi thinh. xe d$p cOng ril hiem;
trong khi dd nhu ciu di lai d ndi thinh ngiy eing ting. Diy li cPsd cho si/ra ddi nghi xe klo d Trung KJ-. Cic chd xe xui't hi|n ngiy eing nhilu, lim in phit d?t. Ndi Icn u-ong sdniy li cdng ty Hio Hung, Ddng Lpi, Cdu Thach. Ldc dSu cie chii xe niy phii mua xe tif Hi Ndi. nhUng vl sau khi lim in cd lien, hp n; thul thp ddng xe d l glim gia cho thue. nhim canh tranh vdi tU bin ngoai qudc.
1,5. Linh vifc th^u khoin
Td cud'i thi ky XIX. d Trung K^ di xuiit hipn mdt so thau khoin vi cda hi|u lim dai Iji cho tu bin Phip. Dau thi ky XX. sd lUpng ngifdi lim thau khoin nhilu len.
deu bilu nhu BDi Huy Tin, Nghd Phung. Nghd Mai, Nghd Gii...
Ban dau. nhiTng ngUdi niy chi li nhiTng cai th^u, nhin thau lai mdt phan cdng viec ttt nhiTng nhi Mu ldn cda Phip. rdi dan U-d thinh nhiTng thau khoin ldn chuyin cung cap vat lieu, nhan thi cdng mdt doan dudng hoic lim dai 1^ cho tU bin Phip.
Nghe Phung, Nghe Mai. Nghd Gii li nhiTng thau khoin u-ong ITnh vUc xay difng. Khi mdi budc vio linh vifc thau khoin, hp nhin lim mdt sd cdng doan trong cic cdng trtnh d thanh thi cho eic hing thau khoin ldn eiia Phip nhu cdng ty De Vallois Petret, Brossard Mopin. Ulyse. sau dd u-d thinh nhffng thau khoin ldn u-ong linh vifc xiy difng ha tang dd thi. Cdn Bdi Huy Tin. khi thUc dan Phip tien hinh xiy dung hp thdng dudng sit d Trung Ky. trong nhttng nim 1903-1906. dng da nhan thau cung ca'p ti vet cho dudng xe Ida d diy vi giiu cd nhanh chdng (3. tr.49|.
Dieu ding chu y. ben canh hoat ddng thau khoin Ii chinh. khi di cd mpt sd vd'n nhat djnh hp da chuyen sang kinh doanh ei nhiTng linh vifc khic. kl ca cdng - thUPng nghiep. Nghe Phung, Nghe Gii sau mpt thdi gian lim th^u khoin da bd vdn budn bin bit ddng sin ma dia bin chinh li Da Ning. Bdi Huy Tin sau mpt thdi gian kinh doanh trong Iinh vtfe thiu khoin, da bd tiin mua di't lap ddn diin d Hi Tinh. Thanh Hda va mdt sd khu md d Quang Ninh.
2. CAC HINH THLfC KINH DOANH
Khi vtta mdi ra ddi, do sd lUdng vdn it, kinh nghiem kinh doanh ehUa nhilu nen TSTK di ed cie hinh thdc kinh doanh khic nhau. M5i hinh thdc kinh doanh diu xui't phit ttt nhu cau khac nhau, do dd hieu qua mang lai cung khic nhau.
2.1. Hinh thdc kinh doanh ddc lap
^ Day li hinh thdc kinh doanh phd bidn. theo dd khi cd sd vdn nhi't dinh nha M ban tif lap cong ty. xi nghiep eua minh. Nhttng cdng ty, xi nghiep nay thudc sd httu cda
[KINH DOANH CCA TU SAN TRUNG KV TC DXU TH^ KY XX 29
I nhdn nhd tif bdn dd, ldi nhuan thu difpc khdng chia s^ vdi ai. VI du nhif Pham Vdn Phi kinh doanh trong ITnh \\fc giao thdng v§n tdi. 6ng d3 ti/ minh bd vdn, ldp cd sd stfa chiia d td, sau khi tich luy difdc mOt sd' vd'n nhd*! djnh da md cdng ty van lai d td tuy^n Vinh di mpt so tinh trong khu vyc Trung KJf.
