Ty do hoc thuat trong cac truong dai hoc 6* My va Nhat Ban: Mot vai goi y cho Viet Nam
Bui Thi Minh Phirpng'"*
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T6m tdt: Hiin nay tru&ng dgi hpc Id co mdy then chot cua xd hpi tri thuc vd chinh tu do hpc thugt la gid tri cdt loi tgo nen thuong hiiu cua truang dgi hpc. Tuy nhiin, khdi niem "t^e do hpc thudt" con dang gdy nhiiu tranh cdi & Viet Nam. O mpt khia cgnh ndo do chung ta thudng ddnh ddng chung vai quyin tu do bieu hien, nhung thuc te tu do hpc thudt Id quyin tu do gidng dgy, nghiin cim vd tim kiem tri thUc md khong chiu su can thiep bdt hop ly hogc cdc hgn chi tie lugt, quy dinh ve the chi, hay dp luc tic cdng chung. Bdi viit giai thieu khdi qudt vi tu do hpc thudt trong cdc tru&ng dgi hgc cua My vd Nhdt Bdn nhdm ehi ra nhung diim tich cue trong vdn di ndy, qua do dua ra mpt vdi gpri y cho Viet Nam.
Tix khoa: Tu ehu dai hpc, Tu do hpc thuat, Dai hpc cong, Dai hpc tu, Hpi dong giao dye Abstract: Universities and academic freedom are now widely recognized as a key engine ofthe knowledge society and the core value for a university's brand-building, respectively.
However, the concept of academic freedom which is sometimes misunderstood as the freedom of expression is presently rife with controversy and debate in Vietnam. It is, in fact,
the freedom of teachers and students to teach, study and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable interference or restriction from law. institutional regulations or public pressure. This article overviews the issue of academic freedom in American and Japanese universities so as to indicate the positive aspects and provide some suggestions for Vietnam.
Keywords: University Autonomy, Academic Freedom, Public Universities, Private Universities, Educational Councils
1. T y do hgc thuat - mot thanh to cff ban ciing vdi sy ra ddi ciia eae tmdng dai hpe ciia t y chu dai hpc phucng Tdy. Dfli vdi cae nude nay, tir chu Ty chu dai hpc (university autonomy) dupe xera la dieu kifln tien quyflt de rapt Id mpt khdi niflm quan trpng, phat sinh tracmg dai hpe boat ddng hiflu qud va cfl
hieu suat cao.
TTl^^T^c^ T7' ^- ,- wu u - I . - - Co rat nhiflu quan niflm khac nhau vfl ' ' , * > ThS., Vien Ihong tin Khoa hoc xa hpi, , ^ _ • Vi^n Han lam Khoa h(?c xa hpi Vi?t Nam; Email: Ruyfln ty chu dai hpc, nhung khi noi dfln [email protected] sy ty chii cua mpt t m o n g dai hpc la nfli
Thdng tin lUioa hoc xfl hOi. s611.2Q18
dfln quyfln ty ra quyflt dinh cua tradng do trong mpi hoat dpng cua minh raa khdng chiu sy kiflm soat hay tde ddng trye tiflp tir phia ehinh phu (Xem: J.E. Lane, 1979:
18). Chmh phii cfl the tdc dflng tdi cac traong dai hpc thdng qua cac bifln phdp lap phap nhu cdt giam tdi trp. Ty chu dai hpc ve CO bdn dupe hiflu la quyin tu do vd thdm quyen ddnh cho cde thi che gido due dgi hpc di hp thuc hien vai trd vd sic menh ciia minh, gop phdn vdo sic phdt trien cua xd hpi trong khuon kho duac chinh quyen trao cho.
Nhimg thdnh tfl tao nen ty ehu dai hpc CO thfl kfl dfln nhu: hpc thudt, nhdn sy, chuong trinh gidng day, tuyfln sinh, qudn tri, tdi chinh,... Trong dd, ty do hpc thudt dupe ddnh gia la gia tri eflt loi tao nen thuang hiflu cua rapt traong dai hpe. Trong tuyfln bo ciia Hiep hfli cae dai hpc chdu Au (1988) CO viflt: "ty do tiong nghien eiiu va dao tao la nguyfln tae co ban cua cupc song dai hpc, cac chinh phu vd cae tmcmg dai hpe, trong pham vi tfli da eua minh, phai dam bdo tfln tipng yflu cdu co ban nay" (www.magna- charta.org/...)
