VAI TRO CUA NANG LlJC CAM XUC - XA HOI OOI Vdi sue KHOE T A M THAN - GOC NHIN MOI TU NGHIEN CQU TREN NHOM TRE VI T H A N H NIEN
Nguyen PhircfG Cat Ttrdng Dinh Thi Hong Van Tran Thj Tu Anh Dau Minh Long
Trudng Dai hpc Stfphgm, Dgi hpc Hue.
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T O M T A T
Hien nay, tren Ihi gidi vd a Viet Nam, viec ren luyen ndng luc edm xue - xa hdi ed thi duac coi Id mdt cdch tiep can mdi di giiip tre vi ihdnh nien cdi thien sice khde tdm thdn. Trong bdi cdnh nay, cde nghien cuu thue chirng ddnh gid mdi quan hi giira ndng luc cam xiic - xd hpi vd nhieu khia canh da dgng ciia sire khde Idm Ihdn a Ire vi thanh nien cdn duac thue hien de dat nen Idng viing vdng cho viec trien khai hieu qud ede chuong trinh ren luyen ndng luc cam xdc - xd hpi d trong trudng hpc vd cdng ddng. Dua tren die Ueu cua L250 Ire vi ihdnh niin tie 4 tinh cua Viet Nam, kit qud cua nghien cieu nay cho thdy, nhin chung. tre vi ihdnh nien cd ndng luc edm xiic - xd hpi cao han cd khuynh hudng il gap ede rdi loan hudng ngoai hon. Xet mdt each eu thi d timg ndng luc rieng biet. tre vi thanh nien cd ndng luc lu nhdn Ihiee vd lu qudn ly lot han eo it nguy ca mac cdc vdn di rdi loan hudng noi vd tre vi ihdnh nien ed ndng luc lu qudn ly vd quan he xd hdi cao han cd the il gap rdi loan hudng ngoai han. Ndng luc tu qudn ly dudng nhit cd khd ndng du doan siee khde tdm thdn mgnh so han cdc ndng luc edm xuc ~ xd hdi khac. Ddng ngac nhien, tre vi thanh nien cd ndng luc nhdn thuc xd hdi cao han lgi cd xu hudng de mdc phdi nhiing rdi loan hudng noi vd ed hudng ngogi, Nhiing ket qud ndy cd mdt sd y nghia quan Irpng ddi vdi viec ihuc day siee khde Idm thdn ciia tre vi Ihdnh nien thdng qua cdc chuang irinh hpe tap edm xitc - xd hdi trong boi cdnh hpe dudng d Viet Nam.
Tir khoa: Ndng lue edm xuc - xd hdi. Sire khde tdm thdn; Tre vi thanh nien.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/2/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/3/2020.
1. D a t v a n de
"5n-c khde tdm thdn khdng chi la khdng bi roi loan tdm thdn md no duac xem nhu Id mot trgng thai khoe mgnh, trong do cdc cd nhdn nhdn ra nhirng
58 ' TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, 86 4 (253), 4 - 2020
ndng life ciia minh, cd the irng phd vdi nhirng^ cdng thing dai thudng trong cudc sdng, cd the lam viec mgt cdch ndng sudt vd hieu qud vd cd khd ndng ddng gdp cho cgng ddng" (WHO, 2014, doan 1).
Xuat phat tu tain quan trgng cua siic khde tam thin va thirc trang gia tang cac van 6k vi sire khde tam than hien nay d tre vi thanh nien tren the gidi va Viet Nam (WHO, 2019; UNICEF, 2018), nhidu chuong trinh can thiep, phdng ngii^a da dugc xay dung vdi muc dich giup tre vi thanh nien cd ddi sdng khde manh, hgc tap va xay dung cac mdi quan he tdt. Hinh thanh va phat triin nang lire cam xuc - xa hgi cho tre vi thanh nien dugc xem la hudng phdng ngira mdi hien nay, dugc danh gia la kha hiru hieu trong viee giam thieu cac vin de vi sire khde tam than d lira tudi nay (Sklad, Diekstra, De Ritter, Ben va Gravesteijn, 2012;
Hymel, Low, Starosta, Gill va Schonert-Reichl, 2017) va dugc xem la nen tang tiip can ciia sire khde cgng dong trong mdi trudng hgc dudng (Greenberg, Domitrgvich, Weissberg, Durlak, 2017). Mdt sd nghien ciiu tieu biSu da cho thay, viec nang cao cac nang luc cam xuc - xa hgi cd thd giup tre vi thanh nien nang cao sire khde tarn than, chang ban nhu giiip cac em cai thien rd rgt hanh vi ung hd xa hgi; giam thieu hanh vi lech chuiin; thanh tich hgc tap tdt hon; cd thai do tich cue ddi vdi ban than va ngudi khac; tu tin hon, kien tri hem, bidt ddng cam hon vdi ngudi khac; gan bd vgi trudng Idp hon (Durlak va cdng su, 2011;
Farrington va cdng su, 2012; Sklad va cdng su, 2012).
