Cac yeu to anh humig va bai hoc tham khao trong thuc hien chinh sach phat trien doi ngu
giang vien dai hoc 6 Viet Nam
N g u j ^ Thanh Huy^n VO Thi van
Truong Dal hpc Khoa hoc, Dai hgc Thai Nguyen
Thuc hien chinh sach edng (CSC) la mdt bude quan trpng trong ehu tnnh ehinh sdeh, bdi thuc hi^n chinh saeh la khau hien thuc boa chinh sdch vdo ddi sdng xa hdi, trong dd cd chinh saeh phat tri^n dpi ngu gidng vien dai hpc (DNGVDH). Viec thye hien ehinh sdch phdt tri^n DNGVDH dat hieu qud, dat muc tieu chinh sach d^ ra phai chiu tac ddng ciia rdt nhi^u cac yeu td khach quan va chii quan, Ben canh do, tim hi^u kinh nghiem eiia mdt sd qudc gia trong quan ly nhd nude ve gido due dai hgc va thue hien chinh sach phdt Iri^n DNGVDH eOng la mdt trong nhiing kenh hiiu dung, de gdp phdn thuc hien cd hieu qud ehinh sdch phdt trien DNGVDH d Viet Nam qua nhiing bai hgc tham khdo cd gid tri.
1. Cac yeu to anh hirdng den thirc hien chinh sach cong va chinh sach phat trien DNGVDH
Viec nghien ciiu va lya chgn ede yeu Id dnh hudng ddn thye hien CSC Id vdn dd dugc nhi^u hgc gid trong va ngoai nude nghien ciiu. Michael Howlett vd M.
Ramesh (1995) cho rdng: Viec dua chinh sach vao thuc tidn khdng don gian nhu chiing ta nghi, bdi vi viee thye thi ehinh sach chju su dnh hudng ciia nhieu yeu td thuc tidn. Thii nhdt, ban ehdt eiia van de gidi quye't. Thii hai, mdi hudng thuc thi chinh sdch. Thtr ba, td chiic bd may hanh chinh chiu ydeh nhiem thuc thi ehinh saeh (tmng uong, dia phuong). Cudi ciing, cac nguon lyc kinh td va chinh tri eiia nhdm muc tieu..
Le Chi Mai (2001) chia eae nhdn td anh hudng den thye hien CSC thanh 3 ludng yeu td: Ludng ydu td tde ddng den ban chdt van d^ vd ehdt lugng eiia hoach dinh chinh sach, gdm: tinh ehdt da dang eiia van de chinh sdch; cdc khd khan ky thuat khi gidi quydt vdn de; pham vi vd dac thu eiia ede nhdm ddi tugng chinh saeh; linh rd rang va nhdt qudn eiia muc tieu ehinh sach; quy md ciia nhdm muc lieu, Ludng yeu td lien quan den khd nang thuc thi chinh sach, g&m: sdp xep to ehiie cd lien quan; quan he gida ede id chiie eiing tham gia thye thi chinh sdeh; nang lye eiia co quan thye thi; kinh phi can thiet de thye thi chinh sach; trinh d6 va nang lyc ciia nhung ngudi phu trach; edeh ling xii ciia cae chii th^ thuc thi; thii tuc hanh ehinh. Ludng eae ye'u td ben ngoai tde ddng vdo qud tnnh thue thi chinh sdeh, gdm: bdi cdnh thuc td; edng luan; thai dd eiia cac nhdm lien quan; su hd trg cua cac nha lanh dao cdp tren.
Nguyen Huu Hai (2014) dua ra cae ye'u td anh hudng de'n to ehiic thue thi ehinh sdch cdng, gdm:
tinh chat cila van dd CSC; mdi trirang thye thi CSC;
mdi quan he giua cdc ddi tugng thye thi CSC; tiem lye ciia cac nhdm dd'i tugng CSC; dae tinh ciia dd'i tugng CSC; nang lye thye thi CSC eiia edn bd, cdng chiic;
miic dd tuan thii cac bude trong quy trinh td ehiic thuc thi CSC; cac dieu kien vat ehdt de thye thi CSC; sy ddng tinh, ling hd ciia ngudi ddn.
