Van hoa an toan lao dong trong nganh cong nghiep xay dipng
Safety Culture in Construction Industry
Ngay nhan bai: 18/12/2015 Ngay sCiS bai: 02/03/2016 Ngay chap nhan dang: 15/03/2016
TOMTAT
Bai bao nay t r i n h bay cac hieu biet khdc nhau vi van hoa an toan ciing nhii sii phat trien cua cac m 6 h i n h van hoa an toan trong nganh cong nghiep xSy diTng. He t h o n g lai cac philcfng p h a p do lilting ve van hcia an toan, ben canh do bai bao cung dUa ra cac each thiic de lam sao dat t6i mot nen van hoa an toan.
Tir kh6a: an toan lao dong, van hoa an toan lao dong, mo hinh van hoa an toan
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the ciifFerent understanding of safety culture as well as the development of the model of safety culture in the construction industry . The system measures the culture of safety, besides the article also describes how to how to reach a safety cuhure.
ThS. Bid Kiln Tin,
Khoa Xay diing, TrUdng Dai hoc Xay diing Mifo Trung Email: [email protected],
dien thoai di d6ng: 0982163316 ThS. Ngo Ngoc Ci(6ng,
Khoa Xay diing, TrUdng Dai hoc Xay diing M i l n Trung Email: [email protected],
DiSn thoai di d6ng: 0905227526
B u i Kien Tin>
N g o Ngoc Cu'dng,
1 . Thu^t ngu' "van hoa an t o ^ n "
Hau het cac nha nghien ciJu ve an toan lao dong cleu thifa nfiSn rang thuat ngQ' "van hoa an t o a n " ctUtJc cung eip l^n dau tien bcli cO quan bao cao (INSAG. 1988) sau v u tai nan hat nhan Chernobyl nam 1986 [1, 2, 3,4]. Cac niia dieu tra cua IAEA 3a phat hien "mot nen van hoa an toan kem" trong vy tai nan nay [2]. Theo (INSAG - 4.1991) bae cao da Smh nghTa van hoa an toan la sU ket hop cua tat c^ cac bai gia tri va va thai do hien tai cCia ca nhan va n h o m [1].
Ke t i r khi sit d u n g t h u a t n g f l "van hoa an t o a n " . cac nha nghien tiep t u c phat trien dinh nghfa ve van hoa an toan dien hinh nhU Cooper 12000). G u l d e n m u n d (2000), Choudhry et al. (2007), Diaz- Cabrera et al. (2007), Anastacio et a l . ( 2010) [ 1 , 4]. Da s6 cac dinh nghfa la tUong dot g i o n g nhau ve quan d i e m , t r o n g d 6 van hoa an toan duoc hieu nhU mot bieu hien cCia van hoa t 6 chile ma no ngu J rSng cac gia t n va y nghTa cilia he t h o n g i\in quan d^n phat trien an toan t h o n g qua cac cuoc dam phan giila cac thanh vien dan den mot nen van hoa an t o i n [1].
2. Cac md hinh van hoa an toan
Geller (1994) da phat t r i ^ n m f i t mo hinh van hoa an toan c6 ba.
thanh phan nang dfing va t u o n g tac nhau d o la. Con ngu6i, hanh vr va moi trU6ng. Ong cung da t r i n h bay 10 nguyen the lam nen tSng cho m o t "tong van hoa an t o a n " . Ba nam sau do, Geller (1997)'dade xuat m o t mo hinh "tong van hoa an t o a n " bao gom bo ba an toan!' con ngWcti, hanh vl va moi tru'dng, d 6 n g t h d i ong cung Ong hS 10 nguydn tac cO sd cCia mot nen van hoa an toan bao g6m;1] hu'c'ng nhan vien ve cac quy tac va t h i i t u c an toan. 2) each tiep candUa- t r ^ n hanh vi, 3) tap t r u n g vao cac qyu trinh an toan ma khong Sem lai ket qua tot, 4) m 6 t each nhin ve hanh vi bj chi ph6i bdl nhflng hau qua, 5) tap t r u n g vao viec dat duoc thanh c6ng chil khong phai la tranh t h a t bai. 6) quan sat va phan hoi ve each thile lam viec, 7) phan hoi hi§u qua t h o n g qua huan luyen dUa tren hanh vi, 8) xeiti quan sat va huan luyen n h u cac hoat dpng chi'nh, 9) tam quan trong cCia long tU t r o n g va 10) an t o a n la u'u tien chiJ khSng phSi mot gia t n can dat daoc [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] .