Muc dich cua giao dye dai hpc khong chi id tmyfln trao tri thuc, ma quan trpng hon no eon Id viec tira kiflm chdn ly thdng qua viec phat trifln tri thuc mdi. Theo do, de CO thfl phdt trifln nhiing tri thue radi, trong do giang vien la ngudi sdng tao thi diflu kifln tfli quan trpng la dupe "ty do thyc hifln nghifln ciiu, gidng day, phdt ngfln va xudt bdn, tudn theo cac tiflu chudn va cdc chudn myc vfl khao sat khoa hpc, khflng cfl sy can thiep hay trimg phat, d bat cu noi ndo md sy tim kiflm sy that va sy hiflu biflt eo thfl dupe ddn tdi" (Xem:
The AFT Higher Education program and
policy council (PPC) of the American Federation of Teachers AFT Higher Education, September 2007). N h u vdy, efl thfl thdy, rapt nfln dai hpc thyc thy khflng thfl ton tai nflu thiflu ty do hpc thudt.
2. Tu* do hoc thuat trong cac trudng dai hoc d My
Ty do hpc thuat la rapt tu tudng lau ddi trong giao dye dai hpc cua My. Khai niflm nay dupe thuc day bdi ba quy trinh hpc thuat gom: Bifln che (tenure), Danh gia cua ddng nghiep (peer evaluation), vd Qudn tri chung (shared govemance) - nhara cung cap nhiflu quyen ty ehu nghfl nghiflp cho cde gidng vifln, cac giao vifln trp giang va cac nha nghien eiiu khac, trong khi dflng thoi dam bdo rang hp tfln tipng triflt de theo khudn kho eae tiflu chi eao vfl hpc thudt.
My cfl mpt he thflng phap ludt manh dfl bao vfl quyfln ty do hpc thuat cua gidng vifln, cac nha nghifln ciiu vd cdc tradng dai hpe. Luat phap cua My quy djnh, cdc truong dgi hpe can duac tu do dua ra cdc quyit dinh cua minh md khong biphdp lugt can thiep (Ddn theo: Trdn Thj Bich Liflu, 2008: 170). Vd, quyfln ty do hpc thudt ciing dupe quy dinh ngay tiong diflu khoan xac dinh su menh cua cac trucmg dai hpc.
Myc dich tipng tdra cua mot traong dai hpc Id theo dudi sy that, kham pha kifln thue radi thflng qua eae boat dpng hpc thuat va nghien cuu; phfl phdn mpt cdch hop ly nhiing tu tuflmg van hoa va hpc thuat tmyen thong; thong qua hoat dpng day hpc dfl phat trifln toan difln nhan each ciia sinh vifln, giiip hp trd thanh nhiing cong ddn sang tap vd tich cyc. Ty do ngon luan va hi do khdm pha tiong cac traflmg dai hpc la nhung diflu kifln vd cung quan tipng dfl dat duoc nhiing
Tu do hoc thuat h-ong c^c. 21 rauc tiflu nay. Tai My, quyfln ty do day va
hpc phu thupc rat nhiflu vao cac diflu kien va CO hpi ma traong dai hpc tao ra cho gidng vifln va sinh vifln trong khufln vien cua nha tmomg ciing nhu tai cac ldp hpc va trfln cac gidng duong (Ddn theo: Tran Thi Bich Liflu, 2008: 170-172).
Cde nha lap phap vd cdc nhd khoa hpc My cho rang, quyen tu do hpc thugt vd su da dgng ciia tri tui Id nhUng gid tri khong the thiiu trong cde truang dgi hpc a My (Ddn tiieo: Trdn Thi Bich Liflu, 2008:
170). Trfln thue tfl, cac tmong dai hpc d My dupe huflng loi tu su da dang thfl chfl chua timg co: dflc ldp, phong phii trong nghifln ciiu va len chuang tiinh gido due.
