CHINH SACH PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LL/C CHAT Ll/dNG CAO CUA SINGAPORE
VA HAM Y CHO VIET NAM
PHAM TUAN ANH*
PHAM MANH HUNG*
Tom tat: Singapore Id mdt trong nhdng qudc gia tr&n thi gidi thdnh cdng nhdt trong phdt triin kinh ti vdi tdc dp nhanh vd ben vdng diia tren nguon nhdn liic ky thuat dUgc ddo tan tdt, co dd khd nang, trinh dd tiip thu, linh hdi ky thuat, cong nghe tien tUn, hien dai. Ddy Id bdi hpc kinh nghiem quy gid cho cdc qudc gia, ddn tpc tr&n thi gidi ve chinh sdch phdt tHen nguon nhdn hie ndi chung vd nguon nhan lUc chat lu^ng cao noi rieng trong bdi c&nh todn cdu hoa hien nay. Bdi viet phdn tich kinh nghiem cda Singapore vi chinh sdch phdt trien nguSn nhdn luc chat luang cao, ti£ do rut ra hdi hpc cho ViU Nam.
TH khoa: Chinh sdch, nguon nhdn lUC, nguon nhdn lUc chat luang cao, Singapore.
Mcr d d u
Singapore la mpt dat nUdc nho d Ddng Nam A vdi dan s6' khoang 5 trigu t r e n mpt dien tich khoang 700 km2. Da't nude nay ed mdt n i n kinh te m a n h va thu nhap binh quan tinh theo d^u ngUdi vao hang cao nhat tren t h i gidi. TU ngay lap qudc nam 1965 den nay, dUdi sU Idnh dao cua dang cam quyin Dang n h a n dan h a n h ddng vdi vi Thu tudng dau tien la Ly Quang Dieu, Singapore ludn xac dinh nguon n h a n lUc la nguon luc quan trpng n h a t de phat trien kinh tg' va qude gia. Singapore khong
ngiing nang cao chat lucfng nguon nhSn lUc dap Ung yeu cau phat trien kinh te, dat nUde, gan phat t r i i n nguIn nhdn life vdi phat trien kinh te va qud'c gia. Ket qua la tfl mdt quoc gia ngheo n a n v l tai nguygn, chat lupng nguIn nhan lUc th^p, Singapore trd t h a n h quo'c gia phat trien vdi chat lUtfng nguIn n h a n lUc, lUe lupng nguon n h a n lUe chat lUpng cao hCing manh. Phdt trien nguIn nhan life cha't lupng cao dUtfc dae biet chu trpng khi Singapore bUdc vao giai doan thdm dung tri thUe trong boi canh thg' gidi d i l n r a "cude chie'n toan c^u vi n h a n tai".
* Pham TuS^n Anh, Hoc vien Ky thuat Quan sif. Bo Quic phong
^ Pham Manh Hung, Vi6n Kinh te va Chinh tri The gidi - Vign Han lam KHXH Viet Nam
34 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd J/2019
1. C a c c h i n h s a c h c h u y e u v a thiic tifen p h a t t r i e n n g u 6 n n h a n liic c h S t lifctt^ c a o c i a S i n g a p o r e
1.1. Chinh sach giao due vd dao too d Singapore, he thong giao due va dao tao luon la e6ng cu h8 trtf eho sU phat t r i i n kinh te. Giao due va dao tao dUtfc xem la diu tu cho tucfng lai htfn la chi tigu eho nhung chinh sdch cong. Ngay ca trong giai doan khung hoang tai chinh toan elu 2008-2009 thi diu tU eho giao due vln dUpc duy tri d mUc cao. Do'i vdi hg thong trUdng hpc, ngan sach giao due da tang tU 8 ty dola Singapore nam 2008 (trUdc khung hodng tai chinh) den 8,7 ty vao n a m 2009 (trong thdi gian khung hoang). DUtfc n h a n diu tu cao, hg thdng giao due ed t h i dUtfe xem nhu mdt p h l n chig'n lUtfe trong eudc ehiln toan ciu v l tai nang. Dac bigt la he t h i n g gido due dang dUtfc khuyen khich thu hut tai nang nUde ngoai, phat t r i i n nhan tai trong nUdc va vun xdi trong hp cam xuc bat rg vao dat nUdc.
TrUdc tien Singapore tap trung vao vige eung d p giao due tieu hpc va trung hpc trong thap mgn 1960 va 1970 de dat n i n tang cho nang cap ky nang. Tfl nhiJfng n a m 1980 trd di, nang cao chat lUtfng giao due tiiu hpc va trung hpc dUtfc quan tam de eung CO nen tang nay. Giao due dai hpc cung bat dau dUtfc chu y tfl nhflng nam 1980. Mpt hg thong dao tao giao due ky thuat va day nghe da dUpc phat trien song song vdi phat trien kinh te.
Tfl nam 1997, trong tam nhin rpng ve giao due dUtfc dua ra trong khau hieu "nha trudng tu duy, qudc gia hpe tap", m6t loat cde bien phap cai each giao due nham tang to'c cho Singapore thanh mpt n i n kinh t l tri thUc eung vdi mdt chu de la phat trien
nhfliig tai nang trong nUde da duge dUa vao chuong trinh h a n h dpng. TU duy sang tao, each tan va sang kieh doi mdi dupe nhmi m a n h nhU la mdt phan cua qua trinh giao due tai nang trong nUdc. De' lam dUtfe dieu nay, n h a trudng dUtfc trao quyen tU chu de ung hp nhflng sang k i l n mdi v l giao due.
