SO 6 2014
4(^-51,33
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VAN DE SU* DVNG TlT N G C CUA KHAU HIEU CHINH TRI - XA H Q I TIENG VIET NHIN TU* GOC DQ
LI THUYET PHAN TICH DIEN NGON PHE PHAN
ThS D 6 THI XUAN DUNG' PGS.TS TRAN VAN PHlT^C"
Abstract: The paper presents an analysis of Vietnamese socio-political slogans from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) which proposes theoretical foundation for the analysis of lexical, syntactic and textual characteristics of discourse. Within the scope of this paper, we use the framework of CDA suggested by Fauelough (1989) to analyse lexical characteristics of 130 Vietnamese socio-political slogans, foUowmg the principles of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to unveil the ideologies, thoughts and other social practices reflected in the linguistic uses.
Key words: Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), socio-political slogans, lexical characteristics.
1. Mpt so van de U thuyet 1.1. Li tiiuylt Phan tich dien ngdn phe phdn {Critical Discourse Analysis - CDA)
Kk tfl nhiing ndm bdy muoi eua till ki XX, khi ngdnh phan tich dien ngdn (discourse analysis-DA) dupe phan chia thdnh nhilu chuyen ngdnh h?p, phan tich dien ngdn phg phdn- CDA dd hinh thdnh vd phdt trien tten nln tdng li thuyet eua Ngdn ngfl hpc phg phdn (Critical Lmguistics-CL) va umg dyng eua Ngfl p h ^ ehfle ndng hf flj^ (Systenuc-Functional Grammar- SFG) cua HalUday. Nhifm vy ea ban eua CDA la tim hiiu nhumg vin dl xd hpi dupe thi hifn ttong dien ngdn cung nhu phdn tich ede mdi quan hf gifla suy nghi, thdi dp, hf tu tudng
vd cdch thg hifn chiing qua ngdn ngfl, dupe cdc nhd ngdn ngfl hpc tieu bieu nhu Kress & Hodge [14], Fowler vd cpng sy [9], van Dijk [21], Fahclough [7] vd Wodak [22] khdi xudng vd phat triln. Fairclough [7] vd [8] ttong cae cdng trinh Language and Power vd Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language diu dua ra nhumg thdo lugn vd nhan dinh ring ngdn ngfr cd sy gin kit vdi ede thyc tien xd hpi vd dd mang lgi ede tiiay ddi xd hpi. Quan dilm ndy dupe eac nhd ngdn ngfl hpc khde khing dinh, vi nhu trong Wodak & Meyer [23], ring dien ngdn, ttong CDA, dupe nhin nhan nhu la
*, •* Tnedng Dgi hgc Ngogi ngu, Dgi hoc Hui
48 Ngon ngfr so 6 ndm 2014 mpt tgp qudn vd mpt thyc tien xd hpi
(social practice), tfle la dien ngdn edn dupe xem nhu Id mpt hdnh dpng xd hOi, mpt hifn tupng xd hpi mang tinh Uch sfl va gin Uln vdi ngfr ednh tinh huong. Cdc vin dl md CDA quan tam chinh Id ede vin dk xd hpi nhu hf tu tudng, quyln lye, quan hf giai cip, phan bift ehiing tpc... vd cae ylu tl van hda, xa hpi khae ed ehi phoi each to ehfle ciu tnic va npi dung eiia dien ngdn. Chinh vi quan tam din cae vin dl xa hpi nhu vgy, nhifm vy ehinh ciia CDA chinh la vfla mieu ta dien ngdn vira giai thich each kien tgo dien ngdn. Fairclough [7,109] dd dl xudng cac budc phan tich CDA bao gom:
1) xae dinh eae vin dl quyln lye, xa hpi; 2) Tim hiiu hoan eanh eiia vin de; 3) Phan ti'eh dien ngdn tiieo 3 bude mieu td, hieu vd gidi thich; vd 4) Danh gid phdn hoi. Theo dd, ngudi phan tich CDA ein phdi lam rd eae gid tri kinh nghifm, gid tri quan hf, vd gid tri bilu cam eua tfl vvmg, ede hifn tupng ngfl phdp cung nhu ede kilu in dy eua tfl vvmg vd ede kilu lign kit eau, mfnh dl... dvia tren vife ung dyng h tiiuylt Ngfl phdp ehfle nang hf tiiong eua Halliday; ed nghia la phan tich cac dac dilm eua dien ngdn theo ba sign ehfle nang ciia ngdn ngfl: chuc nang y nifm, ehfle nang lign nhan vd ehfle nang tao van ban.
