NGHIEN CUU - T R A O D O I
Hoat dong xuat khau cua tmh Nghe An nhiifng nam dau the ky XXI
Nghe An la tinh cd dien tich ldn nhat trong c^ nddc, hgi tu nhiifng yeu to can thiet cho phat trien nong, lam- thuy- san, dac biet la hoat ddng xuat khau. NSm 2007, Nghe An dat gid trj xuat khau 114,4 trieu USD, irong dd cd khodng 15 mdt hdng xuat khau chinh, chiem tren 63% gid trj xud't khau; thj trudng xuat khau da md rdng tdi 60 qudc gia va lanh tho. Tuy nhien, quy md gid trj xud't khau cdn qud nhd, ChUa dn djnh, thieu ben vQng vd chda tddng xung vdi nhiifng tiem ndng md Nghe An cd. Day thuc su la van de ddt ra cho chien lugc xud't khau cua Tinh trong thdi gian tdi.
Hoat dgng xuat khau cua tinh Nghe An
Tdc do tdng trudng .xudt khdu Nghd An khdng dn djnh, nam 2004 tang trudng am do djch SARH, nam 2005 la nam tang vugt bac nhd tang so lugng vi gia trj cac mat hang xuit khiu ndng thiiy san, cdng nghidp nhe va tidu thii cdng nghidp, cdng nghidp nang va khoang san. Nbin chung tdc do tang trudng xuat khiu Nghd An cdn thip so vdi ca nudc.
Ti le giila gid tri xudt khdu vd tdng sdn phdm qudc ngi (GDP) ciia Nghd An cd tang nbung cham, nam 2000 la 4,1%, nam 2005 tang ldn 7,97% va dd'n nam 2007 la 7,98%.
Tl Id so sanh nay la mot trong nhung ydu to thd hidn "he sd md ciia ndn kinb td^' ciia Tinb, didu nay cho thiy nen kinh te Nghd An dang din hdi nhap vao ndn kinh td' thj trudng ciia the gidi, nhung muc do hdi nhap dang cdn thap so vdi cic dja phirong khac trong ca nudc.
Binh quan gia tri xuai khaii/ngirdi
ciia Nghd An tang nbung vin cdn tha'p so vdi Viet Nam (nam 2007 Viet Nam la 56,8 USD/ngudi).
Quy md .xudt khdu ciia Nghd An cdn nhd so vdi ca nudc chi chid'm khoang tu 0,2 dd'n 0,3% gia trj xuit khiu ciia c i nudc, nbung ti trgng niy cd xu hudng tang mac du tang cham, dieu dd thd bidn su nd lyc cua Tinh vd chid'n lugc phit trien kinh te budng vd xuat khiu. Dac bidt nam 2007 Ngbd An da vugt qua con so 100 tridu USD de gia nhap "Cau lac bd xuat kbau trdn 100 tridu USD", gia tri tang gap 5 lin so vdi nam 2000. Mat khac, trong gii trj xuit khiu tbi xuat khiu tryc tid'p chid'm trdn 90%, chi dudi 10% xuit khiu iiy thac ndn hidu qua xuit khiu tuong ddi cao.
Trong ca cdu cdc nhom hdng xud't khdu ciia Ngbd An chid'm ti trgng cao nhit la nhdm ndng-lam- tbiiy sin chid'm khoang 53% gia trj vii cd \ii hirdng tang, tid'p deii la
HO THI THANH VAN Tru&ng Dqi hqc Vinh nhdm cdng nghidp nhe va tieu thii cdng nghidp chid'm trdn 33% nhung cd xu hudng giam, nhdm cdng nghidp nang, khoang sin chid'm ti trgng thip nhat gin 14% va cd xu hudng tang. Didu dd chirng td thd' manh xuit khau ciia Nghd An vin la san pham khu vuc 1 va khoang sin, ndn kinh td' cua Tinb vin la sin xuat ndng nghidp v i khai thac ngudn tii nguydn (khoang sin, rimg) san cd, vin thid'u cac san phim thdng qua chd' bid'n, hoac cd bam lugng ky thuat cao. Trong khi dd CO ciu cac nhdm hang xuai khau cua Viet Nam nhu sau: nhdm cdng nghidp nhe, tieu thii cdng nghidp chid'm ti trgng cao nhit vi cd cd xu budng tang nhanh; tid'p dd la nhdm cdng nghidp nang, khoing san va cd xu hudng giam; nhdm ndng- lam-thuy san ti trgng chid'm thap nhat va cd xu hudng giam dan.