Mpt trong nhimg thfl manh ldn nhdt cua he thflng giao dye dai hpc d My la mfli tmong sang tao duoc nufli duang bdi sy ty do hpc thuat trong truong dai hpc. Ty do hpe thudt tao diflu kifln cho cdc nhd khoa hpe My khdng cbi kham pha khflng gian tii tue ma eon phat trien nhiing y tudng da dupe chiing rainh la edn thiet eho sy phat trifln ciia quoe gia tiong khoa hpe, y tfl va cong nghfl; trong thuang mat va nen kinh tfl toan cau; trong van hpc va nghfl thudt. Diflu quan tipng Id, su ty do hpc thudt eua gidng vifln rdt hihi ich cho sinh vien. Thong qua tu do hpc thudt, nen giao due dai hpc eiia My cung cdp cho sinh vifln nhiing thdng tin tinh tiiy nhdt cd thfl CO tu cac nguon nhdn su gioi nhdt hien cd. Sinh vifln hpc dupe each sii dyng edc cdng cy tri tue can thiflt giup hp tim kiflm thdng tin mdi va danh gia sy huu ich cua nd. Cac sinh vifln My nang dpng, ty tin, co khd nang nghifln cuu va bay td quan diflm trong lop hpc raa khong gap rac rdi hay bi chi trich khi thfl hifln quan diflm cua rainh.
Tai My, timg traflmg cd quyfln ty chu xac djnh cac quy djnh chuang trinh riflng ciia minh, thudng theo cac hudng dan cd mdc dp rpng dupe dat ra bdi eae bang hoae edc eo quan kiflm dinh chuyfln nganh.
Quyfln ty do hpc thudt cung cfl gidi han cua no, tiong khi dd nhieu ngudi lai cho rang ty do hpc thudt cho hp quyfln phat ngdn khflng gidi han, vdi bat ky ai va d bat ky ddu. Trfln thuc tfl thi "cflt loi eua tu do hpe thudt la nham tang cucmg trao ddi y tudng chi riflng trong cpng dong nhiing ngudi lam hpe thu^t, vi the tir do hpc thudt khong bdo vfl nhiing phdt ngfln hoac lfli cu xd nhu vu khflng, bfli nhp hoac bat nat dflng nghiflp, gian dfli tiong ly Heh, hoac gidng day theo nhirng each thdc khdng phu hop" (Xem: Gary A. Olson, 2012). Bao vfl quyfln tu do hpc thuat la ddm bao rapt rafli truomg cho ty do tim hiflu va kham pha tri thuc. Moi tmdng nay khdng phdi la vfl han de co thfl lpi dung cho cdc rayc dich ca nhdn hoac rauc dich khac ngoai khoa hpc.
Co thfl thdy, d My, cac nha khoa hpe CO toan quyfln ty do trong khufln khd hoat dpng nghifln ciiu: thdi gian, to chiic, nhdn sy, v.v... dudi sy gidm sat eua ca quan quan ly. Ddy khflng phai la "ty do dan sy" ma cac nha nghien ciiu hodn toan dupe dam bdo quyfln "ty do tu tirong, ty do ngdn ludn va ty do trao ddi y tudng", hp dupe phflp sir dung co sd vat chdt dfl phuc vu cdng viee nghifln cim, d mpt muc nao do, theo cd hai nghTa, hp dupe "tu do hpc thudt" vd diflu nay hodn toan phu hpp vdi tinh hinh thyc tfl. Ben eanh dfl, hp ciing dupe tao diflu kifln tdi da dfl nghifln cum, tu do tiinh bay kflt qua nghifln cihi cua rainh.
22 Thon^ e n iiaua nuc xa am. sa ii.zuio
3. T y do hpc thuat trong cac tnrdng dai hoc d Nhat Ban
0 Nhdt Bdn hien cd nhieu quan diflm khac nhau vfl nguon gde ciia "ty do hpc thudt", trong dd noi Ifln hai trao luu chinh.
