Nghi©n cdu Gia dinh vi Gi6i
sg 5 -2012
Van fle thich iing vdi van hoa Hdn Quoc cua nhumg nguin di ini i<et hon vdi nguoi Han Quoc
Lee Kyesun
Trudng dai hoc Hd N6i
Tom tkU O Han Quo'c, phu nfl di tni chu yl^u thong qua viec di lao dong va hon nhan. Nhflng ngudi dan ong Han Quoc la'y vd ngfldi nfldc ngoai da phdn la ngUdi dflng ngoai "thi trfldng hfin nhan", ho khong co kha nSng la'y dfldc vd ngfldi Han Qudc nen phai ke't hon vdi nhflng phu nfl 6 cac nu6c khd khan hdn ve dieu kien kinh te. Bai viet trinh bay ve thuc trang cua gia dinh da van hda va nhflng kho khan ma ngfldi phu nfl IS'y chong Han Qudc gap phai khi d Han quoc. NhQng khd khan nay xua't phat chu yeu la tfl ngon ngfl va van hoa, ma nguyen nhan sau xa chinh la va'n de vSn hoa. NgUdi Han Qudc von quen v6i nhflng thuoc tfnh v&n hoa va tu tudng Khong giao, ching han nhfl "chu nghia bai trfl cua van hoa chi co chung ta", "y thflc ve dia vi xa hoi va chu nghia quyen uy", "sU phan biet giau ngh^o ya phan biet chung toe"... Va vi vay t h i gidi nhan thflc cua ho mang tinh bai trfl, coi trong ban than va mang tinh than mot dan toe duy nha't, nln ho dl c6 thai do dinh kien vdi nen van hoa khac va khong m6 long dm vdi nhflng ngfldi di tru de'n Han Quo'c du la ngudi lao dong nfldc ngoai hay den thong qua viec hon nhan.
TH k h o a : Phu nfl; Hon nhan - gia dinh; Hon nhan nfl6c ngoai;
Ket hon vdi ngfldi Han Quo'c; Van hda Han Quo'c.
I I Nghltn ciiru Ola dinh vi Qiai. Quytn 22, tS 5, tr. 27.41 1. Thve tr?ng cua gia dinh da vSn h6a Hin Qud'c
Nflm 2010, B) Y t4 phiic ]<fi gia dlnli Hfln QuSc da c4ng M kit qua
"Di4u Ira vi tliuc Irang cflc gia dinh da van h6a trong lofln qufic" Ai idiio sfll vi nhfln IhiJc, miic thu nhflp, c6 hay khfing tinh trang phfln biet d«i xiJr ft cflc gia dinh da vfln hda. Trudc dfly cOng da timg c6 cudc diSu tra xflc suit cOa B« Hiinh chinh an ninh, BJ Binh ding gidi Hfln Qufic. v.v. vi gia dinh da vfln hda, luy nhiSn dfly \i Un dflu liSn c6 mdt cudc didu Ira tofln bd vdi quy md toiin qudc. CuOc didu tra nfly li€n hflnh tCr thflng 7 cho dfii thflng 10 nflm 2009, cflc nhfln vien ciia 'Trung lam da vfln hda" trong tofln qudc da true tiSp Ain 130.000 gia dinh da vfln hda (trong ldng 160.000 gia dinh da van hda trong tofln qudc) de" phflt phidu didu tra. Phifu didu tra nfly duoc dich ra 10 ngdn ngit. Sau dd kdt qua thdng ke dtra tren 73.000 cflu tra Idi da nhan duoc trong tdng sS phie'u phflt ra. Mdt sd ke't qui didu tra nhu sau:
1.1. Hien trang ngirdi di Iru den thdng qua hon nhfln theo qudc tjch Sd vu kdt hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngofli cao nhflt vflo nam 2005 chidm 13,5% trong tdng sd vu kdt hdn, tuy nhidn da dfln giam xudng va duy In 6 miic 11% vflo nam 2008. Ty le ly hdn cOa cflc cflp vg chdng kdt hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai hflng nflm dang cd xu thd tang vfl chidm tdi 9.7% tdng sd vu ly hdn vflo nam 2008 (Bang 1).
Vd qua U-inh gap gd ban ddi hien tai: Cd ll'^.i phu nQ nudc ngofli di trii ddn Han Qud'c thdng qua hdn nhfln tCt cflc cdng ty mdi gidi hdn nhfln.
Bang 1. Thuc trang hon nhfln vdi nguivi nir6c ngofli (Dffll vi: ngudi. %)
K(l hOn
Lv hdn
Ph&n loai Tfing sfi vu kc'l hOn HJnQuOc ,Sfi vu kffl hOn vdi ngudi nudc ngoili T6ng s6 vu ly h6n HSn Qufic Sfi vu ly hfln v6i ngudi nudc ngoki
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
304.877 302..')03 308.598 314.304 330.634 343.!i.'i9 327.715 15.202
(5%) 144.910
1.744 (l.2'/r)
24.776 34.640 42.356 38,759 37.560 36.204 (8.2%) (11.2%) (I3..5%) (11,7%) (10,9%). (11%) 166.617 138.932 128.035 124,524 124.072 116.535
2.012 3.300 4.171 6.136 8.671 11.255 (1,2%) (2,4%) (3,3%) (4,9%) (7%) (9,7%) Ngudn: B6 Y te'phUc loi gia dinh H ^ Qudc, 2010.
Lee Kyesun 89 24,1% ngfldi k^t hdn thdng qua six gidi thi$u cfla gia dinh, hp hang, 23,1%
ke't hOn th6ng qua sfl gidi thifiu cfla ban b^, ddng nghi$p, 6,4% ngu&i ke't hdn thdng qua cic id chflc tdn giao. Mdi gidi hdn nhan cfla cdc cdng ty mdi gidi tang iSn 10% so vdi mflc 17,7% cfla nam 2006. Di^u nay cung c6 nghTa la cSn phai tang cudng su qudn 1^ cfla chfnh phu dd'i vdi cac cdng ty mfli gidi hdn nhan.
V^ 1^ do iy hdn: C6 nhilu ly do nhu su khfic bifit v^ tfnh cfich (29.4%), suthi^u nang luc kinh te'(19%), ngoai tinh (13.2%), su nguoc dai va bao luc (12,9%). N^u chia theo qud'c tich gdc thi nhflng phu nfl de'n tfl Trung Qud'c, Bac My, Chau Au... cho bie't nguydn nhan ly hdn chu ye'u la do su khdc biet vi linh cdch, Uong khi ty 16 nhflng ngudi phu nfl Viet Nam, Philipin, Campuchia cho rang nguyen nhan ly hdn vl bj nguac dai va bao luc la rat cao. Ngoai ra, cdc nguydn nhan cfla viec ly hdn Idn luot cd ly le la: 9,8% do Sfl khie'm khuylt tr^m uong vi tinh than, 8,7% la do rflcru che, cd bac va 7% la do mflu thuSn gifla ngflM ban dfn vk gia dinh, v.v.
