DICN DAN TRAO Ddi
KHAC PHUC Hi^iU QUA BOM MIN,
VAT LIEU CHi/A NO SAU CHIEN TRANH VIET NAM
TS NGUYEN T H t V Q L S A H Vifn Hdn ldm Khoa hgc .xa hgi Viet Nam
Tinh tfen nay, tfat nU6c da hoa binh, thong nhat 6jac hem 41 nam, nhi/ng hau qu^ do bom min, vat n6 (BMVN) con sot lai sau chien tranh gay ra la het siirc nang ne, anh hudng Idnra tfen phat trien kinh te- xa hoi, an ninh, trat tU, moi tnfdng va tfoi song cua nhan dan. Quan triet va thuc hien nghiem tuc cac quan ffiem, diii tnimq cua Ding ve khic phuc hau qui bom min sau chien tranh, nhiifng nam qua, Viet Nam tfa tidi cUc khic phuc hau qui do bom min, vat lieu chua no gay ra, song van tfe nay van can phii tl^p tuc no lUc g i i i quyet.
1. Yeu d u kh(k phuc h|u qui cua bom min, vat lieu chua no con sdt lai sau chien tranh
Trong chien tranh Vi?t Nam, quan dpi My da su dyng mpt khoi lugng rat 1cm cac phuong ti$n pha ho^i, vu khi sat thuong voi khoang 15,35 tri?u tan bom dan, binfa quan 46 tan/km-. Tong s6 bom ma quan dpi My tnit xuong Vi?t Nara nhieu hon so bom sii dyng trong Chien tranh the gi6i I va Chiln tranh the gicri II'. Bp Quoc phong My udc tinfa c6 den 10% so bom dan da su dyng nhung kbdng no nhu tfaiet ke ban dau, \ a nbu v|iy la faang nghin tkn bom min, \ at li^u cfaua no nhu d ^ phao, d ^ coi, l\m dan... van con niim rai ric nfaieu noi tren toan lanh tho Vi?t Nam, dac bi^ lit 6 nhOng dja diem My dk tung danh pha va ddng quan ( t ^ cac diem dong quan. My va quan dpi Vi?t Nam Cpng hoa thudng dat min bao \ e xung quanh doanh tr^, kho tang, t r ^ dia...) 6 m i ^ Tnmg \ a mien Nam. Ben canh do, theo so li?u th6ng ke tfae hi?n tren ban do danh pfaa ciia khdng quan M> cr Vi^t Nam tir nSm 1964 den nim 1972 va tai li?u tong k ^ chi6n tranh thi s6
lugmg bom min, dan dupc, thiiy loi dk dupc sir dyng a vimg bien Viet Nam la rat lon va nJm rai suot ba bien tir Bac den Nam. Nhthig bai bom, min, vat h^u chira no^ tap tiung hoSc phan tin tai nhieu dja diem tiem an nguy co no bat cit luc nao khi bi kich thich.
Theo ket qua dieu tra so bp nam 2002 (chtra ke vimg bien), dien tich 6 nhiem bom min tren toan quoc la 6,6 tri?u hecla, chiem 21,12% di?n tich, ca nuoe co 9.284/10.511 xS bj 6 nhiem^
Theo so U?u t6ng kdt, so lupng BMVN con sot lai trong long d^t uoc tinh khoang 350 den 800 nghin tin. Tinh den nam 2010, d i ^ Hch bj o nhilm con khoang 5,7 di?u hecta* (chiem 20%
dien u'ch dit dai toan quoc). Hang tri^u qua bom min, vat h?u chua no (khoang 3,5 tri?u qua min va 350 tin vat h?u cfaua no nhu dan M79, dan coi, rocket...), trong do co mpt so lupng 1cm bom bi^ con sot lai sau chien tranfa 6 Viet Nam.
O nhiem bom rain nang nhit la cac tinh (Juang Tn. Thira Thien-Hud, Quang Nam, Phii Yen, Gia Lai, Kon Tum... Ket qua cua du an "Di6u tra.