srruATioN 1 j PERSOK SatatyCUrmte:
CONTEXT
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. ^ 1 MHAMOUH
Hinh 1 Mo hlnh van hoa an toan (Cooper, 2000)
Dua tr6n ly thuyet nhan thilc xa h6l (Bandura, 1986), Cooper [2000) da phat trien mo hlnh van hoa an toan [hlnh 1) cho th^y moi quan h|,.
tUOng tac hay doi ilng v6l ba yeu t o : con ngU6i (tam 1^), cong vlfC (hanh vi) va t o chile (tinh huong). Mo hinh nay cho thay rang thai 36 va
nhan thilc co the duoc danh gia thSng qua ehe chuong trinh an toan dUa t r ^ n hanh vi [2].
C h o u d h r y et ai. (2007) da van d u n g m o h l n h cCia Cooper (2000) 3i xky d u n g va m d rpng m o hlnh (hinh 2) bao g o m ba t i n h nang chinh: kiem tra an takn cho t i n h h u o n g , kiem toan nhan t h i l c ve van hoa an t o a n cCia con ngUcfi va lay mau cho hanh vi [1]. Kho khan nay sinh khi cac yiu t o nhat d i n h hoac cac yeu t o nhan qua duoc nhan manh qua mile t r o n g m o h i n h ma khong co bang chdng dang t i n cay de lam nhU vay [5].
the duoc t o n g qu^t thSnh an tokn silc khoe va moi t r u d n g (Safety and Enviroment). Giai doan tiep theo ia phat t r i l n m6t nen van hoa an toan ma trong do tat ca cac muc tieu dUdc cho phep phat t r i l n manh (hinh 3). Tom lai, nhiing dac diem hinh thanh mgt nen van hoa cua sii tin t u d n g , ma niem tin la can t h i l t khi doi mat vdi sU tan cong tren niem tin rang con ngudi da co gSng het sifc co the ciia hp, chang han nhU tai nan va SLf CO gan nhU bi bo qua mot each quk di dang ciia m6t ca nhan that bai anh hitdng din ly tUdng ciia to chile.
Hinh 2. Mo hinh van hoa an toSn [Choudhry et 3l.,2007) 3. D o liTcmg m o h i n h v a n h 6 a an t o a n
Theo t r u y i n t h o n g , van hda an toan dUoc thong qua viec ap dung phuang phap tinh n h d quan sat hay phdng van. Tuy nhien co nhieu cong cu do ludng khae da dUdc ap dung d l t h u thap dCr lieu dinh tinh va djnh luong c6 s i n de do ludng cac khia canh; tam ly. hanh vi va tinh huong ciia van hoa an toan [2]. Khia tam ly thudng dUdc kiem tra bdi cac c§u h6i v l van hoa an toan de dua ra nhan thilc cua ngUdi lao dong ve an tokn. Cac hanh vl an tokn dUpc nhan dang thong qua danh sach kiem tra, quan s^t va nhan cac phan hoi. Con khfa canh tinh huong co the di/oc nhin thay trong t o chile, cac chinh sach, quy trinh lam viec va he thong qukn i') [3].
