NGHIEN CUU
Vi the cua hat gao Viet Nam va giai phap phat tri^n
N6ng HOu Tung
Khoa Kinh te - Tal chinh, Trudng Dai hoc Nong - Lam B^c Giang Ndng Him Duong
Khoa Moi truong. Hoc vien Nong nghigp Via Nam
Sin xuat Itia ggo la nginh hang tmyen thdng cd Ijch su phit tridn liu ddi d Vidt Nam. Liia gao la mdt Uong nhirng mit hing ndng sin xuit kbiu ehu lue ctia Viet Nam xep thir hai, tbu ba thd gidi. Gao Vidt Nam d i xuit khiu den hon 150 qude gia vi viing linh thd. Nginh liia gao ngay eing phit tridn Idn manh, tao cdng i n vide lim, gdp phin xoa ddi giim nghdo va tang thu ngoai td cho qude gia. Tuy nhidn, sin xuit va xuit khiu Iiia gao cdn nhieu tdn tai, yeu kem cin nhanh ehdng dupe giii quydt trdn cie mil: ning cao ning suit, chit lugng vi gii Ui xuit kbiu, ning cao ning lue eanh tranh; xiy dyng thuong hidu v i phit Uidn thi tiTidng... nhim gitip nginh Ma ggo Vidt Nam phit tridn dn dmh vi bdn vtmg, khdng ngimg nang cao vi the Udn thj tnidng the gidi.
I.Mdilau
Sy hinh thinh v i pbit Uien ciia sin xuit Itia gao d Viet Nam cd lich sir tmyen thdng liu ddi vi ed inh hudng Idn ddn ddi sdng ctia ngudi din. Sin xuit Iiia gao ddng vai trd d i e biet quan trpng trong pbit tridn kinh le ndng nghiep vi ndng thdn Viet Nam. Do Iiia gao l i ngudn thu nhip vi cung cip luong thuc chinh ctia cie hd ndng din nen ehinh sieh phit trien kinh te ndng nghiep vi ndng thdn Viet Nam ludn gin lidn vdi phit tridn nginh hang Iiia gap.
Trong hon ba thap ky qua, nhd ddi mdi co chd quin ly, Viet Nam d i dat duge nhtmg thinh luu rit lo Idn trong sin xuit liia gao, khdng nhtmg d i p ung du nbu ciu tieu dung trong nude, dim bio an ninh lucmg thyc qud'c gia m i cdn la mdt trong sd it cac qude gia nhieu nam lien lyc ludn din diu thd gidi ve xuit khiu gao. Tuy nhidn, sin xuit vi xuit khiu Itia gao ciia Viet Nam nhting nim qua cdn tdn tai nhieu ydu kem va bat eip, phit tridn thieu tinh dn djnh, ehiu tie ddng Idn ciia thien tai vi tbi trudng gao the gidi. Chinh vi viy, phin Uch vi danh gia dung vj the eua nganh Itia gao Viet Nam, ehi ra nhtmg ton tai va ydu kem, tir dd kid'n nghj cic giii phip nhim thtie diy nginh hang liia gao Viet Nam phit trien dn djnh vi bin vung, ning cao vj thd trdn Uii trudng thd gidi li viee lim rit ein thiet.
2. Vj Uie cua lua gao Viet Nam tren thj trudng the gidi Trong giai doan 2006-2015, xuit khau gao cua Viet Nam binh quin dat 6,15 tridu tin/nim vdi kim ngach 2,76 ty USD/nim, ehiem 2,94% tdng kim ngach xuit khiu hing hda hang nam ctia Viet Nam ra the gidi, ting binh quan 4%/nim ve sin lugng vi 9,1%/nam ve kim ngach. Trong co ciu xuit khiu gao ciia Vidt Nam, ngoii xuit khiu gao chat lugng tmng binh mang tinh tmydn thd'ng, Vidt Nam Udp tue lip tmng nhieu ban
cho gao chit lugng cao vi md rdng thj tnidng xuit khiu gao ehit lugng cao. Bdn canh dd, g^o thom vi gao tring cung da v i dang trd thanh mdt nhin td quan trong vi cd xu hudng ngiy cing dupe diy manh d l canh tranh vdi c i c nude xuit khiu Idn nhu An Dd, Thii Lan...
