Tu- tirdrng cua Le Thanh Tdng
vl moi quan he gifta nha nirdc vdi nhan dan
Tnrofng Vinh Khang
' Vi^n Nha nu6c va Phap luat, Vien Hin lim khoa hpc xi hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 2 thing 7 nim 2019. Chip nhan flSngngiy 20 thing 9 nim 2019.
Tom tat: Le Thanh Tdng nhan thuc dugc rang, mudn cung cd quyen luc ciia che dp, tmdc het phai cham lo den cai gdc ciia nudc la dan chiing. Trong nhieu chieu, du, lenh, huan dieu cua minh, Le Thanh Tdng khdng nhung chi-ra su can thiet phai an dan, ma cdn noi ro yeu cau doi vdi hanh vi cong vu cua quan lai. Trach nhiem ciia nha nudc vdi nhan dan, trach nhiem ciia quan lai vdi nhan dan la nhimg npi dung co ban ttong tu tudng tri nudc ciia Le Thanh Tdng. Tu tudng cua Le Thanh Tong ve ttach nhiem cua nha nudc vdi nhan dan chfta dung nhung gia tri mang tinh thdi dai.
Tur khoa: Ld Thdnh Tdng, nha nudc, nhan dan, tu tudng.
PhSn loai nganh: Lu^t hgc
Abstract: King Le Thanh Tong was aware that, in order to sttengthen the regime's power, it is necessary to, first of all, take care of the root of the country, which is the people. In many of his edicts, orders and Instructions, the king not only pointed out the necessity of bringing peace of mind to the people, hut also clearly stated the requirements for the service made by the mandarins.
Responsibilities ofthe state and the mandarins to the people are the basic contents m Le Thanh Tang's thought of ruling the country. His thought on the responsibility of the state to die people contains values which remain valid today.
Keywords: Le Thanh Tong, state, people, thought.
Subject classirication: Jurispmdence
I.Mffdau Tdng (tu thang Sau nam Canh Thin, 1460 ddn tiiang Hai nam Dinh Ty, 1497) vdi hai Trong Iich sft che dp phong kidn Viet Nam, nidn hieu Quang Thugn (1460-1469) va giai doan tii vi cua Hoang dd Ld Thanh Hdng Due (1470-1497) dugc coi la "cyc
Khoahpcxahoi VietNam, so 12-2019 thinh". Ngay tir khi len ngoi va trong suot 38 nam tri vi dat nuac, Le Thanh Tong Idiong ngimg theo duoi khat vong ve mpt nha nuac quan chu chuyen che tap quyen quan lieu manh, bao toan quyen luc va
va nhit la vi van hoa. Tuy nhien, su chu y chua dat trpng tam vao viec tim hieu nhOng quan niem tri nuac ciia Le Thanh Tong (yeu to n6n tang, dong vai tro chi d^o cac giai phap thuc tien cua ong). Bai viet l u ^ quy^n lgi cua giai cip phong kien ma ban tu tuang ciia Le Thanh Tong ve vuong triJu Le la dai dien. Ngay khi len
ngoi, Le Thanh Tong da thiic day nhanh viec du nhap Nho giao va tren co so ap dung, phat triSn Nho giao ma hinh thanh quan niem tri nuoc.
Trong nSn quan chu tap quySn theo mo hinh Nho giao, c6 hai mSi quan he xa hpi CO ban: (1) Quan he vua - thin dan, trong do vua la nguoi troi tri dan va phai co trach nUem bao ve thin dan ctia minh, con than dan phai tuyet doi phuc timg vua va cac quy toe, quan lai cua vua; (2) Quan hS vua - toi, trong do vua la toi thuong, la nguoi ban danh vpng va bdng loc cho quy tpc, quan lai, con biy toi bao gom quy tpc va quan lai phai tuyet d6i trung thanh vdi nha vua (trung quan). Hai moi quan he chinh tri ca ban do la cpi ngu6n tao nen trat tu quan lieu, trat tu ding cip, trat tu gia trudng (nhiing trat tu ctia chi dp va xa hpi phong kien).