1.2. Mure dp hai long ve dieu kien kinh te, chat lupng cupc sdng cua gia dinh da van hoa
Binh qudn thu nligp gia dinh linh iheo thdng
Mflc thu nhap binh quan cfla cdc gia dinh da van hoa trong khoang 1.000-2.000 USD chie'm ty le cao nh^t 38,4%, mflc thu nhap binh quan dudi 1.000 USD chiem 21,3%, va ne'u so sanh vdi thu nhap binh quan 6 cac gia dinh binh thudng khac d Han Qudc ihl day la mflc thu nhap thap.
Ldp ngudi cd thu nhap cao mflc iren 5.000 USD chie'm khdng qua 2,1%, cdn Idp ngudi co thu nhap binh quan Ihdng thap (dudi 1.000 USD) d gia dinh ket hdn qudc te chia theo qudc tich gdc lin lupt Id Philipin 28,7%, ngudi Trung qudc tOc Trilu Tien 24,7%, Campuchia 23,7%, Viet Nam 22,5%, Thdi Lan 21,1%. Binh quan Ihu nhdp gia dinh theo thang cua Han Qudc nam 2009 la 3.320 USD.
Mdc do hdi long ve cudc sdng vdi ngifdi bgn ddi ngudi nifdc ngoai trong gia dinh da van hoa
Co tdi 57% phu nfl ngudi nudc ngodi Id'y chdng Han Qudc tra Idi rang:
hp "hdi long vdi cupc sdng d Han Qudc". Sd ngudi khdng hai ldng vdi cupc sdng d Han Qudc vdi ty 16 d nfl gidi la 6,7% vd nam gidi Id 8,3%.
46,2% phu nfl di tru tdi Hdn Qudc tra Idi ring hp dupc gia dinh d que nhidt tinh ung hp viec ket hdn vdi ngudi Hdn Qudc, cd 15,3% ngudi cho bi^t gia
30 NBhlin cflu Oia dinh vk Oldl. Quy^n 22, %6 5, tr. 27-41
Bl^u dd 1. Mflc 6(f hai I6ng vi quan h^ vdi CJIC thanh vien trong gta dinh cua phu nfl Him Qu6c v i phii nfl dl trfl dfn HAn Qutfc thOng qua hdn nhAn
Con cai Bdmecaa Anh chiem ngt/61 ban ddi cua ngUdi ban ddi
-Ngt/diphu nfldicirdjn thftngqua hfin nhan
- NOgiiSiHan Qu6c
Ngudn : BO Y itf phdc Ipi gia dinh Hin Qudc, 2010.
dinh hp phan dd'i viec ke't hdn vdi ngudi Hdn Qu6c. Theo qudc lich gtfc thi nhflng ngudi dtfn tfl Bdc My, Australia, Tay Au. Campuchia, Thii Lan.
Viet Nam cd mflc dp hdi ldng cao vi cudc sdng 6 Hdn Qudc.
Mdc dd hdi long ve quan he gia dinh
Mflc dp hdi ldng vi quan he gia dinh cua phu nfl nudc ngodi di trfl de'n Hdn Qud'c ihdng qua hdn nhdn la rd't cao. Ty 16 hdi long (rSl hdi Idng) ddi vdi mdi quan he vdi ngudi ban diA Id 74.8*;, vdi mdi quan he vdi con cdi la 88,1 %, vdi quan he vdi bd me cua ngutri ban ddi Id 64.8%. vdi m6i quan he vdi anh chi em ben nhd chdng Id 60,1% (Bie'u dd 1).
L 3 . Sir phdn biet ddi xiir va cac k h d khfln
Cd 34,8% phu nfl nudc ngodi la'y chdng Hdn Qudc u i Idi rang hp tflng bi phan biet ddi xfl trong cudc sd'ng d H jii Qud'c vdi ly do ho Id ngutt nudc ngodi. Ne'u dem con sd ndy so vdi con sd 29% vdo nam 2006 thi cd the thdy ngudi Han Qudc vdn c6 Ihdi dp phan biei ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngoai nhu trudc. Dac biet, dfll vdi n g u ^ Trung Qud'c tflc Tri6u Tidn thi nhdn thflc ve viec bi phan biet dfll xfl cdng ro net hon, ly do Id vi hp cung Id ngutri cflng dan tdc vdi ngudi Hdn, nhung khdc qud'c tich nen nhan thflc v^ dilu ndy cang trd n6n rd net. Tuy nhien, ty 16 nay ddi vdi phu nfl Viet Nam laiy chdng Han Qud'c lai cd xu hudng giam tfl mflc 40% ndm 2006 giam xudi^
cdn 25% nam 2009.
Lee Kyesun 31 Wi nhihig khd khan nhSl trong cudc sd'ng cfla phu nfl nudc ngodi l^y chdng Hdn Qudc dd Id ngdn ngfl, kinh te'vd con cdi. Riu nfl nudc ngodi Idy chdng Han Qud'c khi dupc hdi hdu he't diu trd Idi r^ng nhflng khd khan md hp hay gap phai nha't trong cudc sd'ng d Hdn Qufl'c dd Id vdn dd ngdn ngfl (22.5%), vdn d^ kinh 16'(21,1%), vfln de con cdi (14.2%).
2. Yeu to thieu thich iUng vdi xa hpi Han Quoc cua pht^ nur nu^c ngo^l lay chong Han Quoc
v a h di ma ngudi nudc ngodi di trd de'n Hdn Qud'c thudng hay gap phdi nhdt cd the Idm gpn lai trong md'y tfl dd Id "sdc van hda" (culture shock).
Khi de'n Hdn Qudc hp da roi vdo mdt mdi trudng van hda xa hdi hoan toan mdi me tfl di^u kien tu nhidn d6h ngfln ngfl va \i Ifll sinh hoat.v.v. Van hda Han Qud'c ddl vdi ngirdi nudc ngodi, vfla cd di^m bdi xrit vfla cd di^m thu nap, vd tieu c h u ^ cua su bdi trfl hay tinh thu nap lai khac nhau tfly vdo tflng ca nhdn hay vdo qud'c tich cua ngudi phu nfl dl tru. Tfl thuc te' ndy chung la hay cflng quan sdt xem thirc trang thich flng van hda cua nhflng ngudi phu nfl di tru (bao gdm ca phu nfl Vidt Nam) vd nhiJng van dl hp gap phai Id gi.
2.1. Su le thupc ve kinh te cua phu nu: di tru den thong qua hdn nhan Rdt nhilu phu nfl nudc ngodi Id'y chdng Han Qud'c thdng qua viec mdi gidi cua cdc cdng ty moi gidi hdn nhan, vd trong qua trinh quye't dinh k^t hdn nhflng ngudi ddn dng Hdn Qudc thudng gieo cho hp hy vong vi mdt cudc sflng tfl't dep hem ne'u de'n Hdn Qufl'c. Nhflng ngudi chdng Hdn Qud'c thudng ndi ddi hoac ndi qua Idn vi nghi nghiep cua minh, tham chi cdn hfla hen se giup dd bd me hay anh chi em cua cd dau. Nhu vay, cd the' ndi rdng dflng ca cua phu nfl ngudi nudc ngodi khi Id'y chdng Hdn Qud'c chfnh la mong mudn thdng qua cudc hdn nhdn vdi mdt ngudi ddn dng gidu cd hcfn minh, thi cudc dcri hp khdng chi se tdt dep hon md cdn cd th^ giup dd duac ngudi thdn cua minh d que nhd.