Chinh phu da nd luc thUc hien phan quyen nhuiig v l n gifl quyen kiem soat v l mat chien lUtfe. Vao n a m 2004, ChUcfng trinh
"Cach tan va Dan than" (I&E) da dat lai trpng tam cho van de tai nang sang tao trong nude. Gan day htfn, nha trUdng eung dUtfc ygu cau tap trung vao vide chuyen tif s5' lUtfng sang chat lUtfng thong qua vigc t h a m du vao eae ehUtfng trinh giang day, nhflng cai each va each tan ve sU pham.
Thay vl chi dcfn thuan tap trung vao n6i dung va diem so, n h a trUdng se giup cho hpc sinh phat trien nhflng kien thUe va nang khieu cua the ky 2 1 . TrUdng hpc dUtfc cung ca'p tai chinh d l phat t r i i n nhflng m a n g thich htfp cho nhflng hpc sioh co nang khieu. Vdi pham cha't tot, nhOftig hpc sinh nay cung nhOftig cam ket vdi dat nUdc se dac trung eho v6'n quy ve con ngUdi va xa hpi cua Singapore trong tUtfng lai.
Chinh phu Singapore dang thUc hien nhflhg budc di tieh cUc de t h i l t k l kho n h a n tai trong nude. De ngan ngUa nhflng tai nang tre eua Singapore hi cuIn di bdi eon s d n g toan e l u hda, Chinh phii
Singapore da dUa ra thdng diep "di khap t h i gidi, sd'ng d trong nude" nham ddng vign hp mao h i l m tig'n Ign d l tim nhflng CO hpi mdi ve kinh t l trong t h i gidi nhUng cam xuc bao gid eung b a m r l vao Singapore. Ca hai vi Thu tudng t i i n nhigm va hien nay deu bay to mdi quan ngai rang, todn cau hoa se dan d i n su bat goc va nhflng ngUdi da lilu Hnh ra di ed t h i se
khong trd v l . Do do, ehinh sdch giao due qudc gia (NE) eiia chinh phu n h l m dg'n viec giao due nhflng gia tri va thai dp tich cue ntfi gidi tre hUdng dg'n dat nude de phat trien sU gan bd va niem tU hao v l quIc gia trong tucfng lai. C6 the ndi vai tro eua Chinh phu trong vige b i l n doi Singapore t u mdt t h a n h pho' lac hau trd t h a n h mpt xU sd h a n g d i u thg' gidi la r i t quan trpng.
Singapore ed ddi ngu lao dpng c i p cao hang dau the gidi, tao r a nang suat vd cung Idn, t h a n h thao v l chuyen mon, ky thuat va ed t h a i dp lam vige tich eUc. NhUng de ed dUtfc dieu nay, Singapore da phai lien tuc dau t u vao vigc dao tao ca mpt the hg t h o i ^ qua con dUdng gido due.
Singapore cung xac dinh giao due la mdt kgnh hflu higu thu hut du hpc sinh nude ngoai. Chinh vi vay, ngoM cai t i i n hg thdng giao due, Singapore eung cd che dp dai ngp thoa dang cho eae giao sU, tien si gioi. Hidn tai, du hpe sinh den Singapore la rat Idn va nUdc nay cung la mpt trong nhflng trung tam dao tao uy tin eua t h i gidi. Cd the k l d i n eac trUdng dai hoc danh tig'ng nhU Cong nghe Nanyang (NTU), Hpc vien P h a t t r i i n quan ly Singapore (MDIS), Dai hpc Quoc gia Singapore (NUS)...
L2. Chinh sdch svC dung nhan lUc Thd nhdt, chinh sdch sd dung nhdn lUc theo tdi ndng (Meritocracy)
Mpi ca n h a n diu cd ctf hpi binh dang va eong bang dUa trgn nang lUc va n6 lUe cua minh eung vdi nguygn tac khong phan biet t i n g Idp, ehung tpc hay tdn giao. Chinh sach n a y da thuc day sU canh t r a n h quyg't liet gifla cac ca n h a n n6 life eao nhat co the de dat tdi t h a n h cong. Su t h a n h cdng cua chinh saeh sd dung ngUdi theo tai nang tao
r a van hda xa hpi, d dd eac ca n h a n cd dpng lUe lam viec vUtft nang lUe eua minh.
Thd hai, chi dd tuyin dung Bang cap la mdt trong nhOttig can cU tuyen dung. Tuy nhien, bang cap tUtfng xUng vdi trinh dd va dap fllig duge yeu eau lam viee.
Thii ba, che dp li^mg "ndng lUc cao, luang cao" hay luang tUang xiing vdi gid tri cua chat xdm
Cac Bp trudng Singapore cd mde lUcfng eao htfn t i t ea eae B6 trUdng d nhOfng quoe gia giau e6 nhat hanh tinh. Thu tUdng Ly Hien Long van quyet dinh tang lUcmg cho cac Bp trUdng, sao cho mUc lUtfng dd phai bang mUc lUcfng cua 6 ngUdi ddng dau cac nganh n g h i trong khoi tU nhan. Tao ra sU ygn tam eho lanh dao, mdt p h l n chinh sdch nay mudn h a n e h i nan tham nhflng, minh bach hda Chinh phu, d i n g thdi tao da cho cac Bp trUdng ddnh h i t tam sde eho cong viec quan ly va hoach dinh chinh sach. O My, lUtfng cua Tong thong la 400.000 USD. d Anh, lUtfng eua Thu tudng la 368.655 USD, lUtfng eiaa ede Bp trUdng trong khoang 196.000 -268.000 USD.