6 Trung Ky, life lif0ng tif sdn kinh doanh theo hinh thifc ddc ldp cd sd'lifdng ddng nha't. Tieu bieu nhif Pham Vdn Phi. Minh Tdm trong ITnh vifc giao thdng vdn tdi; Bdo Nguyen, Hoanh Trang. Tnfdng HiTtig trong ITnh vifc kinh doanh vdng bac; Trinh Vdn Ngan, Ly Quy, Le Vid't Ldi trong ITnh viJc kinh doanh ndng sdn vd lam thd sdn;
Nguyen Vdn Vien trong ngdnh sdn xud't gd'm stf...
Ho xud't than tif nhilu ngudn gd'c khdc nhau, cdth^ Id nhifng chQ xifdng sdn xud't, thifdng nhdn hodc tif nhffng dia chO gidu c6. Da sd nhiJng tif san kinh doanh theo hinh thii'c dOc ldp diu tif ldp nhffng cOfa hi^u budn bdn, xifdng sdn xuat hay cdng ty rieng;
quan ly. kinh doanh theo kinh nghiem thifc tehpc hdi difdc.
Do kinh doanh theo hinh thffcdOc ldp nen nhiing tU" san ndy cdsd'vdn khdng ldn, vide kinh doanh khd md rdng ra khdi dia bdn mpt tinh vd ddc biet chifa lap difdc nhffng cdng ty ldn. cd tinh chat hipn dai.
2.2. Kinh doanh theo hinh thii'c hiin vd'n
Khi vifa mdi ra ddi, TSTK vffa chiu siJ chen dp cua tif ban Phdp vifa chiu siX canh tranh quye't het ciia tU sdn Hoa kidu. Hdn niJa, vd'n ciia hg it, nhieu ngifdi khdng dii kha nang lap cdng ty, xi nghipp rieng cho minh. VI vay, de lap difdc cdng ty du siJc canh tranh vdi cac cdng ty cua tif ban ngoai qud'c, ddng thdi thiic da'y cdng thifdng nghiep dan tpc phdt trien, TSTK cung htln vd'n vdi nhau kinh doanh.
Cdch thii'c hiin vd'n cua hp hodc Id gdp tnJc tiep khdng quy dinh Id bao nhieu, tOy theo kha nang cua tffng ngifdi hodc Id ldp cdng ty cd phan, rdi quy dinh mdi co phan bao nhieu tien de bdn cho nhffng ngifdi cd tien mua. Ldi nhuan thu difdc mdi ngifdi hu'dng khdc nhau, tiiy theo so' lifdng cd phan trong cdng ty dd.
Cd mdt sd' tif san, do khdng du vd'n da chgn hinh ihii'c Hen ket vdi ngifdi khac ciing md cdng ty kinh doanh. Ldi nhudn thu difdc chia theo ty le tien ddng gdp. Vi du nhu" tnfdng hdp ciia Minh Tdm vd Ta Quang Chau, hai ngu'di nay ciing hiin vdn vdi nhau md cd sd sufa chffa d td d Vinh. Cdch thffc hiin vdn nay thu'dng la vao thdi gian dau khi nhffng tif san ndy mdi bifdc vdo kinh doanh trong mgt ITnh vifc nao dd. Sau khi dii vd'n, hg lai tach ra ldp cdng ty ridng cho minh. Cd sd cua Minh Tam va Ta Quang Chdu, sau mpt thdi gian boat ddng, da tdch thanh hai cd sd rieng biet
Cd ngudi hun vdn vdi nhau b^ng cdch thii'c lap cdng ty cd phan. Dien hinh nhif Quang Nam hiep thifdng cdng ty. Cdng ty ndy budn bdn rat nhieu mat hang tff Quang Nam, Quang Ngai di Ha Ndi, Sai Gdn, Hdng Kdng. Khi thdnh lap, mdi cd nhan gdp vd'n bang cdch mua cd phan. Cdng ty dinh gia mdi cd phan la 50 ddng [3, tr.62].