Tuy nhien, sau khi ke't hdn va de'n Han Qudc, hp phai ddl mat vdi mdt thuc le hoan loan khac. Nhu sd Hdu thdng ke d phdn tren, trong sd phu nfl Viet Nam Id'y chdng Han qufl'c cd Idi 22,5% ngudi thudc nhdm cd thu nhdp thdp, binh quan thang mflc dudi 1000 USD. Trong dd sd ngudi Id'y chdng cd trinh dd thdp vd thu nhdp khong 6n dinh la rSt nhilu. Do thu nhap cua ngudi chdng khdng 6n djnh md nhflng ngudi va nay khflng yen tam vci ca chuyen mua sdm nhung thfl thie't yeu cho sinh hoat. Vi vay ma hp cd cam
I I Nalil»nciluO«<nn*v«OI«l, O u y A i M . r f l . l ' n - l l gWc hi clWini lira m. lh»ra chf nghi U minh dl bj to dio. P^rtV*
Nun Mu M l tt nhOng ngiKX inKmg iMnh tronj mAi tnibng vtaWiira vdi htxil <too» ktnh 10 lu do. v» « i .u phin cflnd Ino d«<i| rt tta{ jBiU w? ch«ng. I>i rty mil ho Uiuing MP k M khan tmng ™ irt mW !*« >' snip .1.1 chrtng. luan Ihco chdng v» ttm nft: khAng c6 Iwjnj Mog.
Ilico th(lng ko nam 2005 cAa HO Y liphde M. ll.tnQu&lMc6i«ta TO* phv no V,^ Nun liy chrtng Hin quOc vi wnh rtSoj ui W»q*
.LuiK duy irt vl«c gOI i.(!n ch.. gin dinh A qut nhi vi h W i q i * i i 6 t * p hingntmli 1 i)WU.St)(v<>l|ihMnOV1 w ' •ili2™l'SD.pMlTi«i(
qu«c lOcTriiuTitn l i 790 I SI), phM nOIWi IJUi U 1 2WUSD,(tan.
Iliihpm l i 880 U.SD. vv I.
2.2 Thlfu khii nane ihAng hl^u van h<i. do b * dAng"S*"*"
KhA khon lAn iih.li .t.M x.>i lii ci cic ningdfci n u * ngoii * ' * ' ? * .1.. l i su hai dAng vi ngOn ngO. NhOng nguM phu nO cOag i kh"'« B ^ N.U11 A nhu \'iei N.i.n. Thii Ijin. Philipin... gip khA khin ng"?™^
phdi am hay sAp \0p irii lij ciu do vay mi vi^c hpc d< ndi gJAi 'l«V*'E 11.111 QuAc l.i tuong .1... khA khan.
d Hiln QuAc, dAi vdi ngutt di Inrong ihinh cin su dung ' ' * * * ' ° nhOng cich bifa hiSn ihAng IhuAng di cilng vdi Idi chio. sii dgng » » thao lir vung luy sir dung kinh iiizii i U>i nAi ton kinh) vdi nguM l * i - Hin QuAc cic ning dau nguM nudc iiii.ui phii luin Ihi nghism " ^ ° ? quy djnh dol vdi kinh ngi> ihi mdi c6 ilu' ihuc hifn diijic hinh " P " * phD hop vdi bd me Ui.mp. gia dinh nhi chdng, v.v. Do viy cic " ^ 8 * ngudi nudc ngoii ii I l.iii (,)iu\. thudng luAng cuAng. khAng difa W ™ ^ mAt cich irAi chay di^u minh mudn nAi vi lien tuc mac Idi.
Do su yiu kim vi tie'ng Hin ciia cic ning diu nudc ngoii nSn i"*'' ihuin giu.i vo chdng, mau Ihuin vdi con ciii, vi vdi ciic thinh viin m' irong u 1.1 liinh iig.iy Liiiii; irirn u-ong, nhit l i mOl quan he gifla ho vdi con cii. D.ii Mil cic nilng diu ngudi nudc ngoii 6 Hin QuAc thi con cii rawl y nghia vfl cClng dac biet. Con cii ho li ngudi duy nhii thuOc vi ho dHta Qufl'c, IS soi day ndi ho vdi Han Quflc, li ngudn ddng vien tie'p them dlo ho siic manh vi dung khi Ai budc lie'p trong cuflc sd'ng, vi con cii la 5?
tdn tai duy nhi'l .10 ho gCri gim niem mong doi ring minh se duoc nhin nhan, tha'u hi^u nhu mOl ngudi Hin Qudc. Cung do rio can vi ngdn ng8 ma dfli luc ho lo so ring: khdng nhiing ho khdng th^ lam td't duoc vai tri ciia mat ngudi me, m i vi su Icem coi ciia ho tham cM cdn gay trd ngai cho
Lee Kyesun 33
I
on cai. Ddi Iflc, nhflng bd me ndy thdm chf cdn cdm thd'y n;hd then khi idi mat vdi su phe phdn cfla nhflng dfla con v^ su kdm cdi cfla minh.. Nhu vdy cd th^ Ihdy nhflng khd khdn Uong cudc sd'ng hdn nhan cfla phu .Ifl ngudi nudc ngoai tai Hdn Qutfc xud't phdt chfnh tfl su khdc biet v^ ngdn ngfl va van hda. Do vdy md cfin phdi cd su hd Up nhdm giflp hp khdc phuc Idupc su khdc biet v^ ngdn ngfl vd thfch flng dupc vdi van hda Hdn Qufl'c.
Trong khi dd. nhflng ngudi chdng Hdn Qud'c vd gia dinh cfla hp dudng nhu khdng cd y dinh cha'p nhan su khdc biet van hda nay. Ho coi viec ngudi vp phai cd gdng hpc hdi ngdn ngfl vd van hda ddl nudc cua ngudi chdng la duong nhien. Cflng nhu vay, ngudi chdng Hdn Qud'c vd ca cdc thdnh vien u^ng gia dinh nhd chdng clii dp budc ndng ddu ngoai qufl'c phdi hpc ti&ig Hdn Qud'c, vd hdu nhu ludn dd Idi cho vd'n tie'ng Hdn kdm cdi cua nhflng ngirdi vp nudc ngodi, cung nhu cd nhung phan flng he't sflc nhay cam mdi khi xay ra ba't ddng do khdng hie'u nhau.
2.3. Mau thudn do vin hda gia dinh Han Qudc 2.3.1 Vdn hda vff chdng: che dp gia trudng
Hdn Qud'c thudng dugc bidt de'n nhu mdt ddt nudc cd ddu dn dam net cua chu nghTa gia dinh. Gia dinh d day khdng phai la cai dugc han dinh trong mpt gia dinh ma nd Ian rdng ra loan xa hfll, va la mdt nhan td quan trpng gay anh hudng de'n tinh each xa hdi cfla ngudi Han Qud'c va anh hudng de'n cau tnic xd hdi. Dac trung nay bat ngudn tfl khdi niem ve gia dinh cua xd hdi truyen thd'ng mang tinh Khdng giao.
