NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOi
V CHE TRONG VAN HOA CUA NGUOI CO TU:
"Pham vat uy tin" va vai tro cua no trong mang luqi trao doi hang hoa
mien xuoi - mien ngugc a vung Quang Nam
I R A N K Y PHUCfNG
Che trong van hoa cua nguoi C a Tu Trong mgt chuyfin khao sat nhan hoc ve trao doi hang hoa giira mien xuoi va mifin nguuc atinh Quang Nam, chung tot da lfin huyen Dong Giang vao thang 6 nam 2014; khi dfin ca quan huy^n iiy, an tuang dau tifin ciia toi la hinh tut/ng ciia ba cat chfi to Ion mau vang dat tua vao nhau dugfc phuc chfi bang xi-mang di;ng ngay tai san truoc cua ca quan nay'".
Trong bira cam chifiu vai ong Nguyen BSng, Bl thu Huyen liy huyen Dong Giang, nguoi Ca Tu, toi CO ggi chuyfin va hoi ong vfi y nghla ciia viec di^ng ba cai che tai san ciia ca quan huyfin iiy, thi ong cho bifit, chinh ong da co y tuang dytig ba cai che nay, vi theo ong: "Cai che tuyrng trung cho su giau co, sir doan kfit, su giao tiep: dOi ngoai - dOi noi, va nghi lfi trong van hoa truyfin thong cua ngiroi Ca Tu.
Ba cai che tirgng trung cho ba huyfin mien niii cua tinh Quang Nam la Dong Giang, Tay Giang va Nam Giang noi co da so nguoi Co Tu sinh song". Cho nen khi chpn hinh tugng ba cai che dfi dung tai ca quan huyen uy, ong Bang ham y ring nguoi Ca Tu d ba huyfin mien nui nay se doan kfit dfi xay dung va phat trien kinh te cung nhu bao t6n van hoa truyfin thong cua minh. Difiu do cho chiing la bifit ring cai che van con mgt siic song manh me trong sinh hoat va gan bd mat thiet voi tinh cam ciia nguai Ca Tu cho dfin hien nay.
Vific chgn ba cai chfi dfi bieu tuang cho van hoa Ca Tu cua ong B5ng phan anh mot truyen thong van hoa lau dai ciia dong bao Ca Tu, vi, che (jd/chd) cun^ voi cac san vat k|iac nhu chieng (ching), noi dong (goq bung), ma nao
(h'choong), vai det tho cam (azudng), con trau (t'ri)... la mgt tai san quy tao nen uy tin cua dong ho hoac ca nhan trong xa hgi Co Tu;
trong do che/che quy dirgfc xem la tai san co gia tri lan nhat
Hifin nay, vao ngoi nha d theo kieu truydn thong cua mgt gia dinh nguoi Ca Tu, chiing ta thudng thiy nhung hang che dii cac loai khac nhau, tu kifiu dang cho dfin mau s5c va hoa van, dugc bay ngang tren mgt cai ke cao dong vao vach sau cua nha san; con trong cac nha dung theo kifiu cua ngudi Kinh, thi che ho^c dugc bay thanh hang ngang theo vach nha ho§c dugc dat trfin tii ngang kfi sat vach sau ciia gian chinh.
Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Co Tu, che do la de "lam ciia" (car-van-chur-ngp/zon karvan/
dd ti), kJiSng dinh su giau sang va dia vi trong xa hgi. Nha giau thi co den vai chuc cai; nha ngheo chi it cung s5m dugc mgt vai cai. Cai che tham gia vao hau hfit cac sinh hoat chu yeu trong xa hgi cua ngudi Ca Tu, tiJ so sinh cho dfin hon nhan rdi tang tfi (Luu Hiing 2006:
195). Vi v3y, che thudng duwc ca nggi trong cac bai hat cua ngudi Ca Tu:
"Anh CO hai muai con trau va mui giao cua anh da gifii tram ngudi,
Nha anh rgng Idn va dly nhiing che, Anh la thgr san gioi nhdt xu, Va cac ray cua anh la nhimg ray dep nh3t, Ga trong se thoa thuan cho chung ta, ; Va anh se dua em vao trong rung, I Bat cjj ai mudn ngan can anh,
Se bl mui giao cua anh danh hai mirai lan."
( U P i c h o n 1938: 383)
AP CHI VHDG S 6 3/2015
Ngudi Ca Tu quan ni?m cai che (jd/chd) ihu mgt vat thieng (fd ring), vi vSy, hg co nhieu ighi thurc de cung che (bhudil jd). Khi mua luac mgt cai che mdi, hg td chiic mgt lfi nho Ifi ciing mijng che (bhudil kdl jd), v^t cung
;hi la mgt con ga va mgt chai mgu dfi thet dai )a con quanh xdm; nfiu mua dugc mgt cai che iuy thi vat cung co the' la mgt con heo va vai :he rugn de mdi ca lang; va khi ban mot cai
;he, ngudi Ca Tu ciing lam le cung tien che bhudil tr'xdljd).
Theo nha dan tgc hgc ngudi Thuy Difin, ICaj Arhem, trong van hoa Ca Tu, cai che (jd) a vat chua cai sdng trong khi cai hdm (p'rang) a vat chira cai chfit; ca hai hifin vat dfiu dugc
;at giir trong cung mgt ngoi nha (doong). Khi len tuoi gia, ngudi Ca Tu thudng dugrc ngudi han chuan bi mgt cai hom gd cho rifing minh /a no dugc c5t giir d dudi nha san. Arhem da u^n giai ring, cai che tugng trung cho su giau
;d ciia ddng hg (druap) cho nfin chung duac
;St giij/tnmg bay thanh nhimg hang dai tren nOt cai ke dong d lung chirng vach sau ddi lien vdi cua vao (parah), la nai trang trgng ihSt ciia mgt ngdi nha; cdn cai hdm tugng tnmg
;ho cai chfit cho nfin nd dugfc dat trfin mat dat /e phia sau vach nha san, d dudi va each xa lang che (Arhem 2010: 227 -236). Cai che ugng trung cho su sdng nfin dugc giu "trong iha" cdn cai hdm tugng trung cho su chfit nfin Igt d "ngoai nha"; each sSp dat nay phan anh ihan thiic theo vu try luan nhi nguyen: ludng igp - ludng phan, phan dinh sy vat theo xu ludng cap-ddi-hd-trg: cdi trfin/trong <=> cdi iudi/ngoai, mot nhan thirc phd bien trong van ida ciia cac cu dan mien Thugng va ciia ca mng Ddng Nam A'^'. Vi vay, trong van hda 2a Tu, cai che mang nhifiu bieu tirgng, no la
;gi day lien ket gida td tien vdi ngudi .sdng :ho tdi ngudi chet.
Trong hdn nhan, che la mdt vat d5n cudi juan trgng cua ngudi Ca Tu, nd la tai san phai
;d khi lam le dinh hdn va lfi cudi. Khi mdt gia
!inh mudn "bat vg" cho con trai thi phai cd it ihieu che dfi lam sinh ll; nha trai cang giau thi )hai tra cang nhieu che theo tuc lfi thach cudi.
doi sinh le (panooih) ciia nha gai (Phan Thi Xuan Bdn 2002: 57).
Trong mdt nghien cuu, nha dan tgc hgc Luu HOng da neu len mgt trudng hgp rat thu vj vfi su luu chuyfin cua mgt cai che trong vdng hai muai nam qua cac cugc hdn nhan; dd la trudng hgp ciia gia dinh dng Alang Pefic, d lang Pr'ning, xaLang, huyen Tay Giang, tinh Quang Nam, hien dang sd hihi mdt cai chfi ma lich sir cua nd dugc difin ra nhu sau:
- Ong Briu Trung d lang Ard, xa Lang, chi nhd rang cai chfi nay dugc mua vfi tiJ bfin Lao.
Ong da thua ke nd tir nhieu the he trudc. Vao khoang giiia the ki XX, nd trj gia mgt con trau.