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TAP CHl LICH S I ; D A N G 1 1 - 2 0 1 6
khao sat va danh gia tac dpng cua sir o nhiem bom min, v|t no con sot lai sau chien tranh o Vi?t Nam", tai 5 tinh mi jn Trang la Nghf An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri va Thira Thien-Hue co 1.180/1.181 don vi cjp xa da dive hi?n dieu tra, khao sat con bi 6 nhiem bom min, vat h^u chua nd, chi6m ty le 99,9% (Nghe An co 473/474 xa, phuong, thi tr&i-chitai 99,9%; cic tinh Ha Tinh CO 261/261; CJuang Binh co 159/159; Quing Tri CO 138/138; Thira Thien-Huj co 150/150).
Trong 1.181 xa, phudng, thi trin thuc hi?n dieu tra CO 3.010 khu v\rc bi 6 nhiem voi d i ^ tich 13.028,16 km\ chiem 32,59%i so voi tong di?n tich d§ diiu tra (Ngh? An: 17,07% di|n tich; Ha Tinh: 39,12%; Quing Binh: 28,22%; Quing Tri:
84,89% va Thira Thien-Hui: 34,4%)'.
Khong chi trong ma sau chien tranh, dit nudc vi con nguiri Vi$t Nam di va dang phii hung chju nhiSu thucmg vong, ton thit. Theo tii h|u do Bp Lao dpng - Thucmg binh vi Xi hpi bien sopn nim 2013, chi tinh tir nim 1975 cho dSn nim 2000, Vi$t Nara di co 42.135 nguiri tir vong va 62.163 ngucri khic bi thuong t|t do BMVN c6n sot lai tir sau chien tranh. Nan nhin bom min khdng mit mang thi tan tit suot doi, tao them ginh n^g rit 1cm cho gia dinh vi xS hpi'. Chi tinh rieng 6 tinh mien Trung g6m:Ngh$An,Hi Tinh, Quing Binh, Quing Tri, Thira Thien-HuS vi Quang Ngii di co tren 22.800 nguiri li nan nhan ciia bom mm, trong do co 10.540 nguoi chit vi 12.260 nguoi bi thuong". Tai 3 tinh Quing Tq, Quing Binh, Hi Tinh, theo diju tra khao sit giai doan 1 (2004) thi tir nim 1975c6hon90%s6xa, phuong dupc di ju tra di xay ra tai nan, giy hiu qui cho hon 10.000 n ^ nhin (cir 100.000 ngucri din CO 29 nan nhin bom mm). Tir nim 2000 din nim 2004 co hon 60% s6 xa, phucmg dupc diju tra da xiy ra tai nan do bom min, giy thucmg vong cho 529 ngucri, trong do co 29 nguiri chJt
vi 88% li nam gioi vi 93% trong dp Woi 16 den 45'. Rieng tmh C)uang Trj nim 2012 c6 53 vy tai n^n lien quan den vin de niy'". Ngn nhan thucmg la life lirpng lao dpng chinh trong gia dinh, nam gioi vi tre em (tre em chiem khoang hon 30%
tfing s6 nguoi bj nan). Tic dpng cua bom rain, v|t li$u chua no djn doi song nguiri dan li hJt sirc nghiem trpng.
S\r 0 nhiem mdi truimg doi vdi nguon nudc vi dat dai do BMVN gay ra con hgn che khi ning khai hoang, phyc hda, canh tic dit dai ndng trpt cua nhin dan. Hi?n nay, tgi mpt sd viing cd d nhilm n^g, cac nan nhan ciing di dupc hS trp vj chim sde y tJ, hd trp nha d tii djnh cu, tijn hinh tu vin tuyen tiuyen, giio dyc ve phdng trinh bom min. Tuy nhien, do nhiJu khd khin nen so nan nhan dirpc ho Up ciing nhu di$n fl'ch dit dupc ri phi bom min cdn it. Hgu qui chien tranh ndi chung, h|u qui bom mm, vat li$u chua no sau chien tianh ndi rieng li mpt trong nhihig trd lyc trong qui ttinh xay dyng vi phit trien kmh tj-xi hdi. Vi thj, "mdt qudc gia chuyen til chijn tranh sang hda bmh ludn cd hai vin dj co ban phii tiJn hinh ddng thdi li: xay dyng dit nudc vi khic phyc hiu qui chi jn tranh"''. Trang dd, van dJ giii quyjt hgu qui bom min, vgt li$u chua nj cdn sdt lgi sau chijn tranh Vi^ Nam li mpt ttong nhtmg vin dJ buc thijt dit ra ngay tii sau kill chiJn tranh kJt thiic.