Trong khi dd, lUtfng eua Thu tUdng Ly H i l n Long la 2,05 trieu USD/nam. Hien tai, mUe lUtfng eua Thu tUdng va eae Bp trUdng v l n ed kha nang tang cao htfn con s5' 1,26 trieu USD.
Thd tu, chi dd thdng tUn "ndng lite cao, vi tri cao"
ThUc te quan ly bp may d I t nUdc Singapore cho thay, nhOiig ngudi ddng d i u dat nUdc Singapore hign nay diu la nhflng ngUdi ra't gioi. Ban than dng Ly Quang Digu - Thu tudng dau tien eija quo'c dao tot nghiep nganh luat tai trUdng dai hpc danh tieng Cambridge. CUu Thu tUdng Goh
36 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 1/2019 Chok Tong cung td't nghigp trudng
Williams College - My, ve ehuygn nganh Phat t r i i n kinh td'. DUtfng kim Thu tUdng Ly Hien Long cung tdt nghigp trUdng Dai hpc Cambridge cua Anh v l nganh toan va vi tinh. Sau dd ong Ly Hien Long eon tham gia hpc v l nganh Hanh chinh cong tai Dai hpc Harvard - My.
Cac Bp trudng Singapore cung deu td't nghigp cae trUdng dai hpc no^i tieng t i m cd the gidi. Ong Ly Quang Dieu cd quan dilm r i t ro rang: Lanh dao gidi la diu tau dinh hudng cho da't nude phat trien, ngn khong the thang quan tien chUe nhd quan hg etfa trUdc cfla sau hay s i n sang nga gia d l mua danh ban tudc. Ong ndi: "Lanh dao ddt se ngang chan nhiing ngUdi gioi, khdng cho hp ngoi vao nhflng vi tri quan trpng". O Singapore, nhflng ngUdi tai thuc su dUtfc coi la thit, la da d i p vao bp khung lanh dao quoe gia.
1.3. Chinh sdch huy dgng nguon liCc Chinh sdch huy dpng ndi liic:
Day la chinh sach huy dpng va tan dung higu qui cac nguIn lUc de phat t r i i n nguIn nhan lUe ndi ehung va nguon nhan lUc c h i t lUtfng cao ndi rigng. Quy phat trien ky nang huy d6ng nguon tai ehinh tU eae n h a sd dung lao ddng va tai phan bo nguon tai chinh cho edc nha sd dung lao dpng dudi hinh thflc tai trp ddo tao ky nang; Chinh sach giao due thuc day sU phat t r i i n ky nang dai han; SU hgp tae va ehia se thdng tin gifla cac ctf quan nha nUde trong t h a m gia phat t r i i n ky nang cung vdi eau true ba bgn ngudi lao dpng, doanh nghiep va nha nude; phdt huy cae sang kie'n mdi trong dao tao cong nghiep, giao due khong chinh quy va he thong dao tao d l eung cap nguon nhdn luc cd tay nghe cho eong nghiep hda.
Chinh sdch huy dpng ngoai luc: Tao dpng lUc eho cac n h a dau tU nUdc ngoai hgp tac vdi n h a nude trong t h i l t lap cac trung t a m dao tao; Phdi hgp chat ehe vdi Chinh phu nUdc ngoai va eae cdng ty da qudc gia trong viec phdt t r i i n dao tao cong nghigp. TuyIn dung tieh eUc va c6 M thong nguon n h a n lue nude ngoai. S& dung thu hut eac eong ty da qud'c gia la phucfng tign d l nang cao ngudn n h a n lUc chat lugng eao ve quan ly.
- Thu hut n h a n luc ngoai c h i t lugng cao:
Singapore duge danh gia la qud'e gia co ehinh sach thu h u t n h a n tai nUde ngoai bai b a n n h i t thg' gidi. Diiu nay cung dl hieu bdi ngay tif khi mdi len e l m quyin, cifti Thu tudng Ly Quang Dieu da xac dinh ro n h a n tai la ye'u to then chot quyg't dinh k h a nang canh t r a n h va phat trien cua n i n kinh te. Chinh vi the, trong suot nhflng ndm qua, thu hut n h a n tai, dac biet la n h a n tai nUdc ngoai da trd thanh chien luge Uu tign hang d i u cua Singapore.
La qudc gia duge tao dung nen tfl nhflng ngUdi nhap cu, Singapore chao don t i t ca nhOiig ai cd t h i ddng gop phan nunh vao cong cude phdt trien kinh te' cua dat nUdc.