Theo khio sit ehuydn siu tu ngudn sd lidu eua Tdng cyc Thd'ng kd Vidt Nam v i FAO trong gicii doan 2006-2015 thu dugc ket q u i nhu sau: Ve sin xuit, sin lugng Ida ciia Vidt Nam chidm ty Upng 5,5-6,1% sin lugng tbd gidi, sau c i c nude Tmng Qude, An Do, In- dd-nd-xi-a, Bangladesh. Ning suit Ida cOa Vidt Nam nim 2015 dat 5,76 tin/ha, cao hon nang suit Itia binh quin the gidi 1,17 lirVha, nhimg mdi ehi dung hang thii 27. Dieu niy eho Uiiy, Viet Nam vin cdn khi nang ning cao nang suit lua hon niia, do dd c i c giii phip trong thdi gian tdi cin quan tim den vin dd niy. Vd xuit khiu, Viet Nam l i qud'c gia xuit kbiu gao Idn thir hai, thii ba thd gidi. Trong dd, giai doan 2008 - 2010, xuit khiu gao ciia Viet Nam ludn giu viing vi tri thtr hai the gidi c i ve sin lugng lin kim ngach xuit khau, chi sau Thii Lan. Sang nim 2012, do su btit phi manh me eua nganh liia gao Xn B(^, xuit khiu gao ctia Vidt Nam da tut xud'ng vj tri tiiii ba the gidi. Tinh den ndm 2015, xuit khiu gao cua Vidt Nam d^t 6,58 trieu tin vdi kim ng^cb 2,80 ty USD, chiem 15,5% ve sin lupng vi 12,3%
ve kim ngach xuit kbiu gao toan the gidi; gii xuit khiu binh quin eung giim xud'ng miie 425 USD/tan, ehi bing 79,3% gii binh quin tbd gidi va thip hon gii eua Thii Lan 40 USD/tin, do dd ddi bdi ehung ta c i n ed cac chinh sach vi giii phip nhim duy tri vi ning cao vj thd cua bat gao Vidt Nam uen thj tmdng the gidi. Tuy viy, diy vin la nbiing ket qui rit dang ghi nhin ciia nginh lua gao Viet Nam trong viec diy manh xuit khiu trdn e i ba mit: sd lupng, chit lugng va gii tri, kd tir khi chinh thuc tham gia vao thj trudng
xuit khiu gao eua tiid gidi. Thinh cdng Uong xuit khiu gao nhiing nim qua d i dem vd eho dat nude hing ty USD, ddng tiidi ddng gdp quan Upng vio vide dam bio an ninh luong thyc the gidi. Chiing ta d i v i dang chuydn din tir vide md rdng didn tich canh tie sang sin xuit lua Uieo hudng ning cao ehit lupng, ttr dd tang xuit khiu nhiing loai gao cd chit lugng vi gii til cao. Xu hudng niy dang duge hudng ung v i ngay cing ting Idn nhanh ehdng trong sin xuit va xuit khiu lUa gao.
Hi^n nay, gao Vidt Nam d i xuit khiu sang hem 150 quoc gia vi viing lanh thd. Thi Uudng xuit khau gcio ciia Viet Nam ehti ydu Ii eie nude Chiu A v i Chiu Phi, trong dd cic thj trudng Idn vi tioiydn thdng Ii In- d6-ne-xi-a. Phi-lip-pin, Ma-Iai-xi-a, Cu Ba, Cd't-di-voa v i Xinh-ga-po. Bdn canh dd, xuit khiu gao ciia Vidt Nam di tting bude md rdng thj trudng xuit khiu vio e i c nude chiu Mj', Trung Ddng... Sin phim gaio Uing cao cip vi gao thom d i bude diu thim nhip vio thi tnrdng khd Unh, giup sin phim gao Viet Nam tiing budc hien dien tren khip thd gidi. Gao Vidt Nam cling di budc diu thim nhip duge eic thj trudng ydu ciu chil lugng eao nhu Hin Qude, Nhit Bin, Hdng Kong (Trung Qude), My vi EU. Nhin lai thj tnidng xuit khiu gao trong thdi gian qua, de nhin thiy nhit vin li nhting bidn dgng nhanh ve gii, su eanh tranh quydt net giua eie thi trudng xuit khiu, cho thiy the gidi dang din hinh thinh mdt thj trudng canh tranh hon vi bidn ddng hon, dat ra nhiing thii thieh hdt sue quan Irgng ddi vdi doanh nghiep xuit khiu gao Viet Nam.