Theo Td chirc Hgp tac ve hgc tap cac mdn van hda hgc dudng, xa hdi va cam xuc (Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning - CASEL) (2003), nang lire cam xuc - xa hgi dugc hieu la tap hgp nhtrng nang lire giup tre irng xii vdi chinh minh, vdi ngudi khac, vdi cac mdi quan he va hoat ddng mdt each hieu qua. Theo dd, niing lire cam xiic - xa hdi bao gdm 5 thanh phan thudc ve nhan thirc, cam xiic va hanh vi; chiing cd tuong quan, lien he chat ehe vdi nhau: lu nhdn thirc, tu qudn ly, nhdn thtic xd hdi, quan he xd hgi, ra quyet dinh cd trdch nhiem (CASEL, 2003). Trong dd, nang lire tu nhan thitc dugc hieu la kha nang nhan dien chinh xac nhii'ng cam xiic va suy nghT cua ca nhan va anh hudng cua chiing ddi vdi hanh vi. Kha nang nay bao gdm ca viee danh gia chinh xac dilm manh va han che cua ca nhan. Tat ca dugc bidu hien qua su tu tin va lac quan cd can cii vii'ng vang cua chinh ca nhan dd. Nang lire quan Ij' la kha nang diSu chinh cam xiic, suy nghi va hanh vi ciia ca nhan mdt each cd hieu qua trong cac tinh hudng khac nhau. Kha nang nay bao gdm ca quan ly cang thing (stress), kilm soat xung ddng, tao dgng co cho ban than, thilt lap va lam viee hudng tdi viec dat dugc muc tieu ca nhan va muc tieu hgc tap.
Nang luc nhan thirc xa hgi la kha nang dimg tren nhiing quan dilm ciia ngudi khac va thdng cam, ddng cam vdi nhiJng ngudi xuit than tir nhiJng hoan canh sdng va tir nhiing nin van hda khac vdi ca nhan minh, de hieu rd cac chuan
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, S6' 4 (253), 4 - 2020 59
muc dao diic xa hdi ciia hanh vi va xac dinh dugc cac ngudn luc hd trg tit phia gia dinh, trudng hgc va cdng ddng. Nang lire quan he xa hgi la kha nang thiet lap va duy tri mdi quan he lanh manh va bd ich vdi cac ca nhan va cac nhdm khac nhau. Kha nang nay bao gdm giao tiep rd rang, Ijng nghe ti'ch cue, hgp tac, chdng lai ap lire xa hgi khdng phii hgp, dam phan xung dot tren tinh than xay dung, tim kiem va cung eSp sir giiip dd khi can thiet. Nang lire ra quyet dinh cd trach nhiem la kha nang thuc hien nhtrng lira chgn mang tinh xay dung va tdn trgng hanh vi ca nhan va tuang tac xa hdi trdn co sd xem xet mgi yeu td anh hudng nhu: cac tieu chuan dao dire, su binh dn ve tam ly, cac chuan myc xa hdi, ket quaThau qua cua cac hanh dgng khac nhau, hanh phiic cua minh va ngudi khac (CASEL, 2003).
Trong hai thap nien qua, tren the gidi, viee trien khai cac chuong trinh hgc tap cam xiic - xa hdi (Social Emotional Learning - SEL) trong nha trudng dugc thuc hiSn mdt each ddng bd va manh me, hudng den muc tieu nang cao site khde tam thin cung nhu thanh ti'ch hgc tap cho tre em va tre vi thanh nien.