-Khoang nam 1957 -1958 dng Trung cudi em gai cua Pfiec va cai che dugc dijng lam vat sinh le. Tu do, no thugc ve gia dinh dng Pfiec.
-Nam 1978 con trai cua Pfific cudi con gai cua Clau Nam dciang lang, va cai chfi dugc chuyfin tir gia ^nh dng Pefic qua gia dinh dng Nam.
- Nam 1979 em trai ciia Nam cudi con gai ciia Coor Nhir d ciJng lang, va cai chfi da di tir nha dng Nam sang nha dng Nhir.
-Nam 1980 khi ong Nhir cudi em gai cua Briu Pdh, va cai chfi chuyfin tir nha dng Nhir sang nha dng Poh.
- Narh 1981 khi dng Poh cudi chi gai cua Alang Pfiec, cai che lai quay trd vfi nha dng Pefic sau hai muai nam luu chuyfin qua ba gia dinh khac nhau (Luu Hung 2008).
Trong tnidng hgp nay cai che ay la mdt bau vat (k'rlooc) vi n6 da dem su may man trd vfi vdi gia tgc cua dng Alang Pfiec sau khi (fi di qua nhifiu gia dinh khac nhau (Luu Hung 2007: 160)'^'.
Trong tang ll, che dugc chdn theo ngudi chfit theo tuc "chia ciia cho ngudi chet" (xi noor) cila ngudi Ca Tu; trong trudng hgp nay, cai che phai bi due thung d day, ggi la "giet cai che" (pacet jd) dfi chdn quanh nha md (ping).
Che cd lien quan mat thifit dfin phong tuc udng rugu. Cung nhu cac dan tdc khac d mien Thugng,' ngudi Ca Tu udng rugu khdng chi dfi giai tri, ma la de tao mdi lien ket, thao tuan, ban bac cac van de cd lien quan den cgng ddng
NGHIEN CtJU - TRAO Q6\
hoac eiia ca nhan; rugu ket ndi giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi trong cac sinh hoat xa hgi va giiJa con ngudi vdi thin linh trong cac nghi le.
Rugu ed mat trong tat ca cac sinh hoat ehinh trong xa hgi Co Tu nhu le hdi, eiing te, kfit nghTa, cudi hdi, giao tiep, tang Ifi... Vi the, cd thfi ndi rang nfiu khdng cd cai che thi nghi thiic udng rugu ciia ngudi Ca Tu (um buah) va cua eac sac tgc mifin Thugng, chac ehan khdng thfi' hoan ml.
Ddi vdi ddng bao mifin Thugng, che la mdt tac pham nghe thuat, nfin viec lua chgn che de suu tap doi hoi mgt sy thudng lam nghfi thuat cao; phai la nhiing ngudi sanh dieu thi mdi cd thfi phan biet dugc che cd va che mdi hoae thudng lam duge ve dep ciia cac loai che.
Ngudi Ca Tu phan chia che thanh nhifiu loai nhu, ehe cd' (jd ti), ehe mdi (jd ngudp), che mau vang nau (jd jaroong), che mau vang nau nhd (jd tr'loi), che mau nau co diem hat cudm (jdajrai), che cd hinh rdng (jdk'roong)... trong do, loai "jd a'jrai" la quy hon. Vdi ngudi Co Tu, cae loai che that nang, xuong gom day, Cling, cd men mau nau sam, hoac mau den hay mau vang nau, ma hg tin ring cd chat "sat"
la quy nhat; va cac loai che quy deu phai ed kich thudc cao to. Condominas da tiing so sanh sy tich luy chfi quy cua eac dan tgc mien Thugng la mgt hanh ddng van hda tuong tu vdi cac nha suu tap nghe thuat d phuang Tay (Condominas 1972: 338),
Trong nghe thuat dieu khac, budc vao nhimg ngdi nha lang hay "guol" cua ngudi Co Tu, chiing ta thudng thay hinh tugng ciia cai che dugc trang tri trang trgng trfin cot cai (j'rang mdng) cua "gual"; che cung dugc ua thich cham khae trfin dau cot dam trau (xanur); va nd cung duge trang tri phd bifin trfin nha mo (ping).
Khi tham du mdt le dam trau de mirng liia moi (caharo lame) duge td chiic tai trung tam huyfin Tay Giang hdi thang 3 nam 2014, chung tdi thay thanh nien Ca Tu hanh difin vac trfin vai nhung cai che Idn mau xanh trang, ciing nhay mua theo tieng chifing trdng trong khi nhiing ngudi khac cam guum giao hd hfit, reo vui...
Gia lang A Tiing Vfi, d lang Giing, thi tran Prao,
huyfin Ddng Giang, cho bifit, gia dinh ong c6 mdt cai che quy do dng ba de lai, trong thoi chien tranh. khoang nhimg nam 1960, bg d(}i dia phuong da mutrn cai chfi cua gia dinh ong de dyng muoi. Cai che dugc giau trong hang nui dfi tranh bom dan; sau chifin tranh, cho dfin dau nhung nam 1980, dng Ve va anh ong da lfin niii tim lai cai che mang ve cho gia dinh.
Hifin gia dinh ong gin giu cai chfi nay nhir vat gia bao, vi no da dutrc truyfin qua nhieu doi.
Khi dem ciii che tir hang niii ve lai gia dinh.
dng da lam mdt le ciing che de cam ta than
\iT\\\(ablufoi} da gin giCrchoeai che cdn nguyen ven. Chung tdi da duac dng cho xem cai che quy, dd la mdt cai che cu bang sanh, mau nau, cd kich thudc Idn. xuong gom day va nang'*".
Theo gia lang A Tiing Ve, che quy (jd li) khong nhat thiet phai la che co men dai co xua, ma phai la cai che dmrc noi tieng trong cgng dong la chfi tliieng {jd ring); dac bifit, nhimg cai che da dugc liru truyen qua nhieu ddi; chu nen gia dinh dng rat ty hao vi da giu dmrc cai che quy nay ma tlieo iing la vo gia. Nhin rgng ra, trong cgng dong cu dan mien Thmrng, gia tn cua mdi cai che duiVng nhu khdng cd mgt dinh gia tieu bieu nao, ma tiiy theo su thuong luiyng giiia chu sd hiiu va ngudi muon dugc chuyen nhugng, Condominas da tung chung kien viec dinh gia mgt cai che co d ngudi Ma Nong Gar, dng viet: "Do la mgt cai che cd rat dep thay u Dak Bok, tren niii, va ngucri chii da ty hao dinh gia nd bang mgt con voi ed doi nga dai nhu canh tay. Cai che cdn duc/c coi ia mgt heeng rmeh ("h6n"-rdng)" (Condominas 1997: 384;
1972: 202-19)
^ Trong sinh hoat hang ngay. che dutrc dung dfi u rugu hoac dung rmm va cat chira cac vat quy nhu ma nao (h'choon), hat cudm (arak), va vai det tho cam (azudng); cac vat quy nay dugc cat gid trong che de' tranh bi con trung, chudt hoac cac loai thu khac c5n pha.
Dfi CO duoc che dep, ngudi Co Tu phai xudng cac chg viing xudi dfi' trao ddi vdi nhimg ban hang than thiet/kei nghTa (pr'di noh) nguui Kinh. Trudc kia, d vung Quang Nam, ngmri CaTu thmmg giii hiing xudng cac chg km nhir
TAP CHI VHDG SO 3/2015
Ha Tan, Ai NghTa, Tuy Loan.,, dfi ddi cac loai ehe, chieng; ngugc lai, cac ban hang/"cac lai"
ngudi Kinh cung thudng dem eac mat hang cao cap nay lfin tan cac lang xa dfi ban/ddi cho ngudi Ca Tu,
Thong thudng, che quy dugc gidi thifiu bdi cac "mdi lai" dugc coi la nhiing ngudi trung gian (ador ludt dai) dfi tiep thi mat hang cao cap nay tur ngudi Kinh tdi ngudi Ca Tu hoac giua ngudi Ca Tu vdi nhau mgt khi cd nhu cau trao doi. Khi chgn duge nhiing eai che "ung bung", ngudi Ca Tu se ban each mua hoac ddi chfi bing san ph5m riing ngang gia hoac tra bang tien mat (trude kia dan vi chinh dfi trao ddi dugc tinh bang con trau); nhieu khi hg mua chiu va tra din thanh nhifiu dgt.