Nghe An cd khoang 43 mat hang xuat khau. tronc dd cd 34 mat haiiQ
1 huy sdn chiem ti trgng cao Irong cdi nhom hang xuat khdu ciia Nghe An So 14/2009
2 4 Khih t^'va Dit bao
NGHIEN Cl^ru - TRAO OOI
xuit khiu tryc tid'p, 9 mat hang xuit khiu iiy Ihac, sd mat hang xuat khiu chi'nh khdng nhidu, cd mat hang cd 1 sin phim, cd mat bang cd nhidu sin phim (hang ddt may, gd...). So hang xuil khiu cd tQ nhidu ngudn: san xuil Irong tinh, tbu gom tu cac tinb ban, tu nudc ban Lao.
Nam 2000, Nghd An mdi cd 6 mat hang xuai khiu chinh, trong dd cd 5 mat hang nhdm ndng-lam-thuy sin, 1 mat bang cdng nghidp; dd'n nam 2005 cd 14 mat hang xuit khiu chfnh, trong dd cd 7 mat hang nhdm ndng-iam-tbuy sin (trong nhdm nay cd mat hang dudng kfnh nam 2000 li hang xuat khiu chinh nbung dd'n nam 2005 trd di da mai din vj thd), 7 mat hang cdng nghidp, tieu thii cdng nghidp, khoang sin; dd'n nam 2007 cd 15 mat hang xuit kbau cbinh, trong dd thdm 1 mat hang nhdm ndng-lam-thuy sin (vimg). Nghd An da cd sy thay ddi trong co ciu kinh td' va kinh doanh xuit khiu nen da dang hda cae mat hang, danh myc cac mat hang xuai khau chi'nh nam 2(X)7 tang hon 2 lin so vdi nam 2000.
Xet vd gia trj xuil khiu, nam 2000 cac mat hang xuit khau cbfnb chi dat trdn 11 tridu USD, chid'm gin 50% gia trj xuat khiu; dd'n nam 2007 cac mat hang xuit khiu chinh dat trdn 72 tridu USD, chid'm trdn 63%
gia Irj xuil khiu.
Cdc melt hdng .xudt khd'u chii ye'u cua Nghd An bao gdm: Tinb bdt sin (la mat hang giQ vj trf hang diu trong ca ciu hang boa xuai kbau ciia Nghd An, dugc xuil khau vao nam 2003.
San lugng va gia trj mat hang nay tang m;uih, chid'm gin 15% gia tri xuai khiu); Cao su (day cung la mat hing xuai khiu gia lri cao ciia Nghd An, chid'm gin 15% gii tri xuit khiu va cd xu budng tang; Lac nhan (day la mat hang xuit khiu gia trj ciia Nghd An, chid'm trdn 8% gii trj xuit khiu; Che bup khd; ca phe; Hang del, may; Hing thii cdng my nghd (san phim nay chii yd'u la dd gd gia
Toe do tang truong, ti le xuit khiu so voi GDP va binh quan gia tri xuai khau/ngudi cua Nghe An giai doan 2000-2007
Nam
To'c do tang trucmg (%) Xuai Ichau/GDP (%) Gia tri xufli kh^u/ngudi (USD/ nguoi)
2000
4,1 7,9
2003 14,0 7,98
-
2004 -7,3
5,8 -
2005 59,0 7,97 28,6
2006 13,8 7,89
-
2007 16,1 7,98 36,9 Nguon: Tinh touii n'r niem giam thdng ke Nghe An nam 2007
dyng, may tre dan. Gia trj xuit khau tang nhung ti trgng khdng dn djnh, chid'm khoang 2,6% gia trj xuit khiu); San phim gd (gia tri xuit khiu san phim gd khdng dn dinb, chid'm khoang 2,1% gia trj xuai khiu); Khoang san (gia trj xuat khiu khoang sin cung khdng dn djnh, chid'm khoang 2,1% gia trj xuat khiu); Da tring (gii trj xuat khiu vi ti trgng xuat khiu da tring tang nhanh, chid'm trdn 4,4% gia trj xuat khiu) vi mdt sd mat hang xuit khiu cbfnb khac nbu gao,thuy sin, vimg, nudc dua cd dac.
Ve thi trudng .xud't khdu, hidn nay cac doanh nghidp trdn dja ban Tinh da xuit khau dd'n khoang 60 nudc va vLing lanb thd. Ngoai thi trudng truydn thd'ng nhu Chau A, cic doanh nghidp Nghe An da timg budc tham nhap vao thi trudng khd tfnh nhu Nhat Ban, My, EU...
Nghe An cung da xuit dugc mdt lugng bang Idn cac san phim canh kid'n, tung buong (nhya thdng), ca phd, mil cao su sang cac thj trudng dugc xem la mdi nhu An Do, Mardc, Tudcmdnixtan, Acmenikixtan. Gan day, khu vyc thi trudng EU va My tang dang ke trong co cau thj trudng xuit khau ciia Nghd An, tu 12,8%
nam 2000 len 22% nam 2007, trong dd thi trudng My dat trdn 4 tridu USD, thj trudng EU dat 11,5 tridu USD vdi cac mat hang chinh nhu hang thil cdng my nghd, ddt may, che, nudc dQa cd dac, bat lira ga...
