Ve sinh an toan thac phdm doi vdi thit Ion:
tiep can tCr cac tac nhan trong chudi gia trj thjt Ion quy mo nho 6 Viet Nam
NGUYEN T H I DUONG NGA
Jdr viei khdng dinh ve sinh an todn thUc phdm doi vdi thit Ic/n diiac quyi't dinh bdi hdnh ' vi cua tat cd cdc tdc nhdn trong chuoi qua kei qua khdo sdt chuoi gid tri thit lan tU ho chdn nuoi nho vd diia ra mgt so gdi y tdng citdng qudn ly nhd nUdc ve ve sinh an todn thtic phdm.
Tif k h o a : ve sinh an toan thuc ph£m, chuoi gia tri thit ldn, lign ket chuoi.
1. D a t v a n de
Thit ldn chig'm khoang t\i 2/3 tong lUdng thit tieu diing trong bUa Sn cua hg gia dinh Viet Nam va tinh pho big'n cua thit ldn kha cao. Miic tigu dung thit ldn cua ngudi Vigt Nam da tang dang ke, binh quan khoang 10 kg thit Idn/ngUdi/nam vao nam 2002, tang Ign khoang 13 kg vao nam 2014. MUc tigu dung thit ldn b Viet Nam vSn se tie'p tuc gia tang trong thdi gian tdi chu yg'u do gia tang quy md dan so va tang trUdng kinh te cua Viet Nam. Gia tang thu nhap, thay doi nhtln thiic cua ngudi tigu dung ve ve sinh an to&n thUc pham, ciing nhU thay doi trong cS^u true dan so va phong each sdng dang va se la cac yeii to' quyg't dinh tdi c i u tigu dung thit ldn trong tUdng lai (Lapar va cdng sU, 2011).
Ve sinh an toan thtic pham trong chudi gia tri thit ldn d Vigt Nam la mdt v^'n d^ can sU quan tam cua khdng nhQng cac tac nhan trong chudi gia tri thit ldn, ma cdn la trgng trach cua cac tac nhan hd trd chudi, dac bidt khu vUc cdng. Cac nghien ciiu ve an toan thuc phiEm ddi vdi thit ldn kha nhi^u song tSp trung chu yeu v^o cac thi nghiem va phan tich m l u thit. Nghien cUu nay tiep cSn nhan thiic, hanh vi cua cac tac nhan trong chudi gia tri thit ldn cua ndng hd quy md nhd.
2. Phtfdng p h a p n g h i e n cufu DC lieu thd cap dUdc sh dung trong nghien cUu nay bao g6m cac tai ligu khoa hgc
nghien ciiu ve chan nudi ldn, chuoi gia tri thit ldn va van d^ vg sinh an to^n thUc ph^m trong chuoi gia tri thit ldn tren the gidi va Viet Nam. DQ lieu sd cS'p dUdc di^u tra t\i 319 hd chan nudi, 348 ngudi tieu dung va 45 ngudi giet md, 63 hg ban le thit Idn h hai tinh HUng Ygn va Nghg An. Cac phudng ph4p nhu phUdng phap thdng ke md ta, phUdng phap phan to, phUdng phap so sanh dUdc sh dung d l phan tich dQ ligu.
3. Ket q u a n g h i g n CUM
3.1. Tong quan chuoi gid tri thit lan 6 Viet Nam vd van de ve sinh an todn thuc phdm
Chuoi gia tri thit ldn ddi vdi cac tac nhan quy mo nhd d Vigt Nam bao gdm cac tac nhSn; ngUdi cung Qng d i u vao, ngUdi chSn nudi, ngUdi gig't mo, thUdng lai, ngUdi bSn le/chg' big'n thit ldn va ngudi tigu diing (sd do 1). ChQc nang va hanh vi cua cac tac nhan dgc chudi cd anh hudng tdi ve sinh an toan thUc ph^m ddi vdi thit ldn trgn ban an (da dUdc che' bien). Cac ddn vi cung Qng d i u vac cho chan nudi (chii ye'u la thQc Sn) co the anh hudng tdi chat lUdng thQc Sn cho ldn qua sit dung cac phu gia ch&n nudi va de Isii dd lUdng trong thit ldn, anh hUdng tdi sdc khoe ngudi tigu dung (khang sinh, chS't kich thich
Nguygn Thi Duong Nga, TS., Hoc vifin N6ng nghiep Viet Nam.
