NGHIEN Cflu - TRAO DOI
Van de phat trien
dien mat trcri ap mai tai Viet Nam
NGGYIN CHI MAI*
Vi§t Nam la quSc gia c6 nhilu t i l m nSng d^ phat t r i l n di^n m$t trcfi (DMT), tuy nhign, vi€c triln khai loai hinh nay d§'n nguT&i ti€u dung hifn dang con nhilu kho khSn. D l dam bao nguon an ninh nang lifdng qu^c gia, viec t^n dung didn tich m^t b^ng mai ldn tai cac khu dSn ctf, doanh nghifp, vd'n da co s f n cd s& vSt ch^t h^ t i n g khdng nhvfng t^o ra dien cho sinh hoat va san xuS't cua ngtfcfi dSn, ma con giam dtfgTc chi phi phat triln dtfcTng dSy truyin tai didn.
TIEM NANG DIEN MAT TRCfl 6 VI^T NAM
Hien nay, DMT la mdt ttong nhffng ngdnh edng nghidp phdt trien nhanh nhit the gidi. Trong vdng vdi thdp nidn trd lai ddy, t6c dd phdt tridn trung binh efia thi trtfdng ndy la 25%/nam. Vidt Nam dtfdc xem Id mpt ttong nhffng qudc gia eo tiem nang dang ke ve ndng Itfdng mat trdi. Cdc sd'Udu khdo sat vd Iffdng bffe xa mat trdi cho thd'y, cdc dia phtfdng d phia Bdc binh qudn 1.600-1.800 gid nang/nam, eon ede tinh 6 phia Nam (tff Da Ndng ttd vdo) binh qudn 2.000-2.500 gid nang/ndm.
Nhin mdt cdch khdi qudt, Itfdng btfe xa mat trdi d cdc tinh phia Bae tha^ hdn ttf 20%-28% so vdi cdc tmh mien Trung va midn Nam. Bdn eanh dd, Itfdng btfe xa mat trdi cung khdng phan phd'i ddu quanh nam, do vdo mua Dong, mua Xudn mtfa phfin kdo ddi hdng chue ngay, ndn ngudn bfie xa mdt ttdi khdng ddng ke, clii khodng l-2kWh/mVngay, cdn trd ldn eho vide fing dung DMT. Trong khi dd, cdc tinh phfa BANG 1: s o LIEU VE BCfC XA MATTRCJl TAI VIET NAM
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TSy NguySn vl Nam Trung BO Nam Bo
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GicT ning trong nSm
1.600-1.750 1.750-1.800 1.700-2.000 2.000-2.600 2.200-2.500 1.700-2.500
Ciidng d^BXMT (kWh/m-, ngay)
3,3-4,1 4,1-4,9 4,6-5,2 4,9-5,7 4,3-4,9 4,6
LTng dMng
Trung binh Trung btnh Tot RSt ttft Rat tot Tot Ngu6n; V£i Phong. 2016
Nam vd TP. Ho Chi Minh ed mdt trdi chid'u rpi quanh ndm, dn dinh kd cd vdo mua mtfa. Vi vdy, bfie xa mdt trdi Id ngudn tdi nguydn to ldn eho cdc tinh Nam mien Trung (tinh tff phia Nam ddo Hdi Vdn) vd midn Nam (Bang 1).
So vdi thfiy dien va nhiet dien, DMT Id ngdnh edn non tre d Vidt Nam, song da cd nhffng btfdc phdt triln ddng ke ttong vong vai ndm ttd lai day. Theo thdng kd cfia Trung tdm Ndng Iffdng ASEAN, edng sua't DMT tich luy cua Vi$t Nam tff 86MW vdo nam 2018 da tdng vpt ldn 4,45GW trong nam 2019, dang d§n ddu khu vtfe Ddng Nam A ve tdc dd lap ddt DMT giai doan 2010-2019 (Bieu do 1).
DMT cd thd ldp ddt tiidnh cdc nhd mdy tdp trung vdi quy md ldn ttf 50MWp ddn hdng ttdm MWp hodc lap ddt vdi quy md nhd dtfdi IMWp. Quy md nhd tiitfdng dtfde ldp ddt tai cdc hd dan, cdc cao d^c, mdi nha xtfdng dtfdi dang DMT dp mdi.
