NGUYEN GIANG PHUC - Ong dung cdng nghe Biogas trong ndng hd..
UMG DUNG CONG NGHE BIOGAS TRONG NONG HO TAI
MOT SO HUYEN CUA HA GIANG
Nguyen Giang Phuc'', Vu Ngoc Hung^, Vu Chi Cuang' va Jean Charles Maillard, ' Vien Chan nuoi; ^Sd nong nghiep tinh Ha Giang; ^Co van DUan Biodiva
*Tac gia lien he: ThS. Nguyen Giang Phuc; Bp mon dinh dudng va che bien thdc an Vien Chan nuoi - Thuy Phuang - TU Liem - Ha Noi
DT: (04)8 386.126/0976.124.854 ; Fax : 04.8 389.775 : Email: [email protected]
TOM
TATl^ng dung cong nghe Biogas trong nong ho tai mot sd huyen cua Ha Giang
Ha Giang la tinh mien nui phia Bac, 3/4 dien tich la rUng nui thuan tien viSc phat trien chan nuoi gia sue an co va cac loai dong vat khac. Do dieu kien kinh te va tap quan chan nuoi con phSn tan, nho le, chuong nuoi gan nha nen giai quyet nan 6 nhilm mdi trudng la can thiet. Mat khac khai thac ri/ng lay cui cho sinh hoat dang dien ra qua muc. Du an ung dung cdng nghe biogas trong cac hd ndng dan la mdt giai phap tich cue de tan dung chat thai chan nudi thu khi ddt sinh hoc va giam thieu d nhiem mdi trudng. Du an da tien hanh xdy dung 89 md hinh ham biogas trong ndng hd tai Ha Giang va chuyen giao cdng nghe xay dung mdi cho ndng dan budc dau da thu dugc ket qua kha quan
D A T VAN D E
Chan nudi phdt then tren td't ca cae vung eua da't nude, tdng san phd'm eua ngdnh ehan nudi ehiem 22,4% tdng thu cua todn ngdnh ndng nghiep. Tuy nhien chat thai ehan nudi dang gay d nhidm mdi trudng trong khi tdi nguyen rdng ngay edng can kiet. Sd ly chat thai ehan nudi bang cdng nghe Biogas dang dupc tap trung giai quyet tai td't ca cac tinh trong ca nuPc.
Cong nghe Biogas la chddng trinh da mue tieu
Tan dung chat ddt phuc vu sinh hoat, giam nhe cdng viee npi trp eho phij nd. Chat thai biogas tudi eho cdy trdng, han ehe mam benh eho nguoi vd gia sua Chdng chat phd rdng lay cui, gdp phan bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai. Ha giang Id mpt ti'nh mien ndi phia Bac, dien tich da't tu nhien 7884 km^ trong dd 3/4 Id nui eao vd rdng. Trong nhung nam gan ddy nhd ehinh saeh dinh canh djnh cu cua Chinh phu md kinh te ndi chung vd ehan nuoi ndi rieng dupe phat then, ehiem 50 -70% ty trpng trong san xua't ndng nghiep (nam 2007).
6 day, ehan nudi dai gia sde (trdu, bd, de vd ngua) phdt trien tdt. Tdng ddn trdu bd 203700 con, ngua 13990 con, lan 308000 con, hang nam suat ban ra tinh ngodi 11.000 con trdu bd va de (trang thdng tin dien tu tinh Hd Giang 10/2007). Thu nhap td ehan nudi eua ngudi ddn do dd tang len. Tuy nhien, do tap qudn ehan nudi edn lac hau, nan chat phd rdng lay cui edn didn ra phd bien, ddi sdng nhdn ddn edn khd khan. Do vay, mdi trudng sdng bi d nhiem do gia sue d gan nhd, rdng bi tdn phd lam can kiet tdi nguyen vd thudng xuyen gay ra bdo Id, khi hau khae nghiet.
VIEN C H A N NUOI - Tap chi Khoa hoc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So d g c biet-Thang 2-2008
Trong khuon khd du an "Oanh gid vd phat huy tiem nang Da dang sinh hpc dpng vat nudi vd dpng vat hoang da "(BIODIVA) do Chinh phu Phap tdi trp, ehung toi tien hdnh de tdi nghien cuu then khai "Phdt huy gia tri eua phdn vd nude thai chan nudi de phat then edng nghe Biogas trong nong hp tai Hd Giang".