1.2. Li tiiuylt Ngfl phdp ehfle ndng hf thong (Systematic Functional Grammar - SFG)
Nguyen Hda Id mOt ttong ede tdc gid Vift Nam cd nhilu nghien eflu sau vl CDA. Trong ehuygn lugn Phdn tich Dien ngdn phe phdn: lilugn vd phuang phdp [19] dng eho ring sg Id mpt tiidch
tiiflc doi vdi cac nha phan tich CDA nlu hp tiulu kiln tiiflc nln ngdn ngfl hpc bdi vi CDA khdng hoan todn ed eung cdch tilp cgn vin dk nhu d cdc ngdnh khoa hpc phg phdn khde. CDA phai dupe tiln hanh trgn nln tang ngdn ngfl hpc. Nhiing nhgn xet, phan tich ttong CDA phai cd can cfl ngdn ngfl hpc ehfl khdng ehi la bai binh lugn hay nhiing nhgn xet ttan lan ve mpt hifn tupng xa hpi nao dd. Difp Quang Ban [4] eung da ed nhumg lugn diem tuomg ty khi ndi vl Phan ti'eh dien ngdn phg binh. Eiudng hudng phan tich dien ngdn phe phdn ehfle ndng - hf tiiong dk xuit bdi Kress [15] vd Fairclough
[8] dd dupe dya tten nln tang Ngfr phdp hpc ehfle nang hf thong (systemic functional grammar-SFG) ciia M.A.K.
Halliday. Nhumg quan digm eiia Ngfl phap chuc nang hf thong nhu "ngdn ngfr la mOt hf tiling ki hifu xa hpi"
va "ngdn ngfr la mpt ngudn lye tgo nghia" da tgo ra nhilu tmh flng dyng nhat giup eho CDA ed co sd ngdn ngfl hpc de thye hifn nhifm vy ehinh eua mmh. HalUday [11] dd hinh dung ngdn ngfl nhu la mpt tiivic the gom bon tang:
ngfr eanh, ngfr nghia, tfl vvmg ngfr phdp va am vi hpc. Chinh sy giao thoa gifla cdc tang bgc ndy thi hifn vifc xae dinh ngdn ngfl dSi gin kit vdi cdc yeu to ea ehe ben trong vd thi gidi ben ngodi. Theo do, ngdn ngfl dupe dimg dl dien dgt mpt ttong ba logi nghia khdi qudt. Thompson [21, 28]
ti3m tit ba logi nghia ndy nhu sau: 1) NghTa y ni^m/kinh nghiem: ngdn ngfr dupe dimg de dien dgt sy ttdi nghifm eua ngudi ndi doi vdi thi gidi vgt chit vd tinh thin; dk migu td ede sy kifn, trgng tiidi ttong till gidi dd; 2) NghTa lien nhdn: ngdn ngfl dupe su dyng
tiong giao tilp eua ngudi ndi vdi nhiing ngudi khde; dl tiult 1^ vd duy tri ede moi quan hf xd hpi vdi nhau; vd 3) NghTa vdn ban: ngdn ngfr cin phdi dupe ngudi ndi to ehfle thdnh nhumg thdng difp sao eho phu hpp vdi cdc ben tham gia giao tilp vd dong thdi phu hpp vdi ngfl ednh giao tilp. Ba logi nglua tren day ehinh Id cdch hiiu ba sieu ehiie ndng (metafimctions) ciia ngdn ngfl md HalUday [11] dd phan tkfcdiuc nang kinh nghifm (eaqxriential), Ugn nhan (interpersonal) vd tgo vdn ban (textual).
1.3. Khau hifu vdi tu cdch Id doi tupng nghien curu cua CDA
Tfl bdn chit, nhifm vy vd cdch thfle tiln hdnh eua CDA, ddi tupng nghien eiiu eiia U thuylt ndy thudng Id cdc bdi phdt bilu trude cdng chung, cae bdi ndi chuyf n, ttd ldi phdng vin bdo chi - truyin hinh, hay nhung bdi vgn dpng, tuyen t n ^ ^ chinh tii... nhdm thyc hifn quyln l\rc hay bpe Ip hf tu tudng, thdi dp... qua do thuyet phyc ngudi tilp nhgn chip nhgn vd ung hp.
Khiu hifu ehinh tri - xd hpi tilng Vift vdi nhiing d^ £em vd ehiic ndng von dSi cua nd dd trd tiianh doi tupng phan tkdi va ^ dyng U tiiuy^ trong bai vilt nay.
Khiu hifu ehinh tri - xd hpi tilng Vift la mpt till logi dien ngdn dde bift Day Id logi dien ngdn ehinh tr) - xd hpi tuong doi ngdn gpn vd ed it edu (tii 1 din 4 eau) dl dam bdo mye dieh thdng tin, tuyrai truyin dupe hifu qud.
Tu diln American Heritage Dictionary dinh nghia khau hifu Id "mOt cym tu/ ngfr thi hifn myc dich h o ^ bdn chit cua mpt co quan, dodn thi h o ^ mpt dng cu vien"; "Id eau ndi dupe dung di dimg lgi tihilu iin ttong ede
ehiln dieh qudng cdo hay qudng bd";
"Id cdu ndi d ^ bift vd cd ehu dk, de thu hiit ngudi khde, dupe diing ttong qudng cdo, ehinh tq dl vgn dpng eho mpt san phim, thf sinh hay mpt nguyen do ndo do". Trong khi dd, d Vift Nam, khdi nifm khiu hifu ttong Tu diin tiing Vi0t (2000) do Hodng Phe ehu bign dupe hiiu Id "mdt hay nhilu cdu ngdn gpn ed npi dung tuyen truyen, CO dpng dk tgp hpp quin chiing, dl td quylt tam diu ttanh" [12,461].