2. Mot s£ kit qui khik phuc hSu qui bom min, vat lieu diua n jsau diiln tranh
Tu nim 1975 den nay, Chinh phd Vi?t Nam di cd nhihig no Iyc ldn va tich cyc thyc hi?n nhiJu bipn phip ttong vi?c khic phyc hgu qui BMVN sau chijn tranh. Mpt sd quyjt djnh lien quan den vin dJ ri phi bom min di dupc ban hinh. Ngiy 4-5-2006, Thii tudng Chinh phu ban hinh Quyjt dinh so 96/2006/QD-Trg "VJ vi?c quin ly vi
90
D | £ N D A N TRAO Ddi
tfi\ic hien cong tic ra pha bom, min, vat no". Dky ]k m ^ vSn ban pfaap quy quan trpng quy dinfa nhtmg van de ca ban trong cong tac quan ly va quy trinh thuc h i ^ khac phuc fa|u qua BMVN.
Qkc bi^t, ngay 21-4-2010, Chinh phu Vi?t Nam phe duy^ Chirotig tiinh hanfa dpng qudc gia kfaic p h ^ h ^ qua bom min sau chiln tranfa giai doan 2010-2025, trong do de ra nhieu m\ic tieu, gjai p b ^ cv the. (hircmg trinh khang dinh ro m\ic tieu huy dpng nguon l\rc trong nuoe va quoc tl, nhSm giam thieu va tien toi khic pfayc hoan toan anh faudng ctia bom min phyc vy p h ^ trien kinfa tl-xa fapi; dam bao an toan cho nhan dan; giup dd n^n nfaan bom min hoa nhap ddi sdng xS hpi.
Vi^ Nam cung tfaanh l i ^ dupc td chuc chuyen trdcfa va qu^ ho trp cho vi?c thvc hifn khic phyc b$u qu& bom mm. Bp C^dc pfadng giao cho Binh chung Cdng binh lam lyc lirpng ndng cdt thuc hi^n. ddng thdi, chi dao Bp Tu l^nh Binfa chiing C^ng binh phdi hpp vdi ckc ca quan cd Uen quan tham mim cfao Bp Qudc phdng trong lmfa vuc niy, thanh 1 ^ Trung tam Cdng nghf xu ly bom min (viet tit la BOMICEN)'^ d l giiip Binh chung Cdng binh lam tham muu cfao Bp ve ky thuat dd tim, Xli ly BMVN va cfai dgo nghifp vy ra phi bom, rain. Ehidi sv chi dgo ch$t che Clia Nfaa nuoe va Cfainfa pfaii, ckc bp, nganh nhit la cac ca quan chuc nang, chii qu^n lien quan trvc tiep nhu BO CJudc phdng, Bp Lao dpng - Thucmg binh va xa hpi, Bp Ngoai giao, Bp Ke hogch va Dau tu, BO Tai chinh... cd sy gin kit trong cac hoat dpng ra pha bom rain, tuyen truyen giao dyc. ho trp nan nhan va nhihig hogt dpng nhan dgo chung. Ngay 29-4-2008. Trung tam Hanh dpng khic phyc bom min Vift Nam dupc thanh lgp. Trung tam triln khai cd hifu qua cdc dy i n ra pha bom min, m$t khac diy manh hogt dpng vgn dpng, kfaai thic, tilp nhgn, quan ly vk sii dyng vifn trp ciia ckc nirdc vk ckc td chuc qudc t l dk tiln hanh ra
pha bom min cdn sdt lai sau chien tranh a Vift Nara. Sau khi de ra (Thuong trinfa hiinh dpng quoc gia khic phuc hau qua bom min sau chien tranh, ngay 22-12-2010, Thu tudng Chinh pfaii thanh lap Ban Od dao Nha nuac v l "Chuang trinh hanfa ddng qudc gia kfaic pfauc hau qua bom min sau chien tranh" (gpi tat la Ban chi dao 504) do Tfau tudng CThinh pfaii Nguyen Tan Dilng lara TnrdngbaiLTiepdd,ngay4-3-2014,Thil tudng Chinh phii thanh lap Trung tam hanh dpng bora min qudc gia Vift Nam (VNMAC)-mpt ca quan diu mdi ve kfaic pfauc hgu qua bom min do Thii hrdng Chinh phii chi dgo va Bp Qudc phdng tivc tiep quan ly. Ngay 