System-level information is primarily generated by discipline-level activities, providing requirements analysis and design evolution in lower-level detail. A clear understanding of the overall process and related infrastructure can reduce issues that arise as development continues.
Knowledge- and Simulation-Oriented Concepts
From De fi nitions to Realizations
Service-Based Engineering
The development of the objects and the relationships that characterize a service can strengthen the communication between customers and system designers. This vision of the customer-in-the-loop strategy can be pursued through the application of a model-based philosophy that provides all the features and benefits that help define a system project.
Company Necessities
This updated application will allow designers and engineers to analyze the problem, propose a definitive solution and even change the design to avoid similar problems in future versions of the product. Regarding the Tecnatom industrial case, added value services will be the 3D visualization of the entire turbine and 3D interaction with turbine components (Bowman et al.2004), together with relevant information about the turbine, linked to the 3D model (Elmqvist) and Tsigas 2008).
Industrial Case Approach in the Use-It-Wisely Project Context
Taking into account the requirements of the company, the purpose of this industrial case study is to provide (1) interactive 3D models of the turbines, (2) visualization of extended information in the 3D models to understand the structure and problems, (3) information linked to 3D- the model regarding the inspection results and (4) a discussion management tool for sharing information and comments related to inspection results. A conceptual prototype of the tool and a description of the industrial case can also be found in Reyes-Lecuona et al.
Requirements and Use Cases
To improve the management of inspection results in power plant turbines using the collaboration tool, the industrial case problem needs to be modeled. Therefore, this section aims to describe specifications related to the industrial case problems, including a brief summary of system use cases and requirements in the first subsection, the APS model in the second subsection, and the proposed implementation. approach and system architecture in the third subsection.
Actor Product Service Model
The leaves of the product model tree are formed from the basic parts of the product, which does not mean that they are small or simple;. The service model represents the turbine sections that are inspected at the same time (inspection zones), regardless of whether they are part of the same physical product component.
Implementation Approach
The database contains information regarding the product and service models, which follows the structure of the APS model. Currently, the company database contains only some of the product information and is organized according to a model based solely on the service.
Model Viewer Module
The user can select any part of the turbine with the mouse and access detailed information about the selected part. The exploded view allows the user to discover and open the internal components of the turbine (Fig.10).
Discussion Management Tool
The second mechanism consists of showing and marking the inspection results at a specific location of the turbine (over the 3D geometry of the turbine). This panel shows a summary of the results of the inspection performed on a specific part of the turbine, such as the technique used in the inspection, the sum of all defects found on the selected part, or their description.
The Industrial Case
This chapter presents how new digital technology can enable a new innovative business model for upgrading old machinery in the mining and construction industry. Therefore, it is difficult to know the status of machines at customer locations around the world.
Product Life Perspective and Product Life-Cycle Approach
MoL: The product is owned by the customer, who uses it for his applications. The concept of a closed-loop PLM offers the opportunity to maximize the benefits of life cycle activities.
Tool Selection
To know the actual status of the upgrade target, in order to get initial data and information for an upgrade delivery project. Engineering design reviews (see e.g. Huet et al.2007) are one of the most important application areas of virtual prototyping.
State-of-the-Art of the Proposed Technical Solutions
It is also based on the created realistic visualization and better general understanding of the redesigned production systems (Lindskog et al.2014). Based on the experiences of (Weidlich et al.2009), 3D laser scanning can improve the creation of virtual test scenarios related to optimization and expansion of existing environments.
Outline of This Chapter
The rich picture shows how society and authorities introduce regulations and ethical demands for the end customers of the OEM manufacturing company about, for example, noise and dust levels near urban areas. For example, if end users need to reduce the noise levels of their rock crushing machines, they can ask the OEM to upgrade the machine to meet the noise level requirements of the authorities.
Trials and Demonstrations
In the AR test, the system has a virtual model of the upgrade module (the maintenance platform), the real rock crushing machine, a virtual frame and a cover, a real environment, three different postures of a digital human model (DHM) and a human participant. The new approach is based on smart engineering design solutions for the upgrade products, as well as on the digitization of information flows of the upgrade projects.
Product Lifecycle Management Perspective
This information, from MoL and EoL, can also be indirectly used for the design and production of next-generation products (Jun et al.2007). Our 3D approach enables both efficient design and development of an upgrade delivery PSS through virtualization of the product and the related work tasks.