Ngdn ngfr khiu hifu thudng ngin gpn, dl dpc, de nhd; siie ti'eh, cd dpng dl ed tinh trpng tam, vd ed tigu dilm thdng tin; dupe ey thi hda dudi dgng hdnh dpng ngdn tfl ey thi vd mang ehfle ndng lien nhan; khiu hifu phdi Id cdc bilu ngdn ed ehiln lupc giao tiep, gin vdi timg ngfr ednh ey thi, ed tinh lieh sy vd mang dde trung van hda ban ngfr. Vi doi tupng tilp nhdn sy vgn dpng tfl khau hifu Id ngudi dan. Id c^ng dong nen khiu hifu phdi bao gom cdc phdt ngdn ed tinh dgi ehiing, pho thdng vd d^c tnmg eho dom vj phdt hdnh. Tfl cdc mye dieh phdt ngdn eua dom vi phdt hdnh md cdc ehfle ndng ngdn tfl eua khiu hifu dupe xdc lap. Cdc yeu eau ca ban ve m^t ngdn ngfr eiia khiu hifu, do do, phdi "ngin gpn - de hiiu - de nhd" vd phdi lam dupe chuc ndng "tiidng bdo - vgn dpng - tiiuylt phyc". Ngoai ra mpt trong nhung d$c trung ngdn ngfl quan ttpng khde eiia ngdn ngfr khiu hifu do Id phdi gin vdi ngfr ednh giao tiep, dimg bifn phdp tuyen truyen thdng qua hdnh dpng ngdn tii vd dya tten nen tang boi ednh chfnh tr) - van hda - xdhpi.
50 Ngon ngfr s6 6 ndm 2014 Mpt ttong nhflng mye dieh rd rf t
nhit eua khiu hifu la dua tiidng difp cua ngudi phdt ngdn din vdi cpng dong, lam cho mpi ngudi nhd va ttd ngn quen thupc vdi thdng difp. 6 m^t dit nude xd hOi ehfl nghia nhu Vift Nam, vifc tuyen truyin vgn dpng dk dgt dupe cdc myc dich gido dye ehinh tri, tu tudng vd hdnh dpng d6i vdi eOng ding Id m^t cdng vife dd dupe quy dinh trong phdp lugt vd ludn dupe tiiye thi thudng xuygn. Vdi tu cdch Id mpt cdng cy ho^c sdn phim tuyen truyin, khiu hifu ein ed hai ehfle nang ehu ylu la thdng tin va tdc dOng.
Barton [2] khing dinh khiu hifu giup chia sg thdng tin vd quan dilm doi vdi thdng tin dd, dong thdi tdc dpng dk thilt lgp sy Ugn kit gitia cdc thanh vign ciing nhu dilu phii eae vin dl phfle tgp gifla hp. Qua thye, khiu hifu ed nhifm vy thdng tin dl eho ngudi tilp nhgn thdng difp hiiu dupe thdng difp, qua dd tdc dpng, thuylt phyc epng dong 1dm theo, hudng 1x5ri nhiing gid tri nid ngudi ban hdnh thdng difp mu6n nhim din.
2. Nhfrng d|ic dilm sfr dyng tur ngfr ciia khau hifu tieng Vift theo quan diem phan tfch dien ngon phe phdn
Chinh nhumg d^e trung vd nhifm vy quan ttpng eua khiu hifu ehinh tii xd hOi dd Idm eho khiu hifu ed thi ttd thanh doi tupng nghign eflu eua CDA vi CDA giup lam rd eac m6i quan hf quyln - till vd nhflmg vin dl xd hpi in chua bgn ttong cdch diing ngdn ngfr eiia khiu hifu. Trong phgm vi bai vilt ndy, ehung tdi dya vdo nhflng nguyen If ca bdn cua If thuylt phan tfch dien ngdn phe phdn vd dya ttgn
ea sd ngdn ngfr hpc cfla U thuylt Ngfr phdp ehfle ndng hf tiling dk tim hiiu nhumg d$c dilm sfl dyng tfl ngfr khau hifu ehinh tii - xd hpi tilng Vift vdi mye dieh khdm phd cdc moi quan hf gifla hf tu tudng, thdi dp eua ngudi phdt ngdn, ban hdnh khiu hifu vdi ngdn ngfr ttong dien ngdn khiu hifu.
Vi If do phgm vi hgn ehl, chung tdi sg sfl dyng cfl lifu Id 130 dien ngdn khiu hifu tilng Vift thupc mpt s6 ehu dk xd hpi dang dupe quan tam hifn nay Id an todn giao thdng, ddn sd, gia dinh - binh ddng gidi vd quyin tre em.