Nho giao trong khi chu truang xay dtmg mpt nSn quan chu taip quySn vol viec trao toan bp nhiem vu cai tri nhan dan chp ca nhan nha vua thi ciing d6ng thai nhan thitc ro vi tri ciia nhan dan va khuyjn khich vua phai yeu quy dan, phai quan tam den dan va hanh dpng vi dan. Nho giao noi ve dan: dan duy bang ban (dan la g6c nuoc); dan vi quy (dan la quy); quan di dan vi thien (vua liy dan lam trai)... Cac cong trinh nghien ctiu vi Le Thanh Tong thucjng de cap vi cac
quan he giiia nha nuac voi nhan dan. Tu do, dua ra nhOng gai y trong viec tao dtmg moi quan he dting din, lanh manh giila nha nuoc va nhan dan tren tinh thin phat huy dan chti, dam bao quySn luc nhan dan trong giai doan hien nay d nuac ta.
2. To- tirong cua Ll Thanh T6ng ve trach nhiem ciia nha nir*c doi voi nhan dan Tu tuang vi trach nhiem ctia nha nuoc voi nhan dan truoc hit xuit phat tit quan niem cua Le Thanh Tong vi vai tro, vi tri ciia dan.
Ong nhi6u lin noi: "Chi ldn it hay nhilu deu d muon dan". "Dao lam vua rat Ion, phai nghien cilu rit tmh tudng, dudi thl thuong yeu dan chung, tren thi kinh trdi" [5, tr.l23];
"Dan xua su nghiep bao triJu dai. Song niii nha Nam vach ban dd" [6, tr.282-313];
"Hung Dao an dan cdng tich ay. Su xanh thom mirc van nam nguoi..." [6, tr.387]. • Trong nhi£u tac pham ciia Le Thanh Tong, quan niem vi dan va dudng loi nhan chinh cua Nguyln Trai duac tai hien, nhu d cac menh dS sau: "Trp dan dep loan tra thii minh..." [6, tr.l68]; "Diet ke tan ac, trir ke bao nguac la ldng nhan cua cac bac de vuong" [6, tr.217]. Tuy nhien, cijng gidng nhu Nguyln Trai, dng mdi chi nhin d3n, yeu dan nhu la ddi tupmg cua su cai tri, can duac nudi ning vd ve, thuang yeu, ciiu vdt. Lam giai phap thuc tiln duoc dng triln khai tren dup-c didu dd la minh quan, la vua sang toi cac phuong dien chinh tri, phap luat, kinh td hien, khdng lam dupc dieu do la bao ngupc.
Tnrang VTnh Khang vua tdi tdi hen. Ong va nhftng ngudi cung
thdi dgi dng chua khi nao lay dan Iam ngudi chu cua quydn cai tri dat nudc, ma theo each goi cua chftng ta ngay nay la ngudi nam quydn lyc nha nudc. Chinh vi vgy, cd tiid ndi tdi mdt thft chft nghia dan ban ttong tu tudng Le Thanh Tdng nhung do la mpt thft chft nghta dan ban mang dam tinh dang cap, la chu nghia dan ban "tu tten xudng", ddng vai trd phu dd cho chft nghia tdn quan quyen.
. Tinh thdn lo Iang vd vi tri cua ngudi
"duoc dan nudi", "thay tidi tri dan", "ban bd dftc an" da dan Ld Thanh Tdng tdi nhan thftc ve vai ttd, ttach nhiem cua nha nudc yong quan he ddi vdi dan. Nha nudc phai gift cho yen dan, phai lam cho dan duoc no du, ttanh dd dan kdu ca, oan than. Mudn vgy, vua va quan phai cd ttach nhidm quan tam tdi dan, phai chu y ddn Ioi ich cua dan, phai bao ve dan, ttong hanh dpng phai thudng xuydn nghe ngdng phan ftng cua dan. Ve ban than minh, ttach nhidm dd da duoc dng xac dinh rd ttong nhidu phat bidu cu the, dien hinh nhat la ttong bai tho Qudn dgo (dgo lam vua): "Dao ldn Dd vuong nghi da tinh/ Thuong ydu dan chung kinh trdi xanh/ Tim ddi kd each xay ddi thinh/
Bo han choi bdi giu ndp thanh/ Cat nhac anh tai phd dftc dep/ Cham lo vd bi trong quyen binh/ Didu hoa mudn vipc theo mfta tiet/ Khap chdn han hoan hudng thai binh"
[8, tt.214].