Gan day, chung tdi thay thuang lai ngudi Kinh di xe may lfin dfin lang Pr'ning, xa Lang, huyen Tay Giang dfi' ddi dd gdm su gdm che, chen, dia cho ngudi Ca Tu; mat hang trao ddi gdm cac loai lam san nhu mat ong, hat uoi, nam quy, mang... Ngay nay dudng xa di lai dfi dang nfin su trao ddi hang hda giiia mien xudi va mien ngugc nhanh chdng va thuan tifin han trudc rat nhieu; nhd vay, ngudi Ca Tu tifip tuc gid dugc sd thich eao quy cua minh dfi suu tap them nhifiu che trong tam thfi bao ton van hda truyen thdng tgc ngudi.
Cling vdi cai chifing (ching), ehe la mdt trong nhirng tai san quy bau nhat theo quan nifim cua ngudi Ca Tu ciing nhu cua ddng bao mien Thugng. Nfiu ehiing ta co mdt khdng gian van hda cdng chifing da dugc UNESCO cdng nh^n la Di san Van hda phi vat thfi dai difin eiia nhan loai thi theo nhifiu nha nghifin ciiu, cai che cung la mot di san van hda phi vat thfi ciia cac dan tgc mien Thugng (Luu Hiing 2008), nd eIn dugc nghien ciiu sau hon va eln duge bao tdn theo dung gia tri tinh than va vat chat cua chinh nd.
Che trong mang lum trao doi hang hoa mifin xudi - mien nguvc
Tinh Quang Nam cd hai ddng sdng chinh ndi lifin mifin mii va ddng bang, dd la sdng Thu Bdn va sdng Vu Gia. Hai ddng sdng nay
va nhung phu luu cua nd da tao nfin mdt he thdng giao thong vd ciing thuan Igi giiia mien xudi va mifin ngugc trong toan tinb. Dua theo hai ddng sdng nay, mdt he thdng chg da dugc tao dung tii nhifiu thfi ki trudc va van tdn tai cho dfin ngay nay ma su sach va cu dan dja phuong ggi la "ngudn Thu Bdn" va "ngudn Vu Gia"'^. Cac ngdi chg mifin trung du nay ehinh la nhihig trung tam trao dd'i hang hda true tifip giiia mifin xudi va mien ngugc. He thdng chg nay thu thap nhimg san phSm mifin ngugc va cung cap nhirng san pham mien xudi cho cac thuong lai/cac lai (k'lai), la nhung ngudi true tiep dieu hanh mang ludi giao thuong giira ngudi Ca Tu va ngudi Kinh ma trude kia la vdi thuang nhan Cham (Le Pichon 1938: 364).
Cho dfin nhiing nam cudi ciia the ki tmde, ngudi mien Tnmg van ggi nghfi budn nay la "budn Thugng". Cd hai trung tam trao doi ehinh d mifin ngugc tga lac tai thugng ngudn cua sdng Vu Gia, dd la Ben Gilng (huyfin Nam Giang ngay nay) va Bfin Hifin/ Pic Aruang (huyen Ddng Giang ngay nay).
Hien nay, ngudi Ca Tu sinh sdng tap trung tai ba huyen mien niii d phia tay tinh Quang Nam, dd la Ddng Giang, Tay Giang va Nam Giang, khoang 50000 ngudi (Luu Hung 2007:
18); va mdt phan d phia ddng tinh Sekong, Lao, khoang 25000 ngudi (Saluvan & cdng su 1996: iii). Xua kia, dua trfin vi tri dia li tga lac cua tung lang (viel), dgc theo nhimg con sudi Idn d thugng ngudn, ngudi Ca Tu tu phan bifit hg thanh hai viing, dd la Ca Tu viing thap (Phuang Ep) va Ca Tu vimg cao (ZaI)"". Ngudi Co Tu d viing thap han, dat bifit nhirng lang tifip giap vdi ddng bang, thudng giao thuong true tiep vdi thuong lai ngudi Kinh; va chinh nhiing lang Ca Tu d vung thap hon tfi giu vai trd trung chuyen hang hda dfin nhimg lang Ca Tu d vQng cao hon. Trong lich su, he thdng trao ddi dua theo dia hinh tir thap len cao nay, da tao nfin mdt mang ludi giao thuong nang ddng va thudng xuyfin giiia mifin xudi va mien ngugc, lir vOng dong bang cua linh Quang Nam lfin den tan mifin Nam Lao.
Nhiing lang Ca Tu tga lac d cac vOng thap
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO G
hem, nhit la gin Bfin Hifin va Bfin Giang cd dugc nhifiu Igi the han trong viee trao ddi hang hda vdi thuong lai ngudi Kinh d mien xudi.
Nhifiu khi, da xay ra nhiing mau thuan ve quyfin Igi hang hda giiia ngudi Ca Tu vung thip va vung eao, ehii yfiu la vi gia ca trao ddi hang hda khdng song phang. Day thudng la nguyen nhan chinh dan dfin nhirng thii dich giiia cae nhdm Ca Tu trong viing; va de tra thli lan nhau, hg da Igi dung tuc "san mau", mgt nghi thirc diing mau ngudi dfi cau miia Irong van hoa cd truyfin ciia ngudi Ca Tu'''.
Trong nhifiu trudng hgp, ngudi Co Tu vung cao/cao hon neu cd thu oan vdi ngudi Co Tu vung thap/thap ban thi hg se nhan dip "san mau" ma tim gifit ngudi Co Tu ciia nhiing lang sinh sdng dcac viing thap nay (Luu Hiing 2007:
194). Vific tra thii nay ciing nham vao cac thuong lai ngudi Kmh, theo loi ke' ciia cu Quach Xan, mgt can bg each m^ng lao thanh tung song vdi ddng bao Ca Tu qua sudt hai cudc khang chien chdng Phap va chong MT, tu nam 1946 -1975, c6 mdt vu giet thuong lai dfi' tra thu dugc luu iruyen trong cac lang Ca Tu d vung thap va vung trung nga Ben Hifin, vu nay xay ra khoang nhirng nam dau 1920, khi cac lang Ca Tu d vung thap eu "chifin sT giac miia" xudng Ha Nha dfi' dm gifit mgt thuang lai Idn tfin la "mu Tam" de tra tliii cac vu bi bat ep gia ea trong vific trao ddi hang hoa (Quach Xan 2001: 7 9 - 8 0 ) .
Ong Ka Phu Thuang, 82 tudi, mgt can bg ngudi Ca Tu da ve huu hifin sdng tai thdn Ba Ddn, xa Ca Dy, huyfin Nam Giang (each Bfin GiSng khoang 0! km ve phia nam), cho bill rang, trudc kia vao khoang diu nhirng nam 1950, ngudi Ca Tu d vung cao ban thudng xudng trao ddi hang hda vdi ngudi Co Tu d vung thap ban, chii ngudi Ca Tu d viing thip hon rat hifim khi di ngugc lfin viing cao hon de ddi hang. Cdn thuang lai ngudi Kinh Ihi khdng dam di sau vao cac lang Co Tu vi sg tyc "san mau", Cho nfin Bfin Gilng va Ben Hifin la hai noi trao ddi hang hda chu yeu giiia ngudi Ca Tu va ngudi Kinh d trong viing'*'. Vfi gia ca trao ddi, dng Ka Phu Thuang ndi ring, vao
khoang dau nhihig nam 1950, tai Bfin Giang, mgt cai che mdi (jd tamee) cd the ddi bing 20 giii Irlu (zong apah), hoae bing 20 lit mat ong (dac k'za/dac k'rot); edn mgt cai ehe xua {ja&) thi phai ddi dfin hai con tr3u'".