Trong khi do, uy lin, ning lyc tidp ein, thim nhip thi trudng, dim phin ky kdt thye hidn hpp ddng, xir ly tianh chip thirong mai qude td, tham gia chudi gia tri loan ciu cua cic thuong nhan kinh doanh xuit khiu gao Viet Nam edn ban chd; ty le gao xuit khiu trye tidp vdi Uiuong hieu gao tti Vidt Nam cdn thap, nhieu thj trudng bi chi phdi bdi tmng gian, edn phy thupc nhilu vao mdt sd thj Uudng tmydn thdng vi Uong dilm, die biet la Ihi Uudng Tmng Qudc(Thanb Tiing, 2018). Diy vdn li Uij Uudng lidu thy gao Idn nhit the gidi vi nhip khiu gao ngiy eing nhieu. Chinh vi viy, tir nim 2012 ti-d Iai diy, Trung Qude Ii thj tnrdng xuat khiu gao Idn nhat eda Viet Nam, trong dd n i m 2015 xuit khiu sang nude nay chidm 32% vd sin lugng vi 30,6% ve kim ngach xuit khiu gao c i nude
3. Nhung ban che cua nganh lua gao Viet Nam Nganh liia ggo Viet Nam Ii mdt trong nhiing nginh ci rit nhilu Uid manh, nhung vin tdn tai khdng it ydu kim, duge tdng kdt vi dinh gii qua mdt sd diem chinh sau diy:
Thti nhit, tie ddng cua chuydn giao va ling dyng tidn bd khoa hpe k^ thuit trong s i n xuat ndng nghidp tdi ning cao hidu qui sin xuit Ma gao thdi ky niy chua thyc sy m ^ h me vi toin dien, ehii yeu mdi the hiln d ning eao ning suit Ma, m i c du Nha nude d i
d i u tu rit Idn cho cdng tic niy; dd'i vdi ning cao chit lupng Itia vi chit lugng gao qua ehd bien cOng cdn nhieu ban chd; c i c gidng Ma tdt cdn Uiieu, sin xuit edn bi ddng v i bidu qui thip.
Thii hai, chua taio ra dupe vung nguyen lieu dii Idn dd cd thd ehti ddng vd sin lupng xuit khiu, eie ehinh sich diu lu hd trg vd gidng vi khoa hpe ky thuit cdn kdm hidu qui, ning lyc chd bidn vi dy tiii cdn ban chd, cdng thdm vdi lai nguydn Ma gao chua duae khai thie toin didn v i dong bg khien gii tii gia ting thip.
Ben canh dd, vdi sy phit tridn manh eiia eie khu cdng nghidp vi didn bidn bit Igi cua khi hiu dd'i vdi sin xuit ndng nghidp, d i e bidt li eic vting phia Nam khien didn tich trdng liia dang bi thu hep nhanh ehdng, inh hudng khdng nhd tdi sin lupng sin xuit v i xuit khiu.
Thii ba, cdng tic thu gom liia gao theo hgp ddng cdn nhieu bit cap, ehua dim bao Ipi ich ciia ngucri sin xuit ndn ddi sdng ctia ngudi Uong Itia edn gip nhieu khd khan, edng tic cung tmg vi quan Iy ehit luong tir dau vio ddn diu ra etia sin xuit Ma gao edn kdm hieu qua ndn chat lugng hat gao chua cao vi Uiidu ddng nhit, din tdi gii bin tiiip, ban ehe ning lye eanh Uanh ciia gao Viet Nam tren thi trudng the gidi.
Thir tu, hidu qui san xuit va xuit khiu Ma gao ciia Viet Nam dat dupe cdn Uiip so vdi nhilu nude, didn hinh li Thai Lan. Dieu niy li do cbi phi vit tu eua Vidt Nam edn cao, mtic dp ca gidi hda edn thip nen gia thinh sin xuit cao, ty le tdn thit sau thu hoach Idn, cdng them vdi chi phi van chuyin tdn kem nen Ipi nhuin Uiu dupe khdng cao. chi bing khoang 65% ciia Thii Lan. Cic doanh nghiep cdn thidu vd'n, cdng tac dy b i o kdm, nang luc canh tranh yeu.