Co thd khang djnh, Ld Thanh Tdng la nha vua dua ra nhidu chieu, du, ldnh, huan didu ttong thdi gian tti vi so vdi cac vi vua khac. La ngudi cd cdng lao to Idn trong vide phat tridn ndn giao due - khoa cft nho hoc, tiong viec xay dyng bp may nha nudc phong kidn trung uong tap quyen hung mgnh. Le Thanh Tdng chiu anh hudng sau
sac nhidu ydu td cua Nho giao Khdng - Manh thd hien ro rang nhdt la ttong tu tudng cua dng vd dan. Khac vdi tu tudng vd dan cua Nguydn Trai va nhidu nha nho, tu tudng vd dan cua Le Thanh Tdng dd cap nhidu ddn vai tid cua dan, tu do xac dinh nghia vu cua ho ddi vdi nha vua, cung nhu thai dp ttach nhidra cfta nha vua, ngudi cam quyen ddi vdi dan. Ong ludn mo udc xa hpi phong kidn ma dng dftng dau dat tdi dinh cao cua sy thinh tti. Trong xa hpi ay, dat nudc hda binh, dan no am. Id giao phat ttidn va quydn thdng tii thupc nha Ld. Tu tudng cua Le Thanh Tdng vd dan no du van la tu tudng CO ban, quan xuydn myc dich cfta dudng ldi cai tri. Ngoai ra, tu tudng nay con la CO sd dd hinh thanh va chi dgo thyc hien nhidu huan didu tiong ca bp Qudc tiidu hinh Iuat. Trong bp Iuat nay, dd cho dan no dft, yen dn vdi nghd ndng, cd nhidu quy dinh triing tii cac tdi ban rupng dat, ttau bd, mam mudi cho ngudi nudc ngoai, hay trimg tti quan Igi lgi dyng chftc quydn dd chiem dogt rupng dat, cua cai cfta dan, sai khien dan trai thdi vu... Do nhan thftc dugc vai trd cfta dan la lyc lugng sang tao ra cfta cai vat chat, ndn tang cua chd dp chinh tti, lyc lugng bao ve nha vua... Ld Thanh Tdng dgc biet quan tam ddn ddi sdng vat chat, dao dftc va nhidu quyen lgi thidt than cua ngudi dan. Vi vgy, tiong nhieu tac pham, chidu, du, lenh, hudn didu ma dng ban hanh va thuc thi, cho thiy rd tinh than tiian dan, ai dan, trong dan.
Trong tu tudng ve dan, ngoai bien phap dudng dan, Ld Thanh Tdng con dua ra nhidu ydu cau nha vua, ngudi cam quyen phai quan tam den vide giao dan. Chiu anh hudng tu tudng giao dan cua Nho giao tidn Tdn va tft nhgn thftc vai ttd to ldn cua ddi
Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 12 - 2019 sdng kinh te ddi vdi ddi sdng dgo dftc, ciing nhu vai trd cua dao dftc ddi vdi vide dao tao ra nhirng con ngudi can cd va phu hgp vdi ydu can cua nha vua, cfta chd dp phong kidn, Le Thanh Tdng dac bidt quan tam ddn vide giao due, dgo dftc khdng chi cho nha vua, dpi ngu quan Igi ma cho ca dan [12].
