PHONG TRAO DUY TAN VA MOT SO VAN DE CO Y NGHiA DOI VQfl VIEC XAY DONG NEN VAN HOA VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN TAN HUNG '*'
Trin ca sdphdn tich muc dich cUng nhii nhiing ngi dung chinh ciia phong trdo Duy Tdn, bdi viet dd chi ra mgt sd vdn de cd y nghia trong cdng cuoc xdy diing vd doi mdi nen vdn hda d Viet Nam Men nay, nhU ndng cao trinh do ddn tri, xdy ddng nen vdn hda tien tien, dam dd bdn sdc ddn tgc tren ca sd ke thiia cdc gid tri truyin thdng, tiep thu tinh hoa vdn hda nhdn logi, tdng sdc di khdng chdng vdn hda doi truy, doc hgi...
uy Tan'' la mdt trong nhiing phong trao yeu niide chd'ng P h a p tieu bieu trong giai doan cudi the ky XIX d i u the ky XX d Viet Nam, do cac si phu yeu niidc P h a n Chau Trinh, Huynh Thiic Khang, T r i n Quy Cap,... khdi xiidng va l a n h dao. Phong trao nd ra dau tien tai viing da't Quang Nam, rdi lan rdng k h a p T r u n g Ky va cac viing mien trong ca niide. Dd la tieng ndi k h a n thiet, tich ciic cua cac si phu yeu nildc trong cude v a n ddng yeu niide va ciiu niidc ve xay diing van hoa, hoe t h u a t , dau t r a n h giiia cai mdi va cai cii, md m a n g tri tue, dao tao n h a n tai, n h a m t h a y ddi t a n gd'c xa hdi va con ngiidi Viet N a m liic bay gid.
Phong trao Duy T a n ehu triidng thiie hien ba muc tieu ddi mdi: "chdn ddn khi, khai ddn tri, hdu ddn sinh" n h a m chan hiing dat niidc, khdi phuc khi the hao hiing cua dan toe. Theo quan diem cua cae n h a duy tan, "chdn ddn khf la lam cho moi ngiidi thiic tinh tinh t h i n tli liic, tli ciidng, giac ngd dxiOc quyen ldi cua minh, de giai t h o a t khdi sii kim kep cua che do q u a n chii chuyen che. Sii tri tre, suy vong cua dan tdc khdng phai do
dan tdc ta kem cdi, ma mdt p h a n do cd liic chiing ta chiia tii liic, tii ciidng, it hoc hdi, lam m a t di hao khi, siic m a n h truyen thd'ng may ngan n a m ciia dan toe. P h a n Chau Trinh da chi rd van de dd nhii sau: "Lay lich sti ma ndi thi dan tdc Viet Nam khdng phai la mot dan toe hen ha, ma ciing khdng phai la mot dan tdc khdng thdng minh, the thi vi le nao d diidi quyen bao ho hdn 60 nam nay ma van cdn me me mudi mudi, bit m i t vit tai khdng chiu xem xet, khdng chiu hoc hdi cai hay cai kheo eua ngiidi ta"(l).
"Khai ddn trf la phai bd ldi hoc "tam ehiidng trich eii" ciia nen Nho hoc, md tnidng day chii qud'e ngii, kie'n thiic khoa hoc thiic dung, chii trong khoa hoe, ky t h u a t phiidng Tay; chd'ng xa hoa, bai t n i hii tue d hUdng thdn; xay diing mot nen hoc van va van hda tien bd, xay diing con ngiidi toan dien, thich ling vdi cuoc sd'ng van minh. Theo P h a n Chau Trinh, dan toe ta m a t niide eiing chinh tli nguyen n h a n 'cai noc doe quan
(*) Tien si, TrUdng Dai hpc Tai chinh Marketing.
(1) Din theo; Nguyen Van DUdng. Tuyen tap Phan Chau Trinh. Nxb Da Nang, 1995, tr.787.
chu vao trong dc d a n t a s a u q u i , ma e i i t r i n h do cua d a n t a ciing t h a p qui"(2).
"Hdu ddn sinh" la phai lam cho moi ngiidi biet p h a t t r i e n k i n h te, md m a n g n g a n h nghe, lam cho cude sd'ng am no, h a n h phiic; v a n ddng n h a n d a n tieu diing h a n g trong niidc, gay diing nhiing cd sd s i n xuat, k i n h doanh, k h a n hoang, lap viidn,... P h a n Chau Trinh cho rang, mot d a n toe mud'n p h a t trien kinh te, phai tien h a n h p h a t trien n g a n h nghe n h i m tao r a n h i e u san p h a m phuc vu ddi sd'ng xa hdi.
Ba muc tieu "khai ddn tri, chdn ddn khi, hdu ddn sinh" cd vai trd q u a n trong, nhii chia khda de md r a mot thdi dai mdi vdi nhiing con ngiidi cd tri thiic mdi, ed k h a n a n g gianh diidc doe lap cho dan toe va xay diing da't niide ciidng thinh. Trong nhiing n a m dau, phong trao Duy Tan dii(3c tien h a n h cdng khai va khdng bi chinh quyen thiic dan n g a n cam. Nhiing sau dd, n h a n thay md'i nguy hai tii eac hoat ddng ciia phong trao d mien T r u n g va mien Bac, chinh quyen thiic d a n da t h a n g tay dan ap.