10-3-2014, Clhinfa phii ra Quylt dinh sd 356/QE)-TTg "Vl vifc thinh lap ()uy ho trp khic pfayc hgu qua bom m b Vift Nara". Dk xiic tien vifc kfaic phyc hgu qua bom min cd hifu qua sau rpng, trift dfi han tren quy rad ca nudc, ngay 12-11-2014, Hpi ho trp khic phyc hgu qua bom rain sau cfaien tranh (VNASMA) dupc tfaanh \kp. Nhifm vy chinh cua Hpi \k tuyen truyen tiong nfaan dan ve chu truong, chinh sacfa Clia Nha nudc ve nhifra vy khic phyc h§u qui bom min; cic bifn pfaip phdng trinh tdi da hgu qua bom rain, trpng tara li cac dja phuong bj d nhiem bdi bom min; tuyen truyin, thuyet pfayc cac qudc gia, td chuc qudc t l ve nghia vy, trich nhifm hd trp Viet Nam khic phyc hgu qui; ddng thdi van dpng cic td chirc, ca nhan, doanh nghifp ho trp ngudn lyc. Thing 3-2016, Bp Qubc phdng ban hanh Thdng tu 03/20 Id/TT-BQP quy dmh chiic nSng, nhifm vy, quyin hgn v i mdi quan hf cdng tic ciia Trung tira Hanh dpng bom min qudc gia Vift Nam.
Ben cgnh vifc ban hanh cic chii truong, ca che, thanh lap cic td chiic, quj* nhim khic phyc hgu qui bom min, vgt Iifu nd, Vift Nara cdn chli y xay dung va nang cao ning Ivc thyc hifn. Lyc lupng khic phyc hgu qui bom min, vgt
TAPCHlUCHSlirsiNGII-2016
lipu chua nd gdm cd ngudn nhin lyc vi co sd vat chit, ky thuit'-' dupc chu y xay dung nMm phyc vy cho yeu ciu dit ra. Ngudn lyc vgt chit timg budc dupc bd sung trang, thiet bi chuyen diing cin thi jt vi huy dpng kinh phi trong nudc vi nudc ngoii. DJ diyc hien cic nhi?m vy dit ra, hing nim, Nhi nudc phai chi rapt khoan ngan sich ldn cho vi?c li phi BMVN vi thyc hipn cic chinh sich xi bpi ddi vdi
cic nan nhin do BMVN sdt lai gay ra vdi tdng chi phi tir ngan sach nhi nudc khoing 80 ttipu USD/nim (khoang 30 ttipu USD cho ri phi bom min vi 50 trieu USD cho an sinh xa hpi d nhihig vimg bj d nhiem bom min)". Tinh den nim 2012, hing nim, Chinh phu Vipt Nam di danh khoing 1.600 ty ddng, ttrong duong 80-100 tripu USD de thyc hipn cdng tic ti phi bom rata". Ngudn nhin lyc phyc vy cho vipc khic phyc hgu qua bom mm dupc dio tao, bdi dudng ve trinh dp chuyen
mdn nghipp vy thirdng xuyen. Ngoii vipc dio tgo tgi cic CO sd ttong nudc, Nhi nudc cdn gui di dio tgo d nudc ngoii. Co sd dao tgo trong nudc chu yJu la d cic mrdng ttong quin dpi. Ben cgnh dd, ngoii cic giio vien ttpng nudc, cic co sd dio tgo cdn miri them mpt sd chuyen gia nudc ngoii nhu My, Dirc vi rapt sd nudc khic.
Trung tim Cdng nghp xir ly bom min thupc
Hien nay, lire lirong ra pha bom min tren ci niric moi nam ra pha diroc khoing 15.000 len 25.000 ha. Be lam sad) bom min tren toan lanh tho vdi 6,6 ha bj 0 nhiem duti'nh phii mat 440 nam niila mil mcri giii quyet diroc het bom min con sot lal. Ngan sach tfe don sadi bom min can khoing 165.0001^
tfong, diiia tinh r i phi bom min viing bien, h i ! tfio. Rieng viec quet sach min i tinh Quing Tri (theo t6 chiirc Clear Path International cda My) thi phii can tfen khoing 17,5 trieu USD.