Trdo luu thu nhat cho rdng tu do hpe thudt tgi Nhgt Bdn da duac de cap den tU th&i ky tru&c chiin tranh. Dai difln tiflu biflu cua trao luu nay la Matoko Oishi (Dan theo: Koji Tonami, 2008: 143) vd Matsuda Hiroshi (2003). Hai hpc gia nhdn dinh:
Hifln phap trade chifln tranh cd dfl cap dfln tu do hpc thudt, cho du nd chua dua ra dupe nhiing quy dinh cy thfl nhu trong Hifln phdp nam 1946, nhung Phap lenh dai hpc cii da dua ra dinh nghTa "Dai hpc la ncri dfl nghifln ciiu va giang day; va hpc thuat la cdn thiflt dfli vdi qudc gia", nen mpt each gian tiep CO the hiflu "ty do hpc thudt" la khdi niflm da dupe dfl cap dfln tir thdi ky ndy.
Trao luu thii hai, ngupc lai, cho rdng tu do hpc thudt tgi Nhdt Bdn chinh thUc duac di cap din sau chiin tranh, trong Diiu 23, Hien phdp Nhdt Bdn. ban hdnh ndm 1946. Day la phan quyflt quan trpng nhdt vfl quyen ty chu dai hpc, bao gom: ty do hpc tap, nghien ciiu va ty do trinh bdy kflt qud nghifln cuu. Hifln phap ndm 1946 cua Nhat Bdn da cflng nhan va dam bao quyfln lpi cho mpi edng ddn (Dan theo:
Nakashima Tanaka, 2006: 180-181). Trao luu ndy gflm cac dai dien la Motari Akua (1976: 126, 129) voi "Nhung vdn dfl trong npi bp ciia ty chu dai hpc"; Takayanagi Shinichi (1968: 120) vdi "Nguyen ly va ty do hpc thudf; Ohama Keikichi (1986: 98, 101) vdi "Ty do hpc thudt trong Bmh luan vfl Ludt Hifln phap c a bdn"; v.v... Ddy Id nhiing cflng trinh nghifln cuu Iy thuyet bet sue CO ban vfl "ty do hpc thudt", trong do
"Nguyfln ly t y do hpe tiiudt" ciia Takayanagi Shinichi la cong trinh cd tinh khai quai, tdng hpp va kha ddy du quan diflm cua cac hpc gia trudc do. (Juan diflm ciia dng da dupe nhiflu hpc gia sau nay dong thuan, ke thua, tiep tuc phat trifln. Theo Takayanagi Shinichi, quyfln ty chu dai hpc Id qua trinh ddm bao ve t y do chuc nang ciia trudng dai hpc, no lien quan dfln "ty do hpc Jhudt" \z
"tu do tri tiiuc". "Ty do hpc Ihuat" ciing vdi
"tu do tdn giao", "ty do tu tudng va luong tam" dflu thudc vfl quyfln ty do tinh thdn, do dd dua tren quy dinh da dupe ludt hoa trong Hifln phdp nam 1946, Takayanagi Shinichi dinh nghTa: ""^ do hpc thuat" la ty do troi^
"nghien cuu"; "edng bd cac kflt qua n ^ e n ciiu", "gidng day" ma khdng chiu bat I ^ sy de dpa hay tac dpng nao tu ben ngoai (Takayanagi Shinichi, 1968: 43,120).
Trfln eo sd phan tich Diflu 23 (quy dinh vfl dam bdo t y do hpc thudt); Dieu 29 (quy dinh vfl t y do t u tudng, luong tdm); Diflu 21 (quy dinh vfl t u do ngdn ludn) trong Hifln phap Nhat Ban nam 1946, Takayanagi Shinichi nhdn manh: "ty do hpc thuat" d nghia rpng hon bao gom "hi chii dai hpc"
vdi tu each la ddm bao thfl chfl. Ty chu dai hpc loai bo sy can thiep t u phia NTia nude bao gom: ty chu quan ly sinh vifln, ty chu quan ly c a sd vat chdt, ta chii nhdn su. tu chu td chiic. Cfl the thdy "ty chu dai hpc"
la he qud ty nhifln cda "ty do hpc thudt", cd hai cd quan he mat thiflt vdi nhau khflng thfl tach rdi. N h u vay, theo quan diem cua Takayanagi Shinichi "tu do hpc thugt a muc dp cao h a n la viec dam bao chuc nang phdn phoi giiia tiflp nhan va trao doi hpc thuat, giua ca nhdn voi ca nhan, td chiic voi tfl chuc, tfl chuc voi ca nhan" (Ddn theo:
Motari Akira, 1976: 126, 129).