Tnidng Ddng Kinh Nghia Thue phai ddng ciia, cac hdi budn yeu niidc bi giai tan, mot sd' chi si, trong dd cd P h a n Chau Trinh, bi diia r a giam cam d Cdn Dao. Dii bi d a n ap va t h a t bai, song phong trao Duy T a n da dap iing d\i6c mong mdi thoat khdi cude sd'ng tii dong, t a m tdi cua n h a n dan. Do vay, phong trao da diidc ddng dao q u a n chiing hiidng iing va p h a t t r i e n m a n h d ndng thdn, cham ngdi cho phong trao ndng dan chd'ng t h u e d T r u n g Ky n a m 1908 mot trong nhiing bao hieu sdm nha't eua C i c h m a n g t h i n g T i m sau nay.
Nhiing n a m d a u the ky XX, k h i dat niidc cdn chim trong t a m tdi ciia che do
thiic dan, p h o n g kie'n, cac n h a Duy Tan da sdm n i m b i t diide ddng tii tiidng c a n h t a n , ciing nhii sii can thie't phai hiidng v a n h o i d a n tdc tdi nhiing g i i tri tien bo, t i n h hoa cua thdi dai, cua nen v a n m i n h mdi. C i e n h a l a n h dao ciia phong t r a o Duy T a n da t h a y ring, n g u y e n n h a n lac h a u , c h a m p h i t trien eua dat niidc t a k h d n g p h a i d dau khac, m a chinh la d sii lac h a u ve v a n hoa. Do vay, mud'n d a t niidc t h o a t khdi tinh t r a n g ngheo n a n , lac h a u , kem phat trien, k h d n g cd each n a o k h a c la phai biet p h a t h u y n h i i n g gia t r i td't dep eua van hoa t r u y e n thd'ng t r e n cd sd tiep t h u t i n h hoa v a n hda n h a n loai.
Tap "Vdn minh tdn hgc sdch", phat h a n h n a m 1904, da chi r a nguyen nhan eiia t i n h t r a n g lac h a u ciia niidc ta d bdn diem: mgt Id, k h d n g biet gi den tinh h i n h ngoai niidc (tii tiidng ndi h a ngoai di)"; hai la, me t i n vdi c i i goi la "viidng dao" ma k h d n g chiu hoc t a p khoa hoc, ky t h u a t niidc ngoai (tii tiidng trong viidng k h i n h ba); ba la, s u n g bai cai cd, k h i n h re cai mdi (tii tiidng xiia hdn nay, xiia diing n a y sai); boh Id, trong quan ma k h i n h d a n .
Cd t h e coi "Vdn minh tdn hgc sdch"
(mot t r o n g c i e t a i lieu giang day ciia Triidng Ddng Kinh N g h i a Thuc) la t u y e n ngdn ciia p h o n g t r a o v a n ddng cai each v a n hda, chinh t r i xa hdi rdng Idn dau t h e ky XX, n h i i n g n e u coi nguyen n h a n m a t niide la d sii lac h a u ve van hoa t h i khdng phai. T h a y diidc vi tri, vai trd cua van hoa trong p h a t trien la hoan toan diing, nhiing quy ket sii kem cdi van h o i t h a n h n g u y e n n h a n m a t niide, ma khdng t h a y a m miiu xam lii(3c ciia
(2) Dan theo: N g u y i n Van Dudng. Sdd., tr.812.
ehii nghia thiic dan va sii thdi n a t cua che do phong kien thi qua la sai lam.
Trai lai, phai thay r i n g chinh do mat niide, do khdng ed ddc lap va tii do, n h a n dan ta da khdng cd dieu kien k h i c phuc dilde tinh t r a n g lac hau, ye'u kem ve van h o i , ye'u kem ve n h a n thiic thdi dai.
Muc dich ciia phong trao Duy Tan la de khac phuc t i n h t r a n g lac hau, ye'u kem ve v a n hoa n h a m md mang hieu biet ojio d a n chiing dvldc the hien qua sau phiidng cham h a n h ddng: 1) Diing van tli niidc n h a (chii Qud'e ngii); 2) Hieu dinh sach vd; 3) Siia ddi phep thi;
4) Co vii n h a n tai; 5) Chan hiing cdng nghiep, thiidng mai; 6) P h a t trien bao ehi(3). Sach "Vdn minh tdn hgc sdch"
viet: "Nay, khdng mud'n md mang dan tri thi thdi, vi b a n g mud'n md dan tri thi khdng the khdng tim r a a n h hiidng de xem cho biet cai cd bdi dau ma cude van minh (ciia ta) t h a n h r a tinh mai. anh hiidng the nao?... Khdng the khdng xet den nguyen n h a n de biet cai siic c i n trd van minh bdi dau ma ra. Nguyen n h a n dd la gi? Tiic la bdn diem nhii da ke.