Cd th^ thay mac dii cd nhi^u quan diem khde nhau ve eae ye'u td anh hudng ddn thue hien CSC, nhung tyu chung lai cd the xde dinh cae ydu td anh hudng den thye hien CSC eung ehinh la nhiing ydu td anh hudng den ehinh sdch phat trien DNGVDH. Cu the gdm ede yeu id sau ddy:
- Tinh chdt vdn de CSC: bdi linh chdt eila van d^
CSC don gian hay phiie tap, cap bdeh hay lau dai ehinh Id ydu td ed anh hudng tryc tidp den viee td chiie thuc hien CSC nhanh hay cham, thuan Igi hay khd khan...
- Mdi hudng Uiue hien CSC: theo nghia rdng, mdi trudng thuc hien CSC bao gdm tat ca cac yeu td vat chat va phi vat chat tham gia thye hien ehinh sdch nhu ede nhdm Igi ich cd dupe tu CSC, cdc dieu kien vai chdt ky thuat trong nen kinh te, bau khdng khi ehinh tri, trdt tu xa hdi, quan he qudc te'... Mpt mdi trudng dn dinh, it bien dpng, van hanh hai boa se tao dieu kien thiic day thuan Igi eho viec thye hien CSC, nguoc lai nd se kim ham, ddn ddn viee thye hien CSC kem hieu qua.
- Dd'i lugng chinh sdeh cdng: trong do bao ham mdi quan he thdng nhdt hay khdng thdng nhat ve Igi ich
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NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
fu?sS:'anh S o " ^ " " ^ T K°"^ ^ ^ ^ ''*^" ^^^' *'^"^ 'l^y^" tv do hpc thudt, ddng thdi ed mdt miie sdng hu/h^t ?S(^^-^ T K ^ ' "^""^ ^^' * ^ § ^^^ *^°"8 '^^ t^°"g ^^ hdi.
myc hien CSC, dae hnh ciia ddi tuong CSC Id nbOns M „ . - .. . „ . . , ^ u Y€U td ma cac chu thg thuc hien CSC cdn nhdn bidt -. 5 '^'^** "^"^ '^^ ^^P *'^"S ""^^ P ^ ^ ^^"§ ''^ ""^^
khoi ggi hay ki^m che' ehung de c T d ^ c k d " ^ " ^ d " t ' " " r ' ^ . ' ' ' H ' " ^ " ' " ' ' " ' ^ - ' ' ' f nhdt trong qud trinh thue hidn CSC " ^ ""^ ^"^^ "^"^ ^^^ ^"^*^ §'^' *^""^ "
Ph • th^ (h »,• nhiing ehuong trinh tii thien, thudng xuyen ddnh mdt - L-nu tne thye hien CSC: day Id mgt trong nhung ydu phdn Idn ngdn sdeh de tai trg eho cac giao su ddm r*;?"h"- ^"^' ^"^^^ *^'"^ ^'^" '^^^ ^° ^^^^ ^^^ hien nhi^m cdng tde dao tao vd nghien ciiu, Caeh nang t-iC, boi nang luc ciia cdc chii the Ihyc hien CSC bao luong dua tren ddnh gid ket qud lam viec hang nam gom dao due cdng vu, nang lyc thiet ke td chiie, nang
lye phdn Uch, dy bdo ,..la dieu kien tien quyet de td chiie thuc hien CSC cd hieu qua yong ddi sdng, ddng thdi chii ddng ling phd duge vol cdc tinh hudng phat sinh trong qud trinh td ehiie thuc hien CSC d hien tai va du bdo cd nhung van de phdt sinh trong luong lai.