52 Nghien ahi Kinh tes67(470) - Th^ 7/20i7
Ve sinh an todn thirc pham
tang trUdng, tao nac). Ndng dSn chan nudi CO the sii dung thQc an hoac ngudn nUdc ud'ng chua dam bao, vige phdng chiia bgnh khdng tdt cd the dan tdi ldn hi bdnh va khi tigu thu cd the ban ra ngoai thi trudng ldn bdnh, ldn dUdc chan nudi vdi thQc Sn cd tdn du cac chat cam (beta — agronist), hay cac khang sinh khdng cd phep, hoSc cac dU lUdng cd hai n h u asen va cadimi. TUdng tU nhu vay, cd sd vat chd't, h a n h vi giet md, SO DO 1: Cac v a n d e v e s i n h a n t o a n thifc
van chuyen thit ldn cua hd giet md' cd th^
lam tang nguy cd d n h i l m vi sinh vat co hai vao thit ldn, vi du nhU Salmonella, E. Coll.
Nguy cd nay cd the gia tang cao hdn nQa qua cac k h a u ban le, bao quan, che big'n cua ngudi tieu dQng, Cac tac n h a n trong chuoi gia tri thit ldn giao dich vdi nhau h i u nhu theo thi trudng, khdng cd cac hdp dong, giao kgo chinh thQc ma chi dUa vao mdi lam an lau nam.
p h a m t r o n g c h u o i gia t r i t h i t Icfn of Viet N a m
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I^gudn: Tdng hop dO liftu dilu tra (2015).
Trong ch5n nudi ldn quy md ndng hd, phu nfl la ngUdi chu yeu tham gia vao cdng vide v^ vai trd quydl dinh cua phu nQ cd xu hUdng giam khi quy md tang Ign, Tuoi binh quan cua chu hd chSn nudi khoang 48, mSi hd nudi khoang 55 con/nam va trung binh khoang 10-20 con/lQa, Ngudi giet md' chinh la nam gidi va thu&ng phti nfl la ngUdi trd giiip cdng
vide gig't md trong hg, phu nQ cung dam nhigm chinh cdng viec ban le trong hg. Hoat dgng chan nudi tao ra khoang 16,5% thu nhap cua hd (bang 1). Khac so vdi ngUdi chan nudi, gidt md ldn la hoat dgng kinh te chinh cua cac hd giet md vdi lUdng giet md khoang 45 con Idn/thang, tao r a khoang hdn 70% thu nhap cho hd. TUdng tti, hoat ddng ban le cung
Ngmn aitJ Kinh tes67(470) - ThSng 7/2017 53
Ve sinh an toan thuc pham ..,
la hoat dgng kinh te' quan trgng cua ngUdi ban le, chiem khoang hdn 63% thu nhap cua hd;
BANG 1: Dac diem
binh quan mdt thang ngudi ban le kinh doanh khoang 1,1 t^n thit ldn (bang 1).
cua m a u d i l u tra Diln giai
1. NgUcn chan nuoi:
- Tu6i binh quan - S6 nam di hgc binh quan - Quy m6 chan nufli binh quan - (%)chan nufli dflng gflp thu nhap cua hfl 2. NgUdi giet md:
- Tudi binh quan - Sfi nam di hoc binh quan - Quy mo gi^t m6 binh quan - % Gi^t md dflng gflp thu nhflp cua hfl 3. Ngudi bdn le:
- Tudi binh quan - Sfi nam di hoc binh quan - Quy mfl bdn binh quan - % Ban le dflng gflp thu nhap ciia hfi 4, Ngudi tieu dUng:
- Sfi nam di hoc binh qudn - Trinh dfl hoc vffn - Thu nhap binh quSn/hfl
Don vi tinh
Nam Nam Con/nam
%
Nam Nam Con/thang
%
Nam Nam Kg/thang
%
Nam Nam Trifiu d6ng
So lifgng
47,90 9,83 55,13 16,48
47.30 9,58 44,84 70,45
47,19 9,97 1144,16 63.25
48,74 10,62 92,06 Nguon: So lifiu didu tra (2015).
3.2. Nhdn thtic vd hanh vi cua cdc tdc nhdn dot vdi ve sinh an todn thifc phdm trong chuoi gid tri thit lan 3.2.1. Bdt vdi ngitbi chdn nuoi
u. Nhdn thiic ve ve sinh an todn thitc phdm. doi vdi thit ldn
Trong tdng sd' cac hd dig~u tra, cd khoang 70% sd hd tra ldi la da ttfng nghe ve ve sinh an toan thuc pham dd'i vdi thit ldn (bang 2).