Trong xd hdi truyen thd'ng mang tinh Khdng gido, gia dinh nhu mdt dem vi sinh hoai vd ca nhan thay vl la chu the' cudc sd'ng ddc lap, chi Id mpt phan cdu thanh nen gia dinh. Mfli ca nhdn trong gia dinh cd nghTa vu phai cdng hien vi sir tdn lai cua gia dinh, ca'u tnic nay cua gia dinh md rdng thdnh xa hdi vd xa hdi ndy phdt trie'n thdnh qudc gia.
Che dp gia dinh nhu the' ndy cua Hdn Qudc trong con mat cua ngudi nudc ngodi nhin vdo cd th^ tha'y ddy id mdi md hinh gia dinh cd tinh bdi trfl. Pham vi va khai niem v^ gia dinh cCia Hdn Qud'c han dinh trong cau
"tdp the huyet thd'ng phu he" vd hinh thdi gia dinh mang tfnh gia trudng dugc hinh thanh Id do su phd bie'n cua quan niem vi gia dinh dugc han dinh d vide huye't thd'ng tfnh theo ddng cha (phu he) va y nidm ve gia dinh true he.
Tuy nhien, nhflng dilu neu trdn gdn ddy da cd thay ddi. Dd la, gia dinh
I« Ngtil4)iw)u(IM«nh«aaMI O u r ^ n . •<i.». n-«
H.in Qudc ot v^ U mO< fia iflnh mang linh irong nam. giatrahgoliaii n<u .ll uiii vin nM dung «^ Ih4y dum nhOng d i ^ kUc Vdtiiibiibli cinh nhldu cip v<; ch<tn| cOng ihoin gu kifm idng vid^mcMli opt phu nO lo »inh kf nudi «Ong. .1 uia .Imh. ihl cflng cd in>(ngli»i*»«i«
dinh mic do chdng kifm ll«ii U chinh nhung nguM vv l|i li nguiifiiik vi chi ii«u ii^n
Mic dfl v(<c kfl hdn hiu hfl tt do IKnguy<a luy nbiftikMi rotanpi phu no ciia hdn nhin U mdi thinh vi«n Irong gia dinh ngudi dAiJ*
King iong Idn Ui. V i m|c dii irung lim ciu MOC lici hdn lihaiivdi^
nhimg Ittn ihuc l« ihl quan h< vdi hA m^ chdng cflng rit diw: cd « » 11.11 nOa, Irong timg Inidng hop vin <l^ giOa thi diu • cm cbfag(»*iig*
»-di. hi cm g.ii nhi chdng). van d< giOa m? chAig - ning diu ngiy rt*
trim U..11H n*n ngiiy cing cd nhi<u cip TO chdng .li dAi ly hin.
Van hiVi gia .Imh i u,i I l,iii Qudc dang di Ihco su phil iriii ciu ul*i do \ .1y mi u<n Ihvc i * ngiy cing cd nhi<u gia dinh cd su phm cdng Bn vifc nhi td ring giOa vg v i chdng. T^iy nhidn vi i&ig thi vfa cd thii"
ring van hda gia dinh ll.iii Qudc vin tt van hda gia dinh manglinligi>
trudng nhu unidc. V i mil van hda niy cing duoc Ihi hitn dim nftl»»»
cic viing ndng Ihdn.
2.3.2. Gia dinh Idy ngu&i chdng Idm Irung Um
Trong sl^ c;it van ,1.' ni.i nhiiu nghidn cdu vd kdi hdn quiSc ti'trong Ihi*
gian qua d< I .ip .1,. la xung dfll lien quan .U'li vai trd Irung lim ciia ngu*
chdng trong gia .liiili \ , i hdi Hin Qudc li> iau khi budc vio Ihdi i;> <*«
nghicp hda vio nhiing nam 50 di thay ddi rit nhanh. theo dd mi ciu nit gia dinh hay chdc nang ciia gia dinh cQng cd nhidu bie'n ddi. Tuy nhien, nhin Ihiic v 1! gia dinh Ihco chO nghia nam tri vin li mdt quan diim gii "1 CO ban \'a 14 ndn tang cua \a hdi I l.iii Qu.v. Mflt trong nhflng vfil di nay sinh mau thuin trong gia dinh dd la su chenh lech tudi lie gifla vo chdng.
Binh quan dd tudi cua cic cap vo chdng ke't hfln qufl'c te' 14 34 mdi *"' vdi ngudi vo 14 ngudi nudc ngoii vi 41 tudi dfli vdi ngudi chdng 14 nguM Hin Qufl'c. Chenh lech tudi tie giira hai vo chdng dd'i vdi cic cip vo chdng kcl hfln qud'c 10 kei hfln ihflng qua cflng ty mdi gidi hfln nhin'li ri't cao cl nhung ngudi vo 14 ngudi Viet Nam, Mflng Cd, v.v. (xem Bang 2). Trong sd cac cap lay nhau thflng qua eac cflng ty mfli gidi hdn nhin thi cd tdi 57%
cap va chflng chenh lech nhau hon 10 tudi.
Lee Kyesun Bang 2. Binh qudn chenh lech ludi cua cdc cap v^ chdng
ket hun qudc te'
Binh quan ' d6 lu6i vo Bmh quan do lu6i cli6iig Chenh lech lu6i
Binh quan chunjt 34.3
41,3
7.0 Viel Nam
26,7
38,1
ll.-l Lien XAca
27,1
37,7
10,6 Mong
C l
29
38,6
9,6 Philipin
32
39,9
7,9 Trung
Qn6'c
34,7
41,7 7,0
Thai Lan
34,7
39,4
4 7
>u6n: B6 Y te'Phiic loi. Di£u Ira thuc irang phu nfl di trd kft hOn qudc t£ (2005)
Trong sd cdc u-udng hop cd chdng hon vg 10~ 19 tudi thi thfl tu Idn lugt Id: 60% tnrdng hgp vg Id ngudi Mdng cd, 56,7% trudng hgp vg Id ngudi 'Lien Xd cu, 47,7% Id n g u ^ Viet Nam. Ddi vdi trudng hgp chenh lech ludi gifla vg va chdng len tdi hon 20 tudi thi trudng hgp vg Id ngucd Viet Nam chie^m tdi 24,6%, gdp 8 Idn so vdi ly le binh quan chenh lech chung ludi vg chdng tren 20 tuoi Id 3,7%. Vd cd tdi 72,5% cdc ndng dau ngucrt Viet Nam kem chdng minh hon 10 tudi vd dang bi chdng ddi xfl nhu vdi mdt ngucrt ft ludi 16 thudc hoan todn vao chdng. hg khdng dugc 1dm di^u gi khi khdng dugc su ddng y cua chdng, hg khdng h^ cd y chi hay chfnh kie'n.
Vdi thai dd d^ cao ban thdn cfla ngudi chdng Hdn Qud'c cdng vdi bd'i canh chu nghia trgng nam trong gia dinh vd xa hdi Hdn Qudc, cflng vdi su phdn biet gidi, vd thai dd phan biet chung ldc coi thudng nhung phu nfl di trfl d^n tfl nudc ngheo, gia dinh ngh^o dang lam cho cudc ddi cua nhimg ngudi phu nfl di trfl trd nen khd nhoc hon.
