GIAI PHAP & CONG NGHE XANH \
vCong nghe xur ly chat thai ran sinh hoat cho khu vi/c nong thon phu hop v6i dieu kien Viet Nam
TS. NGUYEN DtfC T O A N ThS. NGUYEN TRONG CUtJ ThS. D A M V A N VE
Trung tdm TUvdn vd Cdngn^e moi trUdng
T
rong qui trinh phat trien kinh t l - xa hpi, dudi tie dpng cia cac ylu td tfl nhien v i hogt dpng cua con ngfldi, mdi trfldng Iflu vflc sdng Nhup - sdng Diy da phit sinh hang logt cac van de d nhiem, die bi|t li d nhiem ngudn nfldc do chat thai rin sinh hoat (CTRSH), Trudc tinh hinh do, Bp TN&MT, Tong cue Mdi truPng giao Trung tam Tfl van va Cdng nghp mdi trfldng thflc hipn Dfl in "Ngan ngfla v i giim thilu d nhiim mdi trudng sdng Nhup - sdng Diy bang vipe xfl ly CTRSH thi diem eho cym din at theo phUdng phip u khd ky khf. Dfi in dflpc xiy dflng trin ed phii dim bio dflpc 3 tilu chi: Xfl ly tript de CTRSH phit sinh dim bio cie tilu chu^n vi quy chuan hipn hinh; Chi phi xfi ly thip, dim bio tinh bin vflng cfla dfl an; Trang thilt bi miy mdc de van hanh, phu hpp vdi trinh dp cua cdng nhan van hanh tgi khu vflc ndng thdn.Md hinh xfi ly cua Dfl in dflpc tril'n khai thi diem tgi xa Hdi Ninh, huyen Kim Son, tinh Ninh Binh vdi vipc xiy dflng Nha miy xfi Iy CTRSH cdng suit xfl ly 4 tan/ngay, hien da hoan thanh vi ban giao cho dia phfidng.
M O HiNH C O N G NGHE CUA DU" A N Md hinh cdng nghe Dfi an dflpc thi hi|n trong sa do sau:
• Sd do cong ngfli ciia DU dn
Phdn logi rdc tgi nguon:
Rac dflpc phan logi ngay tgi cie hp gia dinh thanh 2 loai theo yeu cau cfla Dfl an, bao gom: Rac trd (minh sinh, sfl, vd chai, ggch da vd...), dflpc dflng vao tui rilng trfldc khi chuyin ra xe thu gom cua x i van chuyin ra khu xfl ly vi ric tdng hpp (ehu ylu la rac giau hfiu cd va rac ddt).
Tgp kit rdc: Rac van chuyin tfi khu din cU ra khu xfl Iy dupc tip kit 2 lan/tuin tgi nha phin loai vi u ric roi dflpc phun che pham sinh hpc de khfl mfli hoi, chdng ruoi mudi. Sau dd, dinh ky vio thfl 2 hing tuan, ric dupc xii ly theo quy trinh.
Phdn logi sd bg: Rac dflpc phin Ioai sd bd, tach rieng phan ric vd cd da dUdc phan loai tgi ngudn (gach, da, manh sinh, manh thiy tinh...).
Xe bao, ddnh tdi: Sau khi phin Ioai sd bd, phan ric cdn lgi chfla trong cic bao tui dflpc dfla qua miy xe bao, dinh tdi, trpn deu, nham ting cfldng hipu qua tiep xflc che pham vi hieu qua qua trinh i . Mpt phan ric dot v i ric tii che diiac phan logi tgi diy. Lupng ric cdn lgi dUde coi li ric giiu hflu ca va dflpc xfl ly u theo quy trinh cua Dy in.
Xd ly sd bg: Tgi nhi u, phan ric giiu hfiu cd dfipe trpn deu vdi ehe pham sinh hpc thed ty lp hfidng dan trfide khi tien hinh i thed quy trinh tgi cie hamu.
Tiin hdnh u tgi hdm u:
Qui trinh phin h i y ky khi
dien ra rit phfle tgp, lien quan den hing tram phan flng va cic logi sin pham trung gian.
Tuy nhiln, trong xfi ly rac giiu hfiu cd, qua trinh fl giflp on dinh sinh hda cic chit hflu cd thinh cic chit mun.
Vdi thao tie san xuat va cd kiem soit khoa hpc, tgo moi trfldng tdi Uu (nhiet dp: 40 - SSX, dp am: 50 - 52%), qua trinh u cung tfl tao ra nhipt rieng nhd sfl d xy hda cic chit thdi rfia. Qua trinh nay la sfi phin giai phfle tgp gluxit, lipit vi protein vdi sfl tham gia cua eac vi sinh vit ki khi. Nguyin ly u sfi dyng cac vi sinh vit dfidc bo sung chpn lpc; Cac ehung vi sinh dfl an sfl dyng li vi khuan lactobacillus va saccaromyces, nham phin giai eac hdp chat hflu ca, qua do r i t ngin thdi gian u xuong edn khoang 30 ngay.
Dl tdi flu hda cdng doan i nay, Dfi an d i dfia ra mpt quy trinh xfl Iy i hipu qui, ddn gian, van hinh thu cdng nham giim chi phi cung nhfi dip fing ylu eiu vl trinh dp cua cdng nhin vgn hinh. Trong qui trinh u ric, dinh ky 1 - 2 ngiy (tuy theo mua) tien hanh phun bd sung ehl pham nhim kiem soit cic ylu td dp am, nhipt dd, ddng thdi bo sung vi sinh eho rac dflpc phin buy dgt ylu cau. Ngoii ra, qua trinh i kj khi cung se logi bo dfidc mdt sd mam benh cd trong chat thai ban dau, giim am trong phan hflu cd khd phan h i y sinh vgt, tgo thuin lpi cho qui trinh dot.