Trong sdcac hd cdn lai, cd 19% so hd t r a ldi la chUa nghe ve ve sinh an toan thQc p h i m ddi vdi thit ldn va 11% sd' ho khdng nhd la da nghe ve ve sinh an toan thUc p h i m hay chua. Dd'i vdi nhQng hd da nghe v l ve sinh an toan thUc pham, each higu cua ho ve khai nigm nay kha da dang. Khoang 40% sd' ho dieu tra cho rling de dam bao ve sinh an
toan thUc pham, ngUdi chan nu6i khdng dUdc ban va tigu diing thit ldn bi benh.
Trong khi do, 30% sd hd cho r^ng trong qua trinh chan nudi, hg chan nudi khdng dUdc s^
dung eha't kich thich tang trUdng thi dam bao ve sinh an toan thUc pham ddi vdi thit ldn. Khoang 14-16% so'hd de cap dg'n va'n di giQ ve sinh chudng trai, diing cho ldn an cam cdng nghiep 15 ngay trUdc khi ban de dam bao vg sinh an toan thUc pham. So' cdn lai (khoang 10% so hd chan nudi) cho rang cdng tac kiem dich va ddng dau kiem dich la dam bao ve sinh an toan thUc pham. Trong thUc tg' v l n cd nhQng hg chan nudi mac du da nghe v l vd'n d l ve sinh an toan thUc p h i m , nhung khdng nhd cu the gdm nhQng ndi dung gi.
54 Nghiin cUu Kinh tgsS 7(470) • Thing 7/2017
- — Ve sinh an toan thuc pham .
BANG 2: N h a n thijfc c u a ngiidi c h a n n u o i v e ve s i n h a n t o a n t h i i c p h a m Ndi dung
An lodn Ihuc pham dd'i vdl thit lon Id:
Khdng ban v i tieu diing thit lan bfinh KhSngsttdijngchtftkichthichtang tructng GiQ chu6ng trai sach se
Dimg cho an cim cflng nghiep trudc khi ban Khdng nhd
Ki^m dich Khac
Set lircmg
128 96 51 45 31 31 22
T y l e ( % )
40,13 30,09 15,99 14,11 9,72 9,72 6,90 Ngudn: Sfi lifiu di^u tra (2015).
6. ThUc hdnh cua ngiidi chdn nudi liin quan din vi sinh an todn thitc phdm Nudc s\t dung trong ch5n nudi ldn chu yeu la nUdc gig'ng khoan (khoang 80% sd' hd svL dung) dUdc dung cho ldn ud'ng va vg sinh chuong trai. Khdng cd sd lieu cti the v l ke't qua phan tich cac m l u nUdc, nguy cd nguon nudc chQa cac eha't ddc hai nhu chi hoac asen vUdt mUc quy dinh la cd the hien hQu. Trong BANG 3: Sii d u n g c a m c o n g
thQc tg' chan nudi ldn d Hung Ydn va Nghe An, da sd* cac hd chan nudi deu cd sQ dung cam cdng nghiep, bao gdm ca cam dam ddc va cam an thang. Tinh chung, cd khoang g^n 39% sd'hd cd cho ldn an cam dam dac va tren 75% sd' hd cd cho ldn an cam h6n hdp (cam an th4ng) (bang 3). 6 Hung Ygn, da sd cac hd cho ldn an cam hdn hdp (chiem 94%), cao hdn han so vdi d Nghe An (khoang 50%).
n g h i e p t r o n g c h a n n u o i Itfn (%) Loai c i m
Cam dim die Cim hfln hop TTiiic in khic
Nghe An 62,22 50.37 87,41
Himg Yen 19,02 94,02 47,28
Tinh Chung 38,56 75,55 64,26 Ngudn: Sfi lifiu di^u tra (2015).
Trong so" nhQng hd sii dung cam cdng nghiep cho ldn, chi cd khoang 15% sd ho dQng cho ldn an cam cdng nghigp trUdc khi ban (bang 4). Sd^ ngay dQng cho ldn an cam cdng nghiep trUdc khi ban la khoang hdn 11 ngay, Sd hd diftig cho ldn an cam cdng nghiep trUdc khi ban b Nghe An cao hdn so vdi d Hung Ygn. 6 Nghe An ty le hd dijfng thQc an cdng nghidp trUdc khi b a n la gan 25% va b Hung Yen ty lg nay chi khoang hdn 8%. TUdng tU, sd ngay dQng cho ldn an cam cdng nghigp trudc khi ban b Nghg An cung dai hdn so vdi d HUng Yen. 6 Nghg
An, so ngay dQng cho ldn an cam cdng nghiep trUdc khi ban la gan 14 ngay va b HUng Yen la khoang 7 ngay, Di^u nay dUdc giai thich la da so cac hd dQng cho ldn an cam cdng nghigp trQdc khi ban la nhQng hd nudi ban cdng nghiep, cho ldn an ca cam cdng nghigp va cam truyen thong. O Nghe An ty le hg chSn nudi ldn ban cdng nghidp cao hdn so vdi b HUng Yen. NhQng hd chan nudi ldn cdng nghiep hoan toan thudng khdng dQng cho an cdng nghidp trQdc khi ban, do ldn se bd an, khdng an cam truyen thd'ng.