Tuy nhign, vdi dan so' qua It, ty le sinh lien tuc sut giam, Singapore rtfi vao cupc khung hoang dan sd. Ro rang, tinh trang dan so ciing nhu nguon lue lao dpng bi "co lai" se la mpt trong nhCJttig nguygn nhan quan trong gay ra nguy ctf khung hoang thieu nhan tai. TU n h a n h i l t ngUdi tai trong nUdc la cd gidi han, lanh dao Singapore bat tay ngay vao viec hoach dinh chinh sach s\i dung ngUdi n h a p cU (hay con gpi la ehinh sach tuyen mp nhan tai nUde ngoai) nhif don b I y v l n h a n k h I u hpc de bu vko siJ thieu hut lUe lugng lao dpng ban dia.
N a m 1998, sau cupc khung hoang tM chinh ehau A, Singapore t h a n h lap h a n Uy ban TuyIn dung Tai nang Singapore va da thu hdt dugc mdt ban danh sach an tUtfng nhflng n h a khoa hpc loi lac ciia the gidi.
Noi de'n n h a n tai nUdc ngoai b Singapore, cd le khong t h i khong k l den nhOfng n h a giai p h l u t h i n kinh hpc, eac lap trinh vidn p h l n m I m , eae giam doc n g a n hang, eac sieu chuyen gia t i m cd the gidi va cac giao sU trong linh vuc nghign cUu va phdt t r i i n . - Thu hut nhdn lUc ngoai chat luang cao vdo giao due vd ddo tao:
Mpt sang kien minh hga cho viee lam the nao he t h i n g giao due Singapore ed the thu hut dugc cae tai nang nude ngoai chinh la du an "Nha trUdng toan cau". Ban t h a n du an nay la mpt vign canh ve mpt trung tam gido due hang d i u t h i gidi. Dac bigt, Chinh phu da eo gang t h i l t k l mpt "nin kinh te thi trUdng" trong phan khue giao due dai hpc bang each khuyen khich ngudi nude ngodi hay tU n h a n trong nUdc gia nhap nhieu htfn nfla vao thi trUdng giao due dai hpc eua Singapore. Nhflng dai hpc hang d i u eua the gidi duge n h i m d i n va duge m a n g vao d I t nUdc de lam mui nhgn eho sU nghien cflu va phdt t r i i n d tam mUc the' gidi, ehuyen giao tri thUe cong nghe va dua Singapore Ign vi tri hang d i u the gidi ve giao due. Tuy nhidn, chinh phu eflng phai ddi m a t vdi nhieu thach thUe vi mpt m a t chinh phu mong mudn nam gifl d l tap trung k i i m soat, m a t khae lai khuyg'n khich sU da dang trong thi trUdng giao due dai hgc. Ngay tfl n a m 2002, mpt so trUdng dai hpc hang d i u cua the gidi (WCU) da thie't lap ctf sd d Singapore bao g I m INSEAD (Institut Europe en d'Administration des Affairs), University of Chicago-Graduate School of Business,
University of Pennsylvania-Wharton School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Technische University Munchen, Georgia Institute of Technology va Johns Hopkins University. Cac trudng dai hpe trong nude eung thuc day lam viec d l n h a m tdi tieu chuIn hang dau eua t h i gidi va chap n h a n md hinh hgn k i t .
TUtfng Ung vdi nhflng su kien tren, dUdi dang d i u t u quIe gia vao nghien etjftj va phat triin, Chinh phu cung da tang t6ng ehi tigu eho nghign cUu Ign de'n 7,5 ty SD hang n a m vao nam 2010, hay la 3% GDP, trong dd 1/3 dUge dung lam quy nghign eUu mpt each cong khai. Thong qua Ctf quan Nghien cflu Quoc gia (National Research Foundation-NRF), Co quan Khoa hpe, Ky thuat va Nghign cflu (A*STAR) va cdc vien nghign cflu cao clip khae, Chinh phu n h l m dg'n vigc phat t r i i n kha nang trong linh vUe nghign cflu. NhOfng iTnh vUc nay dem lai nhieu gpi y rat cd gia tri cho Singapore.
Nhu la mpt phan trong ke hoaeh chinh yeu d l nang dang cap cua Singapore ve nghien cflu va phat trien nhiJng caii true ha t i n g to Idn, chang b a n nhU nhOfng thdnh pho sinh hpc tdi tdn, hign dai dugc xay dung n h a m muc dieh la mdt trung tam nghien eUu v l Sinh - Y hpe ddnh cho vai ngan n h a khoa hpc lam viec.
Tuy nhien, vdi khia canh ciia cupc chiin ve tai nang, mdt vige eIn phai lam cua dU an "Nha trUdng toan cau" la thu hut eac n h a khoa hpe quoe te hang d i u b l n g each nang vi tri cua Singapore Idn hang cac qudc gia co nhijfng nghien cflu ed tac dpng cao dupc thue hign. Mpt mUc dp d i u tu eao duge ky vpng d l loi kdo n h a n tdi nUdc ngoai den Singapore. NhOftig ten tuoi Idn
38 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 1/2019 g i n h i n vdi Singapore bao gIm nha sinh
hpe ngudi Anh Sydney Brenner doat giai Nobel y khoa nam 2002; Alan Cohnan cung ngudi Anh vdi nhdm nghien cflU vl eflu sinh san v6 tinh Dolly; va mgt cap ngudi My Neal Copeland, Nancy Jankins thUe hien nhflng cuoc nghign cdu ve ung thu. Cap doi nay da lam viee eho Chinh phu My & vien nghien cflU ung thU tai Maryland va da chpn Singapore thay vi trung tam Memorial Sloan-Ketting d New York chuyen nghien eflu v l ung thU hay trudng dai hpc Standford d California vi cac quy nghign cflu dang hi eat xen d My trong khi lai tang Ign d Singapore.