Thir nam, chua lam tdt cdng tie quy hoach cic vttng ehuyen eanh theo nhu ciu cua thj trudng, chua chii y diing miic den phat tridn thuong hidu gao Vidt Nam, gao pham cip thip vi tmng binh van ehidm ty trpng Idn, gao Viet Nam vin chua Um dupe chd diing vting chic d eic phan khiie tbi tnrdng cao cap.
4. De xuat giai phap
Dd bat gao tiep tuc phit trien dn djnh vi bin vtmg, ludn li thd manh cua ndng din, the manh cua dit nude, gid vimg va khdng ngimg ning cao vi Uid tren thj tmdng tiie gidi, Viet Nam cin phit huy tdi da nhung tien nang vi loi the cua dit nude, tin dyng tdt eic Uidi eo va CO hdi, dong thdi khie phue cd hieu qua nhtrng tdn tai yeu kdm cua minh. Mudn viy, cic ehinh sich vi giii phip chu ydu ma nginh Ma gao Viet Nam can quan tim Uong thdi gian tdi bao gdm:
Thti nhit, lim tdt cdng tie quy hoach: Bd NN &
PTNT ein phdi hgp vdi Bd Ke hoach va Diu lu lim tdt cdng tic quy hoach, tip tmng diu tu xay dung vi td chiie sin xuit tiieo viing nguydn lieu phuc vy cic thi tnidng va phan khue thj tmdng cy thd vdi su lien ket.
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NGHIEN c u u
R E S E A R C H
lidn doanh, dit hing ciia doanh nghiep, nhit li xiy chit ddng cd dd'i sieh phil hpp vdi cic chinh sieh b i a dung cie vung chuydn canb sin xuit lua hing hda cd hd miu djch; tin dyng td't cie co hdi hop tie quoe te ehit lugng, gii tri cao lai vimg trpng didm ddng bing de md rdng thi trudng vi ning cao hidu qui xuit sdng Cuu Long. khiu. Bd NN & PTNT cQng ein phdi hpp vol Bd Cdng Thii hai, phit trien san xuit theo hudng nang eao thuong v i VFA xiy dyng vi Id chiic tiiuc hien hidu qua ning suit, chat lugng vi gii tri hat gao xuit khiu: Bd cic chuong trinh xiie tidn Uiuong mai gao theo eo che NN & PTNT ein co eiu Iai dien Ueh sin xuit, miia vy, d i e thu, nhit li tai cie tiij tmdng Uong diem, tmydn
thdng vi thi trudng mdi, thj trudng tidm ning.
5. Ket luan
Sin xuit lua gao Ii nginh hing tmyen thd'ng cd Iinh sir phit tiien liu ddi d Vidt Nam. Budc sang thdi ky Ddi mdi vi diy manh hdi nhip kinh td qud'c td, nganh Ma gao nude ta da git hii dugc nhiing thanh tuu rit to Idn khdng chi trong sin xuit, m i cdn ndi bit hon trong boat dpng xuit kbiu, trd minh mdt trong sd it cac qude gia lien tuc din diu the gidi vl xuit khiu gao, giiip giii quydt edng i n viec lam eho Iao ddng ndng thdn, gdp phin Uiyc hien cdng tic xoi ddi giim ngheo vi tao them ngudn thu ngoai te eho dit nude, ddng gdp khdng nhd vio vide dim b i o an ninh luong doanh nghiep kinh doanh vi xuit khiu gao: VFA ein thue qude gia vi the' gidi. Tuy nhidn, nhdng kdt qui d i giiip Chinh pbit thyc hidn hd trp, hudng din cie dat duge trong sin xuit vi xuit khiu Ma gao eua Viet doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuit khiu gao i p dyng cie Nam ehua thuc sy vung chie, pbit tridn thidu dn dinh, md hinh quin Iy chit lupng, an toin thue pham Uong chiu nhidu tic ddng etia thien tai va nhtmg bidn ddng sin lupng lua gcio hing hda theo hudng nang eao
nang suit, ehit lupng vi gii tri xuit khiu. Nhi nude cung cin ed co chd khuydn khich, tap didu kidn thuin Ipi cho nghien ethi chon loe, Iai tao gidng Ma ning suit, ehit lupng eao, phii hop vdi ydu ciu eua thj trudng; ddng thdi cd ehinh saeh khuyen khieh, thtie day s i n xuit gin vdi ehe bien, lieu thy lua gao theo chudi gii tri; da dang cac sin phim tir gao; ling dung cdng nghd tien tidn, cdng nghe eao vio sin xuit, che bidn siu, b i o quin lua gao, giim tdn that sau tbu hoach; i p dyng quy trinh sin xuit dim b i o ve sinb an loin thuc phim vi kidm djnh chit lupng sin phim theo ueu chuin qud'c td.