Tool Use Limitations
3D scanning enables quick and cost-effective acquisition of the actual 3D model of the product individuals from customers. In a more philosophical way, the value of the UIW approach can be explained with the idea of "Bounded Rationality" (Simon 1995).
Competition and Challenges in the Space Industry
The national space budgets are not increasing. The space budget as a share of GDP in European countries varies from 0.05 to 0.10% (OECD2014).
Speeding up the Interdisciplinary Approach for a Quicker Response to the Customer
Traceability: Customer and user needs should be traced back to the technical solution, changes should be clearly identified and their impact traced in the technical solution and retained for future evolution of the product. Clearly presenting the technical solution to a potential customer, demonstrating its advantages over competitors by providing information at varying levels of detail, clearly supporting any change proposal by describing the benefits to the customer, and using clear , complete and visual means to demonstrate the solution and related operations (e.g. using simulation and 3D graphics).
The Proposed Solution
The web-based environment must be semantically unique, that is, the data can be unambiguously retrieved, inserted and processed by a human operator or by an automated routine programmed by an operator independent of the data creator/owner . The following chapters show how the space cluster of the UIW project analyzed a potential solution to support such actors and processes.
Chapter Outline
His experience was leveraged for the collaboration portion of the overall solution and for the customer front-end.
The Users-Tools Functional Chain
A model-based approach ensures better organization of the information that characterizes the execution of a space mission. All information generated during the design process is typically used during the operational phase in managing the space system.
Development Innovation
Additionally, format updates, tool updates, and even technology updates can add to the high maintenance costs of the original tool interfaces. Some data needs to be disclosed to other parts of the supply chain/tool chain and so the Probes handle this part together with the workflow manager.
Results
In our case, the request configurator and the workflow manager are programmed in real time from a web environment. Thus, the web environment can take advantage of these capabilities, and engineers working on the web environment can make changes to the workflow on their side and these changes are automatically reflected in other parts of the architecture without the need to reprogram the source code.
Bene fi ts of the Methodology and Related Tools
In this way, changes to the current baseline of operational activities can be tracked with less difficulty. The use of a model-based methodology also ensures better utilization of the data available in system design.
Describing the Problem
Finally, Section 4 provides a summary of findings based on surveys and interviews with pilot users of the developed tools. This section provides an overview of the production system at Volvo Trucks, which has been the specific subject of this work.
Actors and Their Tasks in the Production Organisation
Manufacturing Engineers: This actor represents Volvo engineers responsible for the design and implementation of any update or change to the production system. The rich image adopts the perspective of the production organization and focuses on a factory.
Adaptation of Production Systems: Changes and Upgrades
Depending on the impact and magnitude of the change process, different sets of guidelines and guidance documents are applicable. One way to achieve this is to involve cross-functional actors, and let the end users of the system have a say in the planning process.
The Volvo Trucks Production System as a Product-Service System
Thus, the product in the perspective adopted by the project, are the components of the production system. The service part contains a list of the main activities performed by those resources.
Development of the Technical Solutions
Figure 5 below shows the focus of this project, in the context of a simplified version of the production project methodology used at Volvo Trucks. 5 Process the demonstrator focused on, placed in the context of a simplified version of the production project methodology used at Volvo.
Implementing the Demonstrator Solution
Near the front of the picture is the computer running the software, and in the background the rear-projection screen is visible. The participants were all involved in the engineering side of the organization, working with R&D in conjunction with manufacturing.
Conducting the Evaluation
Once the participant was familiar with the navigation and controls, they were prompted to proceed to the next step of the presentation. After completing the tasks in the demonstrator scenario, each of the participants was given a questionnaire to fill out.
Result from the Evaluation
An image showing one of the participants while interacting in the real-size virtual factory environment is seen in Fig.10. At the same time, some of the respondents were not sure about the benefits at this time.
Identi fi ed Bene fi ts
Identi fi ed Limitations
The set of proposed tools consists of the “Vessel Meta-File”, an easy-to-use, web-based, information-rich, technical metafile that acts as the main knowledge base between the shipyard, which is the builder of the vessel, the classification society, the control body that sets the restrictions imposes on the ship and the end user. Firstly, a dynamic causal context model that describes the mechanisms and variable interactions between the yard, the classification society and the end user, and that allows the three different parties to predict trends in the behavior of the small passenger craft market and enable predictive actions to make. and decisions such as upgrading a ship to support and extend its life cycle.