Neu tfay manh tien do dU kien tf uoc nit lai con khoing 100 nam va nhanh la 70 nam niira.
bom, min, vit nd phii hpp vdi dieu kipn kinh te dit nudc, xic djnh cac giii phip cdng nghp xur ly nhu xi thio, buy ddt, hiiy nd; Img dyng cic trang thiJt bi ky thugt phyc vy xii ly... Hipn nay, Vipt Nam ciing dang trien khai ip dyng cdng ngh$
chudi lupng nd vi dimg cac phuong tipn co gidi dJ khic phyc vi xu ly bom, min, vgt nd sdt lgi sau chien tranh.
Dd tfayc hipn cdng tic tuy&i tmyen, giio dyc nhgn thuc phdng tiinh BMVN, nhim khic phyc hgu qui do bom min, vgt lipu chua nd giy ra, Bp Lao d^ng-Thuong binh vi xa hdi cd sy phdi hpp ch?t chS veSri Bp Giio dyc vi Dio tgo, Bp Qujc phdng vi cic co quan, ban, nginh dja phuong.
Ben cgnh dd, Vipt Nam cung nh|n dupc sy ho ttp tich cyc tir cpng dong qudc tJ. Tir nim 2004, Quy nhi ddng Lien hpp qudc (UNICEF) di giinh cho Vipt Nam khpin tii ttxjf 5 ttipu USD ttong vdng 5 nim d j giio dyc nhin thiic bom min cho ttd era Ilia ttidi nhi ddng d 6 tmh li Ngh$ An, Hi Tmh, Quing Binh, Quing Trj, Thira Thi&i- Huj, Di Ning". Td chirc Cuu ttp vi phit ttijn CRS phdi hpp vdi Sd Giio dyc va Dio tgo tinh Quing Tri thyc hifn dy an giio dyc nhgn thiic vJ bom rata. Vdi sy hd ttv cua CRS, nim 2006, Sd Giio dyc vi Dio tgo tinh Quing Trj di bien Binh chimg Cdng binh dupc Bd Qudc phdng sogn dupc cic cudn sach tit ldp 2 dJn ldp 5 nhim giao nhiem vy lam diu nganh nghien cuu phit giio dyc phdng ttinh bom mm chua nd cho hpc ttien va iing dyng cic cdng nghe ri phi, xii ly sinh. B&i cgnh dd, Dy in Giio dyc phdng ninh
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MiN 0AN TRAO odl
bom min tai cac kfau vvc cd nguy ca cao da trien khai cfauong trinfa giang day ticfa fapp. Idng ghep Dpi dung f^Kmg trinfa tai nan bom min trong cac tnrdng tieu bpc tren dia ban mdt sd tinh bi d nfaiem ning, ning cao nhin thiic va kien thuc cbo fapc sinh. giao vien va ngudi dan.
Vdi nfaung boat ddng rich cue cung nhu t§ng cudng hpp ta: qudc te trcmg Imh vvc nay, cdng tac khic j ^ y c faau qui bom min d Vlft Nam dk dgt dupc mpt sd k ^ qui budc diu.
Thir nhdt. trien khai dieu tra, khdo sdt. lgp bdn dd d nhiem BXfl y tren todn quoc. Ngoai vifc hoan tfaanh D^ i n E)ieu tra sa bp miic dp tdn luu BMVN v i nfaihig thift hgi do bora min gay ra tren ca nink, Vift Nam da trien khai tiivc hifn dv i n Dieu tra, khio sit, lap ban dd d nhiem BM\'N tren pham vi toin qudc theo Quy^t dinh sd 9 6 ' ( ^ T T g , ngay 4-5-2006. ciia Thu tudng Chinh phli. Oy i n hoan tfaanh la ca sd can thi^
d^ bogcb dinh chien IU^K: tdng th^ cfao nfaiem \ii dd tim, xu ly BMVN va cd ke boach huy dpng ogudn lyc ciia Nha nudc va keu goi sy giiip dd cua qudc te de thuc hifn dd tim, xii ly h ^ dien tich bj d nhiem BMVN cdn sdt lai sau chien tranh d Vift Nara. Nim 2008. BOMICEN d i boan thinh vifc dieu tra^ khio sit v i dinh gii tic dpng Clia sy d nhiem BMX'N cdn sdt lai sau d i i ^ tranh d 6 tinfa mien Tning (Nghe .AJL Ha Tmh, Quing Binh, Quang Tri. Tfaira Tfaien-Hue va Quing Ngii).