- Cdc ydu Id khde ed lien quan: bao gdm miie dd tudn thu cdc budc hong quy trinh thuc hien CSC; cdc di^u kien vat chat, ngudn lyc de thye hien CSC mdt edeh cd hieu qud va su ddng tinh, ling hd eiia edng ddng, ciia cac ddi tugng CSC,
2. Kinh nghiem quoc te ve quan ly nha niroc doi vo'i,giao due dai hoc, thirc hien chinh sach phat trien DNGVDH va bai hoc tham iibao cho Viet Nam 2.1. Kinh nghiem ctia mdt sd' qudc gia v4 quan Iy nha nude ddi vdi gido due dai hgc, thuc hien chinh sach phat tri^n DNGVDH
a) Kinh nghiem ciia My:
CJ My ed su phan quyen manh me, linh hoat trong quan ly giao due - dao lao va cd he thdng ehinh sach hgp ly bam sat vdi thye tien vd dia phuong; Cae tnrdng DH ed nhieu quyen tu tri; Chii trpng phdt trien mdi lien ket, hgp tac giua cdc trudng DH vdi thi trudng lao ddng hay cdc doanh nghiep., .0 My, cac tnrdng dai hpc ed nhieu nguoi bap trg, ed nen ty chu rdt cap va canh tranh v^ bat cii thii gi, lii sinh vien tdi cac giang vien. Cdc gidng vien canh tranh de cd dugc eae khodn trg cdp nghien eiiu ciia bang, sinh vien eanh tranh nhau de ed dugc ede khodn hgc bdng eiia trudng hoac eae khodn trg giiip nghien eiiu.
Chinh phii My ehii trpng den viec trpng dung thu hiit nhdn tdi, Tai cdc trudng dai hgc, cac giang vien trong trudng gid giang thap chi ddm nhiem 1/3 sd gid gidng, sd cdn lai ddnh cho nghien cim. Chinh sach tra luong Uieo hieu suat lam viee va dugc danh gid thdng qua
Cling lam cho cdc gidng vien nghien cuu, gidng dgy tham gia cdc edng viee khac tich eye hon.
b) Kinh nghiem eiia Nhdt Bdn
Cdc trudng dai hpc d Nhat Ban ngoai viec ty nd lyc, phat trien eon cd chinh sdch hgp tac vdi ngudi nude ngpai d^ ghi dau an Iren tnrdng qudc td. Hang nam, chinh phii Nhat Ban tai trg tii 20 den 30 suat hgc bdng eho eae ti^n si nude ngoai de'n lam vi^e tai cdc trudng dai hgc vd cac co quan nghien ciiu ciia Nhat Ban. Viee tuyen ehpn cac nha khoa hpc nude ngoai duoc thuc hien theo mdt quy trinh chat ehe va nghiem ngat nhdm tim ra duge eae nha khoa hgc gidi yen thd gidi d^ ed th^ dam nhiem vi tri ciia ngudi Nhdt Ban. Day thye sy la hinh thiic thu hiit ehdt xdm eiia eae nude khdc den Nhat Ban. Trudng dai hpc dupe ty chii va ty chju hdeh nhiem thep luat dinh viec cap cac van bdng, ehiing ehi cac chuong trinh dao tao cua nha trudng nhdm giam bdt viee qudn ly tare tiep eiia ede Bd.
De dap ling nhu cdu gidng vien eho viec hinh thdnh he thdng gido due mdi, gidng vien d Nhat Bdn ehu yeu dupe dao tap d eae trudng dtii hpc su pham duge thanh lap d mdi tinh, thanh va dupe dap tao d eae tnrdng dai hpc d mdt sd khu vyc trong nude vdi 5 nguyen tac chi dap cp ban (Mision) la: Theo dudi hda binh; Sdng tao kien thiic mdi; Nudi dudng con nguoi;
Hpp Idc vdi dia phuong, khu vuc va edng ddng qudc te'; Tiep tue su phat tri^n,
Chinh phii Nhat Ban ed nhung ehinh sdeh v6 ch^
dd lien luong Idm eho cdc vien chiic tu hao v^ vi tri viec Idm eiia minh va tan tuy phuc vu, neu vi ph^m dao diic se mdt viec ed ddi, Hdng nam, Nhdt Ban vdn danh gid phan loai de ed ehe' dd dai ngp thda ddng, bd nhiem vd bd nhiem lai ehiic danh,
e) Kinh nghiem eila Thai Lan
Ngay tii nhiing nam 1990, Thai Lan xay dung kd hoach dai han nhdm thidt lap he thdng trudng dai hpc, ddnh gid cua qudn ly trye tidp va bao cao hang nam ve cao ddng tu chii, Hien nay, ngoai nhung tnidng dai sdn phdm ddu ra, nang lue va ky nang giao tiep. hoc, cao ddng da ty ehii, phap luat dang xem xet cac trudng dai hoe d My cd quy trinh tuyen chon chuyen tiep cac tnjong edn lai thanh tnrdng ty chii.