2.3.3. Vdn hoa gia dinh phu he md rgng truyin thd'ng Md'i quan he vdi cdc thdnh vien Irong gia dinh chdng
Trong cac hinh thai gia dinh cua ngucrt di mi tdi Han Qud'c thdng qua hdn nhdn thi ty le gia dinh md rdng chi^m 22,3% Id mdt con sd khd Idn so vdi ty le 5,5% gia dinh md rdng trong todn Hdn Qud'c. Hcfn nfla, cd 37,3% cdc ndng ddu ngoai qudc la sd'ng cung bd me chdng. Ddi vdi phu nu de'n tfl cac nudc trong sd dd dac biet la cdc ndng dau d^n tfl vflng Ddng Nam A, nhi^u su khac biet trong quan he gia dinh cd th^ ddn de'n su bdi rdi vd khd xfl.
I t Nghiin 0*1 Oia «nh vi W « Q u » * i " • * » • • ' " • * ' NhOng phu nO ^wnihin irong III* | I 4 gia dinh lni)AilMiiJB"ti"i hai chKu l U miu h« v i phu h«l nhu phu nB Vi«i Nam. die W»li.i ml«n Nam V,fi Nam. Thii I an. Iluliptn. v.v. thi r* Hiddi hihiiKu ird mi liia dinh phu h* md rtli» *-i nhOng m « quan he guiWUiii ii..nt' .i.Mt.iiiK .i.ti.I minh.
I)n v»y mi ho coi . « can ihrfp hay ihim cW li UHi ddipbaicoii.
chdng hay c4a gia dinh nhi chdng li mdi « l xim pham <iii><»h»»(l*
i..M.e ddi v,n h.. I l.m nOa. cOn( til khd d< hp chip nhin chfl*i|»*^
nhi chdng 0.1 cdng vl^: nh* li vioc ciia ning diu nhu mdi i * ^ " ^ nhien. 1>ongc«u ii.K Ki.i.nnhcdm«l«»khichi«ini k S i d t V " "
vdi c i c u i . h u <l«nlirv.;n. 1 1 1 . , N a m A d d t t " q u « l he c«ai»*<a«P .1.1 liy chdng v,^ gU mnh hd mc dc". Vi su kWk h*! d u ^ nbihsci*
niy nhin manh lidn quan dfn v.11 ltd mong I 'i c i i con gii vi <"•
vdi \ lei phung dudng cha m^.
Khi tdng h.-i. lai nhflng didu niy. cd ih< lh*y cic cd diu ngi*^
N.iiii u.i hoai ddng kinh te ludocua minh li mdi dKu ' ' ' ™ * ° ' * ' . * ! L ling dune su mong dgi cua gia dinh bd m? dc. v» d< hinh Ihinh 1 0 1 ^ v< lii s.in gifla hai Mieli.-.ii|; Tuong IV hp coi vi^: ngudi chdng ! * » " * Iham gia lim \ lee nhi l,i .liOii duong nhiia Tuy nhidn, kinh nghiem*'^
ciia cic cd dau ngudi \ lOl cd dupc .l.> li: Ihuc id Irong gia dinh H*"**
khic \,i MTi mong mudn ii,i\ Npuin chdng ll.in Qudc hay gia dinhnj*
chdng klH.iip thdng cim vi 1.1,. ,ikii ki(n cho hp lim kinh td. vi hiu 1*"
nhung ngudi ehdng cflng khflng Iham gia vio cdng v i ^ nhi.
Mdu thtidn .niifa me i In'nig ntinii Jiiii
(-iiiii; vdi khd khan vd rio cin ngdn ngfl thi khd khin Idn niia mat cudc sdng d I I4n Qudc dime cic ning dau ngoai qudc chi ra dd cWnh 1>
vide ho khflng hieu duoc nhihig ihinh vien khic uong gia dinh va ihi thoang ed xay ra xung dot, Xung dot thudng \:iy ra giua ho vdi chdng hay vdi me chdng, \ii xung dot Idn nhit dd chinh li xung ddt vdi me chdng- Co ri't nhiSu nguyen nhan nhung nguyen nhan siu xa hon dd chinh li vi ea hai ngudi khic bici VL^ van hda v4 ngdn ngfl cung chia se mdt khdng gian sinh hoat, nhung ddu coi trong Idl sflng. vai u-6 mong doi ciia minh...
14 nhimg dieu rai tu nhien v4 duong nhidn, ho ba't chip su khdc biet va khflng cd nd luc de' cai thien tinh u-ang khic biet dd.
Theo ket qua diiu tra bang hoi cae nang diu ngudi nudc ngoai thi mile
33,4
21,6 11,7 10,8 7,9 2,8
2.1,0
11,1 2,8 19,4 2,8 8.3
24.1
2.1.0 17.0 9.8 16.1 0
40.6
10.9 H.I 1.1.6 4.7 3.1
37..1
18,8 6.3 18,8 0 0
0
18,2 27,3 27,3 18,2 0
29,6
33,3 14,8 37 7,4 3,7 Lee K y e s u n 37
tng 3 . Ly do mdu thudn vg chdng ciia phu nfl dl trd thdng qua hdn nhdn tfnh theo timg nudc ( % )
Chun)! Viet Trung Philipin Thai Mong Lien Nam Quik Lan Co XdcQ
^ . h f i c nliau inli cdch vdi chdng '<huc nhau
^ d i sdng v6i chdng 'NndHinhttf
%Juchfi M l A6 con c^i lai hoa vdi bd mc didng
''"1'^ . , , I J 19.4 0,9 0 0 0 0 ay chong ngoai tinh
gu6n: Kim He Jin, LuSn van thac s j , tmcmg D6ng kuk nam 2008.
' ^ d khd khan nhdt trong md'i quan he vdi gia dinh dupc thd hidn Idn luot Id 'vdi me chdng (9,1%), vdi chdng (4%) vd khd khdn vdi anh chi em nhd t h d n g (3,8%), v.v.
u
Tuy nhien, khd khan cua cac ndng dau ngudi Viet Nam lai khac vdi nang ddu den tfl cdc nudc khdc, vi du cd 19,4% ndng dau Viet Nam tra Idi rdng vdn d^ Idn nhdt Id chdng udng ruou, 19,4% tra Idi rdng do chdng ngoai tinh. Vd so vdi ty le binh qudn chung 2,3% Ihl nguySn nhan "bd'i hda vdi me chdng" 8,3% cflng Id mdt ly Id tucfng dd'i cao (xem Bang 3). Cd the' phan lich nguydn nhan cua vdn di nay chinh la d chd cdc ndng dau ngudi Viet hdu he't Id d^n tfl ml^n Nam Viel Nam, id noi md cdu true gia dinh Idy vp chdng 1dm trong tam, va hp khdng tich cue chdp nhan chuyen chung sd'ng vdi bd me chdng. Do vay ma hp cho rdng nhflng quy dinh ve vai trd cfla nang dau, quan he vdi bd me chdng vd vdi chdng Id rd't khac vdi mong dpi cua hp trudc day. Hon the nfla, ddi vdi nhung ngudi phu nu xudt than tfl mdt nln van hda md d dd tfnh tu do ea nhdn dupc Idn trpng, va thdi dp ddi vdi ngudi dudi la "ddl thoai va thda hidp" hem Id "menh iSnh va phuc lung" ndn viec bi me chdng coi nhe y kie'n hay cd thai dp cudng ep Id rdt khd chd'p nhan. Va ed ih^ coi rang day chfnh id ly do Idn nhd't ddn den mdu Ihudn me chdng - ndng ddu.