Introduction of the Cluster Case and the Respective Cluster/Company Challenges
Second, a "vessel configurator" system is also proposed to help transform business and operational requirements derived from the dynamic causal context model into technical specifications that are consistent with current national flag or international regulations for a specific type of vessel. A "Vessel Configurator" system is also proposed to help transform the business and operational requirements derived from the Dynamic Causal Context Model (see Groesser, Chapter "Complexity Management and System Dynamics Thinking") into technical specifications that conform to current national flag or international regulations for a certain type of vessel.
Connection to the UIW-Challenge in Part I
Validate manufacturing procedures and processes – Validate changes to design, materials and parts – Track changes and updates. Offer customers an automated consultation tool – Keep track of the legislation and its changes.
Reasons to Select the Tools
This means that prior to the period when cruise ships carrying tourists begin their schedules to Greece, the boats must be operational and to achieve this the boats are built every year between October and June, a period that represents the high season for the yard. OCEAN. Annual applications for INSB take place between February and July to ensure that the boats are ready for that year's operation, while new applications for boats run parallel to boat construction and result in a large number of new applications for INSB between January and July. June.
System Dynamics Model
The purchasing behavior of boat operators results in large fluctuations in the use of OCEANs. For the boat lifetime policy analysis, two policies are simulated in addition to the base case shown in Figure 11.
Information Technology Support Tools
For the same assignment, after the shipyard has marked the assignment as completed, the classification society must check the result and mark the assignment accepted or rejected based on the survey results. The legislation is updated by the classification society and covers all aspects of the ship.
Bene fi ts of Using the Tools
Similar workflows exist for all procedures, guaranteeing transparency of activities and cooperation of actors. The ship's network configurator enables a prospective customer to enter initial requirements into a web system, which then displays a rough overview of the applicable legislation (SECP2000; SoNaME1990).
Limitations of Using the Tools
Explanation: Time savings from implementing the UIW tool are presented in the above objective. Name of the target: emissions per passenger (part a of the 4th target) Figure 20 Definition of the target: About 40% reduction in the environmental footprint.
Towards a Circular Economy Business Model
3 High-level overview of the final business simulation model (top) and a more detailed impression of part of the SD model (bottom). Dynamic Systems Thinking”). In the final version of the model, historical data of the current business model was used where appropriate.
Creating a Design Framework for Circular Economy Of fi ce Furniture
Upgrading also improves sustainability and is a driving force in the development of the circular economy. Based on analysis of the cluster cases in the UIW project, we can distinguish four generic upgrade business models among the six clusters.
Customised Upgrade
In Group #5, the goal is to upgrade the vessel according to the needs of the owner. In Group #5, the boat manufacturing company OCEAN acts as both original equipment manufacturer and as supplier and manufacturer of the upgrade service.
Modular Upgrade
The OEM also takes responsibility for defining and developing the upgrade module. In the example of Cluster #2, part of the operational information management is also outsourced to the network partner.
Remanufacturing
Remanufacturing is typically driven by the values of the end user and the OEM. In the different scenarios investigated in the UIW project, Gispen considers several alternatives for managing the ownership of furniture and components.
Service Upgrade
One option for the service provider is to retain ownership of the goods and rent or lease them only to the user (see Lacy and Rutqvist 2015). In the Service Upgrade business model, the goal is to improve an existing service to increase customer value or improve the efficiency of the service process.
Common Features and Challenge in Implementation of Business Models
In all cluster cases in the UIW project, the OEM customer is the owner and user of the equipment. For some companies in the UIW project, introducing an upgrade service meant adding a new service to the existing service portfolio.
Main Differences Between Business Models
In addition, boat operator Seability appears to benefit from a shorter life cycle, which may be considered counterintuitive. Increased sustainability in the use of original equipment can be part of the increased customer value.
Similarities and Differences in Information Management
Design information: reuse of original design information is a central factor in the improvement business model. The fourth area addressed in the development of tools and methods in the UIW project brings into focus the design of original equipment.