Mue tieu ehung
Xay dung md hinh vd phat trien edng nghe phd hpp eho ede hp chan nudi nham gdp phan bao ve mdi trudng sinh thdi vd tan dijng khi ddt sinh hpe phuc vu sinh hoat.
Muc tieu cu the
Xdy dung cde md hinh diem phu hpp vPi quy md ehan nudi eua ndng hp, duy tri he thdng hoat dpng ben vung. Ddo tao dpi ngd thp xdy dung lanh nghe de tuyen truyen vd phdt trien edng nghe trong vdng.
VAT LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
Npi dung nghien edu
Khao sdt ehpn diem xdy dung md hinh trinh didn 8 - 9 hp.
Nghien cdu vd lua ehpn quy trinh xay dung thieh hpp vdi dieu kien tu nhien vd xa hpi eija ndng hp tai 2 huyen Quan Ba vd Vj Xuyen.
Tap huan ky thuat eho ndng ddn ed nhu eau dp dung edng nghe (tham quan, hpe ly thuyet vd van hdnh sddijng.
Ddo tao dpi ngu thp xdy dung Idnh nghe de dp dtjng eong nghe ngay tai dja phuang
Chi dao then khai md rdng md hinh ehan nudi tai eae huyen Quan Ba, Vj Xuyen, Yen Minh, Meo Vac, Hodng Su Phi vdi 80 hp
Tdng ket, bao eao va kien nghi
Phddng phap nghien edU va phat trien eong nghe
Dieu tra, phdng van ndng ddn ve quy md ehan nudi, hien trang vd giai phdp xd ly phdn vd nude thai ehan nudi, nhu eau vd chat ddt sinh hoat, phong tue tap qudn. Thiet ke mo hinh ham biogas, tren ca sd md hinh cua Trung Qudc eai tien eho phu hpp vdi dieu kien kinh te vd tu nhien d vung nui thieu nude sinh hoat. Tap huan eho ndng ddn nguyen ly u phdn yem khi, ky thuat xdy dung, van hdnh, duy tu bao duong he thdng, ddo tao thp ky thuat chuyen xdy dung ham biogas tai dja phuang de md rpng md hinh.
KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
Vednh hinh phat trien ehan ndol, eae giai phap xdly phan va chat thai ehan ndol Ket qua dieu tra tren 224 hp tai 4 huyen eho tha'y:
Tat ea cae hp dieu tra deu ed nudi nhieu loai gia sue, gia cam nhu: lpn, gd, thuy cam, trdu, bP, de.
NGUYEN GIANG PHUC - ifng dung cdng nghe Biogas trong ndng hg..
Tap qudn ehan nudi eon lac hau, thdc an da phan tu eung tu cap.
Chudng trai chan nudi xdy dung dan gian, benh djeh thudng xuyen xd'y ra.
Bang 1: Tinh hinh phdt then ehan nudi trong nong hp tai diem dieu tra Diem dieu tra
Quan Ba Vj Xuyen Yen Minh HodngSu Phi
Sdhp
64 98 42
20 224
Trong dd Nudi lpn
11
13 3 0 27
Tile%
17,2 13,3 7,2
12,0
Lpn,trdu,bP
40 79 35 18 172
Tl le %
62,5 80,6 83,3 90,0 76,8
Lpn, trdu, 13 6 4 2 25
de bd
Tile%
20,3 6,1 9,5 10,0 11,2 Ve quy md chan nuoi, hau het cde hp deu chdn nudi nhd, ehi cd 4 trang trai nudi lpn nhieu han 30 eon vd 2 hp nuoi nhieu han 20 eon trdu bd. Sd hp ehan nudi lpn ehiem ti le 96,4% ;
Trong dd, khdng nhieu hp phdt then ehan nudi hdng hod ed sd dung thdc an eong nghiep, da phan ehan nudi nhd le eung cap eho gia dinh, hp hdng vd bdn trang trai chi tieu sinh hoat ehiem 60,7%.