Nghien cAi Kinh tas67(470) • ThSng 7/2017 5 5
Ve sinh an toan Hide pham ,
BANG 4; Tinh hinh chap h a n h quy dinh sft dung cam c o n g n g h i f p triictc Ithi ban Chi tieu
Ty 16 h6 dtmg thiic an cfing nghifip tmdc khi bdn 1 Sfi ngay ditng cho an cdm c6ng nghidp trudc khi ban
Don vi tinh
%
ngay
Nghe An 24.44 13,91
Himg Yen 8,15 7,13
Tinh Chung 15,05 11,79 Ngudn: Sfi lifiu di^u tra (2015).
Theo sd ligu di^u tra, khi ldn hi benh, da sd cac hd tig'p tuc nuoi va chQa tri cho ldn benh va cd khoang 10% hoac mo tigu dUng hoac ban ngay vdi tinh trang ldn bi bdnh nang, Khi ldn bi chg't vi bdnh, cd khoang 80%
sohd cho biet hg chdn ldn chet (bang 5). Tuy vay, khoang 20% sd' hd Qng xQ kha riii ro nhU: cho ngUdi khac, ban vdi gia re, vQt di hoac md' va tidu dung trong hd; con sd' nay cd the cao hdn tra ldi cua hd ndng dan, dieu nay cd nguy cd lam lay lan dich benh giQa cac dan ldn va thit ldn bdnh/chg't se gay hai vdi sQc khde ngUdi tieu dung,
BANG 5: L/ng xxi c u a ho chan nuoi khi Itfn nuoi trong ho bi benh c h e t
Chi tieu Chon Cho ngir&i khic xif ly Bin vdi gii re VHtdi Hoi tu vin thil y M 6 vi tieu dung
S6' lugng 252
32 32 19 13 6
Ty IS (%) 79,00 10,03 10,03 5.96 4,08 1,88 Ngudn: Sfi lifu dieu tra (2015).
3.2.2. Ddt vdi ngitbi giet mo
a. Nhdn thiic ve nguy cd ldy nhiem binh vd vi sinh an todn thiic phdm trong qud trinh giet mo
Theo dieu tra, hdn 70% sd' ngUdi lam cdng vide giet mo ldn cho rang: khdng cd nhieu kha nang bi bdnh hdn so vdi nhiing ngUdi khac va khdng lo ngai ve vide lay benh qua tie'p xiic vdi ldn (bang 6), Dieu nay cin dUdc hg quan tam hdn, vi theo nghign ciiu cua Gabal MS va Geweily M. (1990) thi cdng nhan giet md cd nguy cd mac benh cao hdn nhQng ngUdi khac khdng tig'p xuc trtic tie'p vdi dong vat trong qua trinh giet mo, dac biet la cac benh ve da, nhieu nha^t la mtin cdc (viral warts). G i n 90% so hd giet md' cho rling: trong qua trinh gidt md', ng'u mdt it b ^ dinh trdn quan ao va dung cu lao dgng se khdng anh hudng gi ddn sQc khoe cua ngUdi gig't md. Cd khoang 50% so" hd gid't md nhan thQc rang: viec dam bao ve sinh an toan thtic pham thit ldn la vai trd cua ngudi quan ly chQ khdng lidn quan de'n ngUdi gid't mo; 90%
sd ngUdi gig't md cho rang: ndu thit ldn dUdc na'u chin thi se dam bao ve sinh an toan thUc pham. Cd khoang 2/3 so' hd giet md nhan thQc rang: ng'u thit ldn dUdc ddng da'u thi se dam bao ve sinh an toan thUc pham.
BANG 6: Nhan thi^c c u a ngiidi giet m o v^ n g u y ctf lay n h i e m b e n h va ve sinh an toan thiic pham trong giet m o {%)
Vkien
Ngu&i lim cflng viec niy co nhieu kha ning bi benh Mot It b^n tren quin ao hay dting cti se khflng giy vin d^
NSu thit dugc dflng diu thi nfl se an toan Dam bao vfl sinh la vai tro ciia ngucfi quan 1^
Neu thit dugc niu chin tflt thi se an toan ii an
Dflng y 26,67 86,67 66,67 51.11 88.89
Khong dong ^ 37.78 11.11 13.33 26.67 4.44
Trung lip/khflng biet 35.56
2,22 20,00 22,22 6.67 NgitSn: Sfl lieu difa tra (2015).