2.1. Gid tri kinh nghifm eiia tfl vyng
Giao thdng vd vin dk dan s6, bgnh phfle gia dhih, quyln ttg em dang Id nhflmg vin dl dupe xd h^i d^e bift quan tam trong thdi gian gin day. Thyc tl xd hpi eho thiy moi ndm tai ngn giao thdng dd eudp di sinh mgng eua hang ngan ngudi, dl lgi nhiing noi dau vl till xdc vd tinh tiiin eho khdng bilt bao nhieu gia dinh tten khip ed nude. Bgn cgnh dd, dp lyc dan so tang nhanh khiln eho xd hpi mit cin bing vl ca ciu vife lam, nhd d, an sinh xd hpi vd eiing gian tilp dan din cdc hifn tupng bit binh ding ttong gia dinh, bgo lye ndy smh, tte em chua dupe quan tam diing mfle... Khiu hifu nhim tuygn truyin nang eao nh$n thfle vl vin dk an todn giao thdng vd gidm dp lye dan s6, tdng eudng ede bifn phdp bdo vf ttg em vd bgnh phue gia dinh vi thi ed nhifm vy quan ttpng ttong vifc chuyin tdi ede thdng difp xd hpi eiia ede ea quan quyln lyc din vdi ngudi ddn. De dgt dupe mye dieh giao tilp ndy, vife sfl dyng tfl ngfr cd
nhifm vy phdn dnh ede kinh nghifm ttong thvrc tien ddi s6ng xd hpi lam eho ngudi ddn hiiu vd thiy dupe moi Uen hf gifla khiu hifu vdi Ipi ich trong ddi sdng cua hp. Do trudng dien ngdn d day Id cdc van dk xd hpi, vd myc tigu ciia dien ngdn Id hudng din cdc gid tr) tot d?p ngn ttong khiu hifu xuit hifn rat nhilu tfl vvmg thupc linh vyc ndy nhu: an todn, ki cuang. hgnh phiic, vdn hda, tuang lai, tuai sdng,
binh^ ddng, tdn trgng, chia se, hiiu, quyit tdm, tda sdng, phdt triin, phdn vinh, dn dinh, gid trf dich thyrc, lanh mgnh, td dm, binh yen, hoai bdo, net vdn hda giao thdng...
Bgn cgnh dd, dk cd tinh rdn de vd neu bgt dupe nhiing tdc hgi eiia m^t trdi cua ede vin de xd h^i ndy, khiu hifu edn chua ede tfl ngfl ed moi quan hf ngfr nghia mang gid tri tu tudng nhu diing tfl ttdi nghia, ching hgn, ndng niu - lam tdn thuang (cdc thdnh vien gia dinh); cham lo/ bdo v$ - bd rai (frg em); (sinh) con gdi -
con trai; (vai trd) nam gidi, nir - gidi;
binh ddng - bdt binh ddng hgnh phiic - bgo luc {gia dmh), (di) chgm vgi, chdp hdnh - viphgm (phdp lu|t). Vife dflng nhftng tfl ngfr trai n ^ a ndy giup eho khiu hifu ed till till hifn mOt edeh noi bgt sy khde bift vl tu tudng tix)ng danh gid ede vin dl xd hpi eung nhu nhin thfle vd sy chip hdnh cua ngudi dan doi vdi phdp lugt.
So lifu tiiong ke eho tiiiy ede trudng tfl vvmg ed tinh tich cyc dk migu td ede gid tri tot d?p eua hdn nhan - gia dBnh, edng tae dan s6, quyln phy nfl vd ttg em... dgt 93 lupt/ 136 khiu hifu thupc ede ehu dl ndy; trong khi dd, cdc tfl ngfr ttdi nghia dk thk hifn sy doi lgp vl tu tudng vd thdi dO ddnh gid ede m^ trdi cfla ede hifn tupng xd hOi ndy eiing dgt din 37 lupt/
136 khiu hifu. Dde bift, mpt so tii ngfl ehu chot gii^ lam nli bgt npi dung ehu de d moi khia cgnh cy thi dupe sfl dyng vdi tan so rit cao. Thi dy:
Stt 1 2 3
Chudi Dansd Hdn nhan -gia dinh Binh ding gidi
Tfr ngfr ehu chot ddn sd, ke hogch hda gia dinh
hgnh phue, gia dinh binh ddng bdt binh ddng, gidi, bgo lyre
So lupng dien ngdn khau hifu
15 36 36
So lupt xuit hifn eiia tfl ngfl ehu chot
14 61 38
Nhu vgy vife su dyng trudng tfl wmg d ed hai khia cgnh tich eye vd tieu cvrc (tiidng qua bifn p h ^ sfl dyng tfl dong nghia, trdi nghia) diu dupe chii ttpng nhim till hifn id n^ tu tiidng vd thdi dp eua neudi / ea quan phdt ngdn trong cdc khau hifu totyen tiityln.