30 NGUVfeN VAN PHUONO Sd lupng cd phSn dUpe mua khdng gidi han. Dl'n nhiTng nim 1906-1907, cdng ty da huy ddng dupe sd vdn khi ldn khoing 21) van ddng [2|.
Mdt sd tu sin ban dSu kinh doanh dde l$p, ttf thinh lip hi|u budn. xUdng sin xua't. Sau dd. do mud'n ting vd'n dl thinh lip cdng ty ldn hdn. md rdng dia bin kinh doanh vi canh tranh vdi cie ddi thd khic ndn di klu gpi nhiTng nhii-u ngUdi hdn them vd'n. Tidu bieu cho dang niy li cdng ty PhUpng Liu. PhUpng Liu khi mdi thinh lap chi li mdt hidu budn. chuyen budn bin lua ttt Bic KJ' vio Trung Ky. Trong nhttng nim 1885-1888. cdng ty ni y chi cd vdn khoing 200 ddng va mdt cda hipu duy nhi't d Thanh Hda. Sang diiu the kj XX. dl md rdng cd sd kinh doanh vi lip thinh mpt cdng ty Idn hdn, PhUpng Liu klu gpi stt gdp vd'n cila nhieu ngttdi khic. Bing cich dd, den nhttng nim 1907-1908, cdng ty di md them chi nhinh tai cac tinh Hi Tinh. Nghe An, Hue vi ca cie tinh d Nam Ky; hing budn khdng chi cd lua mi rift nhilu loai. tiin lai thu dUdc mdi nim hing chuc ngin ddng.
Ngoai ra. trong hinh thdc hiin vdn kinh doanh. cdn xui't hipn eic hdi budn vi cdng ty do stt gdp vd'n khdng phai ciia rieng bd phin ttt san. mi ei cie sT phu tien bd- Tieu bieu nhtt Trieu DUdng thUdng quin. Lien Thanh thttPng quin. Hpp thUPng Dien Phong... Day la diem ndi bat trong hinh thttc hiln vd'n kinh doanh d Trung Ky. Vdn cia nhttng hdi budn tren khdng phai do qui trinh tich IQy ttt ban. dd li do nhttng ngttdi yiu nttdc chung gdp lai. Thifc chi't. nhttng sT phu tiin bd niy diu xui't thin ttt "cda Khdng sin Trinh". khdng am hieu kinh doanh nhilu. nhifng tham gia gdp vd'n de bUdng dng cudc van ddng Duy tan va cd vu cdng cudc thttc nghiep cda nude nhi. lam cho Viet Nam giiu manh nhtt Nhat Bin va cac nttdc phttdng Tiy.
Td ehtte ra nhttng hdi budn nay. nhttng ngttdi lim chu tat nhien cung mud'n kiem ldi. dd li die trUng cua ldi kinh doanh ttt ban chd nghia. Tuy nhien. kilm ldi chtta phai muc dich duy nha't cua hp. Muc dich Idn hdn vi quan trpng bdn Ij tao thttc Itte cho cdng cudc diu tranh giii phdng din tpc. VI Oil. cd khi 5-6 ngttdi mdi chung nhau mua dttde mdted phin.
2.3. Kinh doanh theo hinh thdc lien ke'l vdi cac chd ttt ban Phap
TSTK khi mdi ra ddi the Itte hit sttc nhd bd. Stt nhd bl dd thi hien d sd Ittpng ngttdi. sd vd'n. thi trttdng vi sttc canh tranh. Da sd nhffng nganh kinh te quan trpng diu do ttt ban Phap nam. sau dd tdi Itte Ittpng Hoa kilu. ttt san ngttdi Viet mud'n vttdn len trong bi't cd linh vifc kinh doanh nao cung ri't khd khin. Trttdc tinh hinh dd, de tham gia vao nhttng linh vifc ed nhieu ipi nhuan. mdt sd ttt sin da chon hinh thttc kinh doanh lien ke't vdi cie chii ttt bin Phap.