56 NghiSn Cllu Kinh tgsg7{470) - Thing 7/2017
Ve sinh an toan thifc pham .
Trong tdng so cac hd gig't mo dUdc nghien sach lien quan tdi ve sinh an toan thuc ph^m cQu thi chi cd 20% sd' cd sd cd cap phep hanh cung rat thd'p, chi khoang 20% sd" hg di^u tra ngh^. Ty lg sd hd giet md bie't ve cac chinh (bang 7),
BANG 7: Thiic t r a n g ve c a p g i a y p h e p gie't m o v a sri hid'u b i e t ve c a c c h i n h s a c h Hen q u a n c u a ngitdi giet m o
Chl deu Hfl gift mfl CO dugc c£p phflp
Hfl giet mfl duoc co quan cua chmh quyen ki^m tra
Nguci giet mfl biet ve cac chinh sach lien quan dfln giflt mfl dflng vit Ngufli giflt mfl bie't ve cic ciu'nh sich hen quan dSn an toan thuc phim Ngucti giet mfl biflt tuin theo cic quy dinh ve giSt mfl
S() Iugng (ngiriM) 9 18 19 9 18
T y l e ( % ) 20.00 40.00 42.22 20,00 40,00 Ngudn: Sfi lifiu didu tra (2015).
b. Thitc hdnh cua ngitcti gie't md cd lien quan de'n ve sinh an todn thitc phdm Khoang hdn 40% sd' hd gig't md big't va tuan thu cac chinh sach lign quan dd'n hoat dgng giet md va cd sd gie't mo cd cd quan chinh quyen kiem tra (bang 8). Trong qua trinh gie't md, ngUdi giet md chinh khdng sii dung bao hg lao dgng can thig't, da phdn chi deo ung ma khdng deo gang tay. Va'n de ma't ve sinh an toan thuc ph^m ddi vdi ngudi gig't md lien quan den viec bao quan thit sau gig't mo. Khoang 82% sd' hd giet mo dat thit len ban gd di pha thit, day la loai ban thudng BANG 8: Mot so' d a c die'm
khd ve sinh hdn b a n dUdc lam tQ cac vat lieu khac nhu kim loai, tdn, bg tdng. Do dd, dat thit Ign ban gd khdng dUdc ve sinh can thdn se cd nguy cd lam cho thit ldn bi nhidm khuan cao, lam ma't ve sinh an toan thUc phdm-Ngoai ra, khdng phai hau he't cac hd giet md cd san giet md dong vat, ma mdt sd md ldn ngay tai nha ndng dan, rat it hd giet md cd ngan ridng cac khu lam phii tan rieng hay pha Idc thit rigng (bang 8) ma hau nhU lam chung tai san giet md'. Dieu nay de dan tdi nguy cd lay nhi§m vi sinh vdt tQ phu tang sang than thit.
c h i n h c u a ntfi g i e t m d d o n g v a t Dien giai
Lo m6 CO tu&ng, rio chin bao quanh Sin, chuflng nufli nhflt Ign tiuflc khi giet mfl Noi gie't mo dflng vit
Noi lam phli tang rieng Noi pha lgc thit rieng Noi ci'p dong, dflng gfli Noi bao quan
Sohg 28 36 32 6 12 0 0
T j i e ( % ) 62,22 80,00 71,11 13,33 26.67 0,00 0,00 Ngudn: Sfi lieu dilu tra (2015).
3.2.3. Bdi vdi ngUcti ban le
a. Nhdn thUc vi nguy ca ldy nhiim benh vd vi sinh an todn thitc phdm
Tudng tti nhu ngUdi gig't md, da so' ngudi ban le (hdn 80%) cung nhan thQc la nhQng ngudi lam nghe ban le khdng cd nguy cd bi dm
Nghiin cOU Kinh le so 7(470) - Thing 7/2017 57
Ve sinh an toan thtfc pham .
nhieu hdn so vdi nhiJng ngudi khac; gan 60%
ngUdi ban le cho rdng: viec dinh mdt chut bdn len quan ao hoac dung cu. lao ddng se khdng gay hai den sdc khoe ngudi ban le. Khoang 65% so ngUdi ban le cung nhan thQc la ng'u thit ldn dUdc dong tem kidm dich thi se dam
bao ve sinh an toan thUc pham; ngoai ra, mdt nhan thQc tich cue neii muon can thiep nang cao ve sinh an toan thUc pham trong kinh doanh thit ldn do la: ngUdi ban le cho rang ndu hg cung cSp thit ldn vdi ch^t lUdng tdt thi liji nhuan kinh doanh se nhi^u hdn (bang 9).