D i vay, de dam bao thanh cdng chg nhirng du an SEL trong trudng hoc, nhtJng nghien cim thuc chirng van tiep tuc dugc thuc hien de tim ra cac yeu td quyet dinh su thanh cdng cua cac chuang trinh SEL nay. Thirc t l vln cho thay mgt sd nghien ctiu khdng tim thay anh hudng tich cue ciia viec phat trien nang luc cam xuc - xa hdi ddi vdi su thanh cdng trong hgc tap ciing nhu sire khde tam thin cua tre em va tre vi thanh nien. Chang han, nhu nghien ciiu cua DiPema, Lei, Bellinger va Cheng (2015), Debra (2011) cho thiy, chuang trinh SEL khdng cd bat cii tac ddng cd y nghia thdng ke nao doi vdi ky nang xa hdi, hanh vi tich cue, rdi loan hanh vi hudng ngoai, tinh ky luat va thanh tieh hgc tap cua cae em sau hai nam thuc hien chuong trinh. Diing trudc vln dl nay, mgt mat, cac nha nghien ciiu dua ra mgt sd de xuat lien quan viec can phai trien khai chuang trinh trong thdi gian dai hon, dac biet chii trgng phat trien nang lire cam xiic - xa hdi cho chinh ddi ngii giao vien trudc khi thuc hien chuong trinh SEL cho hgc sinh, mat khac, hg chu trgng den viec tiep tuc nghien ciiu mdi quan he giira nang luc cam xuc - xS hdi cGng nhu cua tirng nang lire ddc lap va siic khde tam than cda hgc sinh, bdi mdi quan he cda timg nang luc ddi vdi sire khde tam than thuc su rat phirc tap va chiu su chi phdi cila nhilu ylu td khac (Debra, 2011), Cd thi nhan thiy rang, tit trudc den nay, cae chuang trinh SEL deu dugc danh giamdt each tdng the, chua nhan manh den vai trd cu thi ciia timg nang lire cam xuc - xa hdi. Viec khdng danh gia chinh xac vai trd cua tirng thanh phan nang lire ddi vdi siic khde tam thin cua hgc sinh cd thi khiln viec thyc hien cac chuang trinh SEL khdng the dat dugc hieu qua nhu mong mudn (Derba, 2011). Chang ban nhu mac dit phan ldn cac nghien ciru cho thiy, lgi ich ciia sy ddng cam ddi vdi sire khde tam thin cua eac ca nhan nhu hanh phuc hon va cd nhieu cam xuc tich cyc hon (Choi, Minote, Sekiya va
60 TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd' 4 (253), 4 - 2020
Watanuki, 2016; Tkach, 2006); thi mdt sd cac nghien ciiu lai cho thiy, nhiing ca nhan cd mirc do ddng cam cao han lai dl trim cam han dudi anh hudng ctia nhiing khd dau tir ngudi khac (Prinz, 2011; Singer va Klimecki, 2014) va diiu nay dudng nhu xay ra ]5hd biin han vdi tre vj thanh nien (Wagaman, 2011).
Nghien cimgin day nhit cua Keller va Pfattheicher (2013) tham chi cdn cho thay mgt diSu dudng nhu nghjch ly rang, nhirng ca nhan cd Idng trie In cao lai cd tinh han thd va hung ban cao hon nhiJng ca nhan khac. Tuy nhien, theo Keller va Pfattheicher (2013), that ra khdng qua nghich ly khi nhin dudi gdc dd rang mdt ngydi cd Idng trac In cao vdi mdt ngudi A., se td ra thii hin va hung ban vdi ngudi B. vi ngudi B. da gay ra nhtrng ndi dau cho ngudi A. Vi thi, rd rang rang, trong bdi canh viec giao due long trie In, sy dong cam dang dugc thiic diy manh trong trudng hgc, nhung kit qua thuc chung nay giup chiing ta than trong han khi trien khai cac chuong trinh nay trong trutmg hgc va giiip chiing tatim hieu nhCtng ylu td ban ehi "mat trai" cua Idng trie In va sy ddng cam. Chang han nhu ket qua ctia Keller va Pfattheicher (2013) cho thiy ring, mdi tuong quan thuan giita Idng trac In va hung tinh se dugc giam thilu nlu nhu ca nhan ed ky nang ty dieu chinh cam xiic tdt. Nghien ciim cua Nguyin Phuoc Cat Tudng, Beyers va Valcke (2019) cung cho thiy, kit qua tuong tu rang nhirng ca nhan vira cd sy dong cam vdi ngudi khac, vira cd sy trac In vdi chinh ban than minh thi it gap phai nhtrng vln de sure khde tam than va cd sy hai long vdi cudc sdng cao hon.
O Viet Nam trong nhUng nam gan day, khi chii truong dua giao due nang lyc cam xiic - xa hdi vao trudng hgc dang dugc day manh, chiing ta can nhieu hon cac chifng cir khoa hgc ve mdi quan he giiia nang lyc cam xuc - xa hgi va nhieu khia canh da dang ciia sire khde tam than d tre vi thanh nien de dat nen tang vOng vang cho viec triin khai hieu qua cac chuong trinh ren luyen nang lyc cam xuc - xa hdi d trong trudng hgc. Dit vay, theo quan sat ciia chimg tdi, ITnh vyc nghien ciiu nay d Viet Nam van cdn rat mdi me. Tir binh dien ly thuyet va thyc tien nhu vay, nghien ciru nay cua chiing tdi dugc thuc hien nham tiep tuc tim hieu vai trd cua nang lyc cam xuc - xa hdi va vai trd cua tirng nang lyc cam xuc - xa hgi cu the ddt vdi site khde tam thin cila tre vi thanh nien, gdp phin lam manh me va sau sac hon nhtrng ly luan lien quan den SEL, cung nhu gdp phan tim kiem nhiing giai phap nham thyc hien chuong trinh SEL mgt each hieu qua hon trong bdi canh hgc ducmg hien nay.