I I <»»w«i. c * 0*1 dM» »• Om Oa**" « • • * > . * " • "
1 4 <i« cA ttp •^'>iin hAI U bdt
l l x n w . ' l H u i c u d t .1.'.! itadwcinnggudliifcKiliioil j n i o Ihl i> !• hirtig dich %i, . u - • * > .Irt. vdi WWIIhoFto-*"
l i i o / . ' . ane hrtn nhtfti w vin ly le 21 i > * » * " " " ^ 7 * 1 dung uuili. | * . k fci|ihid»..i«<-i.#n« I U n ( » . d ' » l . | » " * ' * f * f O hdi Hin 0«0c ( " ^ ' « ' • hiMw hoc up. "«"• day COBC* i?f. ' i \ ^ gl. mnh V* g,4.. d«c I :«.i«). hd w itai Jn.-'i-n-'t " ^ ^ " ' " l ngu.'X niKH ng<iil mng «a hdt l l m O i * • « "*' « * • * > " * " ^ l
»1^;»«,. ildp Vi kei Iwn v* ho gip khd khtoi inwg c « « ' • * « " " T ^
>llMrtncmlhiy<londOcv»hiddni(lanhnl»jii'on«'Ii*'"'" j Hiu h*i inmg Wl I... ng<i«i «i«c .lu"« dio lao nftg ' * ^ * ' . | i phong tut v i day.... h nau i n c4a Hin Qodc iM " * * * " " " " J f f j J hi«i nin khic vio hivii itdng <.i hd* Tuy nhidn. » * ! * » * ' ' . j , '
»dng 6 ndng ihon hay A ngoai ihinh ihinh phd Xo-un lU aP! ^ nhOng chuong irmh nhu lh< niy hp cOnf Uidng dia^ i h a m * * "
ho khdng cd ihdng tin. ho»c gii cd b«l didai Ba Uii l»i • * * * T . J j Ihuc Ihi nhihig djch VTI phdc l.n x i hdi niy nta' • • d.iu. vi cd > » *
lir.ni,- v.i hoac Ihdi gum mi khdng .luiv Iidpctn vdi nhiingc"!*""
(xem King li
Hnni! 4. Khi. khan khi yu ilunt dkk .u phdc M a bii 1*1
KIwi.f pi.i„ nop ili«ji: bing neii): ll.,n . , , niia,, >if,i .u.. i.^chui plitj^ loixShOi
l l m cd quan phac 1^ x l li.'i kli,.
Klin mil ilirpc J K I I . „ phil h^p.-ai minh Do nhta vifn ciia l6 chiic philc l^ti \:. h«i kheng hi^u r6 v.* nfii dung cua d|ch vu
Thii luc sir dung dich . u 1.1 kh6 v i phiic lap Do nhan vien ciia [6 chile phUc l(li phJn biei d6i xu v6i ngudi dl Ini
Gia .llnli phan d<(i viec sii dung dich vu philc loi xa hOi Cam IhSy su bai liCn vS iSm ly khi sii dung dich vu xa h6i
Co k i d kbaa 1 28.0
20.4 14.1 8.6 S,2 3.6 3.3 2,0
Kbeae kho khan 40J 48,4 54,6 59,9 60.5 65.1 65,1 66,1
Kliwt iraW 31,6 3 U 31,3 31,6 31.5 31,5 31,6 31,9 Ngu6n: B6 Y iSphdc Icli gia dinh H i n QuSc, 2010.
^^ Lee Kyesun 39
s
( | ^ d md hien nay chinh phu Hdn Qudc da vdn hdnh 'Trung tdm hfi / ^ i n h da van hda" d^ dua ra cdc dich vu hd fl-p thfch flng xa hdi Irong
^ ddu nhu ddo lao lie'ng Hdn vd thie't ldp ha tdng nhdm hO trp tdng
^ ^ a t xa hdi cho gia dinh da van hda. Trung tam ndy Ihdi k^ ddu vdo
^ J 0 6 cd 21 ca sd hoai ddng, vd de'n nam 2010 da cd 100 co sd hoat
*t»ang kinh pW cfla chinh phfl vd cd 19 co sd hoat ddng bdng kinh phf
"^la phucmg.
*nhiing co sd ndy dua ra thdng lin ve cdc mat cua ddi sdng (dupc in
^ 1 0 ngdn ngfl), tri^n khai viec ddo tao tie'ng Hdn, hd Up nudi day u^, '^e'n khai dao tao ky thuat canh ndng nhdm tang cudng khd nang v^
tj i^. Hon nfla, bdng viec cho ra ddi "Giai phdp tang cirdng hd trp vdi J, thflc phfl hc^ theo iflng chu ky cudc ddi cua gia dinh da van hda"
,2008), chinh phu dang chi dao viee thuc hien the' ch^ hda chinh sdch dinh da \'an hda va dua vao dd cdc ITnh vuc nhu y te', phuc Ipi, gia dinh, ddu tfl khi n g u ^ phu nfl di cu nhdp canh vdi muc dfch hdn nhan cho D, 1 luc hp dn dinh eude sd'ng. Tuy nhien, d^ nhflng dich vu phuc Ipi ndy J rdng dupc d^n cac vflng ndng thdn heo Idnh, id ndi tdp trung nhi^u phu
; ke't hdn di trd sinh sdng vd trd thdnh nhflng uu dai thuc chdt thl chfnh lu Hdn Qudc cdn cdn phdi ddu tu nhieu hon nfla v^ kinh phf cung nhu vi .ec xdy dung cae chfnh sach mdt cdch thuc chdi.
2.5. Van de giao due con cai m
Theo ke't qua dieu tra cua Bd Y l^ phdc Ipi xa hdi nam 2010, ed tdi -73,5% eac cap vp chdng ke't hdn di tru ed con hpc lle'u hpc tra Idi rdng hp I gap khd khan u-ong viec giao due con cai. Hdn Qudc Id xd hdi coi upng I tinh thdn mdt ddn ldc thudn nhdt (mdt dan tde, mdt ddng mau) va ke't qua ' la xa hdi Hdn Qud'c cd mdt cai nhin rd't khdng tfch cue vdi nhung dfla tre mang Irong minh hai ddng mau. Xa hdi Hdn Qud'c mang y thflc uu the'v^
chung ldc, ve dao dflc vdi tre lai. Vd nhiing em be lai ngay tfl khi cdn Id mdt dfla ue so sinh da bi xa Idnh, treu choc vd ke' ca khi trudng thdnh thudng se vdp phai nhflng bdt Im fl-ong cudc sdng. Su bdt Ipi, dinh ki^n tfl trong mdi trudng trudng thdnh cung lam cho tre em lai rdt khd d^ hoai ddng nhu mdi nhdn td xa hdi binh thudng khi da trudng thanh.