Nhttng ttt san lien ke't lim an vdi ttt bin Phap cd ngudn gdc khic nhau. Dd cd the li cic diin chu giiu cd nhULe Phat An; nhttng thau khoin nhUBui Huy Tin. Nghe Mai hay nhttng thttdng nhin nhtt Trinh Van Nga'n... Hp ed trong tay sd vdn tttpng dd'i ldn. LTnh v\fc cd sif lien ke't kinh doanh vdi thttc din Phip kha rdng nhtt thau khoin.
i
IOAT DQNG KINH DOANH COA TlJ SAN TRUNG KY TLf DAU TH^ K'i XXdai ly phdn phdi, tieu thu hdng ngoai hda, lap ddn didn kinh doanh, cdng nghidp nhp, cdngnghippchebien... Trong dd, tieu bieu nha't Id linh vifc cdng nghipp dpi. Ndm 1911, Le Phdt An da Uen ke't vdi tif ban Phdp md cdng ty dpt Dilignon d Phd Phong (Binh Dinh). Vdn ban dau cua cdng ty ndy Id 1.775.000 phdrdng [3, tr.49]. Sau khi md xifdng d Phu Phong, cdng ty tid'p luc md th£m cdc xifdng sdn xua't ra Bong Sdn, Giao Thuy.
Viec hen ke't kinh doanh giffa tu' san ngifdi Vi^t vd tff ban Phdp dien ra tren cd sd hai ben cOng cd ldi. TU'ban Phap ciin cd m^t ldp ngffdi ldm trung gian cho vide kinh doanh va ung hd cac chinh sdch cai tri ciia chiing; ngifpc lai nhffng tif siin ban xff ndy se cd difdc chd difa viJng ch^c, chia sc ldi ich kinh le'. Sif thd'ng nhdt ve quyen Ipi a^y khien hp "vc phuang dien chfnh in. dit ii hogc nhieu nhifng lU sdn bdn xii ndy cdng cd thdi do ung hd thuc ddn Phdp. cdng nhdn vd bdo ve quyen lgi ctia bgn diqudc thd'ng in thugc dja" [4]. Do dd, cdc nhd nghien cii'u gpi day Id bp phan tif san "mai ban".
Tuy nhien. can tha'y mdt dieu r&ng khdng phdi td't cd nhffng tff san lien ke'l kinh doanh vdi tff ban Phdp deu Id "mai bdn". Dieu nay cdn tCiy thudc vao md'c dp lien ke't kinh doanh vdi thifc dan Phdp va tCly vdo tffng thdi diem cu the.
Nhu" vd>. giai doan tff dau the'ky XX den nam 1914. TSTK da hoat ddng kinh doanh trong nhieu ITnh vifc khac nhau, tff cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep, thffdng nghiep de'n giao thdng van lai, thau khoan. Trong dd, ITnh vffc thffdng nghiep cd sd'lifdng ddng dao nha't vd ddng thdi cung lap nen nhffng cd sd kinh doanh cd ngudn vd'n khd ldn va phffdng thii'c kinh doanh da dang. Mdi tff san deu lifa chpn nhffng phffdng thii'c kinh doanh phia hdp vdi sd' vdn, quy md cdng ly ciia minh, vdi muc dich dat ldi nhuan cao nha't va canh tranh difdc vdi cdc cdng ty tff ban ngoai quoc. Trong dd, TSTK thffdng hffdng tdi phffdng thffc "mua tan gd'c ban tan ngpn" de thu ldi nhuan cao, ddng thdi giam thieu sffphu thupc vd canh iranh ciia tff ban ngoai qud'c. De canh tranh hieu qua, tff san Trung Ky da cd nhffng phffdng thffc kinh doanh sdng lao; the hien dffdc tam kinh nghiem vd ban ITnh kinh doanh ciia lif san ngffdi Viet.