BANG 9: N h a n thQc c u a ngUdii ban le ve n g u y ctf lay n h i e m b e n h va ve sinh an t o a n thrfc pham trong kinh doanh thit Itfn (%)
Chi tieu
Ngu&i lam nghe ban leconguycobiflmnhieuhonsovfli ngudi khic Mflt chut b i i tren quin ao hoic dung cu se khflng giy hai Thit Ign dugc dan nhan kilm dich cfl lufln lufln an loan de an 1 Cung cap thit vdi chit lugng tflt se tao ra nhieu lgi nhuin hon
Dflng y 19,05 57,14 65,08 73.02
Khflng dflng y 71.43 17.46 23.81 17.46
T r u n g l i p 9.52 25,40 11,11 9,52 Ngudn: So lifiu dieu tra (2015).
Trong so' cac hd ban le dUdc dieu tra thi cd khoang mgt nQa sd' hd nhan dUdc thdng tin hudng dan ve ve sinh an toan thuc pham trong kinh doanh thit ldn. Ty le hg nhdn dUdc thdng tin nay d Nghg An cao hdn han so
BANG 10: Tinh hinh nam bat c u a ngQ&i ban le v e chinh sach ve sinh an toan thiic p h a m
Dan vi: % s&ngitdi bdn le
vdi b Hung Ydn (d Nghg An la 65% va HUng Yen la gan 30%); ngudn thdng tin chu yeu nhan dUdc la thdng qua cac ldp tap h u ^ , chi mgt sd' it hg nhdn dUdc thdng tin qua sach bao va ti vi (bang 10).
Chl tieu 1 Hung Yen Nghe An
1. Nhin dugc thong tin hudng din vfl VSATTP - Co
- Khflng
2. Phuong thtic thflng tin nhin dugc - Taphuin
- Sich, ti vi
29,41 70,59
26.47 2,94
65.00 35.00
62,50 2,50
Tinh Chung U
48,65 51,35
45,95 2,70 Ngudn: Sfi liftu di^u tn (2015).
b. Thitc hdnh cua ngitbi bdn le lien quan den vi sinh an todn thitc phdm
Cung gid'ng nhU khau gid't md, viec vdn chuyen thit ldn va bao quan thit ldn trong qua trinh kinh doanh la nhQng hoat dgng lign quan nhieu de'n va'n de ve sinh an toan thUc ph^m. Theo sd' lieu dieu tra, da sd' ngUdi ban le van chuyen thit ldn bang
xe may va xe dap (97%) va thit ldn thudng tig'p xuc trUc tig'p vdi khdng khi. Do do, nguy cd nhiem k h u ^ n trong qua trinh v^n chuyan tUdng doi cao.Trong qua trinh ban, thit ldn dUdc bay trdn ban va nhieu hd dung vat lidu lot giQa ban va thit. 6 HUng Yen, ty le hd dung ddm ldt \k gin 15% va 5 Nghg An con so' nay cao hdn ra't nhilu,
58 NghiSn cJu Kinh tesd 7(470) - Thing 7/2017
Ve sinh an toan thtfc pham ,
khoang gan 58% (bang 11). Vat lieu ldt thdi cung la mdi trUdng thudn ldi cho cac ban chu yg'u la gia'y bia va vai la nhQng vi k h u ^ n ky sinh va gay r a nguy cd nhidm vat lidu tha'm h u t am rd't tot, n h u n g ddng khulin cao,
BANG 11: Dieu kidn bay ban thit Itfn cua ngiidi ban le Don vi: % so'ngiidi bdn le
Chi tieu 1. Co dung vit lieu lot bin 2. Loai vit lieu:
- 0 6 - Giiy bia - Nylon -Vai -Khac
Hung Yen 14,71
0,0 8,82 0,0 5.88 0,0
Nghe An 57,5
2,5 30,0 2,5 10,0 12,5
Tinh chung 37,84
1.35 20.27 1,35 8,11 6,76 Ngudn: Sfi hfiu dilu tra (2015).