Ty do hpc thuat h^ing c^c. 23 Gido due dai hpc d Nhdt Ban hifln nay
dupe xdy dyng theo md hinh dai hpc ciia My, nhung co su thay dfli cho phii hop. Ty do hpc thudt d Nhat Bdn du chua triflt dfl cfli md nhung cac nha nghifln cuu (gidng vifln) da dupe tao diflu kifln tot nhdt dfl dam bao quyfln "ty do hpc thuat". Khdc vdi My, d Nhdt Ban "ty do hpc thuat" nghTa Id edc nhd nghien ciiu (gidng vifln) hay nhdn vifln tai tnmg tdra nghifln ciiru thupc Chinh phii.
Phi chinh phu hoac to chuc tu nhdn dflu duoc ddnh gia ngang hang nhau. Cac tmdng dai hpc thyc thi "tu do nghifln cuu - ty do hpc thuat" cho gidng vifln, cde tfl chirc khac ciing giao phfl boat ddng to chuc nghifln ciiu cho hp. Nhu vdy, cac traong dai hpc da loai bo toi da nhiing yflu to gdy phifln dfli voi boat dpng nghifln ciiu va ngudi qudn ly ciing it duoc can dy vao cong viec nay.
Viec xem xflt, ddnh gid vi tri gidng vien ngang hang nhau tai tmdng dai hpc dua trfln tu tuflmg binh dang, dara bao quyfln "tu do hpe thudt" cho rapi cd nhdn, dflng thai lam gia tang sy tin tuflng, gdn ket npi bd. Cac gidng vifln thflng qua "tic do hpc thudt" cd thfl giup da nhau ciing thuc day phat trien boat dpng nghifln cim.
Tmdng dai hpc la sdn choi ldn giiip cac nha nghien ciiu dupe ty do thao ludn, ty do tu tudng vd ty do nghifln cuu. NghTa la, "ty do hpc thudt" va "ty chu dai hpc"
da dupe dam bao theo Hifln phap cua Nhdt Ban nam 1946, hp dupe dam bao quyfln ty chu npi bfl, tham chi quyfln tu chii eiia tmcmg dai hpc raanh ban so vdi cae td chue thflng thucmg khac nhu Dieu 23 cua Hifln phdp.
Dfl ddm bdo "ty do hpc thudt" d cdc tmomg dai hpc mpt each hiflu qua, theo Motari Akira (1976: 128-129), Takayanagi
Shmiehi (1968: 121-123), Ohama Keikichi (1986: 99-101), Matsuda Hiroshi (2003:
113,120-123) cdn mptsd dieu kifln sau:
Tru&c hit nfln tuyfln dung nhirng nguoi CO khd nang phu hpp voi cdng viec nghifln ciru, tao mfli traflmg thudn lpi cho hp phdt trien. Dflng thdi ludn dam bao cung cdp kinh phi ddy du, kip thdi dfl idia nghien ciiu khdng phai chiu ganh nang kinh te khi hp tifln hdnh nghifln ciiu hpc thudt.
Thic hai. hdu hflt nhirng ngudi tiong Hpi ddng quan trj la ngudi tfl chue vd thyc thi quyfln lye rapt each dpc lap, nfln dfl tianh tmh tiang dac quyfln dac lpi tiong hoat dpng hpc thudt, cdn thiflt phdi huong dan mpi diflu khoan, quy djnh mpt each cu the, ro rang.
Thie ba. co cdu to chuc nflu theo cau tnic phdn cap se khong phu hop voi rao hinh "ty chu dai hpc". Do dd, rapt trudng dai hpc nflu van hanh theo quy chfl "ty chu dai hpc" doi hfli phdi cd rapt cau true khac voi cdc traong dai hpc thong thuong, dieu ndy giiip ddm bdo quyfln "tu do hpc thuat"
dupe tfli uu.
He thdng cac tmomg dai hpc d Nhdt Ban dupe chia thdnh ba nhflm: Dai hpe quflc gia, Dai hpc cflng lap va Dai hpe tu thyc.