2. Phirgng phap nghien ciru 2.1. Khach the nghien ciiu
Dtr lieu dugc thu thap tir 1.250 hgc sinh trong do tudi vj thanh nien ttr 8 trudng frung hgc co sd tit 4 tinh ttr BIC vao Nam eiia Viet Nam: Thira Thien -
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, So 4 (253), 4 - 2020 61
Hul (n = 287), Quang Trj (n = 324), Tiin Giang (n = 234) va Ninh Binli (n = 405);
theo gidi tinh: nam la 634 em, nit la 616 em va theo khdi lap: lop 8 la 623 em, lap 9 la 627 em. Cd 4 diiu tra vien va 16 giao vien chu nhiem hd trg qua trinh dieu tra; cac nha nghien cira cd mat trong mdi Idp khoang 10 phut de tra ldi bat ky cau hdi nao dugc dua ra bdi nhiing ngudi tham gia. Tre vi thanh nien tham gia deu ty nguyen, dugc hudng dan rd rang va du thdi gian de hoan thanh bang cau hdi.
2.2. Cdng cu nghien ciru
2.2.1. Thang do Ndng luc cam xuc - xd hdi
Chung tdi da chuyen djch Viet ngtr va hieu lyc hda thang do Ndtig luc - edm xiic xd hdi ciia Zhou va Ee (2012) bang tiing Anh, vdi 25 menh de (item) vdi 6 mirc do Likert de lya chgn phuang an tra Idi (tir 1 = hoan todn khdng diing vdi em den 6 ^ hoan todn dung vdi em). Bang hdi nay gdm cd 5 tieu thang do tuang ling hoan toan vdi nam thanh phan nang lyc ma CASEL (2003) dl xuit, mdi tilu thang do cd 5 item: Ty nhan thuc (vi du: "Em hiiu dugc cam xuc va tam trang cda em"); Ty quan ly (vi du: "Em gitr dugc binh tinh khi mgi viec xay ra khdng nhu mong mudn"); Nhan thiic xa hgi (vi du: "Neu nhy ai dd budn, tuc gian hay hanh phiic, em tin rang em biet hg dang cd nhiing suy nghi gi"); Quan he xa hdi (vi du: "Em ludn ludn cd glng dl an ui ban be em khi ho budn"); Ra quyit dinh cd trach nhiem (vi du: "Khi ra mgt quyit dinh nao dd, em ciin nhac den hau qua ciia hanh dgng eua em").
De kiem dinh tinh hieu luc cua Bang hdi Ndng luc edm xitc - xa hdi phien ban tieng Viet, phan tich nhan td khang djnh (Confirmatory Factor Analysis - CFA) da dugc thuc hien. Phin mem thdng ke Mplus 8.0 dugc six dung dl danh gia su thich hgp cua cau true thang do phien ban Viet vdi md hinh cau triic ly thuyet ban dau do tac gia thang do (Zhou va Ea, 2012) da xay dung. Ma ttan hiep phuong sai (a covariance matrix) cua cac item da dugc phan tich vdi phuong phap udc lugng hgp ly cyc dai (maximum - likelihood estimation). Md hinh dugc xem la phii hgp day du vdi dit lieu khi Chi binh phucmg ehuin -j^ < 3,0;
CFI (chi sd phii hgp so sanh - comparative fit index) > 0,90; RMSEA (sai sd trung binh gdc xap xi - root mean square error of approximation) < 0,06 va SRMR (sd du binh phugng trung binh gdc - standardized root-mean-square residual) < 0,09 (Flu vaBentler, 1999).
Kit qua kilm djnh CFA tren toan nhdm miu cho thay md hinh 5 nhan td tdng thi (Ty nhan thitc, Ty quan ly, Nhan thitc xa hdi, Quan he xa hdi va Ra quyit djnh cd trach nhiem) vdi 25 item phii hgp vdi diJ lieu eda nghien ciru y^
chuin hda (normed x^) = 2,43; CFI = 0,91; RMSEA = 0,03; SRMR = 0,04, diing nhu de xuat cua Zhou va Ee (2012) trong phien ban gdc cua hg. Mo hinh
62 TAP CHi TAM Lf HOC, Sd 4 (253), 4 - 2020
nay ciing phu hgp vdi dit lieu cua nhdm mlu khi phan cip gidi tinh, dia phuong va tudi tac.