3.2.4, Dot vdi ngiibi tieu diing
Ddi vdi ngudi tidu dQng, khi di m u a t h i t ldn cac dac tinh ma hg q u a n t a m do la t h i t tUdi, khdng cd nudc chay tQ thit, khong cd bdnh, khdng cd mui hdi, sach se, tin tudng ngudi ban va gia t h i t ldn. Trong cac dac tinh tren, t h i t tUdi, khdng chay nUdc, sach
se va tin tudng vao ngudi b a n la ra't quan trgng. Ra't nhieu ngUdi tidu ddng (hdn 80%) quan tam dg'n cac dac tinh nay. Tidu chi t h i t ldn khong cd benh cung dUdc nhieu ngUdi tidu dung quan tam nhUng lai ra't khd n h a n bidt bang m a t thudng (bang 12).
BANG 12: T i e u chi chon thit cua ngtftfi tieu d u n g (%) Dac diem
TTiit tuoi, khflng chay nudc Thit khflng CO benh Khflng cfl mui hfli Sach se Tin tu&ng 6 ngu&i ban Gia thit Ign
Rat quan trpng 67,24 62,07 60,92 57,76 20,40 7,47
Quan trgng 28,74 25,29 29,60 27,87 60,06 33,05
Khong quan trgng 4,02 12,65 9,48 14,37 19,54 59,49 Ngudn: Sfi lifiu didu tra (2015).
Khi dUdc hdi ve su can thiet cua tem ve sinh an toan thQc pham. Tuy nhien, ty Id chQng nhan ve sinh an toan thuc pham ddi hd khdng tin tUdng vao tem chQng nhan lai vdi thit ldn, chi khoang 1/3 so' ngudi tieu tUdng ddi cao, chiein gan 90% s o h d dieu tra dQng ndi la can thiet phai cd tem chQng nhdn (bang 13).
Nghiin cOu Kmh tgs67(47Q) • Thing 7/2017 59
Ve sinh an toan thtfc pham
BANG 13: Y k i e n c u a ngQcfi t i e u d u n g doi vtfi chufng n h a n ve s i n h a n t o a n thiic p h a m
Mtiic do danh gia/tin tirdng
Ouing nhan c6 cSn thifit khfing:
Mtic dd tin tucmg:
Cin thiet Khflng cin Tm mflt phin Tin hoan toan Khflng tin
T y l e ( % ) 34.49 63.51 12,64 21.84 65.52 Ngudn: Sfi lifiu dilu tra (2015).
De dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc ph^m, ngUdi tidu dung cd nhieu each x^ ly thit ldn trudc khi nau nhU n i a bang nUdc lanh, rQa bang nUdc mudi hoac dd'm, sue may ozon va chan qua nudc sdi. Trong cac each sd chg' ngu trdn, vide chan qua nUdc sdi dUdc nhieu hd ap
dung nhSit va hg tin tudng la cd t h i giam thi^u dUdc tdn du hoa chg't va nhi^m khu^n trong thit ldn (bang 14). Tuy nhidn, hidu qua cua phUdng phap sd che' nay cdn dUdc nghidn cQu kl hdn va cd nhiJng b i n g chiing khoa hgc de khuyen cao cho ngudi tidu diing.
B A N G 1 4 : C a c h xii l y t h i t Itfn t r t f d c k h i n S i u Cach xijr ly
Rura bang nudc lanh
Rita b ^ g nufic mufi^ hoSc nirfic dim Cho vdo may sue ozon Chdn qua nudc sdi
S o h d 123 23 19 183
Tyl*(%) 1
35,34 6,61 5.46 52,59 Ngudn: Sfi Hfiu dieu tra (2015).
3. Ket l u a n va d e x u a t
Hanh vi cua ta't ca cac tac nhan trong chuoi gia tri thit ldn deu cd y nghia doi vdi ve sinh an toan thUc pham thit ldn cho ngUdi tieu dung. Nghidn cQu cho tha'y nhan thQc cua cac tac nhan trong chudi gia tri thit ldn quy md nhd vd van de ve sinh an toan thQc pham cdn han chg', day la mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan d i n tdi thQc hanh chan nudi, gid't md ldn, vdn chuydn thit ldn, bao quan trong kinh doanh va sd che"/ chd' big'n thit ldn van theo phUdng phap truyen thdng va cd the gay ra cac mdi nguy ve vd sinh an toan thUc ph^m, Nhin chung, ngUdi tigu dung - trong tam cua chudi gia tri - quan tdm chu ye'u tdi eha't lUdng ve sinh an toan thUc phd'm thit ldn b khia canh du lUdng eha't ca'm, tdn dU
khdng sinh hoac chd't ca'm va dang cd cac bien phap Qng phd nham giam thieu cac ton du nay trong che bie'n ma chQa quan tam nhilu tdi mQc do nhiem khuan cua thit ldn, do dd hg it quan tam tdi ngudn gdc gidt mo, hay quay hang ban. NgUdi tieu dung cung khdng tin tudng vao chQng nhan an toan thUc pham cho thit ldn, thay vao dd hg tim cac cQa hang quen ma hg cd mdi quan hd than thiet hoac mua thudng xuydn.