Thtr ba, ning cao ning lyc canh Uanh cua cic
td chiic sin xuit; ning eao ning lye cdng tic tbi trudng, marketing qude le; ning cao ning lye dim phin, ky ket, thye bien hpp ddng, xii ly tranh chip thuong mai qud'c td; djnh hudng, bo trg doanh nghiep xiy dyng chie'n luge mil hang, thj trudng xuit khiu gao; cung c6 mang ludi ddi tic ban hing, phit trien dai didn eiia doanh nghiep d nude ngoii; tip Uung d i u tu s i n xuit kinh doanh theo hudng chuydn nghidp, chuydn siu, ning eao ning lyc canh tranh, khdng de phu thude vio cic hgp ddng tap tmng.
Thti tu, xiy dyng thuong hieu gao Viet Nam: VFA cin phd'i hgp vdi eie Bd Nginh ed lidn quan vi doanh nghidp tip tmng trien khai thuc hien cae giii phap ve xiy dyng thuemg bleu gao Viet Nam; hd trg dang ky b i o hd sd hdu tri lue thuong hieu qude gia gao Viet Nam dudi hinh thuc nhin hieu cbting nhin d trong nude va nude ngoii; xay dung, hoin thien chinh sich ho trg doanh nghidp kinh doanh xuit khiu gao tham gia c i c du i n lien kdt cdng tu, tham gia vao chudi gii tri gao toin eiu vdi cie sin phim gao thuong hieu cua Viet Nam cd gii tri gia ting cao, dua sin phim
ttr thi trudng gao the gidi. Do dd Uong thdi gian tdi, nginh Ma gao Vidt Nam td chiic thue hien tdt cic giii phap ndu tren./-
Tai lieu tham khao
Cbinh phit (2017). Quyet dinh ve viee phe duydt chien luge phit tridn thj trudng xuit khiu gao ctia Viet Nam giai doan 2017-2020, djnb hudng dd'n nim 2030, Hi Ndi.
Bill Ngoe San (2011). Nang cao nang lyc xuat khiu nhdm hing ndng lim thuy sin ctia Viet Nam sang thj trudng Nhit Ban (Sieh chuyen khio). NXB Dai hoc Qude gia Hi Ndi, Hi Ndi.
Nguyen Vinh Thanh (2013). Ndng nghiep Viet Nam sau khi hdi nhip - Tbdi eo vi thieh thuc (Sieh ehuyen khao). NXB Lao dpng - Xi hdi, Ha Ngi.
Dinh Vin Thanh (2010). Ting cudng ning lyc tham gia etia hing ndng sin vio ehudi gii tri toan ciu trong gao CO Ihuong hieu quoc gia vao he thong phan pnoi ^j. .^ ^^.^^ 1^,^,^, ^^^ ^ yi^, j ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ thuong.
ciJa cac nuoc.
Thii nam, tang cuong xuc tien thuong mai va phat triSn Ihl tmong xuil l<hau: Cac doanh nghiep Idnh doanh xual khau gao dua vao huong din cua Chinh phu d^ co cac djnh huong va giai phap phAt tri^n tung thi tmong cu the theo hudng gan hoat dong phat tnen th| tmong vdi san xuit, ch€ bien, quang ba san pham, xay dung thuong hieu; xay dung he thdng thong lin thi tmong, ling pho hi«u qua voi bi«n dong ciia thi tmong.
Thanh Tung (2018). Gao Viet da xual l<hau di hon 150 thj tmong, co hoi ti^'p tuc rpng mo. Bao Dien lu VOV - Bai Tieng ndi Viel Nam, Ha Ngi.
https://vov.vn/liinh-le/gco-viel-da-xual-l(hau-di-hon- 150-thi-lruong-co-hoi-tiep-tuc-rong-mo-856163.vov.