Tuy nhidn, cic doanh nghiep Ngbd An xuit kbau bang hda vao cac thi trudng nay pbin ldn ddu qua ban hang tmng gian nudc ngoai. Thj
trudng cic nudc Ddng Au cu nay dang dugc cac doanh nghidp khai thdng trd lai, nhit li thj trudng Nga, Ucraina, Rumani, Hunggari song cdn qua trung gian, thj phin nhd be.
Bdn thing diu nam 2009, kim ngach xuat kbau ciia Tinh dat gan 66 tridu USD, tang 19% so vdi ciing ky, trong dd, ndi bat la cac mat hang tinh bdt san, che, bang thu cdng my nghd, mil cao su, quang...
Cac doanh nghidp Ngbd An da tQng budc tham nhap vao cac thj trudng khd tfnh nhu Nhat Ban, My, EU... va dan cd dugc kinh nghidm giao djch trdn thuang trudng qudc te. Dac bidt dd'i vdi mdt sd hang ndng san nhu lac nhan, san pham gd, tinb bdt sin, che, cinh kid'n, lung huang (nhya thdng), doanh nghidp trdn dia ban tinh da gin nhu
"chuydn ngdi" tQ vj trf chi la ngudi cung ung bang xuit khiu cho cac Tdng cdng ty Trung uong trd thanh
"nhi xuil khiu".
Tai cic nude Chau A, TrUng Qud'c dugc coi la thj trudng bang diu ciia cac doanh nghidp trdn dja ban Ngbd An, vdi cac mat hang xuit khiu chil yd'u bao gdm: Tinh bdt sin, cao su, hai san, san pham gd, rau qua, gao, ca phd, che, hang thii cdng my ngbd vi hang boa khac.
Thai Lan la thj trudng xuit nhap khau tidm nang ddng thdi la mdt ddi thil canh tranh ciia cac doanh nghidp Nghd An, khi ma banh lang Ddng - Tay dugc ndi lidn, vung Ddng Bic Thai Lan se tidu thy mdt lugng kha ldn hang ndng hai san cua Nghd An xuit khiu sang Lao qua cua khiu Thanh Thuy. Nhat
K h i h t£' v a Dit b a o So 14/2009 25
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
Ban la mdt trong nhQng thi trudng ldn cua Nghd An va dang cd tdc do tang cao. Gin day Nhat Ban bd sung thdm 118 loai hang ndng san vao danh myc uu dai thue quan phd cap (GSP) nbung lai giam thud' GSP ddi vdi 60 mat hang. Lao la nudc tid'p giip bidn vdi Ngbd An va cd 2 cua khiu Nam Cin, Thanh Thuy, day la didu kien thuan lgi de Nghd An md rgng thuong mai vdi Lao. Thdng qua thj trudng Lao, cic doanh nghidp Ngbd An cd co hdi tid'p can vdi thi trudng Tbii Lan, Myanma.
Cac nudc Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine l i thj trudng ldn tidu thy lac nhan, thiec thdi, dam gd ddng thdi cung la thi trudng lao ddng chfnh cua Tinh...
Tai cac nudc chau Au: Day la thi trudng tidu thy khdi lugng hang hda ldn va gii ca cao nhung ydu ciu hdi sQc kbit khe ve chit lugng, vd sinh mdi trudng, miu ma, kinh doanh bii bin hidn dai. Trong nam 2007 thj trudng nay chid'm ty trgng gin 16% trong kim ngach xuat khau ciia tinh. Cac mat hang tbi trudng nay cd nbu ciu ma Nghd An cd the cung cip bao gdm del may, che, ca phd, hai sin, hang thii cdng my ngbd, bat lua ga, nudc dQa cd dac.
Tai cac nude chau My, day la mdt thj trudng khdng Id ciia the gidi, dac bidt la thj trudng Hoa Ky, nhung cung la thj trudng kbit khe, phQc tap, ddi hdi chat lugng san phim xuit khiu cao. Hang nam Ngbd An da xuit khau sang Hoa Ky cac mat hing nhu bat lua ga, bdt gia'y.
Cac nudc Chau Phi, Tay A va Nam A: La nhirng thj trudng trong tuong lai khdng xa nQa Nghd An se cd gang dua dugc mot so mat hang sang thj trudng nay. TTij trudng nay tuy mdi me ddi vdi Nghd An nhung cd nhidu hQa hen vi tuong ddi dd Ifnh, cd nhu ciu cao ddi vdi nhidu loai san phim hang hoi ma Ngbd An cd thd cung cip nhu che, nhua thdng.
ddt may, hang thii cdng my nghd, gao te... Trong thdi gian tdi cin nd luc tid'p can va tham nhap thj trudng nay bing cac san phim cd tinh canh tranh cao, trudc mit cd thd thdng qua cdng ty cua nudc thQ ba.