cdng khai, minh bach, dya tren lieu chi, lieu chudn ro Trong chie'n lupc eai edeh gido due d Thai Lan, edi rang (uu lien hdng ddu lieu ehi khoa hpc). Quyen each he thdng phat Iri^n dpi ngQ can bo vd gidng vidn auydt djnh thude v^ nhdng giao su ed uy tin, sinh vien trong gido due dai hoc, eao ddng da dugc ehii trgng cd quydn tham du va eho i'kie'n vdi mue dieh khuyen khich can bd cd kien thiic va kha Hdn h^t sians vien d^u duoc bd tri edng viec toan nang gia nhap vao he thdng giao due dai hoe; va phat A__ .^A^ Ar. ^ir.h in. ti^n nohien n'ni. trien dpi ngu qudn ly, gidng vien vd cdn bd hi$n da d thdi gian, cdng'viec dn djnh, uu tien nghien eiiu,
DNGVDH dugc an toan v^ nghe nghiep, dam bao trong he thdng.
i2
Chidn luge cdi edeh GVDH tuan theo nhiing nguydn tde thdng nhdt va nhdt qudn trong ehinh sdch;
hai hda giua GDDH vdi djnh hudng va nhu cdu cdp thiet phdt hi^n ddt nude; Cdi cdch GDDH phai gdn vdi cdc ehien luge phdt trien dat nude ve cdc mdt kinh td, xa hdi, ehinh tri, vSn hoa va giao due.
Vide ddm bdo chat lugng giao dye dai hoc ciia Thai Lan duge thye hien thdng qua he thdng ki6m ya eila nha nude, kiem loan chdt lirong ben ngoai va ki^m dinh edng nhan. He thdng bao dam ehdt lugng d cac trudng dai hgc ciia Thai Lan dya tren nguyen tde phdi tap tmng vao viec day va hpc. Diem chii yeu trong he thdng bdo ddm chat lugng d ddy la ede trudng phdi thdnh ldp, cd ddn chiing bdng lai lieu, thuc hien, duy tri vd lien tyc cai tie'n he thdng eiia minh.
Chinh phii Thai Lan rdt quan tdm de'n chinh sdch ti^n luong dd'i vdi ddi ngu gidng vien. De thu hiit dugc chat xdm ciia cac nha khpa hpc Chinh phii Thai Lan da cd nhiing ehinh sdeh thu hut,lrpng dung nhdn tdi:
cai thien mdi trudng lam viee cila eae nha khoa hoc, tao di^u kien de hg phdt huy mgi khd nSng, sy sdng tao, long nhiet buydt vdi ngh^ gido vd tao di^u ki^n eho sy thang tie'n cila hg trong sy nghiep gido due nhd n u d e ,
2.2. Bai hoc tham khao cho Viet Nam trong viec thuc hien chinh sach phat tri^n DNGVDH
Qua kinh nghiem eiia mdt sd qudc gia, trong qua trinh ddi mdi can ban, loan didn gido due vd phdt trien DNGVDH d Viet Nam ed the nit ra mdt sd bai hpc tham khao sau:
Thii nhat, ehii Irgng phdt tri^n gido due vdi vai trd la "qudc sach hang dau", tang cudng dau tu cho giao due n6i ehung, dac biet la gido dye dai hgc. Phat huy vd day manh tu chii dai hgc trong bdi cdnh hdi nhdp qudc td.
Thii hai, ddi mdi chuong trinh ddo tao, phuong phap giang day, gan vdi nhu cau cila xa hdi. Tang cudng lien kdt vdi cac docinh nghiep, td chuc trong viee dao tao nhdm eung cap ngudn nhan lue dap ling dugc yeu cdu ciia thi trudng lao ddng.
Thii ba, ehii trgng phdt hi^n DNGVDH — ndng cdt eiia ddi mdi he thdng giao due dai hpc, ey the: Xay dung ehinh sdch quy hoach DNGVDH bdi bdn phii hgp vdi quy hoach eila eo quan ehu quan va chie'n luge qudc gia v^ phat trien nhan lyc nganh giao due.