So 1+2/2015 Mdi trtfdDe 53
2 ^ GIAI PHAP & CONG NGHfi XANH
Sdng phdn iogi thu mun hUu cd: Sau khi u theo thPi gian quy dinh, ham i dupc dS bat phu ham vi de UJ nhiln trong khoing 24h.
Sau do, ric dfiPi ham d\igc dfla len sing phan logi thanh mun hflu cd va phi hflu cd. Thanh phan mun hfiu ed dflpc phdi ning (hoic de khd tfl nhiln), dim bao dp am, cic chi tilu ky thugt ip dyng ddi vdi phin hflu cd theo TCVN 7185:2002 ap dyng cho cie logi phan hflu cd bdn vio dat theo yeu eau trfldc khi dong bao va Iflu vio kho thanh pham.
Dot rdc: Tdng Iflpng rac dem dot li 76,91%, trong dd rac dot dupc thu gom tfl khiu phan logi sa bp (38,16%) va mpt phan rac phi hflu cd (ric hflu ed kho phan hiy sinh hpc = 38,76%) tfl cong dogn sing phin loai thu mun hflu cd.
Ddi vdi ric tfldng doi khd (dp am <25%) se dflpc ddt trUPc; Ric cd dp am cao hdn se dflde phdi khd trin sin phdi be tong hogc trin sin nha dot. Viec dot ric dfloe tien hinh khi gom du Ifldng ric de cd the dot lien tyc toi thilu trong mpt ngiy lim vipc (I ca lam viec) hogc ddt trong vii ngay hen tyc.
Cdng ng/ie dot rdc: Hoan toan khdng sfl dyng nhien Ueu; Thiet kl Id dot dim bio tuan thfl theo quy chuan; Thanh phan nguy hgi trong tro xi sau ddt dim bio QCVN 07:2009/
BTNMT - Ngfidng chat thai nguy hgi, khi thii Id dot dflpc xfl ly dim bio theo 2 cap vi tuin thfl QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT - Quy chuan ky thugt quoc gia vl IP ddt chit thii cdng nghiip trfldc khi di vio ong khdi va xa ra mdi trfldng.
Chon lap rdc vo cd: Phan ric dupe dUa di chdn lap hop ve sinh bao gdm ric vd cd tfi khau phin loai sd bp (=10,39%) va phan tro Id ddt (= 12,7% so vdi Ifldng rac ddt). Tong Iflpng rac dfla di chdn lap li 15,24% (ty le chdn lap).
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If* L ^ R r^-.^ y f~~''^~~
I ^ ^ ^ I ^ ^ . ^ H H |
k. He thong Id dot rdc thdi sinh hogt
• Sdn phdm miin hdu cd tdn dungde trong sdn ddy, bingo...mang lgi hieu qud kinh tecao
Ngoai ra, Dfl in eon sfl dyng mpt phan tro xi de trpn vdi mun hflu cd vi dat dl trdng san diy, trdng bi ngd... mang lgi hipu qui kinh te, dong thdi giam ty lp chdn lap xuong cdn khoing =10%.
Rdc tdi che: Rac tai che dflpc phin loai, luu gifl vi dinh ky se bin cho cac ddn vi thu raua lim nguyen lieu til chl cd dfl nang lflc, giay phep boat ddng.
Logi ric nay chfl yeu la cac logi bao tii xic ran eu (1,36%) vi nhfla cac logi (0,33%).
HIEU q u A K I N H TE vA KHA N A N G N H A N
RONG M O HiNH
Hieu qua kinh te la mdt trong nhflng tilu chi quan trong nhat de nhan rpng md hinh cdng nghe. Khi van hinh md hinh, nguon thu tfl vi|c thu phi rac thii eua dia phfldng, kit hpp thu tfi ngudn cac sin pham tii che cd the du bu dap dl duy tri cd hipu qui hogt dpng thfidng xuyen cfia Nhi may.
Ngoii ra, Md hinh cia Dfi in da dap flng dflpc cic tilu chi quan trong nhfl: Cdng nghp da xfl ly tript de Ifidng ric thii phat sinh, dip fing dflde cic tieu chuan vi quy chuan
ve moi truPng hien hinh; Tgn dung dUdc mpt phan mun hflu ca (cd tie dyng cai tgo dat) va mpt phan rac thii tii chl...
ddng gdp vio kinh phi duy tri van hinh; Ty le chdn lap thap, ehi khoing 15,24% (cd the thap hon nlu tgn dyng mpt phan tro xl eho mye dieh canh tac mpt so logi cay trdng nhfl sin diy, bi ngd...). Bin canh do, cdng nghe khdng phit sinh nfldc ri rac, do do khdng mat thim kinh phi xfl Iy nfide ri rac; Hp thdng miy moc, thiet hi khdng phfle tap, c6 the chl tgo tgi dja phfidng, de vin hinh, bio tri, bao dfldng, thay thi khi hdng hdc... phu hpp vdi trinh dp cdng nhin vgn hinh tgi dja phfidng. Do vgy, Md hinh cd the dim bio tinh kha thi khi nhan rpng sang cac dia phfidng khic.
Ket qui cua Dfi an li giai phip quan trpng dl giai quylt mpt trong nhflng tilu chi cia Chfidng trinh myc tilu qudc gia vl xay dflng ndng thdn mdi, do li tilu chl vl ve sinh mdi trfldng (van de rie thai), qua do gdp phan thflc hien thinh cdng muc tilu cia Chiln Iflpc qudc gia ve quan ly chat thai ran den nam 2025, tam nhin den nam 2050H