M6t vi du khae ve each thflc lam t h i nao de he tho'ng giao due dUtfc sd dung d l thu hut tai nang nUde ngoai chinh la viec h5 trg tai ehinh cho nhflng sinh vien nUde ngoai xuat sae d i n hoc tap tai Singapore.
Bp Giao due (MOE) da tai trg manh me cho nhflng sinh vidn gidi nude ngoai den hoc d 3 trudng dai hpc eong lap. De co the duy tri mpt he thong giao due dai hpc cd trg cap, cae trudng dai hpc phai bao dam rang chi nhung sinh vidn cd p h i m chat cao dUa trgn cac tieu chuan nghigm khac mdi dupc chip nhan. Nhflng sinh vien qudc t l dflge nhan tai trg eua Chinh phu bat budc phai phue vu 3 nam sau khi tot nghigp bang each lam viec tai Singapore va hp se b l sung vao khd'i nhan tai dang eo mat.
- Thu hut nhdn hie ngoai chat lUOng cao vdo bp mdy nhd nUdc:
Day la chinh saeh va dUdng loi tdo bao, d i n dg'n sU thay doi mang tinh dot phd trong con so thdng kg nhdn khau hpc.
Trong so 4,5 trieu lao dpng Smgapore cd tdi 25% la ngudi nude ngoai. Npi cae dau tien eua Singapore cung chi cd duy nhat 2
ngUdi ban dia. Tham chi, ong Ly Quang Dieu edn k h l n g dinh, n l u mot ngay nao d6, b6 may chinh quyen Singapore toan 1^
ngUdi cd xuiLt xU nUdc ngoai cung khong co
^ qua ngac nhign.
Singapore co quy dinh ro rang, luong cua lao dpng binh thudng d Singapore chi khoang 2.000 USD/thang hoac eao hon chut it. Cdn vdi lao dpng nude ngoai co ky nang, tay nghe, ngoai viec duge hudng lUcmg theo mfle cua eac n h a n tai, hp con duge phep dUa ngUdi t h a n sang song cung, Hp duge cap giay phep dinh cU va nhap tieh lau dai tai Singpapre chi trong vM ngay. Day la toe dd nhdp tieh nhanh chong mat ma bat cd ngudi n h a p eu nao cung them mudn. Di Hen vdi do, Singapore cung han c h i lao dpng nude ngoM khdng cd tay n g h i bang viee chi tra thu nhap thip, khong dugc phep dUa ngUdi than sang sing cung. NhOfng chi phi khac cho dich vu xa hdi cua hp cung cao htfn ngUdi binh thudng.
Giong nhu My, Chinh phu Singapore tuyIn chpn nhan tai dua trdn nang lUc, kha nang d6ng gdp vao sU phat t r i i n cua dIt nUdc ndy ehU khdng phan biet quoe tich, chiing toe ciia ngUdi nhap cU.
2. M p t s o h a m y c h i n h s a c h c h o Vi^t N a m t r o n g p h a t t r i e n n g u 6 n n h a n liic chS^t liicAig c a o
NhOhig bai hpc trong chinh sach phat trien nguon n h a n lue noi chung va phat trien nguIn n h a n lUc chat lugng cao noi rieng cua Singapore la r a t quy gia ddi vdi Vigt Nam. Viet Nam dang chuyen tfl giai doan edng nghigp t h a m dung lao dpng sang giai doan t h a m dung ky nang trong tie'n trinh phat t r i i n d l trd thdnh nUdc cong nghiep tien tien trong bd'i canh the
gidi dang dan chuyin sang nen kinh tg' tri thflc, xu the' toan elu hda, hdi n h a p qude te sau rdng. N h u v^y, Viet Nam m6t m a t phai khong ngflng nang eao chat lUgng nguIn n h a n luc, m a t khae, d l h6i n h a p t h a n h cdng vao nen kinh te the gidi, doi hdi Viet Nam phai phdt trien ngudn n h a n luc chat lugng cao, ky nang sang tao, trinh dp cao. Trong khi dd, hien trang vdi chat lugng ngudn n h a n lUe tha'p'^', va ehu yg'u la ndng dan'^', luc lugng nguIn n h a n lUc ehat lUtfng eao khgng dang ke du sau may thap ky phat trien. Vigt Nam chua tao dung dugc moi trudng chinh tri, kinh te' va xa hdi td ro cho ngUdi lao ddng thau h i i u va tin tudng rang ctf hpi cong bang va binh dang eho t a t ca n h a n lUc bat ke ngudn gdc xua't than, su n l luc nang eao nang lUc va tai nang dupc den dap xUng dang. Chat lugn n i n giao due va dao tao eua Vigt Nam cdn thap, khSng phu htfp, kh^p k h i i n g . Chinh sach stf dung nhdn lue khdng tao ddng lue thoa dang cho ngUdi lao dpng nang cao nang lUe. Chinh saeh huy ddng nguon lUe khdng hieu qua.