TSTK cd nhieu hinh thffc kinh doanh khac nhau. Trong do, hinh thffc kinh doanh phd bien nha't la kinh doanh dgc lap. Da sd nhffng ngffdi theo hinh thffc kinh doanh nay deu cd so vd'n nhd, hg chi dffng lai d viec lap cdc xffdng san xua't, hieu budn, it cd nhffng cdng ty qui md ldn, du sffc canh tranh vdi cdc cdng ty tff ban nffdc ngoai. Day cung la dieu dd hieu, bdi TSTK dang trong qud trinh tich liiy tff ban, hgc lap kinh nghiem kinh doanh.
Tuy nhien, xet ve tong the, boat ddng kinh doanh ciia TSTK irong giai doan nay cdn nhd hep, rdi rac, chffa cd mat trong cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep hien dai, cung chffa hinh thdnh nhffng cdng ty, xi nghiep ldn; sd' vd'n nhd be, kinh nghiem thffdng trffdng cdn thieu va le cd' nhien sffc canh tranh va hieu qua kinh doanh chffa cao. Dieu dd ly giai vl sao d Trung Ky khdng xua't hien nhffng dai tff san nhff Bac Ky va NamKy. Dau vay, day Id tien de quan trpng de TSTK vffdn len manh me trong kinh doanh vao giai doan sau The chien I.
NOUvfeN VAN PHUONO
TAI LI6U THAM KHAO
[1] Ban NghiSn cdu vi Bi6n so?n Ljch sd dnh Thanh Hda. Thanh Hda thdi ky 1802 -1930 (Ky yen Hdi thdo khoa hgc). Nxb Thanh Hda, Thanh Hda, (2003).
[2] Nguyin Cdng Binh. Hagt ddng kinh diianh ciia tu sdn ddn tdc Vi?t Nam dudi thdi Phip thudc T5p san nghiSn cttu Vin Sd Dia. (4), (1955). a. 72-76.
[3] Nguyin Cdng Binh. 77m lii#u giai cdp tU sin Vift Nam thdi Phdp thudc Nxb Van Sd Dia, Hi NOi. (1959).
[4] Nguyen Cdng Binh. Tha hdn vi giai cdp IU sdn mgi bdn Vift Nam, Tap chi NCLS. (23).
(1961). tr. 8-18.
[51 Nguyin Quang Hdng. Thdnh phd Vinh qud Irinh hinh ihdnh vd phdt triin (1804-1945), Nxb Ngh0 An. Ngh? An. (2003).
[61 Pham Xuan Nam. Qud trinh phdi trien cdng nghidp d Vift Nam triin vgng cdng nghilp hda, hifn dgi hda ddt midc, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hOi. Hi Ndi. (1994).
[7] Minh Tranh. Nguyin Kien Giang. Vl giai cdp TSVN: mdt sd y kiin vi sU hinh thdnh vi phdt Irien cua giai cip TSVN. Nxb S\f diit. H i Npi. (1959).
[8] Bulletin Economique de L'lndochine, (1903).
[9] Lettre. D. V., Consul de France d Qui-nhan sur I'industrie des cripons annamites, (4-2-1881).
BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OF TRUNG KY BOURGEOIS FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 20" CENTURY TO 1914
Nguyen Van Phuong
The article thoroughly studies business activities of Trung Ky bourgeois in each particular economic sector from the beginning of the twentieth century to 1914. It then highlights the differences between the methods and forms of business that Trung Ky bourgeois applied and those in other areas of our country during this period.
•Khoa Lich sil, TrU^Ing Dai hpc Quy I^dn
Ngay nhan bai: 13/6/2011, Ngjy nh|n dSng: 14/10/2011.