3. Tu- tirdng ciia Le Thanh Tong ve trach nhiem ciia quan lai doi vdi nhan dan Nam 1485, Ld Thanh Tdng ban hanh chieu du ndu ro: "Ld nghia de sfta tdt Idng dan, ndng tang dd cd dft com ao, hai vide can kip dy cfta chinh sy la chftc ttach cua cac tiiu myc" [3, tt.526]. Cung ttong ban chidu dy nay, Le Thanh Tdng yeu cau: "Tu nay ve sau, bgn cac nguoi phai biet bd het td trudc, pham sac Idnh cua trieu ^nh phai mpt long vang Iam, nhan dan bi ddi ret phai tim each kinh Iy.
Quan phft huyen chau thi phai hang nam tuy thdi xem xet chd rupng cao thap, khuydn bao vide ndng tang, dat nao cd lgi cdn sdt thi tuy each ma gidng gia, ngudi nao sftc cdn rdi thi tuy vide ma khuydn bao, de cho dan cd cua thfta ma khdng cd te ddi ret tidn di. Trong nhirng luc di tudn hanh, den noi nao phai dem het nhihig Idi van cua sac du ddi trudc, Idi day vd Id nhac xua nay, an can hidu bao, dd cho dan bidt theo tipn, ddi loi. Ndu cd viec gi hai giao hoa, tdn phong tuc thi phai dd y tri ran; cd ngudi nao trung tin hieu de thi phai dd Idng khen thudng. Nhu thd tiii dan theo vd trung hau, ddi bd het thdi didu bgc gian doi"
[3, tt.526].
Nam 1471, ttong khi Du cac quan Thfta tuydn phu huyen d Son Nam vd cdng viec hanh chinh tgi dia phuong, dng da chi ra:
"Bpn cac nguoi la hang phuong didn chftc
to, than dan ttach ttpng, khdng bidt the theo long nhan cfta tiidu dinh nha nudc ydu nuoi nhan dan, chi cham lam nhftng vide nhd mpn nhu roi vgt sd sach. Nay sft ty va phu huydn eac nguoi phai mau mau di xet trong hat, nhimg noi mii chim bd bien, chd nao cd the lam rupng dugc; cac de dap ngdi cu, chd nao cd thd dao dap dugc, ciing la chd nao cd gidng hd Iang lam hai, cd ke cudng hao xui giyc kien tyng, phong tyc didu bac, nhan dan dau khd, hdt thay cac vide tien Igi ndn Iam, nhiing mdi td hgi nen bd, ttong han 100 ngay phai tau ro rang ldn. Ndu de cham qua han thi se hi tri tpi..." [3, tt.484].
Tft nam 1470, Ld Thanh Tdng lenh cho cac trudng quan phy ttach ty, vien phai thuc hien ddu dan phep khao khoa (Id dinh ky nhan xet, danh gia quan Igi dd thyc hidn vide didu chuyen, thudng phat) ttong do, tidu chi dd danh gia hoan thanh tdt chftc ttach la: cd dugc nhan dan yeu men khdng; cd long thuong ydu nhan dan khdng; ttong hgt, nhan dan cd ttdn di noi khac khdng. Trong Idi Du vd phep khao khoa nay, Ld Thanh Tdng hudng dan: "Dinh lp khao khoa quan Iai ncd cai quan. Trudng quan cac nha mdn trong ngoai khi di khao khoa cac quan vidn ttong pham vi cai quan thi phai xet ki thanh ti'ch ttong cdng viec ma vidn dd da lam. Neu qua la cd Idng cham con ydu thuong dan, dugc nhan dan yeu men ma ttong noi cai quan it ke ttdn ttanh thi mdi la xftng chftc. Ndu vo vet, qudy nhieu, gay td rieng tu va ttong noi cai quan cd nhidu ngudi tidn di thi la khdng xftng chftc"[3,tt.474].