D$c bift khi ndi vl qi^ln trg em vd gido dye tte em, khiu hifu ndm 2013 da xuat hifn ylu to mdi nhim the hifn tfnh tu tudng trong quan dilm eua Ddng vd Nhd nude ta, dd Id tre em ddn tgc. Ndi khdi nifm ndy mdi Id do ehiing ta so sdnh nd vdi khdi
52 Ngdn ngfr s6 6 ndm 2014 nifm ti-e em dupe dung vdi nghia chung
ttong cdc khiu hifu tmdc day. Dilu ndy till hifn vifc ey thi hda nhumg chinh sdch quan tam phdt triln doi vdi ede vimg dan tpc thilu so eua Ddng vd Nhd nude ta vdo ttong ede cdng ey tuyen timyln xa hpi. Mpt tiong nhflmg nguygn tae ca ban eua ehinh saeh dan tpc la "tuomg ttp giup dd Ian nhau eflng tiln bp gifla cdc ddn tpc"; vd mpt ttong nhflmg npi dung hdnh dpng Id "Chinh sdch xd hpi tgp tnmg vdo ede vin de gido dye ddo tgo, vdn hda, y tl... nhim nang eao nang lye, tgo tiln dk vh eae ea hpi dk cdc dan tpc cd diy dfl ede dilu kifn tham gia vdo qud trinh phdt triln, dl tten CO sd dd khdng ngimg ndng cao ddi song vdt chit, tinh thin eiia dong bdo" (Trich ehuygn lugn Chinh sdch ddn tgc ciia Ddng trong thdi ki ddi mdi. Lam Ba Nam [16]). Tdc gid Lam Ba Nam eho ring thye trgng phdt triln kmh tl - xd hpi d nude ta eho thiy ed sy ehgnh lfch vl phdt triln kinh te - xd hpi ngn ein thilt phdi kgu gpi sy tuomg ttp giup dd lln nhau gifla ede dan tpc. Day vfla Id ygu ciu, vfra Id mye tigu eua sy phdt triln, vi sy phdt triln bin vflmg cfla cOng dong quoc gia dan tpc. Cho ngn ttong cdc vdn kifn eua Ddng, nguygn tic tuomg ttp dupe bo sung ede thanh t l tdn ttpng, giup dd nhau cimg phat triln, eung tiln bO, va tix)ng nhieu dl cuomg. Dang ta xein day la mOt nguyen tic doi vdi vin dl dan tpc trong tiidi ki cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda d nude ta hifn nav.
Dd eung ehinh la U do xuit hifn khau hifu "Quyit tdm dua ti^e em nghdo khd, ti-e em ddn tgc din tiudng" ho$e
"Vi mgt tiiang lai fteai sdng, hdy chdm sdc ti-e em ngheo, ti-e em ddn tgc".
Nlu so vdi tiudc day, tii 2012 ttd vl trude ede khiu hifu ndi vl quyln
ti:g em ehi dl e|lp "rre em" ndi chung, titi cdch dung tfl ed tinh cd till hda, khu bift hda ndy dd till hifn quan dilm vd hf tu tudng cua Ddng ta khi hudng din ede ehinh sdch dan tpc.
Ngodi ra khi ndi vl hgnh phue gia (finh, khiu hifu sfl dyng rit nhilu tfl ding nghia vd tfl gin nghia dk nhin mgnh thdng difp vd tgo ra hifu iing tu tfl hpc, giup nhin mgnh vd 1dm rd nhgn thfle vl tam quan ttpng cfla xdy dyng hgnh phue gia (finh ttong xd h^i van minh. Dd la nhiing tfl ngfr: nen tdng, goc re, chiic ndi, diim tyra...
ttong cdc khiu hifu:
"Gia dinh hgnh phue Id chiic ndi nudi dudng phdt triin nMng hoai bdo ude ma cua mdi ngudi"
"Bdt binh ddng gidi Id gSc riciia bgo lyre gia dinh "
"Binh ddng nam nir la nen tang cua vdn hda cua xd hgi vdn minh - gia dinh hgnh phiic"
"Gia dinh - diim tifa cua hgnh phiic"
Vd cdc tfl ngfr gia dinh, td am, mdi dm, te bdo xa hgi, hdn nhdn, ngdi nhd, thdnh vien gia dinh, dng bd - con chdu ttong cdc khiu hifu:
"Dung lam tdn thuang cdc thanh viin trong gia dinh bgn "
"Gia dinh IdtSdm cua mdi ngudi.
Id ti bdo lanh mgnh cua xd hpi"
"Hay di finh yeu thuang sudi dm ngdi nhd cua bgn"
"Hon nhdn khdng tie nguyjn vd tao hdn Id mgt nguyen nhdn ddn din tan vd hgnh phiic"
"dng bd mdu mure, con chdu thdo hiin"
"Vi mgt mdi dm gia dinh khdng cd bgo lyre"
The ddi kinh nghifm eua ehiing ta thay doi hdng ngdy hdng gid qua thvie tien sdn xuat vd ddi song xd hpi.