Cach Bfin Giang khoang 30 km trfin song Cai, mgt diu ngudn cua sdng Vu Gia, co mgi dia danh ggi la Bai Triu nay thugc thon Hiw Huu Tay, xa Dai Dong, huy^n D^i Lge, dfii difin vdi lang Hdi Khaeh ben kia sdng. Day la mdt bai cat Idn ven song, trude kia la nai trao ddi trau va cac loai lam san khac giira ngudi Ca Tu va ngudi Kinh. Ngay nay, d day vln cdn mdt lang nhd ggi la V^n HOu Vinh'"", lang nay trude day da tham gia lich cue vao vi?c trao ddi hang hda trfin sdng nudc trong viing.
Ong Tran Lang, sinh nam 1930, mgt can bO vfi huu, hien sdng tai day cho biet, trudc nam 1945, gia dinh dng vdn sinh song bang nghS ghe, chuyfin chd hang hda trfin sdng Vu Gia cho dfin Hgi An, ggi la "ghe trudng", mgtlo^i ghe budm nhd, khoang 08.80m x 03m, ch^y tren sdng. Ong Ling cho bifit trao ddi hang hda d Bai TrIu chii yeu la nhung m^t hang thong dung, nhu mam mudi, chifiu, vai... dS ddi lay trau (ggi la trIu ngudn), mSt ong, vfi cay chay (dfi' an Irlu)...; edn che, chieng, n|.
ddng, mam ddng thi ngudi Ca Tu thudng phai xudng cac chg vOng trung du nhu Ha TSn, Ha Nha, Ai NghTa dfi mua ho^c ddi. Cung nen luu y ring, trudc kia, trIu la mgit hang cd thj truong Idn, no la mgt nhu yeu pham cua ngudi inien xudi; vi v^y trIu da dem I^i Igi nhuan rat cao trong vific trao ddi hang hoa giiia mifin xu6i va mifin ngugc, Ngudi Ca Tu co the' ddi t ^ de lay trau bd hoac eac mat hang cao d p khat nhu ehe, chifing, ndi ddng, mam ddng. Chinli dja danh Bai TrIu ciing da phan anh phin nao tam quan trgng cua mat hang nay trong giao djch thuang mai, Vific trao ddi hang hoa tg noi day xay ra quanh nam, tru nhung luc mua to va lu lut vao cac thang 10 va I Iduong ljch.
Mua trao ddi nhgn nhjp nhit trong nam la IB cudi thang 12 dfin thang ba duong lieh. Day cung la thdi gian sau nhimg vu mua cho n^
ngudi Co Tu thudng id ehuc di l^i, tham vieng
TAP CHi VHDG s6 3/2015
/a trao ddi hang hoa. Ngudi Ca Tu d vung hip thudng gui hang di bg xudng Bfin Gilng, di lu Bfin Gilng di tiep xudng Bai TrIu dfi' ldi hang, tu Bfin Gilng xuong Bai Trau mil dioang mgt ngay. Ong Ka Phu Thuang ndi ang, "... vao mua mua hang bda thudng dat 3d han mua n3ng, vi, thuang lai ngudi Kinh :huyen hang len mien ngugc khd khan ban;
;dn ngudi Ca Tu thi ciing it di rung vi nguy liem han..."'"'.
Sau chifin tranh, tii nam 1975, vific trao ddi iiang hda giiia mifin xudi va mien ngugc da lugc ndi kfit lai sinh dgng ban. Gia lang A rOng Ve eho biet, vao nhirng nam 1980, ong thudng di ddi hang d chg Ha Tan, huyfin Dai Lgc, thudng di thanh nhdm vai ba ngudi, di men theo sudi, doan nao gap sdng, cd ghe, Ihi
>(in di theo ghe; lu lang Gung cua dng d ihi tran Prao di theo sdng Kdn xudng den chg Ha Tan chi mat hai hoac ba ngay. Cdn vg chdng anh Abing Lim, sinh nam 1946, va chj Hdih Ih} Aru, d lang Pr'ning, xa Lang, huyen Tay Giang (trudc nam 2003 la huyfin Hien, tifip
^iap vOng bifin gidi Viet - Lao) thi cho biet, vao khoang nhirng nam dau 1980, hg thudng
;ung ba eon trong lang, ^ui lam thd san xudng :hg Ha Tan, ca di lan ve mil hfit hai tuin Ifi, le ddi che, chieng, mlm mudi va cac vat dung
;ln thifit; vao thdi ki dd ehua co dudng Idn nfin phai di ven sudi qua nhifiu lang Ca Tu Ichac nhau de' xudng tdi ddng bang (klung).
Vi?c trao ddi hang;,hda giiia ngudi Ca Tu d vOng Ihip (Phuang Ep) va Ca Tu vung cao 'Zal), Iheo chi Am, trudc day, khoang nhung nam 1980, ngudi CaTu bfin Lao thudng xudng Joi hang d lang Pr'ning chu ngudi Ca Tu d viing thap it khi di ngugc lfin vung cao de ddi lang. Hang boa bfin Lao mang xudng de ddi :hu yfiu la vai del thd cam (azudng), vi ngudi Zo Tu ben Lao (Zal) rit gidi nghe del. Vi
"azudng" cung dugc xem la lai san cho nen ig cd the ddi nd dfi lay che, chieng va eac san 3 h ^ cao elp khac ma ngudi Co T u d vung hap hon mua vfi tii mifin xudi"^'.
Vi che la mat hang eao d p , cho nen mudn rao ddi che, thdng thudng phai qua ngudi
trung gian. Hg la nhung ngudi cd the giao tifip bing tieng Ca Tu hoac tieng Kinh. Ngudi Ca Tu ggi ngudi trung gian la "ador ludl dai" nghTa la ngudi di ban hang. Ngudi trung gian ed thfi la ngudi Kinh hoac la ngudi Ca Tu. Khi bifit tin cd ngudi can mua che thi hg se tryc tifip hudng din ngudi eln mua den gap ngudi can ban dfi xem che, sau do hai ngudi thao luan vi?c trao ddi vdi nhau; ngudi trung gian hay
"dat mdi" se dugc hudng hoa hdng (daang zeenh) cua ca hai bfin, eiia ngudi ban chfi lln cua ngudi mua che. Ngudi Ca Tu d viing cao thudng phai xudng cac lang Ca Tu d vung thap hon dfi tim mua ehe; con ngudi Ca Tu d viing thap, nhat la nhirng lang tifip giap vdi ddng bang thi hg xudng tryc tifip cac chg Idn d viing trung du nhu Ha Tan, Ha Nha, Al NghTa, Tuy Loan, de mua ehe. Mqi gia (£nh Ca Tu dfiu ed nhu cau suu tap nhifiu che, cho nfin, hg cd nhiing mdi budn ban than quen rifing dugc xem nhu ban be/anh em (di nor/pr'di nor) de thudng xuyen trao ddi san vat nay, Vao khoang giiia nhimg nam 1950, cd mgt vai thuang lai Idn, ndi tifing Irong vung, vi giir dugc mdi quan he mat thiet vdi ngudi Ca Tu, hg dugc ngirdi Ca Tu tdn xung mdt each kinh trgng la "cha" hay "bac", nhu, cha Lac, cha Bdn d chg Ai NghTa; cha Suong, cha Lau, cha Trudng d chg Ha Tan va Ha Nha; bac De d chg Tuy Loan, nhiing thuang lai nay van cdn dugc nhac den mgt each kinh phuc bdi nhiing gia lang Ca Tu ngay nay"^'.