Mpt Chi du cfta Ld Thanh Tdng dugc ghi lai ttong sach Hdng Dftc thidn chinh thu (dieu 113, khdng rd nam) ciing phan anh quan nidm cfta dng ve nghia vy cfta quan Igi: "Cac quan vidn la nhftng ngudi gan gudc cua xdm Iang,
Tmong Vmh Khang nhd dd ma chinh dugc phong tiic. Vgy phai
liy Id nghia liem si ma dgy dan; khidn cho nhan dan ddu hudng vd chu nhan, chft nhugng, bd hdt ldng gian phi, de cho dan dugc an cu lac nghiep, giau cd ddng due, minh ciing dugc tidng trudng gia ttong lang"
[4,tt.54].
Khdng chi dftng d vide ndi vd trach nhiem ciiia nha nudc, tu tudng cua Ld Thanh Tdng cdn the hien kha r5 qua nhftng bien phap eu thd dd cung cd co sd xa hpi cua nha nudc. Y thftc dugc rang, "nudi dan la phai lay an Iam dau", "dan coi cai an la ttdi" va "no ndn but, ddi ndn ma" [6, ti.l73-I9I], Le Thanh Tdng chu trucmg ' phai "lam sao cho mudi, ca, lua nhidu, dan dugc theo mdi Igi va thud ma nhe [6, tt.403]. Tu dd, chu nghia dan ban cua Ld Thanh Tdng dgt trpng tam vao viec Nha nudc cham lo dn dinh ddi sdng cua ddn chung vd mat kinh td, chft ydu la khuydn khich ndng tang. Nha nudc ban hanh phep quan didn chia rupng cdng Iang xa, dao sdng kenh ddn nudc, dgi xa khi mit mua, sai quan cau dao khi han han, cung triJ sau Ilia... Cung tft vide y thftc dugc r5ng "dan la gdc cua nudc", dng hudng vide trpng dung nhan tai theo nguydn tac "dyng nhan duy Men", tu dd md ra kha nang cho nhimg ngudi cd ngudn gdc binh dan dugc tham gia vao quan trudng phong kien va didu nay tten thyc td da anh hudng khdng nhd tdi cac chinh sach cua nha vua. Dac bidt, y thftc dugc ring "coi ddn nhu con"
dng da cd khdng it bien phap dd bao vd dan, trudc het la phap lugt. Vd didm nay, CO the dan ra kha nhidu vi du cu thd tiong Bd Iuat Hdng Due do dng chu xudng xay dyng va ban hanh.
Bp Qudc tridu hinh lugt (Iuat Hdng Dftc) [10] cd nhieu quy dinh chdng nan sach
nhieu, nhung Igm, ha hidp dan ngheo cua quan Iai, thd gia cudng hao, Iam anh hudng den cupc sdng cfta nhan dan. Vi du: cac Didu 193, 256, 299, 301, 302 xu phgt nang quan lgi nhd dung uy quydn cfta minh dd bat dan sai phai, phuc dich ridng; Didu 337 phgt bidm nha quydn the ldy con gai luong dan bang each ftc hidp; Didu 421, 469 elm mgi hanh vi ngugc dai cfta quan Iai cudng hao ddi vdi dan ngheo; Dieu 460, 461, 530 phat nang quan di bat ttpm, nhan dd cudng xiet tai san cua nhan dan; Didu 637, 638, 672 cam quan lai dia phuong khdng duge ty tidn bat quan dan ddng gdp tai vat dd dung ridng cho minh; Didu 706 quy dinh phat nang ngyc quan hanh ha pham nhan;...
Bp Iuat Hdng Dftc danh II Didu: Didu 166, 168, 289, 290, 311, 312 329, 347, 361, 364, 452 dd bao vd quyen lam dan ty do, chdng nan nd ty hoa.