Bang 2: Quy mo chan nudi tai ede hp dieu tra Diem dieu tra
Quan Ba Vj Xuyen Yen Minh HodngSu Phi
Sd Hp
64 98 42 20
Chan
<10 con 42 46 32 16
nuPi lpn
>10 eon 18 49 10 3
Khdng nudi 4 3 0 1
Chdn 1-3 con 50 78 32 13
nudi trdu.
4-10 eon 6 10 5 1
bd, de 11-30 eon 0 6 0 0
Khdng nuoi 8 4 5 6
Vetlnh hinh xdly chat thai chan ndoi va tieu thu cui eho sinh hoat
Hdu het cae hp chdn nudi deu khdng cd bien phdp xu ly phdn vd nudc thai gia sue ma ehi thu gom thdnh ddng de dem di bdn rupng. Mpt sd it hp xdy be chda phdn vd nude thai (Yen Minh, Vj Xuyen) ciJng khdng lam giam d nhiem.
VIEN C H A N N U O I - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So d d c biet-Thdng 2-2008
Bang 3: Tieu thiJ chat ddt trong ndng hp
Diem dieu Quan Ba Vj Xuyen Yen Minh Hodng Su
tra
Phi
Sdhd
64 98 42 20
Sudung cu BQ/ngdy 20,8 16,2 12,9 15,5
i ddt kg/ngdy/hp Cao
48 36 42 34
Tha'p
14 8 7 10
Gid cui d/kg 1.100 1.200 1.500 1.300
Chi phi d/thdng 686.000 583.000 580.000 604.000 Tuy nhien, ed khoang 70% sd hp nudi lpn tren nen gach xdy eho nen ed dieu kien ora ehudng trai, dieu nay thuan Ipi eho viee then khai xay dung ham biogas. Tarde khi du an tien hdnh todn tinh ed khoang han 30 ham biogas da dupe xdy tu nhieu ngudn khde nhau du nhap vdo tinh vd quy trinh edng nghe eung khdng thdng nha't. Tinh trang hoat dpng eua cdc ham nay cung rat khae nhau, trong dd ed 7 ham khdng hoat dpng. Dieu tra ve sd dung khai thac vd sCr dung cui ddt phue vu sinh hoat trong nong hp eho thd'y:
Tinh trang khai thae qua mde da dan den khan hiem ngudn, gid thdnh eui ddt eao (Yen Minh 1500 - 1600d/kg, Vj xuyen 1200 -1300 d/kg), nhieu hp dan khai thae edy bui, cd khd trong vudn ldm chat ddL Nghien edu cai tien eong nghe Biogas
Trong dieu kien ehan nudi nhd Id, phdn tan, ede huyen vung eao ndi dd thuPng thieu nudc sinh hoat vdo mua Dong Xudn (tu thdng 1 0 - 3 ndm sau). Nghien edu eai tien edng nghe nham keo ddi thdi gian hoat dpng cua ham biogas trong ndm vd tudi thp eua edng nghe Id rat can thiet
Sd dd he thdng
Ve eau true cua be phdn huy dupc xdy dung bang beton cdt thep, ed thiet bj chdng pha vang, cdc be nap phdn, be thuy luc tuang dng vd be chua nude thai it nha't bang 1/2 be phdn huy nham tai bd sung nude eho be phdn huy trong mua khd thieu nude.
Gas ve bep
Chudng nuoi
Be biogas
Be dp lue
Be chda nude thai
NGUYEN GIANG P H U C - tdng dung cdng nghe Biogas trong ndng hd..
Ket qua xay ddng md hinh trinh dien va phat trien eong nghe
Tieu ehi: Hp gia dinh cd chdn nudi thudng xuyen (trdu, bo, lpn); Cd ngudn nude sinh hoat eung cap it nhat 6 den 8 thdng/ndm.