Cd chinh saeh thu hiit vdi dieu kien lam viec hien dai, thu nhdp xiing dang, co hdi thang tie'n, che' dd nha d.,. d^ tuyen dyng duge DNGVDH ddm bdo ve sd lugng vd chat lugng. Md rdng ddi lugng tuy^n dung tu Ihac si trd len dii lieu chudn 1dm gidng vidn, khdng phdn bi^t qudc tich tren todn the gidi, tuyen dung quanh nam, do trye tidp khoa vd td bd mdn tuyen dung cdng khai, minh bach.
Sii dyng DNGVDH hop Iy, phu hgp vdi vj tri viec lam, Thye hien ehinh sach giam bien che, tang ky hop
ddng ngoai bien chd d^ tao ra tinh canh tranh vi tri viec lam cao, tao ddng lye cho sy phat trien. Giao quy^n quan I^', sii dung DNGVDH cho bp mdn, phdt huy tdi da ndng lye eiia ddi ngu gidng vien, ddnh gid gidng vien qua chat lugng, hieu qua edng viee.
T$p tmng vdo ehinh sdeh ddo tao, bdi dudng ddnh cho GVDH. Sau chu ky 4-5 ndm gidng day, NCKH cho ddi ngQ gidng vidn di thye tdp, thye Id 1 nam. Tang eudng phdi hgp dao tao giua ede nude, cdc trudng dai hgc, cac phan hieu lam ddi ngii giang vien nang ddng va phdt tri^n nang lyc chuyen mdn, trinh do ngoai ngu, van hda giao tiep.,.Co chinh sdch khuye'n khich, khen thudng DNGVDH tu hpc, bdi dudng sudt ddi.
Ddnh gid GVDH theo hudng da chi^u nen tao duge su minh bach, cdng bang va tao ddng lyc eho gidng vien phdt trien. Coi trpng viee edi tie'n ehe' do dai ngd ddi vdi GVDH theo hudng linh boat, cdng bdng vd trd luong tuong xiing vdi sy edng hien eua gidng vien dd'i vdi sy nghiep gido dye.
Thue hien chinh sach phat tri^n DNGVDH la mdt hong nhiing ndi dung quan hong trong tien trinh hif n thye hda ede muc lieu ddi mdi cdn ban, todn dien he thdng giao dye eua Ddng, Nhd nude. Viec thuc hi§n ed hieu qua chinh sach phdt tri^n DNGVDH phy thude vdo rat nhi^u yeu td khach quan vd chii quan nhu: tinh chat ciia van d6 chinh saeh, mdi trudng thuc hien ehinh sdeh, dd'i tugng chinh sdch, chii the thye hien chinh sdeh vd cdc ydu td khdc, Viec nghien eiiu cae yeu id anh hudng de phdt huy ede the' mang va khde phuc nhiing ban ehe' va viec tim hi^u kinh nghiem ciia cac nude cd nen giao dye hien dai va tuong dong vdi Viet Nam de nil ra nhiing bai hoc tham khao trong viec Ihye hien chinh sdch phdt Iri^n DNGVDH se gdp phdn thuc hien cd hieu qud ehinh sdch phdt trien DNGVDH./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Nguyen Huu Hdi. 2014, Chinh sdeh edng — NhQng vdn d^ CO bdn, Nha xudt bdn Chinh tri qudc gia — Su thai.
Hpc vien khoa hpc xa hdi. 2019. Ky yeu Hdi nghi NCS "Thuc hien CSC: Nhiing vdn de ly ludn va thuc lien", Khoa Chinh sdch cdng, Hd Ndi, tr. 1-25
Le Chi Mai. 2001. Nhung van de eo ban ve ehinh saeh va quy trinh ehinh sach, Nha xudt bdn Dai hoe qudc gia TP. Hd Chi Minh.
Millicent Addo, 2011. Externally Assisted Development Projects in /Africa: Implementation and Public Policy, Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nelson Mandela School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs.
Michael Hov^Iett, M. Ramesh. 1995. Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Oxford University Press.