Trong lich sii, he thdng trao ddi hang hoa d xir Quang cB duge hinh thanh va phat trien lifin tuc tir thdi lien su khoang thfi ki III trudc CN;
sau dd nd duge cung cd bdi cac vuang trieu Champa, trong sudt nhifiu thfi ki, tir thfi kl II dfin thfi kl XV; cho dfin sau nay, vao cac the ki XVI - XVIII, la thdi hoang kim cua cang^hi Hgi An dudi thdi cac Chiia Nguyen (Tran Ky Phuang 2010: 206 - 215). Theo cac nha dan tgc hgc, trao ddi la mdt nfin tang kinh tfi ciia xa hgi cac dan tgc thifiu sd d vung Ddng Nam A nhu Godelier liing nhan dinh, "trao ddi khdng phai tao nfin mdt boat dgng bfin Ifi, mgt phii thugc thir yeu khdng thudng xuyen vao vific dinh hinh mgt xa hgi... nhung chinh la mgt nhan
NGHIEN C t h j - T R A O 0^
to chien lugc cua cau triic xa hgi. Trong mdt chiing myc nao do, ehung ta cd thfi ndi rang xa hgi nay khdng the ton tai dugc neu khdng cd trao ddi." (Condominas 1972: 216, chu thich 6)
He thdng trao ddi hang hoa giira mifin xudi va mien ngugc da lao nen mdt nen kinh tfi thinh vugng cho mifin Trung sudt nhifiu thfi ki kinh qua nhimg vuang trieu khac nhau dugc thiet lap d vung duyen hai, tir [cac] vuong qudc Champa cho ldi xir Dang Trong cua cac chua Nguyfin. Chung ta bifit ring, ddi vdi ngudi Ca Tu, cai che la mgt "pham vat uy tin/prestige goods", vi vay, chinh nd da tao nen mgt thi tnrdng Idn va thudng xuyfin; va la mat hang cd gia tri cao, eho nen che da mang lai Igi nhuan Idn eho thi trudng trao ddi nay eua eu dan ban dja. Vao thl ki XVII -XVIII, gdm siiduue de cap trong sii lieu la mgt trong nhiing mat hang chinh yeu duge nh^p khau tu vOng Hoa Nam vao thi trudng xu Quang qua phd - cang Hdi An"**. Nhd vay, chinh cu dan mien Trung, ca mifin ngugc lan mifin xuoi, da dieu hanh mgt m^ng ludi kinh doanh rgng khap de giu mgt vai trd quan trgng trong viec tham gia vao con dudng hai thuong qude tfi tren bien Ddng, nhu eac nha lich sir da nh^n dinh, "... That ra, eu dan vung bifin [mien ngugc] da ludn luon lifin kfit mdt each ben vimg mang tinh kinh tfi den mifin xudi va den thuong trudng the gidi. Trong vai trudng hgp, hg da xuat hien dfi eung d p hau nhung mat hang gia tri cho nfin thuang mai qudc tfi." (Scott 2009: 4)
Ve m^ng ludi trao ddi hang hoa thdi vumig qudc Champa/Chiem Thanh
Nhifiu di chi khao cd hgc thdi tien su thugc van hda Sa Huynh (300 tr CN -100 CN) da dugc phat hien va khai quat dgc theo ddi bd tu h^ luu cho dfin thugng ngudn ciia hai ddng sdng Thu Bdn va Vu Gia trong nhung nam qua (Yamagata 2006: 168 - 184). Nhiing di vat tim thay trong eae cugc khai quat nay bao gdm nhieu tifiu ban nhu guong ddng, vat dung bing ddng, dfin ddng tu thdi Han Trung Hoa bfin c^nh ma nao, da quy, vang cua An Do, phat lg ring ngay tu thdi tifin sir da co mot h?
thdng trao ddi giiia mien xudi va mifin nguoc dya vao hai ddng sdng nay (Trin Ky Phutmg 2010: 206-215).
Vao cudi thfi ki IV, minh van Champa (^
de cap dfin sdng Thu Bdn la mdt ddng song thifing - Mahanadi bfin canh nggn niii thifing - Mahaparvata, nai thanh dja hoang gia Srisana- Bhadresvara (My Son) ciia cac vuong triSu Champa dugc tao dung (Majumdar 1985: 68).
Cac nha nghifin cuu lich su Ddng Nam A dfiu thua nhan ring cac cang - thj Champa la noi t§p trung cac ngudn hang xuat - nhgp khau trfin "con dudng ta lua trfin bien". Nhimg cang - thi quan trgng nhu Dai Chifim Hai Khau/Hgi An d vOng Amaravati (Quang Nam ngay nay), va Thj Ngi (Sri Boney) d vung Vijaya (Binh Dinh ngay nay), thudng dugc nhlc dfin trong eac six lieu Trung Hoa va A Rap trong suot nhifiu thfi ki (Wade 2009: 2424).
Dgc bi?t, gan day nhifiu con tau dim din;H;
phat hi?n tai duyfin hai mifin Trung Viet Nam da eung cap nhifiu thdng tin vfi mgu djch gOm su trfin bien Ddng, ma xua kia, cac nha du hanh va thuang nhan A Rap vao eac the ki VIII - XII ggi la "Bifin Champa""^'. Nhung con tau dim nay cd nien dai tii thfi ki IX den XVI, sd hi^n vat dugc tim thiy trong dd la dd gdm sir, bao gdm gdm su Trung Hoa, Dgi Vi?t, Khaj Me. Champa va Thai Lan"*".
Vdi sd lugng Idn gdm sii tim thiy tai cac di ehi khao cd hgc va tai cac eon tau dim d mifin Trung Viet Nam, lanh thd xua eiia Champa;
trong so sanh vdi sue tifiu thy gdm sir ciia cac dan tgc sinh sdng d cac vOng thugng du, bao gdm Tay Nguyfin va ndi dja (hinterland) cua ca ban dao Ddng Duong, chung ta cd thfi' hinh dung mgt thi trudng to Idn vfi mat hang nay.
Chinh nhung cu dan mien thugng du la nhimg khach hang thudng xuyen nhit, hg da tgo nen mdt thj trudng ^dm sii sinh ddng, h^ din va ben vung cho he thdng mgu djch gdm sir hai thuong d vung Ddng Nam A xua kia (BOi Chi Hoang &
cgng sy2000: 53 -64; Aoyagi 1999: 97).
Trong lieh su, mdi quan h? mifin ngugc - mien xudi trong vung nay duge chung minh
i
AP CHI VHDG s o 3/2015
lang nhiing di tich tu thdi Champa, bao gdm fit tich den - thap ggeh va van khic, da tim hay dugc ngay trong vung dit cua ngudi Ca Tu hoac d vung thugng du tifip giap vdi ngudi Cinh, gdp phan minh hga cho su tdn tai ciia nang ludi trao ddi hang hda d Quang Nam
;ua kia.
De lim hieu them vfi mang Itrdi trao ddi ven dng thdi Champa, chiing ta cd thfi tham khao ngt sd di lich Cham dgc theo hai bd sdng Thu 3dn va Vu Gia. Chang ban, bfin ngudn Thu 3dn, cd minh van Thach Bich (hay la Bia Hdn Cem Da Dung), nay thugc thdn Thach Bich, ca Qufi Lam, huyfin Ndng San, ciia vua
^rakasadharma, thfi ki VII, dugc khac tren mgt /kch da. a thugng ngudn sdng Thu Bdn, Minh /An nay nhan manh den vung dat dugc chinh )huc bdi diie vua va cdng due eua ngai da lyng mgt ngdi dfin thd than Siva (Amesvara) gi day:
"Nha ehinh phye limg lay, vua Champa, bac ninh trifit vT dgi, phuang danh la Sri
^rakasadharman, ngai da dyng tugng
\marevara (Siva), ding vT dgi..." (Corpus of he Inscriptions of Campa).