Tru&ng dgi hpc cong lap hifln da dupe chuyfln dfli thanh "tap dodn dai hpc cong lap". Mac du rapt phdn ldn ngdn sach cua tradng dupe cdp tir Chinh phu hay nguon thufl dia phuong, nhung quyfln ty chu trong cac tmdng nay nhiflu khong kem cac traong dai hpc tu tiiuc. Do la sy chu dpng tiong boat dpng dao tao vd nghifln ciiu khoa hpc cua traong (Koji Tonami, 2008: 143-145).
Truong dgi hpc quoe gia dupe thanh lap bdi Chinh phii Nhat Ban nhung duoc tai CO edu vdo nam 2004, vd do cac tap doan
ThOng tin Khoa hoc xa h6i, s611.201S
dai hpc quflc gia diflu hanh, qudn ly. Dai hpc quflc gia van thupc nhflm dai hpc cdng nhung phai tudn thii theo cdc tiflu chudn cdp quflc gia. CJ day, nguyfln tdc "ty do hpc thuat" la yeu tfl quan tipng, la nfln tdng ciia ty chu. Nhom tradng nay vdn chiu sy qudn ly cua Nhd nude, nhung sy can thiep chi dung lai d nhihig vdn dfl co tinh ddi tipng, con tiong ty do hpc tiiudt gdn nhu khong chju bdt ky dnh huong nao. Nghien ciiu ciia gidng vifln va sinh vifln khflng bj can thiep hay bj gidi han boi ludt phap, edc quy dinh cua co sd gido due hoac dp lyc cua cflng chiing. Tuy nhifln, nghifln ciiu cua Yamaraoto Ryiiji da chi ra rang, van co sy can thiep nhat dinh cua Nha nude vdo "tu do hpc thudt" d cdc tnrong dai hpc quflc gia, bfli ngudi ra quyet djnh cuoi cung la ngudi qudn ly vd cdp dudi la ngudi thyc thi ehl thj ciia cdp tifln, nfln d day mue dp ty chu khflng dat dfln tuyflt dfli, vi du, khi Chinh phii cdn thiet lap mpt muc tiflu giao due hoae mpt nghifln ciiu eu thfl ndo do giao cho tmomg dai hpc thyc hien. Nhu vdy CO thfl hiflu, Chinh phu cd anh hudng gian tiflp dfln quyfln ty ehu va ty do hpc thudt ciia tmcmg (Yamaraoto Ryuji, 2007: 158).
Tru&ng dgi hpc tu nhdn dupe thanh lap bdi cdc tap doan giao due, chiflm khodng 80% cac tiirdng dai hpc tai Nhat Ban. 6 nhom tradng ndy, quyfln "ty do hpc tiiudt"
vd quyfln "ty chii" gdn nhu khflng chiu can thiep tir phia Chinh phu, nfln cd thfl noi "ty do hpc thudt" tai he thflng cac tradng nay ludn "ty do" ban so voi he thflng cac tradng dai hpe cflng lap va dai hpc quflc gia (Koji Tonami, 2008: 143-145).
4. Mpt s6 gpi y cho Vi^t Nam
Thii nhdt. quyfln tu do hpe thuat trong cac tradng dai hpc can duac phdp luat
thira nhdn. Day viia la eo sd phap ly, vira la dpng lyc dfl cac truomg dai hpc, giang vien va sinh vifln cd dupe mpt moi tradng dfl tim hiflu, khdm pha nhirng tri thiic mdi raa khdng bi le thudc vdo nhiing quan diflm chinh tri, ton giao hoac rapt tfl chiie nao do.
Cfl thfl noi, nhiing h^n chfl trong tu do hpe thudt d cac truomg dai hpc tai Viet Nam chu yflu xuat phat tir tinh trang chinh trj hfla vd can thiep ciia Nhd nude vdo dai hpc, tir do dan tdi sy thiflu ty ehu eua cac c a sd ddo tao dai hpc va gidm dan y thdc ty do hpc thuat cua gioi han ldm ciing nhu ciia todn xa hpi. My va Nhdt Bdn tu khi tiao quyfln ty chii, bien eae tmong dai hpc thdnh tdp doan, hoat dpng theo mfl hinh tap dodn thi "ty do hpc thuat" cang trd nen khai phdng, cdi md va gat hai dupe nhiflu thanh cflng.