Theo Cue thdng kd nam 2006 thi cd tdi 35,9% trong tdng sd cae vu k^t hdn d ndng thdn Id kdt hdn qudc td" vdi phu nfl nude ngodi, vd nhu vdy cd th^ thdy dudng nhu cfl 4 thanh nidn ndng thdn thi ed 1 ngudi Id'y vp ngudi nudc ngodi. Gdn ddy, trong sd cac trudng hpc d ndng thdn sd trudng cd tdi
38 Nghltn cflu Oia dinh vd Qldl. QuyJn 22, »6fi, tr. 27-41
2.4. Su cO lAp v^*van hda xfl h^i '-
Theo ktft qud cuOc didu ira thilc trang gia dlnh ktft hdn qudc ttf nflm 2010 Ihi ly I§ hudng djch vu ddo lao ddi vdi trudng hpp ddo lao titfng Hdn Id 50,6%. tdng hdn nhifiu so vdi ty 1§ 21.8% vdo ndm 2006. Theo tflng ndi dung flu ddi phflc Ipi Ihl ddo tao tiflfng Hdn (50,6%). gido due ihfch flng vdi xa hdi Hdn Qud'c (37.5%), h6 trp hpc ldp, nudi day con cdi (29,7%), tu vdn gia dinh vd gido due (28,1%). hd trp thai sdn (28%).v.v. NhOng ndng ddu ngudi nudc ngodi trong xa hdi Hdn Qudc ddi ldc cam thdy khd xfl uong viec giao ti^p vd ktft ban vd ho gdp khd khdn trong cu^c sdng 6 Hdn Qudc vi ludn cam thdy don ddc vd bi ddi xfl lanh nhat irong quan h$ xa hdi.
Hdu he't trong sd hp, ngoai viec dupc ddo tao lie'ng Hdn, dupc day vi phong tuc va day cdch ndu an cua Hdn Qudc. thl khdng cd su iham gia ddc biet ndo khdc vdo hoat ddng xa hdi. Tuy nhidn. viM phu nfl ktft hdn di ufl sdng d ndng thdn hay 6 ngoai thdnh thdnh phd Xo-un thi ngay ca de^n nhflng chucfng trinh nhu Ihtf ndy hp eung khdng dupc tham gia. Cd Ih^ do hp khdng cd thdng tin, hodc gid cd bi^t thdng tin thi lai khdng bitft caquan thuc thi nhung djch vu phuc Ipi xa hdi ndy ndm 6 ddu, vd cd th^ vi vSn di dudng xd hoac thdi gian md khdng dupc il^p can vdi nhung c a hdi nhu Ihe^
(xem Bang 4).
Bang 4. Kho khan khi sfl dung dich vu phuc Icri xa hpi (%) Noi dung Co Khong Khong
kho kho tri Itri khia khin Khftng giao litfp duoc bang tifing Hin vdi nhftn vien 28,0 40.5 31.6 cua l6 chiic phiic loi xa h^i
Tim CO quan phiic loi x3 li6i kh6 Kh6 tim ducfc dich vu ph& hc^ vdi minh Do nhan vien cua td chile phOc loi xa hdi khdng hi^u rd vi ndi dung ciia dich vu
Thii luc si dung dich vu 1^ khd vi phflc tap Do nhan vifin cua td chiic phiic loi phftn biet dd'i xfl v ^ nguiri di tni
Gia dinh phan dd! viftc sir dung dich vu phiic loi xa hdi Cam Ihiy si/ bat tien v^ tftm ly khi sir dung dich vu xahdi
Ngudn: BO Y te'phuc loi gia dinh HAn Qudc, 2010.
20.4 14.1 8.6
8,2 3,6 3,3 2,0
48,4 54,6 59,9 60,5 65,1 65,1 66,1
31,3 31,3 31,6 31,5 31,5 31,6 31,9
Lee Kyesun 39 Do dd ma hien nay chfnh phfl Hdn Qudc dd van hdnh 'Trung tdm hd u p gia dinh da van hda" di dua ra cdc dich vu hd irp thfch fltig xa hdi fl-ong thdi k^ ddu nhu ddo lao lie'ng Hdn vd thie't ldp ha ldng nhdm h6 Irp ldng hpp vi mat xa hdi cho gia dinh da van hda. TVung lam nay ihdi k^ diu vdo nam 2006 cd 21 co sd hoat ddng, vd d^n ndm 2010 da cd 100 ca sd hoat ddng bdng kinh phf cua chfnh phfl vd cd 19 ca sd hoat ddng bdng kinh phf eua dia phuang.
6 nhflng ca sd ndy dua ra Ihdng lin v^ cac mat cfla ddi sdng (dupc in bang 10 ngdn ngfl), uie'n khai viec ddo tao titfng Hdn, hd Up nudi day ud, vd tri^n khai ddo tao ky thudt canh ndng nhdm tang cudng khd ndng v^
kinh te'. Han nCte, bang viec cho ra ddi "Giai phdp tang cudng hd trp vdi hinh thflc phfl hop theo tflng chu ky cudc ddi cfla gia dinh da van hda"
(10/2008), chfnh phfl dang chi dao viec thuc hien th^ ch^hda chfnh sdch gia dinh da van hda vd dua vdo dd cdc Iinh vuc rfliu y te', phuc Icri, gia dinh, bat ddu Ifl khi ngudi phu nfl di cu nhap canh vdi muc dfch hdn nhan eho d^n Iflc hp dn dinh cudc sd'ng. Tuy nhidn, de' nhflng dich vu phflc Id nay mdrdng dupc de'n cdc vflng ndng Ihdn heo lanh. Id nai tap trung nhi^u phu nfl ke't hdn di tru sinh sdng vd trd thdnh nhflng uu dai ihuc chdt Ihi chfnh phu Han Qudc cdn cdn phai ddu tu nhi^u hon nfla ve kinh phf cflng nhu v^
vide xdy dung cdc chfnh sach mdi each thuc chdi.
2.5. Van de giao due con cai
Theo ket qua dieu tra cua Bd Y te' phuc Ipi xa hdi nam 2010, cd tdi 73,5% cdc cap vp chdng ke't hdn di trfl ed con hpc tie'u hpc tra Idi rdng hp gap khd khdn Irong viec giao due con cdi. Hdn Qud'c Id xa hdi coi trpng linh thdn mot ddn tdc Ihudn nhdt (mdt dan tdc, mdt ddng mdu) va ke't qua Id xa hdi Han Qud'c cd mdt cai nhin rd't khdng tfch cue vdi nhung dfla tre mang Irong minh hai ddng mau. Xa hdi Han Qudc mang y thflc uu ih^ve chung tdc, vi dao dflc vdi tre lai. Vd nhung em be lai ngay Ifl khi con la mdt dfla tre sa sinh da bi xa Idnh, titu chpc vd k^ cd khi trudng thdnh thudng se vdp phai nhimg ba't loi trong cuOc sd'ng. Su bdt Ipi, dinh kie'n tfl Irong mdi tnrdng trudng thanh cung 1dm eho tre em lai rdt khd d^ hoat ddng nhu mdt nhdn id xa hpi binh thudng khi da trudng thanh.