Tai ben chg Phu Gia, thdn DOi Chifing, xa Jufi Phudc, huy?n Qufi Son, trfin sdng Thu Bdn, each minh van Thach Bich vfi phia ddng dioang 10 km, ngudi dan da phat hifin dugc ngt phO difiu bing sa thach, cao 88cm, thfi li^n hinh lugng than Visnu Narayana (Visnu
;di sdng). Hinh lugng than Visnu edi sdng cd sdn tay, hai tay tren, d ban tay phai cam mdt
;ai £ffa (cakra), a ban tay trai cam mdt con dc sarUdta); hai tay dudi diu an vd iiy/khdng su lai (abhayamudra). Dya Iren cac yfiu Id die trung /e phong each ngh? thuat hgc (art stylistic) cua y(tc cham nhu mu dgi hinh chop bang kim loai kiritamukura), cai khd dan gian, dd trang siic )lng nhiing vdng trdn thd thap, cac an thii (tu hfi ciia ban tay) vdi ban tay to, kT thuat difiu thic, chit lieu bing sa thgch mau tim, va, nhat a, hinh khdi cua biic cham tuang tu mdt phifin la lyr nhifin, vi vgy, biic cham nay cd kha nang huge vfi giai doan sdm cua nen difiu khac Champa cd nien dgi khoang Uifi ki VII-VIII"^.
Day la hinh tugng Visnu Narayana duy nhat xuat hifin trong dieu khac Cham, phan anh tin ngudng sdng nudc lifin quan den nhung sinh hoat Iren sdng Thu Bdn cua cu dan Champa (urang Campd) xua kia.
Bfin ngudn Vu Gia, vao nam 1985, mdt ngdi dfin nhd bing gach bfin canh nhung di ehi thugc van hda Sa Huynh, da dugc khai quit tgi thdn Pa Xua, xa Tabbing, huyen Giang (nay la huyfin Nam Giang), each Bfin Giang khoang 12 km vfi phia tay (Trinh Can 1991: 105-109).
Day la mdt kien buc (Kn -thap nhd bang gach thudc giai-doan sdm cua nghe thuat Cham trudc thfi ki X (Trin Ky Phuang 2010: 208, n.2).
Ngdi den gach nay la mgt ehung cu thuyfit phye vfi sy hifin difin eua van hda Champa dugc tao dung ngay trong lanh thd eua ngudi Ca Tu.
Cd thfi nhan djnh rang, noi day da tung la mgt chdn thj tu (urban area) bao gdm cac ca sd tdn giao va thuong mai. Do dd, cd kha nang, trong giai doan nay da tirng xult hifin mdt he thdng lifin lang (inter-villages) trong xa hdi eua ngudi Ca Tu d vOng nay, vi ngdi dfin nay la chiing cu quyen luc cua mgt thu ITnh dia phuang d mifin ngugc trong mdi lien kfit vdi [cac] vuong quoc Champa d mifin xudi trong luu vyc sdng Thu Bdn de difiu hanh mdt mang ludi trao ddi hang hda tren tuyen dudng huyfit mach kfit ndi giiia vung duyfin hai mifin Trung Vifit Nam vdi vOng thugng du keo dai den tan cao nguyfin Boloven ben Lao.
O lang Jama (Sama), huyen Tay Giang viing bien gidi Viet Nam - Lao ngay nay, da phat hifin duge ba tang da Idn cd van khac bang tifing Phgn (Sanskrit) hdn hgp vdi tifing Cham cd va ngdn ngir Mdn - Kha Me (Katuic), ngi dung ehinh eua eac minh van nay de cap dfin tuc lfi dam trau eua eu dan sd tai, c6 nifin dai khoang thfi ki VII. Mac dau ndi dung cua nhimg van khae nay chua dugc giai minh tudng tan, nhung chiing la nhirng chiing cu cho thay su hifin difin eua van hda Champa d vung niii sau nay (Wittayarat 2004/5: 14-7).
Ngoai ra, d cac khu chg Idn nhu Phii Thuan, Thu Bdn, Ai NghTa, Tuy Loan, (^u phat hifin dugc nhiing tac pham difiu khic Champa thudc
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO Q6\
nhifiu nifin dai khac nhau tu thfi ki VIII - XIII.
Dgc bifit, mdt diu tugng thin Siva bing vang (Siva kosa), cao 24 cm, nang 0, 58 kg, e6 nien dgi khoang thfi ki IX - X, dugc phat hifin nam 1997 d thdn Phu Long (gin chg Phu Thugn), xa Dai Thang, huyfin Dai Ldc, day la mdt tac pham tieu bifiu quy hifim eiia nghe thuat Cham, dugc bgc lfin nglu tugng linga thd trong nhiing ngdi dfin chinh cua hoang gia Champa; hi?n nay dugc bao quan tai Bao tang tinh Quang Nam (Hd Xuan Tjnh 2011: 279 -307; 1998: 10).
Nhiing di tich Champa d dgc theo hai ddng chinh cOa vOng nay la bang chung cua nhirng CO sd ton giao va kinh tfi dugc xay dung dgc theo eae ddng sdng de tgo lap mang ludi trao ddi hang hoa ven sdng giiia mifin xudi va mifin ngugc qua nhifiu thfi ki. Mgt trong nhirng m§t hang chinh yfiu ma ngudi Co Tu trao ddi vdi ngudi mifin xudi la trim huong/ki nam, tifing Ca Tu ggi la "galau""^* ddng am vdi tieng Ch3m "kahlow" (Moussay 1971: 162). Theo cae gia lang Ca Tu hi?n nay, mat hang cd gia tri eao nay co thfi ddi ngang gia vdi cac logi ehe quy.
Ngoai ra, trfin bai ddng sdng chinh la Thu Bdn va Vu Gia, cu dan sd tai deu thifit lap dfin thd ba Thu Bon (Bd Bd) va ba Phudng Chao (Phudng TrIu)"". Day la hai ngoi den hdi tifing Iinh thifing trong vOng co mdi quan he mat thiet vdi mang ludi budn ban ven song dya tren hai ddng sdng nay, hifin nay nhan dan trong vung vln td chiic Ifi hgi. hang nam dfi' td Idng tdn kinh hai vi nir thin dugc Iruyen tung nhieu ddi qua ca dao:
"Bd Bo (Thu Bdn) ndi vdi Phudng Chao (Phudng TrIu)
Bfin tui bfin chj ben nao thieng han."
Tam ket
Tir nhung chiing cu vat the va phi vat the tren, chung ta ed the suy luan ring, mgt bg ph$n ngudi Cham xua kia la nhirng thuong nhan chuyfin nghifip, chinh hg da thifit lap mdi quan h? budn ban vdi ngudi Ca Tu (Le Pichon 1938: 364). Mgt trong nhimg mat hang nhap khau chinh eua ngudi Cham la gdm sir, duge
minh chiing qua mgt sd Idn hign vgt gdm sii tim thiy trong eae eon tau dim tgi viing bien mifin Trung Vi?t Nam, bao gdm gdm su Dong Nam A, A Rgp va Trung Hoa, ben egnh nhiing Id gdm ndi tifing cua Champa d Vijaya vao thi ki XIV -XVI (Dinh Ba Hda 2008: 217-236;
Aoyagi 1999: 91 -97; Aoyagi 2005: 678 -688;
Diem 2011: 204 -237)'^', dfi' tieu thu tgi thi trudng cua cac nhdm tgc ngudi mifin niii d ban dao Ddng Duong, kfi' ca ngudi Ca Tu. Tuy nhien, trong hlu hfit cac nghien eiiu vfi g6m SIT d Ddng Nam A hien nay, vai trd cua mgt thi trudng gdm su rgng Idn va sinh dgng ciia cac nhdm cu dan sinh sdng trong viing Ddng Nam A ngi dja ehua dugc dfi cap thda dang; hi vgng bai viet nay se ggi md cho nhiing nghien cmi tifip theo vfi thj trudng gdm su ndi dja nay trong tuang lai. Ben canh gdm su, cae mat hang cao cap khac, nhu chieng (ching/pr'noh), ndi dong (gdc pung), mam ddng (apdxri), da dugc cac thuong nhan Cham xua kia, va tii sau thfi ki XV dugc kfi thiia bdi ngudi Kinh, xem nhir ngudn hang nhgp khau chinh yfiu dfi' tham gia vao mgng ludi trao dd'i ven sdng giua mi6n xudi va mifin ngugc; trong dd, ed the' noi ilng cai chfi da giii mgt vai trd chinh yeu gop ph2n tgo dyng nfin kinh tfi trO phii cua vuang qu6c ed Champa (Wade 2009: 242 - 244; Aoyagi 2005: 678 - 688).