Thay dii Id tit ylu eua cu0c sing ty nhign vd xd hpi, vd thvie tien ndy ngay lip tiic dupe phdn dnh vdo trong diln ngdn. Xet trong thugt ngfr tuygn tntyln ve ehfl dl sfle khde eOng done, cym tfl sdng lgc trude sinh trong khau hifu ''sdng lgc trude sinh, sa sinh gdp phdn hgn chi dj tgt bdm sinh d tre em" Id mpt thugt ngfr ehuygn mdn eua nganh Y vd chdm sdc siie khde cOng dong chi mdi dupe dua vdo khiu hifu gin day (khodng tfl nam 2010 ti^d di). Lu|t bao vf sure khde nhan dan dupe Quoe hpi ban hanh vao nam 1989, nhung phai ^ nam 2010, trong dy tiiao ehiln lupc qu6c gia vl bao vf, cham sdc va nang cao sfle khde nhan dan giai dogn 2011-2020, Bp Y tl mdi ed nhflng ddnh gid xdc thvie vl kit qud thvrc hifn cdng tdc ndy trong 10 nam (2001-2010).
Kit lu$n neu rd ti If tii vong ttg sa smh edn eao, ti If trg sa smh mie cdc di tgt bim sinh khd cao dd 1dm anh hudng din chit lupng dan so va giong ndi. Dy thao ehiln lupc eung dong thdi dua ra nhflmg dy dinh mdi eho edng tdc chdm sdc sure khde, ttong dd ed ehiln lupc chdm sdc sfle khde bd m? mang tiiai vd trg sa smh vd vin dl sdng Ipe trude sinh dk ddm bdo chit lupng dan so. Ddy chfnh Id nhung tiln dk cho vife thdng tin tuyen truyen edng tdc dan so phdi cd nhumg cym thuiit ngfr chuyen mdn nhu vgy nhim mye dieh gido dye hiiu bilt vd nang cao nhin thfle eho ngudi dan, gdp phin In djnh vd ndng eao chit lupng din s6.
Vife bOe 10 quan hf quyln - till cdn dupe thi hifn tixmg vife sfl dyng tfl done nghia vd gin nghia ed svi gia tang ve cap dO quyln lye ttong phdt
ngdn. Trong trudng hpp ndy, khiu hifu thi hifn ede mfle dp tfl khuygn ran, giao dye... din cim doan va quy tpi nhu ttong vifc dflng cae tfl ngfl sau dk ehi mfle dp tdng tiln vl bpe Ip quyln - thi ttong mpt logt cdc khiu hifu vl an todn giao thdng, vl binh ding gidi:
- hay, nen (ldi khuygn) -* cdm {cam doan) —> nghiem cdm (cam d mue dp eao hom) —> ... Id tgi dc. Id viphgm phdp lugt (quy tpi, ket tpi)
Ddy Id sy bpe Ip tinh quyen lye thdng qua cdc hdnh dpng ngdn tfl cd gid tri bilu edm eao. Cdc kilu hdnh dpng ngdn tfl thupc hdnh dpng d ldi ndy dd dupe Do Hum Chdu (2001) khdi qudt khd rd ttong khi phan logi ede hdnh vi d ldi, dd la khuyen bdo, ra l$nh, yeu cdu, cdm dodn... Mpt nghign euu mdi day eua Do Thi Xuan Dung vd dong sy [6] eiing dd ehi ra ring khi xem xgt dudi gde dp hanh dpng ngdn tfl, khiu hifu thvie hifn mpt so ehfle nang ea ban eua nd ehu ylu thdng qua hanh dpng thdng tin vd hdnh dpng ciu/ khiln. Cdc hdnh dpng tgi ldi eua khiu hifu mang ehfle nang khuyin cdo, ra Ifnh, hay thdng tin, tuyen bo diu thupc ede nhdm hanh vi tgi ldi ma Austin [1] va Searle [20]
dd phdn logi bao gom phdn xu, hdnh xir, cam kit, trinh bdy, umg xir (cdch phan logi cua Austin) vd tdi hi^n, diiu khien, cam ket, bieu cdm, tuyen bd (cdch phdn logi eua Searle). Dk dat dupe myc tigu thdng tin vd tdc dpng dd, ein thilt phdi sd dyng ede dpng tfl ngfr vi thuOe thi gidi kinh nghifm cua ed ngudi phdt ngdn va ngudi tilp nhgn. Nhung trong khiu hifu cdc hdnh vi khuyin cdo, ran de, thuylt phyc...
It khi xuit hifn ede dpng tfl ngfr vi nhu thdng bdo, khuyin cdo... (ngogi
54 Ngon ngfr s6 6 ndm 2014 tiir mpt s6 It tii ngfr nhu "cdm...")
md ban than hanh d0ng tgi ldi dd dupe ham ehfla ben ttong eac ciu tnic ngfl ph^, nhu "phdng nhanh, vugt du, gay tai ngn Id tgi dc" (hdnh vi khuyin cdo, kIttOi).