Dg tin cay cua thang do dugc danh gia cho bilt tinh on djnh ben trong thdng qua chi sd Alpha cita Cronbach (Cronbach, 1951). Hien nay, viec chi dya vao duy nhiit chi sd Alpha ctia Cronbach dl danh gia do tin cay ciia thang do chju kha nhieu sy chi trich cila gidi chuyen mdn (Tavakol va Dennick, 2011), vi the, chung tdi ddng thdi danh gia trung binh gia trj tugng quan giiia cac item (average inter-item correlations) de udc lugng tinh on djnh ben trong nhu dl xuit cua Clark va Watson (1995). Theo dd, trung binh gia trj tuang quan giita cac item can d trong khoang ttr 0,15 den 0,50. Gia trj trung binh nhd han 0,15 chirng td cau true ndi ham can do qua rdng, trong khi dd, gia trj trung binh ldn hgn 0,50 cho thay, ngi dung cua cac item triing lap nhau (Clark va Watson, 1995). Ben canh dd, trung binh tuong quan cua item vdi tdng the cdng cin dat tren 0,30 (Pedhazur va Schmelkin, 1991). Phin mim SPSS 22.0 dugc sii dung de thuc hien phutmg phap phan tich do tin cay ben trong nay.
Do tin cay dn dinh ben trong cua cac thang do dao ddng ttr 0,59 den 0,72. Mac dii chi sd nay la tuong ddi thap so vdi mong dgi, tuy nhien, diem trung binh gia trj tuang quan giita cac item ciing nhu trung binh gia trj tuong quan giiJa eac bien va tdng deu dat tieu chuan. Do fin cay ben trong cua toan bd thang do 25 item la r = 0,84.
Nhin ehung, vdi tinh hieu luc va do tin cay duge dam bao, thang do Nang luc cam xiic - xa hgi phien ban filng Viet cd thi sir dung trong nghien ciiu nay dl dem lai ket qua chinh xac va cd tinh khoa hgc trong viec lugng gia nang lyc cam - xa hgi ciia lira tudi vi thanh nien trong bdi canh hgc dudng.
2.2.2. Bdngkiim Hdnh vi ciia tre em (Child Behavior Checklist) Bang kilm Hanh vi tre em, phien ban The Youth Self Report (YSR)/11-18 (Achenbach, 1991) da dugc thich nghi hda d Viet Nam (Dang, Nguyen, Bahr, 2017) dugc sit dung dl danh gia mirc do sire khde tam than cua tre vi thanh nien Viet Nam. YSR bao gdm 112 vin dl xuit hien trong vdng 6 thang den thdi dilm hien tai. Cac vln dl nay dugc phan thanh 8 true hdi chirng chinh cua cac hanh vi va cam xuc thudng gap d tre em va vj thanh nien (theo Bang phan loai benh lln thir tu cua Hoa ky - DSM-IV) la thu minh, rdi loan dang eg thi, lo au/trim cam, cae vin dl xa hdi, vln dl vl suy nghT/tu duy, cac vin de vd chu y, hanh vi hung bao, hanh vi sai pham. Mdi bilu hien nay dugc danh gia d 3 mirc do (0 = hoan toan khdng cd, I = phin nao hoac thinh thoang cd, 2 = hoan toan hoac thudng xuyen cd). Tren co sd ty danh gia cua tre, se tinh tdng dilm chung, dilm ttrng hdi chirng, tdng dilm cua nhdm hudng ngi (cac trieu chirng thu minh - ne tranh; Lo au - trim cam; rdi loan dang co thi), nhdm hudng ngoai (cac
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 4 (253), 4 - 2020 63
trieu chirng cua hanh vi hung bao, cac hanh vi sai pham, tang dpng giam chii y).
Trong nghien cuu nay. Alpha cua Cronbach cua toan bo thang do la 0,94, cua tilu thang do huong npi la 0,88 va tidu thang do huang ngoai la 0,87.
Phuong phap thong ke suy luan gom phan tich tuong quan nhj bien va phan tinh hoi quy tuyen tinh boi dupc su dung voi su h6 trp cua phan mem SPSS 26. Theo dh xuat cua Kim (2015), voi nhom mlu lon, chung toi chpn a = 0,01 la cap dp CO y nghia ve mat thong ke.