Mdt nghifin ciiu chuyen sau trong tuang lai vfi cai ehe trong mdi quan he kinh tfi - xa hgi giiia ngudi Ca Tu (hoac nhdm Katuic) vdi nguoi mifin.xudi bao gdm ngudi Cham (urang Camptl) va ngudi Kinh, tai cac tinh bic Mifin Trung, se la mgt dong gdp eu thfi vao vific tim hifi'u co eau kinh te eua ehinh vuong qudc cd Champa d mien Trung Vi^t Nam ciing nhu ve mdi quan he hang hda eiia cu dan mien Thugng va vai trd cua hg trong qua trinh tham gia vao con dudng mgu dich gdm sir d Ddng Nam A. •
Chii thich
(*) Tac gia ehan thanh cam on Quy POSCO TJ PaA Foundation's Research Grants for Asia Studies va Hoi Van hoa va nghe thuat cac dan tpe thifi'u sd Viet Nam da tai tro de thuc hien dfi tai "Studying on the cultural
TAP CHi VHDG s 6 3/2015
interactions between die Vict and the Cham in Central Vietnam: An Approach on Historical Anthropology"
tir 3/2014 dfin 2/2015, Bai vi6i nay la mpt phSn kit qua ciia nghien cthi trgn,
(1) Mpt phin tu lieu su dyng trong tieu luan nay da dupe tac gia Uiu thap trong nhung chuyin nghien ciiu dien da tai cac huyen Duy Xuyen, D^i L6c, Dong Giang, Taj; Giang vaNam Giang, tinh Quang Nam vatai Thanh phd Da Nang, vao dia»g 3, thang 6, thang 8 va thang 12 nam 2014. Nhan day tac gia cam on cac anh Nguyin Thuprng Hy, Le Van Minh, Nguyin Van Thp, Rian Van Khoa, Le Van Cuong, Le Tnidng va co Chu Thi Huong
<£ cung tham gia nhiing chuyfin khao sat nay.
Mpt phan npi dung ciJa bai vifit nay da duoc Trin Ky Phuong va Rie Nakamura trinh bay trong tham lujin t i ^ de: 'Eaglewood and Jar: Reconstructing upland and lowland exchange network in Central Vietnam' tai Hpi nghj Qufxtk'The Asian Network far GIS-based Hisiorical Studies/ANGIS and The Cultural Relationship Study of Mainland Southeast Asia Project/CRMA Meeting 2015" td chiic ngay 5-6/1/2015 t^i Princess M a h a Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
(2) Tin nguang vu tru luong hq|) - luong phan dugc phan anh rat ro trong van hoa Champa, the hien qua vj tri va vai tro cua hai thanh dia hoang gia Champa, do la My Son/Sri sana-Bhadresvara va Po Nagar Nha Trang. Theo do. My Son thupc ve yeu to Duc/Cha/
Nui/Cau; con Po Nagar Nha Trang thupc ve yfiu td C a i / M ^ i e n / D t r a (Tran Ky Phuong & Rie Nakamura 2012: 267- 80). Tin nguang nay cung pho bien trong van hoa cua nguoi Gia Rai d Tay Nguyen ma hien tupng ciia Vua Liia (Patau Pui) va Vua Nudc (Patau Ya) la mpt thi du (Hardy 2014: 83 - 92).
(3) Trong mot chuyen dien da ngln ngay vao giiia thang 5 nam 2015. chiing toi co djp gap ong Alang Peec t^i lang Pr'ning. xa Lang, huyfin Tay Giang. Ong Alang Peec cho biet rang ong da giao cai che quy do cho ngudi con trai dau la ong Alang Vdt. sinh 1953.
nguoi ma ong Peec da dem cai che lam qua sinh le de cudi v p hoi nam 1978. Ong Alang Vol da cho chung toi xem cai che quy nay, do la mgt cai che nho khong CO quai a co. cao 46 cm. duong kinh mieng 11.5 cm, mau vang nhat (mau da luon). Nguoi C a Tu gpi loai che nay la "H'loom". Ben canh cai che quy nay, chung toi thay ong Vot co mpt bp suu tap che moi mau xanh trang ve cac loai hoa van.
(4) C h u n | toi da tham van ba Louise Cort, mot chuyen gia ve gom sir Dong Nam A cua Bao tang Sackler
•alleiy. Washington. D . C , vfi cai che quy ciia ong A Fijng Ve; ba Cort cho biet rang cai che nay san xuat
^ao diu thfi ki XX tai mot 16 gom d Mong Cai. tinh l^uang Ninh (Email ngay I7/8/20I4).
(5) Theo Phil bien tap lifc, hang nam hai ngudn chinh cua xif Quang Nam la ngu6n O Da (Vu Gia) va ngudn Thu Bon dong nhieu thu thue, trong do co thu6 trIu, song may. d i u rai, vang va nhiSu loai lam san khac (Le Quy Don 2007: 268 - 269).
(6) Phin Ion cac lang C a T u d viing cao hien nay tpa 1 ^ d viing bien gioi Viet - Lao hoac thupc tinh Sekong. Lao.
(7) Theo cac nha dan tpe hoc, tuc "san mau" co the la mot tan tich cua tuc "san dau" pho bien trong cac tpe ngudi d Dong Nam A xua kia. Khi Le Pichon vifit vfi nguoi C o Tu d Quang Nam, khoang nam 1938, ong con thay mpt cpt dam trau co gan mpt cai sp ngudi d gin Ben Hien (Le Pichon 1938: 393 [Tham khao ban dich "Ke san mau" cua Nguyin Phuoc Vinh Tiing, Nhan day tac gia cam on Nguyin Phudc Bao Dan da cung cap ban djch nay.]; Luu Hung 2006: 269) (8) Sach Phu bien tap luc chep rang: "Ngudn 6 Da [Vu Gia] khong co le thue, san xuit vang rSt nhifiu, nhung dSu nguon dudng xa. nhifiu ac man [TKP nhin ra^tnh], nguoi buon chi lay d song, khong dam liy d nui" (Le Quy Don 2007: 287).
(9) Nguoi Co Tu chia trau thanh "nhiim", mdi "nhiim"
CO 20 la trSu, moi giii dung duac 50 "nhiim" nang khoang 30 kg; mpt v^n "nhiim" Ihi doi dugrc mgt con trau (phong van anh Abing L5m, lang Pr'ning, huyen Tay Giang, ngay 19/7/2014). Suy ra, hai muoi giii trau CO mgt ngan "nhum", khoang hai van la. O Da N5ng, khoang nam 1947 - 1948, mua le, mpt xu dupe 02 g6i trau, moi goi 10 la, tiic la b5ng mot "nhum" cua ngucri_Ca Tu. Nhir vay, hai ngan la triu, mua le, tri gia mpt dong Dong Duong. Vao thoi do. mot xu mua duoc mpt lon gao; va, trung binh mgt nguoi an khoang ba la trau moi ngay. Mgt dong Dong Duong rit co gia In cho nen xay mgt gian nha gach mai tranh gia chi khoang ba dong (phong vin ba TrSn Thj Hue, sinh 1927. tai phuong Khue Trang, quan Cam Le, Da Ning, ngay 15/12/2014). Neu theo ong Ka Phu Thuong thi gia mpt cai che mdi mua d Ben Gikng gia la 10 ddng Dong Duong (?); va nhu vay, duong thdi gia trau ban le tai Da Nang dat gap mudi Ian tai Ben Giang (?!), (10) "Van" la lang cua cudan song tren song nuoc tpa lac ven song hay d ciia song. Cu dan nay sdng bang nghe van chuyen, buon ban dudng song hoac nghe danh bat thuy san uen song.