4 . Thtfc hi&n v a n h6a a n t o l i n
4.1. Md hinh phdt trien nin vdn hda an todn cua Patrick Hudson Patrick Hudson (2001) [6] vdfi nhieu nam kinh nghiem trong nghien cilu an toan ciia tap doan Shell da he thong lai viec thUc hien van hoa an tokn khdi dau t d viec duoc coi la van de rieng ciia mot ca nhan trong mdi trudng nguy hiem. Khi an to^n da dugc thuc hien nghiem tuc trong nhOng nam dau 1980 thi nhu:ng nguydn tac quan ly an toan nang cao [Enhanced Safety Management) da duoc gidi thieu. Sau tham hpa Piper Alpha quan 1^ an toSn da yeu cau he thong qucin ly an toan (Safety Management System) vk cuoi cung da dan den viec thUC hien SMS co
Ifinh 3. Mo hinh phat trien n^n van hoa an toan [Patriclt Hudson. 2001) 4.2. M o h i n h phan cap nen v a n hoa an t o d n cda Fleming Mo hlnh hlnh thanh nen van hoa an toan Safety Culture Maturity Model (SCMM) dUoc phat trien bdi Fleming thudc Health and Safety Executive (HSE) da ho trp cac t d chu'c trong viec thiet lap cac mile dp hien cOa sU trddng thanh van hoa an toan va xac dinh cac hanh ddng de nang cao van hoa [7]. DUa vao cac yeu t d sir dung trong m d hlnh hlnh thanh van hoa an toan chiJa cac thanh phan pho bien nh^t ciia ck hai mo hinh ly thuyet va do lUdng, cac nha nghien cOU HSE da tap trung vao mo ta cac mile do khae nhau ciia SCMM, Td chu'c nay danh gia mi-fc dd cao nhat ciia md hlnh va cung cap cae thong tin ve cac mdc dp khae nhau ma hp da nghien cdu va lam the nao ma hp da dat ddoc cap do h i f n tat. Ket quh la ho da dUa ra md hlnh trUdng thanh van hda an toan gom nam cap dp [hlnh 4) do la. mdi hlnh thanh, quan ly, tham gia, hop tae, lien tuc cSi tien.
Safety' culture maturity model
Kinh 4. Mo hlnh phan cap nen van hoa an toan (Fleming, 2000) 5. Ket luan
Van hoa an toan la mdt bd phan ciia van hoa. la toan bo cac gia trj va tieu chuan hanh vi cOa con ngudi ve an toan trong lao dong Nd dkm bao an toan trong lao dpng t r d thanh trach nhi^m va y thde t i i giac, thudng nhat ciia mpl ngUdi. t r d thanh vkn hoa dng xir trong cdng viec.
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Luc nay, mpi hanh vl dng x d eiia con ngUdi tai nen' lam viec nhSm muc tieu dSm bao an toan khdng mang tfnh tU phat. khdng ch? bi "cUdng che", khong bj d i l u chinh bang cae ti&u chuan va quy che antoan ed tinh c h i t bat bupc ma quan trong hdn la su t u dieu ehinh mot each tU g\he. Va nhu vay, mdi trUdng iam viec eua ngudi lao ddng tai noi lam viec dat mdc dp an toan tuyet ddi va ly tUdng nhat.
Cac md hinh van hoa an toan v l sau ed nhisu sU phat tnen nhUng can xem xet them y l u t o giao due va dao tao trong md hinh. Giao due va dao tao la mot van de quan trpng trong viec hlnh thanh mot nen van hda an toan. ban than no phan anh cac tac ddng ciia qua khd eua ngUdI lao dpng neu ed mdt so cai thien can dat dude.
Ben canh do cac md hlnh van hoa an toan chi xem xet cae mdi quan he ddi dng. tUong tac qua lai giCfa cac thanh phan trong md hlnh ma chUa chi ra mdi quan he nhan qua de xem xet nguyen nhan cac yeu t d trong md hinh dUoc hinh thanh.
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO
[1] Lianying Zhang and Yuan Gao (2012) Engineering and Technology.
Safety Culture Model and Influencing Factors Analysis in Construction EnterpnsesofChina, 15th Sep. pp 3297-3312.
[2] M. D. Cooper. (2000) Safety Science Towards a model of safety culture. Nov. pp. 111-136.
[3] R. M. Choudhry et al. (2007) Safety Science. The nature of safety culture: A sun/ey of the state-of-the-art, 28th Sep, pp. 993-1012.
[4] K. S. Cole et al. [2013) A Literature Review of Safety Culture. March 2013. California. Sandia National Laboratones.
[5] S. Heeker & L Goldenhar. [2014) Workshop: Literature Review Summary for
Safety Culture/Climate. January 2014. Washington: The Center for Construction Research and Training.
[6] Hudson, P. T. W. (2001). Safety management and safety culture: the long, hard and winding road. Oecupationaf health and safety management systems, pp. 3-32.
[7] Fleming. M. (2000) Offshore technology report: Safety culture maturity model. The Keil Centre