De tang cQdng vd sinh an toan thUc pham trong chuoi gia tri thit ldn d Vidt Nam, cdn thUc hien cac giai phap sau;
(i) Nang cao nhdn thQc vd ve sinh an toan thQc phlEm ddi vdi thit ldn, cti the ve cac kie'n thQc, cac moi nguy hai va thuc hanh cho td't ca cac tac nhan tQ ngUdi san xua't tdi ngUdi
60 Nghien cdu Kmh tSs67{470) - ThSng 7/2017
Ve sinh an toan thtfc pham ,
tieu dQng thdng qua tap hud'n, cac chUdng t n n h truyen thdng.
(ii) Td chQc san xua't lidn ke't chuoi tQ ngUdi san xud't tdi ngudi phan phdi cudi cQng va ngudi tieu dung de hd trd truy nguygn ngudn gd'e san pham.
(iii) Tang cudng quan ly nha nUdc ve cac hg gidt md, dac bidt cac hd giet md di ddng, nham giam thieu tinh trang mat ve sinh thu y cung nhu kiem soat eha't lUdng ldn, dac biet khi cd dich.
(iv) Cac cd quan quan ly can lam tdt cdng tac kidm soat ngudn eha't ca'm va chd't lUdng thQc an chan nudi, day la gd'e ban dau cua d nhiem do tdn dU cac eha't hda hgc cd'm hodc VUdt mQc cho phep trong thit ldn.
(v) Tang cUdng nang lUc cho dgi ngu can bd thQ y cd s6 trong cdng tac kidm soat dich benh, dac biet kidm dich va kidm tra ve sinh thd y tai cac dilm gig't md, ban le.
(vi) Kiem soat eha't lUdng thit nhdp khau cung nhu san pham thit qua che bien c i n dUdc quan tam, vi ldi ich cua ngUdi tidu dung cung nhu dam bao tinh canh t r a n h cdng b i n g vdi san phdm thit ldn trong nudc.
(vii) Nhan rgng cac md hinh chudi cung Qng thit ldn dam bao an toan thUc ph^m trong ca nUdc, vi du nhU cac md hinh chuoi thit ldn Bao Chau, chudi thit ldn Lebio, chudi thit ldn Nam Ha Ndi, hay viec dan tem nhan dien tQ cho san pham thit ldn tai t h a n h phd Hd Chi Minh.
(viii) Tdng cudng ap dung quy trinh chan nudi ldn theo thuc hanh ndng nghiep td't VietGAHP, Nhu cau ngudi tieu dung ludn ddng khi thu nhap, nhdn thQc ve an toan thUc pham, cd ca'u dan sd va loi sdng thay ddi, bdi vdy cin ndm bdt va dap ijtng nhu ciiu ngUcfi tidu diing tlu nganh chdn nudi ldn mdi cd the canh tranh trong bdi canh mdi./.
TAl LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. AaAR-ILRI-CAP(2008), Kit qud diiu tra ndng hd chdn nudi lon, tai lifiu khdng cfing bfi.
2. Gabal MS, el Geweily M. (1990),Dermatologic hazards among slaughterhouse workersJourna/ Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1990;65( 1-2): 191-206.
3. ILR1(2010), Demand for livestock products in developing countries with a focus on quality and safety attributes: Evidence from case studies. Research Report 24. http://agecDnsearch.umn.edu/handle/97973.
4. Lapar M. L. A. and Tiongco M. M (2011), Private standards in pork value chains: role, impact and potential for local innovation to improve food safety and enhance smallholder competitiveness, Farm Policy Journal. Vol.
8, Number 3, Sprmg 2Q\\, A private future for food and fibre quality. Australian Farm Institute, pp. 39-53, ISSN:
1449-2210
5. Nguyen Thi Duong Nga, H. N. Ninh, P. V. Hung and L. M. Lapar (2013), The pig value chain in Vietnam:
A situational analysis report, JLRl in Hanoi.
6. Tfing cue Thfing kfi (2015), Sdlieu thdng ki tinh hinh tieu dung thit lan, Nxb Thfing kfi, Hk Nfli.
7. USDA (2016), Sdlieu tfidng ki ve tiiu dUng thit lan, Truy cap ngay 3.4.2017 Iai https: //wvjvj .fas .us da .go v/data/
8. VEPR (2015). Impact of TPP and AEC on Viemam economy: Maeroeconomic aspect and Livestock sector.
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