Cac thj trudng cbfnb chid'm 89,2% gia trj xuit khiu, trong dd thj trudng chau A chid'm 69,8%
(cao nhat la Trung Qud'c, cac nudc ASEAN chid'm 24,4%), thi trudng chau Au 15,6%.
Va giai phap day manh boat dgng xuait khau
Thir nhd't, xac dinh mat hang xuit khiu chil luc de diu tu nang cao tfnh canh tranh, xay dyng thuong hidu.
Trong didu kidn nang lyc va trinh do phat trien kinb td' ciia Tinh chua cao, khdng dii de diu tu cho nhidu mat hang xuat khiu, do vay cin xac djnh mat hang chu lyc dugc san xuit trdn dja bin cua Tinh, mang tinh ban dja cao. Cac mat hang dd la: tinh bdt sin, lac nhan, dQa cd dac, gd dam, d i tring. Lac nhan cd tfnh ben vQng cao vi lac nhan la san phim cd tfnh ban dja, chit lugng tdt, phu hgp vdi dac diem dit dai, khf hau Nghd An, nhat la vung dit cit pha (chua cd cay nao bidu qua hon lac), tan dyng ngudn lao ddng ndng dan ldn, thj trudng tidu thy rdng, dn djnh; gd dam la sin phim tu cac loai cay trdng phii xanh dit trd'ng ddi trgc nhu keo, tram, bach din tu 3-5 nam tudi, khdng nhQng cd gia trj xuit khiu qua so chd' ma cdn cd gii trj vd mdi trudng; day la nhirng loai cay xda ddi giam ngheo. Cdn cic mat hang tinh bdt sin, dQa cd dac, da tring la nhQng mat bing chu lyc trudc mit. Tinh bdt sin, dQa cd dac cd gia tri xuat khiu cao nhung cd nguy co lam cho dit bac mau nhanh, xdi mdn riia trdi manh kbi thu hoach, d nhidm mdi trudng noi so che ndn cin nghidn cim, tfnh toan hidu qua giua dugc va mit mgi mat dd phat trien lau dai hay chl mdt thdi gian. Da tring la khoang san quy hid'm ciia Viet Nam,
chi cd d Nghd An vdi chit lugng tdt, nd'u cQ de xuit khiu thd keo dai thi qua lang phi, cin san xuat cac san phim xuit khiu tQ da tring. Ngoai ra cin nghien ciiu diu tu vao mdt so mat hing mdi nbu cam, khoai sg, la nhirng san pham cao cip cd gia tri cua Nghd An, ggi la "hing ciia nbung ngudi giau", mac du chua cd mat trong hang xuit khiu, day cd thd' la y tudng mdi. Hidn nay cac san pham nay dang hid'm trdn thj trudng vi chua dugc diu tu trdng trgt quy md ldn.
Thu hai, xac djnh thj trudng xuit khiu trgng diem
Vdi khoang 60 qud'c gia va lanh thd dugc giao djch xuit khau, nhung cin x i c djnh cac thj trudng trgng diem de uu tidn diu tu nghien cQu, tid'p thi... Cac thj trudng dd la: Trung Qudc, ASEAN (dac bidt la Lao), mdt so nudc EU (chu yd'u la cac nudc Ddng Au), day la nhiing thj trudng truyen thd'ng chid'm ti trgng cao trong xuit khau, dn djnh, ft phQc tap, thuan lgi cho c i c mat hang xuit khiu chu lyc ciia Nghd An. Ngoai ra cin dd'p can nghidn cQu thj trudng mdi la Nhat Ban, An Do va chau Phi. •
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Nien gidm thdng ke 2007- Cue Thdng ke Nghe An 2008, Tong Cue Thdng ke Viet Nam 2008
3. Sd Thuang mqi tinh Nghe An- Bdo cdo tdng hqj) kit qud thUc hien ve hoqt dqng thuang mqi ndm 2000-2007 tren dia hdn tinh Nghe An.
4. Sd Thuang mqi tinh Nghe An- Ke hoqch phdt trien thuang mqi Nghe An ndm 2006-2010.
5. Tqp ehi Kinh te vd Du hdo- Bq Ke' hoqch vd Ddu tu
6. Sd Thuang mqi tinh Nghe An- De dn phdt trien xudt khdu tren dia hdn Nghe An thdi ki 2006-2010
7. Vdn kien Dqi hqi dqi hieu todn qudc Idn thd IX- Nhd xud't hdn chinh tri Qudc gia Hd Nqi 2001.
So 14/2.009
26 Khih t^'va Dit bao