Tkuhai. thuc hifn dd tim vd xuly bom min, vdt lifu chua nd dgt dugc nwt sd kit qud budc ddu.
Ngay sau khi chien tramh ket thiic. Chinh phii d i trien khai thvc hifn \iec dd tim. xii ly BMNTv cdn sdt lai nhim giai phdng dat dai (Ave \-u ddi sdng va sin xuit cua nhan dan. Trong hai nim diu sau khi bda binh lip lgi tii thing 5-1975 d8n thing 5-1977. Met Nam d3 phi gd du^c khoing 2,9 trifu qui bom min, dgn pfaio; tfau nhit dupc
khoang 7.4 trifu \at heu cfaua nd cac loai nfau dgn con. hrpng nd, luu dan .. v i 5.329 tan bom, giai p b m g dupc gan 10 van ha dit. Trong nhiing nim 80 ciia thf ky . W . Nha mroc cap kinh phi de md cac chien dich ra pha bom min d bien gidi Tay Nam va phia Bic. d i thu gom va phi biiy dupc khoang 346.000 qui min cac loai, giai [didng 10.000 ha dit dai. Tu nim 1991 den nay, Mft Nam da thu gora, phi hiiy khoing 2,7 trifu qua BMVN cac logi (trong dd cd 30 van qui rain, gan mpt \ ^ vat nd) gjii pfadng tren 10 nghin ha d i t Trong 10 nira (tir nara 1999 ddn 2009), Met Nam da tip trung r i pha bom min dudng vinh dai bien gidi. cic cdng uinh xiy dvng h^ng diem ctia N'ha nudc, cic cdng trinh din sinfa vi phat trien kinh t e - x i hpi''. Tnmg binh hing nim, cic don vi dd tim. xu Iy dupc tir 15.000 dkn 20.000 ha dit bj d nhiem vk thu hdi. xu ly an toin hang trim tin bom min, \ at heu chira nd. Cdng tic td chuc tfau gom, xiir ly ciia Nha nudc dat ket qui l i gin 4 trieu qui min, 8 trifu vit nd v i gin 10 nghin tan BMVN cac loai'*. D ^ nay, ca nudc d i dd tim, Xli ly dupc khoing 3,28% difn tich dit dai bi d nhiem. gdp {diin quan trpng vio cdng cupc i ^ t trien kinfa te-xa hdi'^.
Thu ba. thuc hifn chinh sdch xd hgi ddi vdi cdc ngn nhdn do bom min, vdt lifu chira nd sdt lgi sau chien tranh. Trong nhirng nim qua, nhieu chuang trinh, bifn phq) nhim giam bdt nhirag tic dpng deu cvc d i dupc thuc hien.
Tieu bieu la hogt ddng trp gjiip nan nhin nhu td chiic cap oiu, dieu tri nan nhan tgi cic bfnh vifn, benh xi, tiq> can pfauc fadi chiic ning \ a cung cap chan tay gii cho nhihig ngudi sdng sdt sau tai nan bom rain; hd tra tii djnh cir, ho trg tii hda nfaip cpng ddng, thvc hifn cfauong trinfa xda ddi, giira ngheo cfao cic nan nhan bom min
\ a gia dinh ciia ho bing cich hd to? vifc lira, sir dyng cac khoan tin dung vi md cung cap cho
TAP CHi LICH Sljr D A N G I I - 2 0 1 6
pfau nu" ciia cic gia dinh cd nan nhin bom min vay de chin nudi gia siic...
Hifn nay, nhung van de d^t ra trong vifc khic phyc hgu qua chien tranh ndi cfaung, khic phuc hgu qui bom min, vat lifu chua nd ndi rieng ddi hdi Mft Nam cin tiep tuc diy manfa cac bifn phap, trong do phii phat huy mgnh me cac ngudn luc trong nudc, ddng thai tranh thli sv hd Vp Clia qudc te de nhimg du ara ciia chien ti^anh thuc su liii xa vi sau "chien tranh"
se khdng cdn "chien trajih".