3. Ket qua nghien ciru va ban luan
Nhin chung, ket qua phan tich hoi quy don bien va tuong quan cho thay, nang luc cam xiic - xS hpi tong the co kha nang du doan sue khoe tam than ciia tre vi thanh nien va co moi tuong quan nghich co y nghTa thong ke vol roi loan huong ngoai (bang 1) va voi tirng roi loan cu the: hanh vi sai pham (r = -0,14;
p > 0,01); hanh vi cong kich (r = -0,15; p > 0,01). Tuy nhien, trai voi du doan, khong CO moi tuong quan nao co y nghia thong ke dupc tim thay giiia nang luc cam xiic - xa hpi tong the voi cac roi loan huang npi (bang 1).
Bdng 1: He so tuong quan vd hoi quy cua Ndng lice cam xiic - xd hoi vd Sue khoe tdm thdn cita tre vi thanh nien
Nang lyc cam xiic xa hoi
Nang lure cam xuc - xa hpi tong the
Nang lu:c lu: nhan thiic
Nang lire tu quan Iy
Nang lire nhan thtic xa hgi
Nang lire quan he xa hgi
Nang lire ra quyet djnh co trach nhiem
He so r B r
p
r
p
r
p
r
P
r
P
Rdi loan hirang noi
-0,06 -0,06 -0,10***
-0,08**
-0,16***
-0,18***
0,08**
0,15***
-0,00 0,04 -0,03
0,00
Roi loan hiring ngoai
-0,16***
-0,16*"
-0,05 0,07 -0,22***
-0,19***
0,16***
0,15***
-0,19***
-0,16***
-0,15***
-0,07 Ghi chil- r: hi sd tuang guan: B = hesd hdi quy dan bien: i
••• p< 0,01.
= hesd hoi quy da biin: ***: p < 0 001 -
64 TAP CHI TAM vi HOC, Sd 4 (253), 4 - 2020
N I U xem xet mdt each eu thi hern, kit qua phan tich hdi quy da biin cho thiy, sy gia tang nang luc ty nhan thirc cd thi dy doan dugc mire dd giam thilu cua rdi loan hudng noi (bang 1) va nang luc nay cd tuong quan nghich vdi timg rdi loan hudng ndi cu thi: thu minh (r = -0,12; p < 0,01); lo au/trIm cam (r = -0,09; p < 0,01). Tuong ty, su gia tang cua nang lyc ty quan ly cung cd thi du doan mirc do giam thieu ctia rdi loan hudng ndi va rdi loan hudng ngoai (bang 1) va tuang quan nghich cd y nghla thdng ke vdi timg rdi loan cu thi:
thu minh (r = -0,08; p < 0,01); rdi loan dang co thi (r = -0,14; p < 0,01); lo au/trIm cam (r = -0,16; p < 0,01); hanh vi sai pham (r = -0,14; p <0,01); hanh vi cdng kich (r = -0,24; p < 0,01). Ben canh do, kit qua ttr bang 1 cung cho thay, nang lyc quan he xa hgi cung cd ihl dy bao sy giam thilu ciia rdi loan hudng ngoai. Quan sat cu the hon, nang luc quan he xa hdi cd mdi tuong quan nghjch vdi cac rdi loan hanh vi sai pham (r = -0,18; p < 0,01) va hanh vi cdng kich (r = -0,18; p < 0,01). Trong nghien cim nay ciia chung tdi, khi xet mgt each tdng the, khdng cd mdi quan he cd y nghia thong ke nao dugc tim thiy giita nang lyc ra quyet djnh cd trach nhiem vdi sire khde tam thin d tre vj thanh nien; nhung khi xet cu thi thi nang lyc nay cd moi tuong quan nghjch cd y nghia thdng ke vdi hanh vi sai pham (r = -0,16; p < 0,01) va hanh vi cdng kich(r = -0,12;p<0,01).
Dang luu y, ket qua ttr bang 1 cho thay sy gia tang nang lyc nhan thirc xa hdi lai cd kha nang du bao gia tang vc rdi loan hudng ngoai va rdi loan hudng ndi. Cu the, nang lyc nhan thirc xa hdi cd mdi tuong quan thuan cd y nghta thdng ke vdi rdi loan lo au/tram cam (r - 0,10; p < 0,01); rdi loan tu duy (r = 0,08; p < 0,01) va rdi loan hanh vi hdn hgp (r = 0,06; p < 0,01).
Nhu vay, nhin chung, ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay, tre vj thanh nien cd nang lyc cam xuc - xa hdi cao hon cd khuynh hudng it trai nghiem nhtrng rdi loan hudng ngoai hon. Mac dit he sd tuong quan va hdi quy tuong ddi thap, chimg td mdi quan he ciing nhu kha nang dy bao ciia nang luc cam xuc - xa hdi vdi sHc khde tam than trong nghien ciru nay la khdng cao. Tuy nhien, d mdt chirng muc nhit dinh, kit qua nay van thdng nhat vdi nhirng kei luan cua nhii'ng nghien ciru trudc diiy rang nang luc cam xuc - xa hdi cd the la qua trinh thich img va dieu chinh nham nang cao sy an lac (well-being) va phuc hdi tam ly d tre vj thanh nien (Durlak va cdng sy, 2011; Farrington va cdng sy, 2012).