Vt vay, tu kinh nghigm ve chinh saeh phat t r i i n nguon n h a n lUe ndi ehung va phat trien nguon n h a n lUc e h i t lugng cao ndi rieng eua Singapore, tac gia dUa r a mpt so' ggi md ddi vdi Viet Nam:
Mpt la, phat t r i i n nguon nhan lUe noi chung va nguon nhan lUc c h i t lUgng cao ndi rieng 11 v l n de chiu su tdc dpng va moi quan he qua lai vdi nhiiu yeu to' khde nhU ehinh tri, kinh tg' va xa hpi, sd dung nguon n h a n life, giao due va dao tao, v.v... Do vay, de chinh sach phat trien ngudn nhan lUe ndi chung va phat t r i i n nguon nhan lUe c h i t lugng cao ndi rieng boat dpng hieu qua, Viet Nam c l n thay doi tu duy v l ehinh saeh phat trien ngudn n h a n lUc ndi
ehung va phat trien nguon n h a n lUc e h l t lUtfng eao ndi rieng de ed sU dap fltig td't t a t ca cdc ye'u to' tren.
Hai Id, Viet Nam c l n thUc hien sU dieu chinh chinh sdch de xay dung moi trUdng chinh tri, kinh te va xa hpi td rd eho ngUdi lao dpng va xa hpi thau hieu va tin tudng mpt ly le h i l n nhign rang ctf hpi cong bang va binh dang cho t a t ca ngUdi lao dpng bat k l nguon goe xuat than, sU no lUe nang cao nang lUc va tai nang dUtfe den dap xOfng dang, eu the:
- ThUe hien chinh saeh sd dung n ^ d i theo tai nang de tao dpng lUe eho ngUdi lao dpng hpc tap nang eao nang lUe;
- ThUe hien eai each de nang cao chat lupng he thdng giao due va dao tao phu htfp vdi nhu eau cua ngUdi lao dpng va nhu cau cua xa hpi:
+ Nang eao chat lUpng hg thd'ng giao due chuyen nghiep va day n g h i d l eung cap cho ngUdi lao dpng ed ky nang phu htfp vdi cdng viee va nhu cau xa hpi dap flng sU ehuyin dich ciia 70% lao dpng nong ddn sang lao dpng eong nghiep ed ky nang.
+ThUc hien diiu ehinh he thong giao due dai hpe theo hUdng hai mo hinh dai hpe:
Dai hpc dai chung va Dai hpe tinh hoa. Dai hpe dai ehung dap Ung nhu cau dao tao cua so' dong nhan lUe. Dai hpc tinh hoa d l dao tao n ^ o n nhan life e h l t lugng eao.
- ThUc hien diiu chinh ehinh saeh huy dpng nguon luc de dap Ung nang cao c h i t lugng nguon nhan lUc ndi chung va phat trien nguon nhan lUc chat lugng cao ndi rigng dap uing nhu cau tdng trudng va phat trien kinh te'. TrUde het, thu hut nguon nhan lUc ngoai chat lugng cao vao he thong giao due va dao tao.
38 Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A, sd 1/2019 gan hen vdi Singapore bao gom nha sinh
hpe ngUdi Anh Sydney Brenner doat giai Nobel y khoa nam 2002; Alan Colman cung ngUdi Anh vdi nhdm nghign cflu ve cflu sinh san v6 tinh Dolly; va mot cap ngUdi My Neal Copeland, Nancy Jankins thUe hien nhiing eu6c nghign cUu ve ung thu. Cap ddi nay da lam viee cho Chinh phu My d vien nghien cUu ung thU tai Maryland va da chpn Singapore thay vi trung tam Memorial Sloan-Ketting d New York chuyen nghign cdU ve ung thU hay trUdng dai hpe Standford d CaUfomia vi cac quy nghien cUu dang bi c l t xen d My trong khi lai tdng len d Singapore.
Mpt vi du khac v l each thUc lam t h i nao de he thdng giao due duge sd dung de thu hut tai nang nUdc ngoai chinh la viee h i trg tai ehinh eho nhflng sinh vien nUde ngoai xuat sic d i n hpe tap tai Singapore.
Bp Gido due (MOE) da tai trg manh me cho nhflng sinh vign gioi nUdc ngoai den hpe d 3 trudng dai hpe eong lap. D l ed t h i duy tri mpt hg t h i n g giao due dai hpe eo trp cap, cac trUdng dai hpc phai bao dam rang ehi nhOfng sinh vign cd pham e h l t cao dUa tren eae tigu chuan nghigm khae mdi dugc chap nhan. Nhflng sinh vign quIe te dugc nhan tai trg cua Chinh phu b i t budc phai phuc vu 3 nam sau khi tot nghiep bang each lam viec tai Singapore va hg se bo sung vao khoi nhan tai dang c6 mat.
- Thu hut nhdn liic ngoai chdt lUang cao vdo bp mdy nhd nUdc:
Day la ehinh sach va dUdng loi tao bao, d i n d i n sU thay doi mang tinh dot pha trong eon sd thdng ke nhan khau hpc.
Trong s6' 4,5 trigu lao dong Singapore cd tdi 25% la ngudi nude ngoai. Noi cdc diu tign eua Singapore cung chi cd duy n h i t 2
ngudi ban dia. Tham ehi, ong Ly Quang Dieu cdn khang dinh, n l u mdt ngay nko do, bp may chinh quyin Singapore t o l n 1^
ngudi CO xuit xd nUdc ngoai cung khong c6 gi qua ngac nhien.