Bp lugt Hdng Dftc cd kha nhieu quy dinh bao vd nhung ngudi thidu sd, nhung ngudi cd don, tan tat, goa bua, ngudi gia, tre nhd, phu nu, trdn tinh th|ji tdn trpng quydn ca nhan. Chang han: Didu 293, 294 quy dinh vd ttach nhidm cua quan Iai dia phuong phai cftu ttg nhihig ngudi ngheo khd, dm dau; Didu 324 quy dinh dam bao sy cdng bdng trong chia bd thud dich giua ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo; Didu 156, 197 quy dinh trCmg tti cac quan xft an vi phgm thu tuc td tung Iam anh hudng den quydn Igi ngudi ngheo; didu 380 quy dinh quydn cua con nudi... Dac bidt nhftng quy dinh vd quydn nhan than va tai san cfta phu nft dugc ghi nhan ttong bp Iuat la nhftng quy dinh het sue dac sSc, thd hien mot tiiai dp trpng thi phu nft. Didu nay hoan toan khac vdi tinh thin Nho giao duong thdi. Ngudi phu nft tuy van phu thudc vao ngudi chdng
Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 12-2019 gia trudng nhung da cd quydn cd tai san rieng, khi chdng chdt cd quyen quan Iy tai san cua chdng va dugc chia ddi phan tai san chung (cac Didu 374, 375, 376), cd quydn dugc thfta kd rupng huong hoa khi bd me chdt ma gia dinh khdng cd con tiai (Didu 391, 395)... Khdng nhftng tiid, bp luat cdn cd mpt vai quy dinh ve quyen nhan than cua ngudi vg ma chua hd thay cd trong bat cft mdt bd Iuat phuong Ddng nho giao nao, nhu Didu 308 quy dinh:
"Pham chdng da bd Iftng vg nam thang khdng di lgi (vg dugc trinh vdi quan sd tai va xa quan lam chftng) thi mat vg. Ndu vg da cd con thi hgn mpt nam. Vi vide quan phai di xa thi khdng theo luat nay" [10, tt.l46]; Didu 322 quy dinh: "Con gai hfta ga chdng ma chua thanh hdn, neu ngudi con trai bi ac tat hay pham tpi hogc pha tan gia san thi cho phep ngudi con gai dugc kdu oan ma tra dd Id. Ndu ngudi con gai bi ac tat hay phara tpi thi khdng phai tra do Id; ttai luat thi bi xft phat 80 trugng" [10, tr.150].
4. Ket luan
Trach nhiem cfta nha nudc vdi nhan dan la rapt bp phgn khdng tach rdi ttong tu tudng ve Nha nudc va phap Iuat cua Le Thanh Tdng. Tiep thu dudng ldi nhan nghia cfta cha dng, ttong do tu tudng nhan nghia cua Nguyen Trai la mpt dinh hudng quan tipng, Ld Thanh Tdng da dya tten nen tang Nho giao de ydu dan, cham sdc dan va ttong chftng myc nao do da dgt nha nudc vao the ttgng dan.
Tu tudng cfta Ld Thanh Tdng vd ttach nhiem cua nha nudc ddi vdi dan chung
ciing chfta dyng nhung gia tii mang tinh thdi dai. Mac du, vd mat ban chit, ttach nhiem nha nudc ttong quan niem cua Le Thanh Tdng khdng tuong ddng vdi npi dung ydu can vk vai ttd, tiach nhiem cfta nha nudc phuc vu nhan dan cung nhu ttach nhiem qua lgi gifta nha nudc va nhan dan ttong hoat dpng cua Nha nudc phap quydn xa hpi chft nghia cfta nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan d nudc ta hidn nay.
Cac phan tich ddu cho thay, cai gdc cua chd dp nha nudc phap quydn la xac lap dan chft, tftc la thfta nhgn va bao dam thyc hien quydn luc cua nhan dan. Ndi each khac, quydn lyc Nha nudc ttong Nha nudc phap quydn phai la san pham dich thyc cua y chi nhan dan (ngudi chu cfta quyen lyc). Ban chat dan chu cfta chd dp chinh trj d nudc ta dat nhan dan d vi tri chu nhan dat nudc va ngudn gdc cua quydn Iuc, do vay ddi hoi mpi quyet dinh va hanh dpng cua cac thiet che quyen lyc deu phai bat ngudn tu y chi nhan dan.