Bang 4: Nang suat gas vd hieu qua sd dtjng
Dung tieh be Lupng phan Lupng nudc vdo/ Nang sua't gas Thdi gian ddt Phdnhuy(m') vdo/ngdy(kg) ngdy(kg) M^gdydem (be'p/ngdy)h
6-8
10-12 15-16 18-20
10-25 20-40 50-70 100-120
30-60 50-90 100-180 200 - 300
2,5-2,7 3,5-3,6 5,2-5,4 6,5-6,8
1 bep X 5h 2 bep X 5 h 2 bep X 6 - 8 h 2 b e p X 1 2 h
Da tien hdnh dieu tra vd tinh hinh chan nudi vd quan ly chd't thai trong nong hd vdi han 200 hd tai cde huyen cua tinh Hd Giang. Tien hdnh xdy dung 9 md hinh trinh didn theo de cuang du dn da dupc duyet:
Vj Xuyen ed 4 hp, Quan Ba 5 hp (du an hd trp todn bp), tdng sd 86m3 be phdn huy vd be chua nuPe thai tuang dng. Xay dung 97 md hinh biogas tai cdc huyen Quan Ba: 15, Vi xuyen 57, Yen Minh 9, Hodng Su Phi 8, Meo Vac 8 md hinh.
Bang 5: Chi phi xdy dung, hieu qua kinh te vd thdi gian sd dijng (Gid thdi diem ndm 2007) Dung tieh be Chi phi xdy dung Tiet kiem cui Thdi gian thu Thdi gian su dung phdn huy m^ (tr.VND) 1000 VND/thang hdi vdn (nam)
6-8
10-12 15-16 18-20
2,7-3,2 3,6-4,0 5,4-5,8 6,8-7,2
100-120 160-190 200-230 250-300
3,5 -4 nam 3,5 nam 3 nam 3 nam
>20
>20
>20
>20
Tat ea cdc md hinh Biogas hien tai sd dung tdt cho viec nd'u an, thap sdng, nhieu md hinh ed quy md 10 - 15m3 edn gas de nd'u edm lpn. Binh qudn, ude tinh mdi hp ed ham Biogas tiet kiem chat ddt dupe 100-300 ngdn ddng/thang.
Tap huan chuyen giao eong nghe, dao tao thd chuyen xay ddng
De dat duac muc tieu cua du an va thdng nha't quy trinh ky thudt xay dung, du dn Biogas Ha Giang da tien hanh td chuc hai Idp tap huan ky thudt ve cdng nghe Biogas tai 2 huyen Quan Ba vd Vi Xuyen.
Tdng sd ed 88 hoe vien tham du, cde hpe vien dupc tham quan md hinh, hpe ly thuyet, xem phuang phap xdy dung vd nghe hudng dan van hanh, su dung an toan he thdng.
Ddng thdi du dn da ket hpp vPi Trung tdm khuyen ndng tinh vd Tram khuyen ndng cdc huyen, td ehde, dao tao dpi ngu tha ky thudt xay dung tdng sd 32 ngudi. Bao gdm; Huyen Quan Ba 2 doi tho xdy dung tdng sd 12 ngudi, huyen Vj Xuyen 3 dpi tha xdy dung tdng sd 14 ngudi; Huyen Hodng Su Phi va Meo
VIEN C H A N N U O I - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So d d c biet-Thdng 2-2008
Vac mdi huyen 1 dpi 3 ngudi. Dpi ngu ndy dang xdy dung eae md hinh phat trien md rpng cdng nghe Biogas tren dja bdn.
KET LUAN VA DE NGHI
Ket ldin
Trong dieu kien khd han vdo mua Ddng Xudn vd khi hau khae nghiet, edng nghe biogas hodn todn cd the hoat dpng dn djnh, ndng suat gas vdn dat dupe 0,30-0,35 m3/m3 djeh phdn huy/ngdy dem.
S(!r dtjng edng nghe Biogas da tiet kiem dupc td 100-300 ngdn VND tien chat ddt tuy theo quy md ehan nudi vd kieh thude be phdn huy (6-20m3) trong ndng hp.
Quy trinh sd dung khi (gas) dan gian, thuan tien cho vide nd'u an, nd'u cam lpn, thap sang d nhung nai ngudn dien edn thieu, tiet kiem dang ke tien mua chat ddt vd giam thieu o nhidm mdi trudng.
Du dn md rpng Biogas Id ea hpi ra't tdt cho ddng bdo cde ddn tpe Hd Giang de tiep thu cdc tien bp ky thuat mPi gdp phan xod ddi giam ngheo, vuan len ldm gidu ehinh ddng ngay tai manh dd't que huang.
Denghl
Du dn se dupe thue hien tep tue td 12/2007-12/2008 tren ede huyen khde cua Hd Giang.