Thie hai, khi tiao quyfln ty do hpc thudt cbo cdc trudng dai hpc thi vai tro ciia bp chil qudn khdng cdn nhieu, vi vdy, viee giam bdt sy can thiep cua bp chu quan tiong giao due dai hpc la mpt hudng di dung dan. Hifln nay d Viet Nam tdt ca cdc tmomg dai hpc khi co kfl hoach md nhihig nganh hpc mdi nham dap ling nhu cau eua xa hpi thi phai xin phflp Bd Giao dye va Ddo tao. Dfl thue hifln d u o c quy trinh nay mpt each day du, cae truomg dai hpc phdi mdt it nhat rapt nam, trong khi dd "vong d d i " eua rapt nganh ddo tao dupe cdc nha nghifln ciiu xac djnh la 5-10 ndra. Cfl mpt thye trang la tii y tudng xdy dung mpt nganh ddo tao mdi dfln lue nganh do dupe phe duyet thi xa hpi cd thfl da bao hoa ve nhu cdu. Do vay, tiao quyfln ty chu hpc thudt cho cdc truomg dai hpe se tao diflu kipn cho tradng Imh hoat hon trong gidng
Tu do hpc thuat trong cac... 25
day dfl dap iing nhu cau cua nfln kinh tfl thi trudng.
Thie ba, xay dyng mfl hinh quan tri cdc 4.
tmomg dai hpc theo mfl hinh doanh nghiflp dang dupe nhieu nude tifln thfl gioi trifln khai, tiong do My va Nhdt Ban la nhung quflc gia di dau. O Viflt Nam, rapt so trudng dai hpc dang nghifln ciiu vd hpc tap mfl 5.
hinh nay, tuy nhifln, xac djnh vai tio cua Hfli dong Tmomg tiong co cdu to chue ehua ro rang lara cho tien tiinh tir chu dai hpc d Viflt Nam dang lam vao bfl tac.
Thie tu, nflu so sanh ty do hpc thudt cua Viet Nara vdi My va Nhat Ban thi chung ta can trao quyfln ty chu hon nira cho cdc trucmg dai hpc, nhat la quyfln ty chu tiong 6.
"ty do hpc thudt". Tuy nhifln, ciing can nhin nhdn rang quyen tu chu nhiflu hom thi tinh tiach nhiflm edn dupe ty ciing cfl, dflng thdi voi viec tang cucmg sy giam sat cua nha nude, cpng dong vd ngudi hpc a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. J.E. Lane (1979), University Autonomy:
A New Analysis, Intemational of Institutional Management, Higher 7.
Education Joumal, 3(2), 10/1979, Reprinted in Vestes, 1981: l , p . 18.
2. The AFT Higher Education program and policy council (PPC) of the American Federation of Teachers AFT Higher Education (September 2007), Academic Freedom in the 2P' - Century College and University: Academic Freedomfor All Faculty and Instructional 8.
Staff, https://www.aft.org/sites/default/
files/academicfi"eedomstatement0907.pdf 3. Trdn Thj Bich Liflu (2008), Ndng cao
chdt luang gido due dgi hpe & My:
Nhiing gidi phdp mang tinh hi thong
vd dinh hu&ng thi truang, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
Gary A. Olson (2012), Tu do hgc thudt vd nhiing gi&i hgn con it ngu&i biet, Do Thu Huong dich, http://tiasang.com.vii/
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p ; ^ ; X - ( 2 0 0 8 ^ ) , \^f^<DU^
142M 143M, ^ S ^ (Koji Tonami (2008), "Ty do hpc thudt va ty chu dai hpc", Trong Kenji Ishikawa, Tuyen tgp Tranh ludn Hien phdp. Jurist 3, p. 143, Yukikaku).
m%W ( 2 0 0 6 ^ ) , r ^ F p l < ? ) g S j
> y > 5 i - ; b « ; i {% 5 SS) I , SiJffftJiiz 189 • ^ , 175 M, 180 - 181 H , ; i ^ t ^ # l i (Nakashima Tanaka (2006), "TV do hpe thudt" eua Kosuke Kobayashi vd Binh ludn vi Lugt Hiin phdp CO bdn, Tai bdn ldn thii ndm, Bo sung dieu ludt 189, ti. 180-181, Hiep hpi ludt hpe xuat ban).