Vide tridn khai DMT dp mdi ed nhieu ldi Ich thiet thtfc hdn so vdi md hlnh DMT tap trung. DMT dp mdi cd tiid nd'i Itfdi trtfc tiep vdo Itfdi didn ha thd'va trung the, khdng gay qud tdi. Ddi vdi ede hp dan, khi lap ddt DMT dp mdi, ed the ldm eho nhiet dp trong nhd mdt hdn, tid't kidm chi phi, lai cd the bdn lai didn eho EVN, ttong khi vd'n khdng ldn, ndn de dang huy ddng dau ttf... Do dd, DMT ed kha ndng dat muc lidu xd hdi hda bdng vide huy ddng ede ngudn vdn phit tridn ngudn didn, ttf dd gidm gdnh ndng cho ngdn sdch nhd ntfdc.
"ThS., Hpc vien H^nh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chl Minh
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THI/C TRANG TRIEN KHAI DMT AP MAI TAI V i f T NAM
NhiJng ndm gdn day, Chinh phfi Viet Nam da cd cti chd, chinh sdeh khuyen khich, tfu dai de tao dieu kidn cho stf phdt ttidn ndng Itfdng tdi tao trong ttfdng lai. Didn hinh la Quylt duih s^ 11/2017/
QD-TTg, ngdy 11/04/2017 cfia Thfi ttfdng Chinh phfi ban hanh cd che' khuyd'n khich phdt tridn cdc dtf dn DMT tai Vidt Nam, sau dd Quyd't dinh ndy dtfdc bd sung bdi Quye't dinh so" i3/2020/QE)- TTg, ngay 06/04/2020 eua Thfi tffdng Chinh phu ve ed eh^ khuyd'n khieh phdt trien DMT tai Vidt Nam. Nhdm ttidn khai Quyd't dinh s^i 11/2017/QD-TTg, Bd trtfdng Bd Cdng Thtfdng kf ban hdnh Thdng ttf sd' 16/2017/TT-BCT, ngdy 12/09/2017 quy dinh ve phdt tridn dff dn va hdp ddng mua bdn dien mau dp dung eho ede dtf an DMT. Day dtfdc coi Id chia khda quan ttpng md cfia cho stf phdt triln manh me DMT tai Vidt Nam. Cd thd ldm tdt mdt so' cd ehd', chinh sdch ifu dai dd'i vdi DMT nhtf sau:
+ Gid ban dien dp dung cho thdi han 20 ndm dd'i vdi ede dtf an DMT ndi Itfdi cd ngdy vdn hdnh thtfdng mai trtfdc ngay 30/06/2019 Id 9,35UScents/kWh, tff ngay 01/07/2020 Id 8,38UScents/kWh.
Gid ban didn dtfdc dilu chinh theo bid'n dpng efia ty gid ddng/USD.
+ Ve vide mua didn thtfdng ph^m:
Tdp dodn Dien Itfe Vidt Nam (EVN) eo ttdch nhidm mua todn bd dien ndng dtfde san xud't tff ede dff dn DMT; tfu tidn khai thdc todn bo edng sud't, didn ndng phdt cfia cdc dtf an DMT dtfa vdo vdn hdnh thtfdng mai.
+ Vd vd'n dau ttf: Dtf an DMT thudc dd'i ttfdng vay vd'n tin dung dau ttf cfia Nhd ntfde theo Nghi dinh so' 32/2017/
ND-CP, ngay 31/03/2017 efia Chinh phfi ve tin dung dau ttf cfia Nhd ntfdc.
+ Vd ttiud' nh§p kh^u: Dtf dn DMT dtfdc miln thue nh^p khd'u dd'i vdi hdng hda nhdp khiu de tao tai san cd dinh cho dtf an.
+ Ve thue' thu nhdp doanh nghipp:
Midn tiiul tiiu nhdp doanh nghidp trong 04 ndm dau, htfdng mffc tiiue sud't 5% Iff nam tiiff 5-13, 10% ttf ndm tiitf 14-15 vd cdc ndm tie'p theo Id 20%.
Gid didn tai Viet Nam cd xu htfdng tdng rd rdt qua ede ndm. Tff ngdy 01/12/2017 dd'n nay. gid didn tdng trung
BlEa DO 1: TIEN TRINH L A P DjJT DMT KHU VtJC DONG NAM A
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binh 6,08%/ndm vd se tid'p tue tdng qua ede ndm sau do, cdng vdi chinh sdch tfu dai vd DMT cfia Chinh phfi se Id dpng Iffc manh me d l cdc doanh nghidp vd hd gia dinh quye't dinh Itfa ehpn dau ttf hd tbdng DMT, nham giam chi phi vdn hdnh sdn xua^t, nang cao hidu qua san xud't, kinh doanh, gdp phdn bdo vd mdi trtfdng.