Khao sat mdt each cu thi hon, ire vj thanh nien cd nang luc tu nhan thirc va nang lyc tu quan ly cao ban it cd kha nang trai qua cac rdi loan hudng ndi nhu lo au/trIm cam va thu minh. Ben canh do, tre cd nang luc tu quan ly va nang luc quan he xa hdi cao hon cd it kha nang trai qua cac rdi loan hudng ngoai nhu hanh vi sai pham va hanh vi cdng kich. Trong nghien ciiu nay cua chung tdi, nang lyc tu quan ly dudng nhu cd kha nang dy bag vdi sire khde tam
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd' 4 (253), 4 - 2020 65
than manh han so voi nhung thanh t6 khac. Kit qua nay duong nhu thong nhat voi ket luan rang nang Iuc tu quan ly c6 the tang cuong su cai thien chat luang cuoc song va phuc hoi cac trieu chung tr^m cam (Musekamp va Meng, 2017).
nang Iuc tu nhan thuc va nang luc tu quan ly co the dupc xem la nhiing khia canh rat quan trpng ciia su chti tam (mindfulness) (Vago va Silbersweig, 2012).
Theo do, khi tre vj thanh nien de tam den nhung gi dien ra ben trong npi tam minh, nhan dien duoc chiing, khong dan vat ban than ma chap nhan chiing mpt each khong phan xet, cac em co the dieu khien the giai npi tam ben trong, suy nghT va cam xiic va dieu khien cac moi quan he vai nguai khac, dieu nay giiip cac em bdt di nguy ca mac phai roi loan hudng npi va huang ngoai. Hau het nhung nghien cuu tren tre vi thanh nien deu cho thay, su chii tam co the nang cao nhiing cam xiic tich cue, hanh phiic, hai long va hoat dpng chuc nang d tre (Kuyken va cpng su, 2013).
Dang luu y nh^t trong ket qua khao sat cua nghien ciiu nay la tre vj thanh nien co nang luc nhan thiic xa hpi cao hon Iai co nhieu kha nang trai nghiem cac roi loan hudng ngoai va hudng npi nhiSu han. Mac du, kha nang du bao ciia nang luc nay khong cao nhung vln dang luu y. Theo nhu dinh nghTa ciia CASEL (2003), nang Iuc nhan thiic xa hoi lien quan nhieu den su d6ng cam va long trSc kn vdi ngudi khac. Nhu da de cap d tren, kha nhidu nghien ciiu cho thay viec dong cam vdi ngudi khac, dac biet la dong cam cam xuc (emotional empathy) - nhdn bdn cam xiic cita ngirdi khde - c6 the lam gia tang tram cam (Prinz, 2011; Singer va Klimecki, 2014). C3 dp tuoi rat nhay cam vdi tam trang that thudng, cac em de "van vao minh" nhirng cam xiic tieu cue tu ngudi khac (cang thang, tiic gian, lo au), dac biet la tir nhUng ngudi cac em yeu men, de roi chinh cac em ciing chiu nhtrng noi dau ve ca the xac lan tinh than (Wagaman, 2011). Quan trpng hon, moi quan he dudng nhu nghich ly nay con dan den nhiing hanh vi gay han va thu han. Nghien cuu ciia Keller va Pfattheicher (2013) tham chi con cho thay, cac ca nhan giau long trSc Sn v^
dong cam lai de co thai dp thu han va hung hang vdi nhirng ke gay ra khd dau va doi xii te hai vdi ngudi khac. Tat ca nhiing ket qua nay giiip chiing ta giai thich dupc vi sao ton tai moi tuong quan thuan giua nang luc nhan thiic xa hoi va cac van de ve siic khoe tam thSn. Dieu nay cung dong thdi gitip chiing ta ly giai tai sao mot so chuang trinh SEL khong dem Iai ket qua gi Hen quan din hanh vi tich cue va roi loan hudng ngoai ciia hpc sinh.