tiiEBjS r ( 2 0 0 3 ^ ) , [ r : ^ ^ 0 i # | t r i f e S ^ a ^ g j ^ J ] autonomy t self-government CD Pel J My^MmW%
^m, WJiitm-^I , 113 M, 122- 123M, ^X^ (Matsuda Hiroshi (2003), "Ty chu dai hpc va ty chii cua Hpi giao vifln" tiong Hien phdp vd tu ehii, do Vien nghifln cuu ly ludn Hifln phdp bifln tap, Nxb. Keibundo).
mmm (1976^) , rx^og;^
^. [r^}£^ 2 xmo^^^mm,
126 M, 129 M, ^mm (Motari Akira (1976), "Nhiing vdn dfl trong npi bfl cua tir chu dai hpc", Trong: "Nhiing
26 Th6ng Hn Khoa hpc xa hpi, s611.201S vdn dfl CO ban vfl nhan quyen" tap 2,
trong "Hifln phap hpc 2" cua Okudaha Yasuhiro va Sugihara Yasuo bifln soan, tr. 126 va 129, Nxb. Yuhikaku).
9. i\si[^^mm (1986#), D'S:*;;i=i
> y > ^ - ; u « J i (m 3 )tS)l ,%\\
ffflj£-tl 78 ^ 98 M, 101 M(Ohama Keikichi bien soan (1986), Binh ludn vi Ludt Hiin phdp co bdn (Xudt bdn ldn thuba), Quyfln so 78, h. 98 va 101).
l O . W P m - (^Jlttll968^) . T!^
fpKDgS—Jlllj , 120 H , ^ ; ^ » (Takayanagi Shinichi (1968 xudt ban
ldn thii nhat), Nguyin ly vd tu do hpc thudt, ti. 120, Nxb. Iwanamishoten).
U . l U ^ ^ B ] (2007^) , r^f^t
jij In u\u^m='^n\^~m FJ*
1 5 8 K , ^ ^ : * ; ^ t H ) i S ^ (Yamamoto Ryiiji (2007), "Luat phap va hpe thudt", Trong: Lugt phdp vdphdt triin khoa hpc ky thudt, Tdi co cdu lugt, tap III, p. 158 do Shiroyama Hideaki va Nishikawa Youichi bifln tap, Nxb. Dai hpc Tokyo).
12. www.raagna-charta.org/resourees/files/
the-magna-charta/english
(tiep theo trang 18) 5. Nghiem Tudn Hung (2017), "Mpt sd
thach thue an ninh d khu vye chdu A - Thai Binh Duong hifln nay", trong: Ky yiu Hpi thdo An ninh khu vuc chdu A - Thdi Binh Duang: dgc diim vd nhOng dpng thdi m&i, Vifln Hdn ldm Khoa hpc xa hfli Viet Nara.
6. Nguyfln Trung Kifln (2014), "Anh huflmg cua van dfl an ninh phi tmyfln thong dfli voi khu vyc Dong Nam A", Tap chi Nghiin cim Dong Nam .4, sd 1.
7. Vii Thi Mai (2012), "Thach thuc an nmh phi tmyfln thflng tai Dflng Bac A tiong thdp nifln dau thfl ky XXI va dy bao tiong 10 nam toi". Tap chi Nghiin eicu Dong Bac A, s6 9 {139).
8. Nguyfln Quang Thudn (2015), "Nhimg van dfl va kha nang hop tdc tiong Hnh vyc an ninh phi trayen thdng tai Ddng A", Tap chiNghien cim Trung Qudc, so 10 (170).
9. Dinh Cdng Tudn (2017), "Nhung thay ddi tiong "Chifln lupc xoay true Chau A - Thai Binh Duong" cua My thdi gian tdi va each dng phd cua Viet Nara", trong: Kyyeu Hpi thdo An ninh khu vuc chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong:
dgc diem vd nhirng dpng thdi m&i, Vien Han ldm Khoa hpc xa hfli Viet Nam.
10. UNDP (2016), Tong quan Bdo cdo Phdt triin con ngu&i khu vuc chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong, http://www.vn.undp.org/
eontent/dara/vietnam/docs/Publications/
HDR%202016%20Overview%20 interior%202%20-%20Vietnamese.pdf