2.2. Gid tii quan hf eua tfl ngfr Tim hiiu ehfle ndng lign nhdn eua ngdn ngfl tix)ng U tiiuyet Ngfr phdp ehfle ndng hf tiling ed nghia Id khdo sdt ede moi quan hf gifla ngudi ndi vd ngudi nghe thdng qua vifc sfl dyng ngdn ngfl. Fairclough [7, 116] eho ring xdc dinh gid tri qnan hf cua tfl ngfl Id sy lya chpn tfl ngfl sfl dyng ttong diln ngdn ddng vai ttd quan trpng ttong vife tgo ra hay duy tri cdc mil quan hf xd hpi gifla ede tiidnh vign tiiam gia giao tiep. Trong ngdn ngfl khiu hifu, quan hf xd hOi gifra ngudi phdt ngdn vd ngudi tiep nhgn phdt ngdn cimg dd dupe thi hifn rd net ttong cdch chpn sfl dyng tfl ngfr.
Tfl trude dkri nay, khiu hifu vl an todn giao thdng (ATGT) thudng ed cdc dgng mfnh Ifnh, nghigm cim nhu
"(2dm phdng nhanh, vupt iu", "Nghiem cdm chgy qud toe dp"); ho§c eanh bdo nhu "Lgm dyng rupu, bia - hilm hpa ATGT', kgu gpi, nhic nhd nhu "Hay dgi mU bdo hiem khi di md td, xe gin mdy" Nhumg bifn phdp ndy eiing cd tdc dyng nhung ed vg hai "thd eiing"
neu tdc dpng vdo quan hf gifla ngudi ndi vd ngudi nghe. Thdng thudng mfnh Ifnh dupe ban hdnh bdi ngudi ed quyen lye eao hon tdi ngudi ed it quyen lyc hom. Vd edeh dimg ndy dudng nhu khdng phdi lue ndo eiing ed tdc dyng cao, ddi khi edn chua ndi din tdc dyng phy. Gin ddy, chiln lupc sfl dyne tfl ngfr eua khiu hifu dd ed thay doi vdi thdng difp "mim hda" khi hudng din tinh tiian ttdeh
nhifm trong long moi ngudi, tdc dpng din tinh cdm vd van hda cua ngudi dan nhu "Ldi xe bdng cd trdi tim ",
"Ddng sau tay ldi Id gia ^nh, ngudi thdn", "Mpt ngirdi cd y thirc chdp hdnh Lugt Giao thdng dem lgi hgnh phdc cho nhiiu ngudi", "Mgi ngudi
Ung hp bgn ndi khdng vdi rugu, bia khi tham gia giao thdng"... ho?ic tdc dOng vdo Idng ty ttpng cua ngudi tilp nhgn nhu "Sir dying cdi dUng cdch Id umg xur cd y&n hda", ho$c ed nh|in dgng bdn sic rigng nhu "ngudi Hd Npi khdng vgi dugc ddu\" Vdi edeh sfl dyng tfl ngfr thi hifn sy tdn ttpng ngudi nghe, ngudi dpc ttong cdc khiu hifu nhu v|ly, ngudi phdt ngdn dd tdc dpng vdo moi quan hf giua ede thanh vign ttong epng ding, gifra ngudi ban hanh va ngudi tilp nh|n "mfnh Ifnh"
Chinh sy mim hda nay da giup thdng difp de din vdi ngudi dan hom khi chiing ta hiiu dupe thdi quen vd tgp quan eua ngudi Vift Nam la ed thign hudng vl tinh cam, coi ttpng gia ifinh, ngudi tiian. MOt ldi ndi "de nghe" bao gid eiing ed hifu qud tdc dpng ldn hom; vd hp eiing cd khuynh hudng chip hdnh nghigm Luat Giao thdng dudng bp nlu hp nghi' din gia dinh vd ngudi than dan^ chd mong hp d nhd. Ngodi ra, nhdc din sy flng xfl ed vdn hda ttong giao thdng eiing ehinh Id nhic nhd ngu cao Idng ty ttpng eua moi ngudi; tuomg ty, nhic din gid tri bdn sic cd nhan hay eua t l ehfle, nhdm ngudi dong chi hudng nhu ttong khiu hifu "Ngudi Hd Npi, khdng vgi dugc ddu" hay "Tu6i ti-i D^i hgc Dd N&ng tich eyre hudng img thgp ki hdnh dgng vi dudng bg 2011-2012"... titi dd eWnh Id edeh 1dm kgu gpi d ngudi ddn svi ty gidc chip hdnh Lugt giao thdng, vi ehinh gid tri bdn than cua hp. Day ehinh Id
chien lupc su dyng tfl ngfr mang gid tri quan hf eua khdu hifu. Ngodi ra, trong ede eau tnic eau mfnh Ifnh md khiu hifu su dyng dk kgu gpi eOng dong "hay + dgng ti/' (16,92% lupt), tiu bdn tiidn phy tii "hay" vira 1dm chuc ndng hd, gpi, vira Id yeu td Ugn nhdn ngam in dk kit ndi giiia ngudi phdt ngdn vd ngudi tilp nhgn khiu hifu. Khi keu gpi vdi phy tfl "hay\
ngudi phdt ngdn dd hdm y cam kit sy tham gia cua bdn than (cd nhdn/
tgp the) vao trong hdnh dpng, eiing vdi epng dong. Chinh ylu to Ugn nhan ndy thi hifn mdi quan hf giiia ngudi ndi vd ngudi nghe, vd eiing ehinh Id nang gid tq quan hf eiia tii ngfr trong khiu hifu Ign eao.