Trong khi dd, tu tudng ve mdi quan he nha nudc - nhan dan cfta Ld Thanh Tdng da khdng dat nhan dan d vi thd chu thd cua quyen lyc. Nhan dan ttong quan rudm cua Ld Thanh Tdng la ddi tugng cai tri ciia quydn lyc nha nudc. Tuy nhidn, dd cai tti c6 hidu qua ddi tugng cua minh, nha nudc (vua) phai tu y thuc dugc ttach nhidm ciia minh, cho du ttach nhiem do khdng phai la ttach nhiem phap Iy va dugc xac dinh chi nham muc dich Igi ich cua ngudi cai tri dan.
Dd chinh la ydu td hipn huu ttong tu tudng cua Le Thanh Tdng. Va day chinh la didm tuong ddng, du la it di ttong sy khac bidt mang ti'nh ban chit ndi tten gifta ttr ttrdng vd ttach nhiem cua nha nudc ddi vdi dan cua Ld Thanh Tdng va tu tudng vd Nha
Tmong Vinh Khang nudc cfta nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan
dan do Dang ta de xudng va phan ddu thyc hidn.
O nudc ta hidn nay, tiong nhidu ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hdi, cd tinh ttang vfta thidu dan chft, vfta thidu ky cuong. Quydn lam chu cua nhan dan chua dugc tdn ttpng va phat huy. Bd may nha nudc d mpt so noi chua that sy vi dan, phuc vu dan raa la mpt bp may xa dan, tiiam chi phidn ha, sach nhieu dan, Iam cho quan chung nhan dan bit bmh, mit long tm. Ddu dd vdn tdn tai tinh tiang bp may chinh quydn cong kdnh, nang ne, ai cung cd quydn vdi dan, nhung it ai chiu teach nhiem ddn cimg giai quydt ydu cau cho dan vdi khdng it vien ehuc thidu ttach nhidm, thidu nang lyc, Iam vide tuy tien, hach dich cfta quydn, vd cam trudc nhung bftc xuc, khd khan, oan ftc cua nhan dan. Do do, tidp tuc xay dyng nha nudc phap quydn theo hudng bao dam tdn ttpng quyen con ngudi, quydn cdng dan ttdn co sd xac dinh ttach nhidm qua lai giira nha nudc vdi cdng dan ciing nhu trach nhidm Clia nha nudc phye vu nhan dan dang la mpt fthiem vy d p bach. Trong qua ttinh trien khai nhiem vu do, cdn tham khao tu tudng Clia Le Thanh Tdng vk mdi quan hd gifta nha nude vdi nhan dan (vdi mong mudn tang cudng tiach nhiem cua nha nudc nham gia tang sy ung hp cfta nhan dan cho vuong tiieu phong kidn cua minh).
Tai lieu tham khao
[I] Phan Huy Chu (2007), Lich triiu hiin chuang logi chi, t.2, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi.
[2] Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu (1985), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[3] Dgi Viet sir ky loan tbu (2004), Nxb Khoa hgc xahpi, HaNpi.
[4] Nguyln Sr Giac (1959), Hong due thiin chinh thu.
Nam Ha an quan, Sai Gon.
[5] Mai Xuin Hai (1984), Thcr van Li Thdnh Tdng Nxb Khoa hoc xS hpi. Hi Npi.
[6] Mai Xuan Hai (1998), Le Thdnh Tdng - tha vm vd cuge dai, Nxb Hpi nha van, Ha Npi.
[7] Ng6 ST Lien va cac sir t h k triSu U (1993), Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu, t.3, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[8] Nguyln Phan Quang, Truang HOu Qu^h (1980), Ljch sir Viet Nam (quy&i 2), Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi.
[9] Qu6c Sli quan trilu Nguyen (1998), Khdm dinh Viit sif thong gidm cuang mifc, t.2, Nxb Gi^
due. Ha Npi.
[101 QuSc triiu hinh luat (2013), Nxb Tu phap, Ha Npi.
[II] Ngo Gia van Phii (1998), Hodng Le nhdi thdng chi, Nxb VSn hpc. Ha Npi.
[121 http://baomoi.com/tu-tuong-ve-dan-cua-le- thanh-tong/c/29861665epi