Singapore ed quy dinh rd rang, lUtfng ciia lao d^ng binh thudng 6 Singapore chi khoang 2.000 USD/thang hoac cao hon ehut it. Con vdi lao dpng nUdc ngoai co ^ nang, tay n g h i , ngoai viec dUpc hUdng lUtfng theo mfle eua cac nhan tai, hp con duge phep dUa ngudi t h a n sang so'ng cung.
Hg dugc cap giay phep dinh cu va nh§p tich lau dai tai Singpapre ehi trong vai ngay. Day la toe dd nhap tich nhanh chong mat ma b i t cfl ngUdi n h a p cU nao cung them muon. Di h e n vdi do, Singapore cui^
h a n e h i lao dpng nUde ngoai khdng cd tay nghe bang vigc chi t r a thu nhap thap, khong dugc phep dUa ngudi t h a n sang soi^
edng. Nhfliig chi phi khae eho dich vu xa hdi cua hg cung eao htfn ngudi binh thUdng.
Gio'ng nhu My, Chinh phu Singapore tuyen chpn nhan tai dUa trdn nang lUc, kha nang ddng gdp vao sU phat t r i i n cua d l t nUdc nay ehU khong phdn bigt quoe tich, chiing tpc cua ngudi nhap eU.
2. M p t s o h a m y c h i n h s a c h c h o Vi?t N a m t r o n g p h a t t r i ^ n n g u o n n h a n life chSi't lifcfng c a o
Nhflng bai hpc trong ehinh saeh phat t r i i n nguon n h a n lUc ndi chung va phat trien nguon n h a n lUc chat lugng eao noi rigng cua Singapore la r a t quy gia d i i vdi Viet Nam. Viet Nam dang chuyin tfl giai doan edng nghigp t h a m dung lao ddng sang giai doan t h a m dung ky nang trong t i i n trinh phat trien d l trd t h a n h nUdc cong nghiep tien tie'n trong bdi canh the
gidi dang d i n chuyin sang n i n kinh te tri thflc, xu the' todn ciu hda, hpi n h a p qud'e te sau rdng. N h u vay, Vigt Nam mot mat phai khdng ngflng nang eao e h l t lUtfng ngudn n h a n lue, m a t khac, d l hdi n h a p t h a n h edng vao n i n kinh t l t h i gidi, ddi hoi Viet Nam phai phat trien nguIn n h a n lue c h i t lugng eao, ky nang sang tao, trinh dp eao. Trong khi dd, hien t r a n g vdi c h i t lUtfng nguon n h a n lue thlp*^*, va chu ye'u la nong dan*^', lUc lugng nguon n h a n lue chat lugng cao khong dang ke du sau may thap ky p h a t trien. Viet Nam chUa tao dUtig dugc mdi trudng chinh tri, kinh te va xa hdi to ro eho ngUdi lao dpng thau h i i u va tin tudng r a n g ctf h6i edng b i n g va binh dang cho t a t ea n h a n lUc bat ke nguIn gdc xua't than, sif n§ luc nSng cao nang lUc va tai nang dugc den dap xiiftig dang. Chat lUtfn n e n giao due va dao tao cua Viet Nam edn thap, khong phd hgp, khap k h i i n g . Chinh sach sd dung n h a n life khong tao dpng lUc thoa dang cho ngudi lao ddng n a n g cao n a n g lUc. Chinh sach huy dpng nguon lUe khdng hieu qua.
Vi vdy, t u kinh nghiem ve ehinh sach phat t r i i n nguon n h a n life ndi chung va phat trien nguon n h a n lUe e h l t lugng cao ndi rigng eua Singapore, tae gia dUa r a mpt so' ggi md ddi vdi Viet Nam:
Mpt Id, phat trien nguIn nhan luc ndi chung va nguon nhdn lUc chat lugng cao ndi rigng la v l n d l chiu sU tae ddng va mdi quan hg qua lai vdi nhiiu yg'u to khde nhU chinh tri, kinh tg' va xa hpi, sfl dung nguon nhan lUe, giao due va dao tao, v.v... Do v^y, d l chinh saeh phat t r i i n nguon nhan lUe ndi chung va phat trien nguon nhan life chat lugng cao ndi rigng hoat ddng higu qua, Viet Nam can thay ddi tU duy v l ehinh saeh phat t r i i n nguon nhan luc noi
ehung va phat trien nguon n h a n lUe chat lugng eao ndi rigng d l ed sU dap fllig td't t i t ca cac yg'u tS' tren.
Hai la, Viet Nam can thflc hidn sU diiu ehinh ehinh saeh d$ xay dUng moi trUdng chinh tri, kinh te va xa hoi td rd cho ngUdi lao ddng va xa hpi tha'u hieu va tin tUdng mdt ly le h i l n nhign rang ctf hpi eong bang va binh dang eho t i t ca ngudi lao dpng b i t ke nguIn gde xuat than, sU n5 life nang cao nang lue va tai nang duge d i n ddp xUng dang, cu the:
- Thuc hign chinh sach sLf dung ngUdi theo tai nang de tao dpng lUe eho ngUdi lao ddng hpe tap nang cao nang lUc;
- Thue hien eai each d l nang eao c h i t lugng hg thong giao due va ddo tao phu hgp vdi nhu elu eiia ngUdi lao dpng va nhu cau eua xa hpi:
+ Nang eao e h l t lugng hg t h i n g giao due ehuyen nghiep va day n g h i d l cung cap cho ngudi lao dpng cd ky nang phd hgp vdi cdng viee va nhu elu xa hpi dap dng sU ehuyen dich cua 70% lao dpng nong dan sang lao dpng cdng nghiep cd ky nang.