(11) Phong van ciia tac gia tai thon Ca Dy, huyen Nam Giang ngay 28/8/2014,
(12) Vao thang 6 nam 2(X)9. toi da di difin da tai ban Thong Triik, huyen Kalum, tinh Sekong. Lao, day la mgt lang C o Tu nho c6 68 nhan khau, 12 hp, 06 ngoi nha san. Ban nay tnrac kia d gan bien gioi Lao - Viet, doi vfi ben b a song Sekong gin huyen Ij Kalum vao nam 1977. Anh Sai KhSm, 26 tudi. d ban Thong T'riik cho biet. anh thuong dem vai del thd cam (azudng) va ca kho den xa A Vuang. huyen Tay Giang (trudc kia
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO D6|
la huy§n Hien, ngudi C o T u hien nay d L a o van ggi la Muong Hien) de doi lay muoi va mi chinh. Tii huyen li Kalum dl den xa A Vuang mat bon dem, moi dem ngii 191 mpt ban. Nguai Ca Tu d huyen Kalum thudng dem ca kho de doi cho nguai Ca Tu d huyen Tay Giang, vi, song suoi d viing nay da bi nhiem chat doc xi-fi-nua do khai thac vang thai ra bira bai. Hp cung noi rang, dem 5-6 tam vai det tho cam tii Muong Kalum sang Muong Hien ddi dupe mpt cai chieng tot. Khi d ban Thong Triik, toi thay nhieu phu nir Co Tu dang dfit "azuong" de dem sang Muong Hien doi lay cac loai v^t dung khac nhu che, chieng, muoi, do diSn tii.
vai v6c. giay dep... (Tu lieu dien da cua tac gia. Nhan day xin cam an anh Thonglith Luangkhoth c^ ciing tac gia tien hanh nhung cuoc dien da nhan hoc d Lao trong nhimg nam 2009-2010).
(13) Vao diang4 nam 1975. ong Mai Dfi (1913-1988) da bj chinh quyen Cach M^ng quan thuc tai d6n cong an huy^n Hoa Vang, tinh Quang Nam - Da Nang vi ong la nhan vien an ninh cua che dp Sai Gon. Khi nhihig ngudi C a Tu d viing Trung Man, thugc huyen Hien tnroc kia, biet dugc tin nay hg da cii mgt nhom Ca Tu dgi dien xuong den huy^n Hoa Vang de xin phep cho ong Mai De dugc tha ve, vi, hg li lu^n ring trong ihdi ki chien Iranh ch6ng MT. nfiu khong co su trg giup cua ong De thl hg da khong the' mua dupe thuc pham va thuoc men de tiep te cho can bp each in^ng hoat dgng trong vung. Ong Mai Dfi bj quan Uiuc d huyen Hoa Vang chi 20 ngay rdi dugc tra tu do theo thinh cau cua dong bao Co Tu. Sau do ong Dfi lam vi^c cho mpt hpp tac xa tieu thii cong nghiep ciia huy^n Hoa Vang, va ong da tifip tuc mua ban lam san vdi nguoi Co Tu d Trang Man nhu khai thac cay dot/
lach (choi), may, tre. v.v... cho din khi ong mit. (Theo ong Mai Ngpc, 66 tuoi, con trai ca cua ong Mai De, hien song t^ thon Dong Lain, xa Hoa Phu, huyen Hoa Vang, Tp. Da Ning; phong vin cua tac gia ngay 16/6/2014.) (14) Sach Phu biin lap lite chep r5ng: "Cac thir hang tii Trang Quoc... ban di chay 15m. hang ban nhifiu loi, khong CO e dpng. Hang mang den thi sa, doan, gim, voc, vai,„. cac thu do dong, cac thii- do su, do sanh...
jTKP nhan manh] ciing nhau d6i chac, khong ai la khong thoa duoc sd thich." (Le Quy Don 2007: 296-297) (15) "Chung toi di den bie'n Champa, noi co tram huong; chung toi chi biet cudan d d o . Nguon gfic cua bie'n nay kfi tifip vai phuang BSc md mit.. Sau bie'n Champa ma chung toi da noi, chinh la bie'n Trung Hoa. bifin xau va lanh, lanh hon nhimg noi khac."
(Fen-and 1913: 144-145).
(16) Dang luu y la, gdm sir da chiem mpt ti lfi loi da trong cac hien vat phat hien tai cac con tau d i m d vung bie'n Dong Nam A, phan anh mgt sue tieu thu to Idn ciia mat hang nay, ma mifin Trung Viet Nam (Champa) la mgt trong nhung thi truong chinh (Miksic 2010: 384 - 408; Brown 2010: 359 - 383; Ki yfiu Hgi
thao quoc te 2014). Nhung co mpt thiic te la, cac hfc gia nghien cuu gom sir it khi de c^p den thj trutmg gom sii to lon va sinh dgng cua cac nhom d ^ tOc thifiu so d Dong Nam A ngi dja.
(17) Buc tupng nay dupe dan chai vdt dudi vuc Am Tiem, tren song Thu Bon trong thdi Phap thugc va lap mieu Ihd ngay tai ben c h a Phu Gia, trong nhiing nam chifin tranh tuong dugc cu dan dja phuong dem cSi giiu. Sau chifin tranh, khoang nam 1978 tugng dugrc dem ve tho lai vuon nha ba Tai (Trin Ky Phucmg 1982; 195 - 196). Dfin nam 1998 tupng bj danh cip^
Ke trgm mang tugng vao Tp. H6 Chi Minh m^t tii6i gian roi dem ve tra lai a ben Phu Gia vao thang I nSm 2002, Tac pham nay hifin dupe bao quan t ^ Phong Van h6a huyen Que San, thi tran Dong Phu, tinh Quang Nam (Thong dn c i a Nguyen Van Thg. Ban Quan lidi tich va du ljch My Son).
(18) Phong van anh Ating Long, Truong phong Van hoa huy^n Dong Giang t^i thj tran Prao, ngay 12/6/2014.
(19) Lfi hpi ba Thu Bon va ba Phudng Chao dupe to' chuct^i dja phuong hing nam vao ngay 12/12 va 25/2 am ljch. Lang ba Thu Bon dupe di^n^ tren mpt di tich ciia Champa nay diupc lang Thu Bon, xa Duy Tan, huyfin Duy Xuyen. tinh Quang Nam; con lang ba Phudng Chao (Phuang Triu) dung t^i lang PhiSm My, xa D^i Cudng, huy?n D^ii Lgc, tinh Quang Nam, tni6c day la mgt ben thuyen chinh dfi' v^n chuyen va buon ban trau nguon. Dieu nay cho thSy tin nguong thcrcac vi nu than co lien he den song nuoc trong viing co Ihe da dirgrc ki thira tryc tiip tir van hoa Champa (Tu lieu dien da ciia tac gia vao thang 8 nam 2014), (20) Mgt he thong cac 16 gdm Cham tai tinh Binh Dinh (vung Vijaya-Champa) duac phat hi^n va khai quat Ifong nhung thap nien g i n day, la bing chiing cho su phat trien thi trudng gom sii trong viing. Cac 16 g6m Champa trong cac th£ ki XIV - XVI da cung cap phan lon mat hang nay cho cac nhom cu dan sic t^c a Tay Nguyen va cac noi khac tren khip ban dao Dong Duong. Dac biet. t^i di chi Da Don. tinh Lam D6ng, c6 nhi6u che va dd gdm Champa thugc the ki XV -XVI da dugc phat hien trong cac ngoi mg ben canh cac loai gom sii khac ciia Sawankhalok (Thai Lan), Khcr Me va Trung Hoa (Dinh Ba Hoa 2008; Aoyagi 1999:
9 l - 9 7 ; D i e m 2 0 l ] : 2 0 4 - 2 3 7 ; Bill Chi Hoang vacOng su 2000: 5 3 - 6 4 ) .
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TRAN KY PHUCfNG Hgi Van hoa va nghe thuat cac dan loc Oiieu sd Viet Nam