Ben canh do, can luu y rSng cac nghien ciiu trudc ciing nhin manh r^ng ddng cam nhdn thiec (coginitve empathy) - dung tren quan diim ciia nguai khac di hieu vi sao ho co cam xuc va suy nghT do - co thi giam thiiu nhirng r6i loan tam thin (Choi va cong sir, 2016; Grynberg va cpng sir, 2010) hoac co thi giam thiiu mdi tuang quan nghich giGa dong cam cam xiic va r6i loan tam
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 4 (253), 4 . 2020
thin (Bos va Stokes, 2018). Ngoai ra, ky nang ty diiu chinh (self-regulation) va ty trie In cung ddng vai trd diiu tilt quan trgng trong mdi quan he giua ddng cam va siic khde tam than (Nguyin Phudc Cat Tudng va cdng su, 2019;
Powell, 2018), giu-a Idng trie In va sy thti djch (Keller va Pfattheicher, 2013).
Vi thi, nhtrng nd lyc dl giao due nang luc nhan thirc xa hdi cho tre vj thanh niSn cin chit trgng din giao due su ddng cam nhan thirc hon la sy ddng cam cam xuc; quan trgng ban, viec phat triin nang lyc nay phai dugc tiin hanh song song vdi nang luc ty quan ly.
4. Ket luan
Dya tren dQ lieu cua 1.250 tre vj thanh nien ttr bon tinh thanh tren ca nudc, nghien cuu nay gdp phan tao nen nen tang ly luan diu tien d Viet Nam ve mdi quan he giira nang luc cam xiic - xa hgi va sire khde tam than. Nhin chung, mac du ket qua nghien cira can dugc ly giai mdt each than trgng vi khao sat nay dya tren thiet ke ctia mgt nghien ciru cat ngang, thi tren mdt binh dien nhat djnh, nd van thdng nhat vdi nhiing ket luan ttr eac nghien ciru trudc, viec dat dugc nang luc cam xuc - xa hdi se giup tre vj thanh nien giam thieu cac van de ve sire khde tiim than. Ben canh dd, ket qua nghien ciru ctia chung tdi cd nhtrng ggi y quan trgng cho viec trien khai cac chuang trinh SEL trong bdi canh trudng hgc. Mgt chucmg trinh SEL thanh cdng can trien khai phat trien ddng bd 5 nang luc thimh phan cho hgc sinh bdi 5 nang lyc nay cd tfnh bd trg nhau; trong dd, niing lyc tu quan ly can duge uu tien phat trien nhieu nhat bdi vi tinh dy bao ciia nd ddi vdi sire khde tam than manh ban ca va vai trd diiu tilt cua nd nham giam thieu mdi tuong quan thuan gitta nang lire nh|n thiic xa hdi va cac rdi loan tam than rat dang luu y. Theo dd, viec phat trien nang lyc nhan thitc xa hdi chg tre vj thanh nien can dugc quan tam manh me hon ca. Viec phat triin nang lyc nay can duge tien hanh song song vdi nang lyc tu quan ly. Ngoai ra, khi phat triin nang lyc nhan thuc xa hgi chg tre vi thanh nien, nang lyc ddng cam nhan thitc can dugc phat huy manh me hon la nang lyc ddng cam cam xiic.
Mac dti cd nhung ban chi nhit djnh nhu chi dya vao ket qua ty danh gia cua tre vj thanh nien thdng qua bang hdi va dugc thiet ke dudi dang cat ngang, chi sd Alpha ciia mdt sd tilu thang do cdn chua thyc su kha quan, nghien ciiu nay vin cd nhirng ddng gdp nhit djnh vl mat ly luan va thyc tien cho viec phat triin nSng luc cam xuc - xa hdi cho tre vj thanh nien trong bdi canh trudng hgc.
Trong tuong lai, cac nghien ciru tiip theo cin tiin hanh cac thiet ke bd dgc hoac thyc nghiem; viec thu thap dtr lieu cin da dang hon, kit hgp nhieu phuang phap nhu diiu tra bing bang hdi, phdng vln cau tnic, quan sat... Ben canh dd, cung cin luu y ring day la nd luc diu tien nham thich nghi Bang hdi Nang lyc cam xuc - xa hgi ctia Zhou va Ee (2012) dl thang do nay trd nen
TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 4 (253), 4 - 2020 67
hoan thien ban va cd the dugc sir dung rdng rai hon. Cac nghien ctru trong tuong lai can danh gia lai tinh hieu luc va do tin cay ciia thang do. Ddng thdi cac loai hieu luc khac, kiem tra - kilm tra lai do tin cay cin dugc kilm djnh lai.
Ngoai ra, nghien cuu nay mdi chi tap trung tim bilu mdi quan he gitta nang luc cam xitc - xa hdi vdi cac van dc ve sue khde tam thin ma chua xet den indi quan he ciia nd vdi trang thai khoe manh vl tinh thin. Cac nghien cim tiep theo can tap trung vao nhtrng van de nay.
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