+ThUc hien dieu ehinh he thong giao due dai hpc theo hudng hai mo hinh dai hpc:
Dai hpe dai chung va Dai hpc tinh hoa. Dai hpc dai ehung dap flng nhu elu dao tao cua sd dong nhan lUc. Dai hpc tinh hoa de dao tao nguon nhan lUe e h l t lugng cao.
- Thue hien dieu ehinh chinh sdch huy ddng nguon lue de dap flhg nang cao e h l t lUtfng ngudn n h a n lUe ndi chung va phat trien nguon nhan lUc c h i t lugng cao ndi rigng dap fliig nhu ciu tang trudng va phat t r i i n kinh tg'. TrUde h i t , thu hut nguon nhan lUe ngoai chat lugng eao vao he thong giao due va dao tao.
40 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 1/2019
K e t l u ^
Su thanh cdng cua Singapore trong phat trien nguon nhan lUe ndi ehung, nguon nhan lUc chat lUffng cao ndi rieng la minh ehij&ig diln hinh rang cae nUdc dang phat t r i i n vdi nhflng ehinh saeh thu hut htfp ly, phu hgp vdi dieu kign thUe tg' cua tflhg giai doan phat trien cd the biln van. n a n chat xam thanh dieu phuc Iknh cho sU phat trien d l t nUdc. Ndi each khde, eae nUdc dang phat trien cd the bu dap cho sU bat tUimg quan v l trinh dp phdt trien kinh te, xa hpi vdi cac nUdc phat t r i i n bang quyit tam ehinh tri, chinh saeh va van hda.
Bai hpc thUe hign cac chinh sdch dot pha de kien tao m6i trudng thuan Igi trong phat triin n ^ l n nhan lUe ndi chung, nguIn nhan luc chat lugng cao ndi rigng eua Sing^ore cd gia tri va y nghia d i i vdi Viet Nam hien nay. Bdi le trong diiu kien ctf sd ha tang khoa hpc va cdng nghg, giao due dai hpc vdi diem xuat phdt t h I p , truyin thong hpc thuat mong, nhan lUc khoa hpc va eong nghe trong nUde yg'u, trinh dp kinh te, xa hpi va mUc song con kem xa eac nUde phat trien, neu Vigt Nam cfl tiep tuc khong thUe hien nhflng chinh saeh dot pha d l kiln tao moi trudng thuan Igi va dpng lUc trong phat triin nguon nhan lue ndi ehung, nguon nhan lUe chat lUtfng eao noi rieng thi khd cd the dat hieu qua eao./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Ngan hang the gidi (WB) danh gia chat lUcfng nguon nhSn luc ciia Viet Nam hien nay dat 3,79 diem (thang dilm 10), xep thfl 11 trong so 12 nUdc b chau A tham gia xep hang. Chi so canh tranh nguon nhan lUc
Vi^t Nam dat 3,39/10 diem.
2. Nong dan Vigt Nam chiim khoang htfn 61 trieu 433 nghin ngUdi, bang khoang 73%
dan so cua ea nUdc.
TAI LifeU THAM K H A O
1. Pham TrUcfng Hoang va Ng6 Dflc Anh (2010), Phdt triin ngudn nhan lUc cong nghiep d ViH Nam trong giai doan mdi ciia cdng nghi&p hoa. Dif an UNDP.
2. Tran Van Tung va Le Ai Lam (1996), Phdt triin nguon nhdn lUC, kinh nghiem the gidi vd thuc tien niidc ta, Nxb Chinh tri qucfc gia. Ha N6i.
3. Vu Ba The (2005), Phdt huy ngudn lUc con ngUdi di cdng nghiep hda, hi^n dai hoa:
Kinh nghiem qudc ti vd thUC tiin Vi^
Nam, Nxb Lao d6ng. Ha N6i.
4. L& Thi Ai Lam (2003), Phdt trien nguSn nhdn tifi: thong qua giao due ud ddo tqo:
Kinh nghiem Bong A. Nxb Khoa hpc xa h?.i. Ha N6i.
5. Kuruvilla Sarosh and Chua Rodney (2000), How do nations develop skills? Lessons from the skill development experiences of Singapore. Cornell University.
6. Lau J. Lawrence and Klein R. Lawrence (1990), A Comparative Study of Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan. The Institute for Comtemporary Studies Press.
7. International Labour Organisation (1997), Human Resource Development for Continued Economic Growth: the Singapore Experience. International Labour Organisation.
8. Osman Gani and Tan (1998), Human Resource Development: the key to sustain- able growth and competitiveness of Singapore. Human Resource Development International Journal.
9. Cheung Paul (1994), Educational Development and Manpower Planning in Singapore. Education Journal, Vol.21, No. 2.
10. Varaprasad (2010), National Development and Technological Education: the Singapore Experience. Temasek Polytechnic.