Thtfe hien chfi trtfdng efia Chinh phu, EVN da cbi dao cdc ddn vi tttfc thupc tidn phong trien khai lap ddt hd tiid'ng DMT dp mdi. Tinh dd'n eud'i nam 2018, cdc ddn vi trtfc thudc da lap dat dtfdc 54 cdng ttinh vdi tdng cdng sud't 3,2MWp. Dd'i vdi khdch hdng la cdc edng sd, doanh nghidp, hd gia dinh..., cac tdng cdng ty didn Itfe va cdng ty didn Itfe da ky ke't thtfc hidn d^u nd'i, lap ddt edng td hai chieu, xde nhan ehi so' edng td vd sdn Itfdng didn ndng giao nhan vdi 1.800 khach hang dang ky bdn DMT dp mdi, vdi tdng edng suat 30,12MWp, san Itfdng didn ndng phdt ldn Itfdi luy ke' Id 3,97 trieu kWh. Tinh dd'n eud'i thdng 11/2019, ed 19.378 hd thd'ng didn mat ttdi dp mdi nha dtfde lap ddt tten todn qud'c, vdi tdng cdng sua't dat 318iviW (D6 Dat, 2020).
MQT SO KHO KHAN, THACH THLfC
ThU nhdt, mac du gid tiiiet bi eho dau ttf DMT da gidm nhanh ttong vong mpt thdp ky qua, nhifng theo cdc ddnh gia chuydn gia, hidn nay, ddn gid ldp ddt DMT dp mai edn cao, khoang 2-23 trieu ddng cho mdi kWp cdng sua't (tfiy theo chd't Itfdng ta'm pin). VI vdy, gid thdnh dien san xua't ra cung ehtfa canh ttanh.
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IIEN CCrO - TRAO DOI
Thd hai, md hinh DMT dp mdi edn mdi me, cdc cd nhdn vd hd gia dinh ehtfa ed thong tin tiep can de thay dtfdc nhifng tfu diem cfia giai phdp nay ddi vdi qudc gia, cung nhtf stf tiiugn tien, khd thi vd ldi ich kinh t l ddi vdi gia dinh. Cac giai phdp lap ddt chtfa dtfdc phd biln rdng rai. Cdc edng ty thi cdng he thong ndy chtfa nhidu, chuin hda cong viec chtfa cao.
ThU ba, mde du Chinh phfi Vidt Nam dd cd cd chd', chinh sdch khuydn khich, tfu dai dd tao dilu kidn cho stf phdt ttien DMT nhtf Quyet dinh sd I3/2020/QD-TTg.
Theo do, mtfc gid bdn DMT dp mdi cd hidu Itfc til ngay 22/05/2020 Id 1.943 ddng/kWh, Mdng dtfdng 8.38 cent/
kWh, du gidm 143 ddng so vdi gid eu, nhiftig la mtfe gid hdp l;y, phfi hdp vdi xu htfdng gid thidt bi, cdng nghe vd gifip giam dp Itfe ldn gid didn bdn Ie. Dd'i vdi cdc dff dn DMT dp mdi, diem mdi ttong Quydt dinh s^ 13/2020/
QD-TTg Id tiifdng hdp ben mua dien khdng phdi Id EVN hoac ddn vi dtfde uy quydn, gid mua dien va hdp ddng mua didn do cdc bdn thda thudn phu hdp vdi quy dinh phdp luat hien hdnh. Ngtfdi bdn cd thd la chfi mdi hodc khdng phdi Id chfi mdi edng trinh. Ben canh tfu dai ve gid bdn didn. Quydt dinh sd I3/2020/QE)-TTg edn quy dinh hdp ddng mua bdn didn cd thdi ban 20 nam ke tff ngdy hd thong dtfa vdo vdn hanh, tao stf yen tam cho nha diu ttf. EVN cd ttdch nhidm mua todn bd didn ndng dtfde san xua't tff cdc dff dn didn mat ttdi; ifu tidn khai tilde toan bd cdng sud't, didn ndng phdt cua cdc dtf dn DMT dtfa vao van hanh thtfdng mai. Tuy nhidn, gid tfu dai chl keo dai den cudi nam, thdi ban dp dung gid mdi chi cdn chtfa ddy 7 thdng. Do dd, tff nay d^n cudi ndm 2020 se Id cudc chay dua diu ttf DMT, bdi nd'u ldm ttong giai doan nay, ehfi dau ttf se dtfde htfdng gid bdn didn CO dinh theo USD ttong sudt 20 nam tdi.