1. Nhieu gap 3.9 Iin so vdi so barn dgn sir di^g trong Chioi tranh the giat II vi gap 12 tan so vdi Chien tranh Tneu Tien
Z Hiu h6t bommbi diua n6 la do d&ia cl8n han n6 hc^
do diu n6 dma bj ^ic b ^ i^o^ tic dgng. Xem Khdc phuc bomminchuandsauch^trar^N7Ca(^'ND,H,\975,ti.7
3, 9. Xem Biii H&ig Lmh: 'Tang cudng hogt dpng ri phi bom min vgt no tdn Iuu sau chiai tranh", r<^ chi Z^dpngvwAa/ip/.sd 351+352 (ti: ngiy 16-1 din 15-2- 2009), tr. 10.11,11
4. Xem Thilu tudng Rigm Quang Xuan: "Binh chung Cdng binh chu dfng trien khai Chuong trinh Qudc gia ve khic phyc bom min sau chien tranh" (trich bii dang tren bio Qudn dpi Nhdn ddn Online, ngay 4-12-2011), http://
www.b(Mnicen.vn/?news= 156
5 Bom bi do My san xuit cd 3 logi: CBU-24B/B, BLU-26^ vi CBU-49B/B vdi hai hinh thitc; nd eham (h?n gid CO khi) ho$c nd khi c6 tac dfng tii ngoii vio hat 00. Bankinhsitthuxmgdayd$c lOm
6, 17 Xem Biu Hdng Lmh: "Hng cudng hogt dpng ra jAa bom rain vgt nd ^ luu sau chiln tranh", Tgp chi
Z^di5ngvuJe/ipi,s6 351+352 (tilr ngiy 16-1 den 15-2- 2009), tr. 11 vi "Hogl dfng doi ngogi qufin sv thu hiit lai trp qudc te", htIp:/Avww.boniicen.vn/?news=l 17
7. Xem "Cin cic td chuc quoc le hd tn? khic phyc hau qui bom nun", http-.//www.tin247.com/can_cac_to_
chuc_quoc__te_bo_tio_khac_jAuc_hau_qua_bom_miii-1 - 227I1612iitml
8, 15. Xem Minh Nguyft "Cin 700 trifu USD khic phyc hgu qui bom min", ngudn: http^/www.
tinmoi.vii/can-700-trieu-usd-khac-phuc-hau-qua-bom- min-01I1174I5.html
10. Xem Nhgl Quynh: "MJ chi hon 500.000 USD h5 tn? nan nhin bom min tgi Vift Nam", ht^y/vov.vn/xa-hoi/
my-chi-hon-SOOOOO-usd-ho-tro-nan-nhan-bom-min-tai- viet-nam-276301 .vov
11. Nguyen Hihi Nguyen; "Mft Nam 40 nfim xSy d\mg dit nirdc vi khfic phyc di chung chien tranh (1975-2005)", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Ljch sir, s6 4-2015, tr.56
12. Tiung tam cdng n ^ xii ly bom min thufc Bf Tu I?nh Cdng bmh (Technology Centre for Bomb and Mine Disposal-BOMICEN) thinh Igp tbeo Quylt djoh sk 1592/QD-BQP, ngay 24-9-19%, cua Bf tnrdng Bf Qu6c phdng. Giiy p h ^ hinh nghi so 5599/BQP do Bf trudng Bf Quoc phdng cip ngiy 31-10-2005
l3.Xem Khdc phuc bom min chua no sau chien iranh, Nxb QDND, H, 1975, tr.8
14. Xon "Qudc tl dutng t ^ cung Vi^ Nam Idiic phgc hgu qui bom min", h(^y/vov.vn6ta-hoi/quoc-te-chung-lay- cung-viet-nam-khac^uc-hau-qua-bOTn-min-315322.vov 16. VTnh Phong: "Mft Nam n6 ]ifc khfic phyc hgu qui bom min", http://vovworid.vn/vi-VN/Binh- luan/Viet-Nam-no-Iuc-khac-phuc-hau-qua-bom- min/234584.vov
18,19. Thin?ng tudng. TS Nguyen Huy Hifu; "Quta dfi vdi cdng tac dd tim, xu Iy, khic jAwfc hgu qui bom min sau chiln iianh: Lyc luyng chuy&i tiich, trang bi chuyen dimg, triln khai hifu qua", httpy/www.bomicea vn/?news=123.