2.3 Gid tri bilu edm eua tfl ngfr Trong ngdn tii ctia khiu hifu, gid tr) thuylt phyc eua ngdn ngfr Id chuc ndng trpng tam. Do yeu eau vgn dpng, tayen truyin cdc gid tri vdn hda, xd hpi eho epng dong nen ngudi bien sogn khiu hifu ein quan tdm nhilu den ngdn ngie thuyit phyic bdi theo Fafrelough [7, 119], gid tri bilu edm eua tfr vvmg ludn Id doi tupng eua nhung ai quan tam doi ngdn ngfl tin^^
phyc. £)e dgt dupe dilu do, vife lya chpn tii ngfr eho khiu hifu ein dgt dupe nhiing gid tri bilu cdm cao de de di vdo long ngudi dan, tdc dpng vdo tam tu tinh cdm vd nhgn thiic eua hp, thdng qua khd ndng bieu dgt sy danh gid cfla ngudi su dyng ngdn ngfr.
Cy thi, ben cgnh dung cdc tfl ngfr cd tfnh rich evre dk dpng vien ede gid tr) vdn hda eao ttong y thuc giao thdng nhu net d?p, vdn hda (giao thdng), lanh mgnh, tinh rdn de khuyin cdo ciia khiu hifu ve an todn giao thdng cdn dupe khdi qudt hda ttong vife
diing cdc tfl ngfr trdi nghia ed gid tri bilu cam cao nhu:
- Phdng nhanh vugt du gay tai ngn Id tpi dc.
-Hiim hga giao thdng hay dimg lgi ngay.
- Tai ngn giao thdng hdng ndm cxo^ 4EszfiA i7i(int^ cfla hang ngan ngudL
Vdi ede ylu to bilu edm di tfl dan gian, den trung tinh vd cuoi ciing dgt den eao trdo nhu trong cdc khiu hifu vua neu, gid tq thuyet phyc dd dagc phdt buy rit nhilu. Tmh tiniylt phyc eiia khiu hi|u trong trudng 1 ^ ndy khdng ehi the hifn d sy kgu gpi ed tinh dpng vien ede gid tq vdn hda cao (diing tfr nghia tt'eh cyc) md cdn d vife khuyin cdo, thgm ehi rdn de (dung tfl nghia tigu cvrc), nhdm mye dich toi uu hda tfnh gido dye vd dpng vien eua khiu hifu.
3. Ket lu^n
Trong phin trinh bdy tren day, ehiing tdi ^ eo ging dvia tren cdc nguyen tie ea bdn nhat eua li thuylt Phdn tich D i ^ ngdn phg phdn, md cy thi Id (ftidng hudng eua Fairclough [T\
eiing nhu sfl dyng ede phuang phdp I^ian tidi ngfl 1^1^ theo khung li tfai^et Ngfr phdp chuc ndng hf thong eua HalUday [11] ^ 1dm rd cdc moi quan hf dihih tri - xd hpi, cdc quan hf quyln- thi in chiia ddng sau vifc sfr dyng ngdn ngfr eua dien ngdn khiu hifu.
Vife thg hifn tu tudng, thdi dp eua ngudi phdt ngdn trong cdc khiu hifu eiing nhd thdng qua cdch Ivia chpn tu ngfr dgt cdc gid tri kinh nghifm, quan hf vd bilu edm... dS. dupe ehi ra vd thdo lugn nhim ehflng minh gid tri eua dien ngdn trong bdi ednh xd hpi. Theo do dien ngdn khdng nhiing Id thvrc tien vd tgp quan xd hpi, md edn Id svr phan dnh thvrc tien ndy. Quan
56 Ngdn ngfr so 6 ndm 2 0 1 1 hf ho tuomg ndy edng ehflng td tim
quan ttpng vd vai ttd, vi tri eua ngdn ngfr ttong ddi song eua xd h^i lodi ngudi. Chung tdi hi vpng sg tilp tyc khai tilde cdc khia cgnh ngdn ngfl khde cfla khiu hifu ttong nhiing edng trinh tilp theo.
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