ThU tu, thich tiiffc Idn nhd't d^i vdi phdt trien DMT nam d vd'n ddu tff vd kha ndng thu xep von efia chfi ddu ttf. Rdo cdn tdi chinh can ttd vide thtfe hidn mdt dtf dn kinh td'Ia do thidu tidp edn vdi ngudn tdi ehinh phu hdp, bode thid'u ed che bdn vffng cung cap tai ttd. Nguydn nhdn thid'u tid'p cdn vdi ngudn tdi ehinh phfi hdp Id vd'n dd thdi ban vay. Ctfdng dd vd'n diu ttf cfia DMT cao, cd nghia la dong von cfia cdc nhd ddu ttf phu thupc nhieu
vdo thdi ban vay. Hidn nay, thdi ban vay phd bid'n ttong he tiiong ngdn hdng thtfdng mai Id 5-8 nam, tiii ddng tidn den cdc nhd dau ttf ttong nhffng ndm diu Id nhd nhit Idm keo ddi thdi gian hodn vd'n vd do dd. khdng khuyd'n khich cdc nhd diu ttf gdp ed phin.
MQT SO GIAI PHAP
De thue diy phat tridn DMT dp mdi tai Viet Nam, cln thtfc hidn mdt sd gidi phdp sau:
Mgt Id, tdng ctfdng mydn truydn qudng bd vd Idi Ich cfia phdt trien DMT dp mdi den mpi ting ldp ttong xa hdi.
Hai Id, kien nghi Chinh phu khuydn khieh ede ed quan, td chfic thudc cdc b$, ngdnh va cdc UBND cdc tinh, thdnh phd ldp dat DMT dp mdi.
Ba Id, Chinh phu can eo ed chd^hd tti?
ede hd gia dinh mdt phan kinh phi diu ttf ban diu nham khuydn khich cdc hO ldp djt DMT dp mdi. Dong thdi, e^n ddn gidn hda cdc thfi tue vay vd'n thtfc hidn dtf dn DMT ttf ngdn hang, tfU tidn phdn bd vdn tin dung tfu dai tff ngudn von ODA vd v^n vay theo hidp dinh song phtfdng eho diu ttf vdo cdc dtf dn, nhtf: thdm dd, phdt ttien DMT...
Bdn Id, chinh sdch can nhanh chdng kip thdi, ttdnh tinh ttang nhtf 9 thdng ttdng khdng cd ehinh sdch gid di^n khidn nhidu nhd diu tff da lap dat he thdng DMT, ma khdng dtfdc diu nd^i, khdng dtfdc ky hdp dong mua bdn didn vdi EVN. Mac dfi nfit thdt da dtfde thdo gd, song bdi hoc vdn cdn dd. VI thd, cln ban hdnh ngay chinh sdeh tiep theo cho ndm 2021, ttdnh tdm ly Io ngai cho nhu^g dtf dinh dau ttf ttong ndm tdi.Q
_ TAI LIEU THAMKHAO _ _ _ _ _
1. Thfi ttfdng Chinh phfi (2017). Quyi't dinh sd 11/2017/QD-TTg, ngdy 11/04/2017 vi ca chi khuyin khich phdt trien cdc dU dn BMT tgi Viit Nam
2. Thfi ttfdng Chinh phfi (2020). Quyi't dinh sd 13/2020/QB-TTg, ngdy 06/04/2020 vi ca chi khuyen khich phdt triin BMT tgi Viet Nam
3. Bp Tdi chinh (2017). Thdng tu sd 16/2017/TT-BCT, ngdy 12/09/2017 quy dfnh viphdt trien dU dn vd hgp dong mua bdn dien mdu dp dying cho cdc dit dn BMT
4. D 6 Dal (2020). Hc^ tdc phdt triin ndng tugng difn mat trdi dp mdi, truy cdp tff http://
laodongthudo.vn/hop-tac-phat-trien-nang-luong-dien-mat-ttoi-ap-mai-104673.httnl
5. Khd Nhdn (2019). Bdn ddu Ihi trUdng diin mat Irdi Bdng Nam A, Viit Nam ddi mdt tinh trgng du thUa cdng sudt, truy cdp tff https://kinhtelieudung.phapluatxahoi.vn/dan-dau-thi-truong-dien- mat-ttoi-dong-nam-a-viet-nam-doi-mat-tinh-ttang-du-thua-cong-suat-2019II17000703678.htm
6. Vu Phong (2016). Cudng dd bUc xg mgt trdi tgi cdc khu vuc Viet Nam. tmy cdp tff https://
solarpower.vn/cuong-do-buc-xa-nang-luong-mat-ttoi-tai-cac-khu-vuc-viet-nam/