Theo Cue thd'ng kd nam 2006 thi cd tdi 35,9% trong tdng sd cac via ke't hdn d ndng thdn la ke't hdn qudc te vdi phu nfl nudc ngoai, va nhu vay cd th^ tha'y dudng nhu cfl 4 thanh nien ndng thdn thi cd 1 ngudi Id'y vp ngudi nude ngodi. Gdn ddy, Irong sd edc trudng hoc d ndng Ihdn sd trudng cd tdi
40 Nghltn ci>u QIa dlnh v i 0141. Quy^n 22, tS 5, tr. 27.41
hoii 20% hoc sinh 1& con cOa cdc gia dlnh l<«t hfln quSc IffcOng khflng phai
\i fl, Nhihig phM nif kit hfln di crii glp l<h6 khfln ngay iCr lihi giri con Ain iruflng liia hpc, Dac bi?l, con c4i cua cic gia dlnh kil hfln quflc i( ihuflc iSng liSp cfl thu nhap thip chiu linh hudng Itr me nhiiu hon \h tCr bfi, cho n«n cing cSn cfl .si; quan tam dac bi?t. Bin canh dfl, Irong sfl con cii cua cic gia dlnh niy cOng cfl nhiing tmimg hpp bi "h6n loan tfnh chinh ihi"
do su tiflp xQc vfli hai iSng van hfla, vi tham chf cfl nhihig trudng hpp bj
"I(hi^m Ichuytft vi cSm xiic".
3. KS't lu$n
Trong sfl rat nhilu nhihig vin Ai mh nhihig nguM phu nit iset hfln di mi gap phai trong cuflc sfl'ng fl dat nuflc cua ngudi chflng cfl nhihig vain di Idiflng Ihi trinh l<h6i dfl la phai sflng trong mflt bfli canh van hfla ho^n loan Ichic la vfli van hfla ciia ho. Hp cam nhan dupc su Ichic biet vi Ijtfi canh van hfla lien quan dfln mpi mat ciia cuflc sflng vjl r^t c ^ mflt su cam thflng cho nhiilig Ichfl Ichan hay mau thuin xuat phit tii idiic biet nay. EDo vay nflu gia dinh ngufli chflng Ichflng cfl su thflng cam va cCing nfl luc Ai khkc phuc su mau thuSn vfli nSng dau ngufli nuflc ngoai de' vupt qua nhimg mtfi quan he hinh thUc d^ trd thanh ngudi ruOt ra, ngudi ling gilng hay la mflt thanh vien trong xa hfli dfl la vfl cOng khfl khan.
Trd ngai Ifln nha't ma ngudi phu nit ke't hfln di tni de'n Han Qutfc gap phai dfl la van Ai ngfln ngii va "mtfi quan he vfli gia dlnh nha chflng". Nhiing mau thuin xung dflt do ngfln ngii va do su khac biei vi van hfla giiia ngudi vp nuflc ngoai va ngudi chflng Hin Quflc cfl the' xay ra d baft cii gia dlnh da van hfla nao. Dac biet la d khi'a canh xung dflt vfli gia dinh nha chflng, dac biet la vfli me chflng va trong viec nufli day con cai do thai dfl gia uudng cua ngudi chflng Han Qufl'c, hay do gia dlnh phu he md r6ng,v.v.
Ben canh dfl, ngudi phu nU ke't hfln di trii khflng hi^u ro vi vai trd cua phu nO trong gia dinh phu he md rflng truyin thflng cua Han Quflc, nen ho thudng to thai dfl ba't binh trudc nhflng yeu ciu tilf cic thanh vien uong gia dinh va xa hpi Han Qufl'c ddi hoi vi su hy sinh va nhSn nai cua hp. Tinh bai trfl vdi nin van hoa khac do su Ai cao tinh thin mflt dan tflc thuSn nhSt cOa ngudi Han Quflc dang ddi hoi d nhihig phu nfl nay su thich ling mflt phfa vi ngfln ngfl, luan i^, van hfla... ma bo qua yflu tfl van hoa hay ngfln ngii ban xir c i a chfnh ngudi phu nfl ke't hfln di tru.
Nhung ngudi phu nil ke't hfln di trii va nhung ngudi phu nu khac dang
Lee Kyesun 41 cdng ddng mdt vai Ud dac biet Id Idm me. Ngudn ddng luc d^ hp thfch flng.
thay vi chay fl-d'n khdi xa hdi Hdn Qudc, khdng gi khdc han dd chfnh Id su
"ddng vien v^ mat Ilnh cdm" eua gia dinh va sij dung nap cfla xa hdi. Do vdy d^ ddn nhan nhflng nang dau ngudi nudc ngodi ndy gidng nhu mdt ngudi Hdn Qud'c cdn cd thdi dd flng xfl linh hoat eua gia dinh Hdn Qud'c.
Chfnh phfl Hdn Qud'c dang cd nhflng nd luc tren nhidu mat nhu xa hdi, chfnh tri. ludi phdp, v.v. d^ nhflng ngudi phu nfl ndy cd ihi sdm thfch nghi vd dn dinh cudc sdng nhu mdi thdnh vien cfla xa hdi Han Qud'c. Va cdc bd phan true Ihude chfnh phu, cdc dodn ih^ dja phuang dang tie'n hdnh rd't nhi^u chuang u-inh lien quan de'n ngudi ke't hdn di trd. Tuy nhien, nhflng chuong U-inh ndy Id do ngudi Hdn Qud'c xdy dung, do vdy nd cdn ed nhidu die'm han che u-ong viec ddp flng dupc cae yeu cdu v^ mat van hda cua phii nfl ket hdn di UTJ qud'c ttf.
Trong vd'n d^ ndy, phfa chfnh phfl Viet Nam cung cdn hoan thien he thd'ng van ban phap quy dd'i vdi quy ch^ hoai ddng cfla cdc cdng ty mdi gidi hdn nhdn nhdm bao ve phu nfl cua nudc minh. Vd Hdi Lien hiep phu nfl Viet Nam, vdi chflc nang cfla minh, cung nen gifl vai fl-d ehu dao trong viec ui^n khai cac Idp hpe v^ ngdn ngfl, van hda... thdng qua su Uen ke'l vdi dai sfl qudn cac nudc tai Viet Nam.B
Tai lieu tham khao
Bd Y lePhuc Ipi gia dinh Han qudc. 2005. Dieu tra thuc irgng phu nCldi tni ke't hdn qudc le'. Korea Development Institute (KDI).
BdYte phuc loi gia dinh Hdn qud'c. 2010. Dieu tra ve thuc trgng cdc gia dinh da vdn hda trong todn qudc. The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA)
Kim He Jin. 2008. Dao ddc vdn hda trong then ky Da vdn hda. Luan van thac sy, tmdng Dai hpc Ddng kuk Han qudc.
Kim Hyen Hye. 2007. Bdi canh va hien trang ket hdn di dan ciia Han Qud'c.
Lee Yunho. 2006. Vd'n de thich dng vdi van hoa Hdn Qudc ciia ngudi Viel Nam ket hon vdi ngudi Hdn Qudc. LuSn van thac sy, Dai hoc Kang Nam Han Qudc.
Vidn phat triln nfl gidi Han Qudc. 2006. Vdn dc thich itng vdi vdn hoa Hdn Qudc cua nhiTng ngitdi di tni ke'l hon vdi ngifdi Hdn Qudc.
Vien phat trien nii gidi Han Qud'c. 2008. Da dgng hda gia dinh Hdn Qudc.