Khdng the khdng giii viing ehu nghia de di den biidc van minh tien bo. Chii nghia gi the? Tiic la sau dUdng viia trinh bay t r e n day vay"(4). Sau phii.dng cham t r e n chiia the xem la hoan hao, nhiing cd the ndi, dd la nhiing y tiidng r a t mdi, r a t sau s i c va neu dat trong hoan canh xa hdi diidng thdi, thi dd la mdt t h a n h tiiu Idn trong lich sii phat trien van hda d a n tdc.
Ngay nay, trong sii nghiep ddi mdi da't niidc, nhiing ndi dung cua "Vdn minh tdn hgc sdch" da gdi y cho chiing ta nhieu van de can phai tiep tuc suy nghi va thiic hien ve cai each giio due, cai each xa hdi, n a n g eao dan tri... Nghi
quyet T r u n g lidng 2 khda VIII ve dinh hiidng chien liidc p h a t trien giao due dao tao trong thdi ky cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va Nghi quyet Trung vldng 5 khda VIII ve xay diing nen van hda tien tien, dam da b a n sac dan toe da k h a n g dinh rd ve nhiing ddi mdi trong linh VTic giao due dao tao va trong xay diing nen van hda mdi d Viet Nam.
Dieu dang chii y la, trong q u i trinh cai each xa hdi, xay diing va phat trien nen van hoa mdi da dien r a nhiing hinh thiic dau t r a n h tren ca hai mat: phu dinh va khang dinh, cai tao va xay diing, ciing gidng nhil d phong trao Duy Tan tnlde day. Vi vay, chiing ta p h i i hoc tap khdng chi tinh t h a n doe lap tii chii, ma ca kinh nghiem cua cha dng trong sii nghiep ddi mdi n h a m dvla dat nUdc ta ngay cang giau manh va van minh.
Phong trao Duy Tan da danh dau mot cao trao ciia cude van ddng til tiidng va van hoa trong sii nghiep each mang cua dan toe. Trong cao trao dd, Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc cd vai trd dac biet, diide xem la "dgi bieu cho y chi tien bg nhdt thdi dy"(5). Thdng qua tuyen truyen cai each van hda xa hdi, van ddng hoc chii qud'e ngii, bai trii me tin di doan, phong trao da cd vu long yeu niidc, doan ket dan toe. "Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc khdng ehi la mot triidng til thue, khdng chi la mot ed quan giao due t h u a n tiiy... Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc la con so' tdng cdng nhiing ed' gang cua tat ca nhiing ngiidi da dem y chi tii tiidng
(3) Xem; Tran Van Giau. Sii phdt trien ciia til tiidng Viet Nam tii the'ky XIX den Cdch mgng tiidng Tdm.
t.2. Nxb TP Ho Chi Minh, 1993, tr.58-65.
(4) Tran Van Giau. Sdd, tr.66.
(5) ChUdng Thau. Dong Kinh nghia thuc vd phong trao cdi cdch van hda ddu the'ky XX. Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi, 1997, tr.99.
va van ehiidng r a phuc vu Td qud'e trong thdi gian 1900 1908. Nd la ea mot phong trao, la ca mot thdi dai"(6). Tuy bi chinh quyen thiic dan, phong kien liic bay gid tim moi c i c h n g a n can va dan ap, nhiing Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc da gdp p h a n khdng nhd vao viee thiie tinh ldng yeu niidc cua n h a n dan ta, ddng thdi bude d i u t a n cdng vao he tii tiidng Nho giao lac h a u , md diidng cho sii t h a m n h a p cua mot he tii tiidng mdi, mot dieu kien q u a n trong cho cac phong trao dau t r a n h sau nay.
Cd the thay, phong trao Duy T a n va Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc la mot m a t xich quan trong trong t r a o liiu yeu nildc va each m a n g niide t a tii d a u the ky XX den Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945, vdi sii ra ddi N h a niidc Viet N a m D a n chii Cong hda. Trong sii nghiep ddi mdi, viec n a n g eao dan tri, de cao vai trd eiia van hda, tri thiie, cai c i c h va ddi mdi phiidng p h a p day va hoc, p h a t huy b a n sac van hoa d a n toe, c i n h giac vdi ldi hoc bat chiidc niidc ngoai mot each nd le... cd sii b a t ngudn tii cude v a n ddng cua phong trao Duy T a n va Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc. Neu triidc day, can canh giac vdi hien tilting Au hoa mot c i c h nd le, thi nay, can p h a i canh giac vdi hien tiidng ma nhii P h a n Chau Trinh goi la
"hd Tdy" Bao cao cua Ban Chap h a n h Trung lidng D a n g khda IX ve cac v a n kien t r i n h Dai hoi X cua Dang, ngay 18/4/2006 da n h a n m a n h : "Ve van hda, chiing ta chii triidng tie'p tuc p h i t t r i e n sau rdng va n a n g cao chat liit^ng nen van hda tien tien, dam da b a n sac d a n tdc, g i n ket chat che va ddng bd hdn vdi p h a t trien k i n h te xa hdi, lam cho van hda t h a m sau vao moi linh viic ciia ddi sd'ng xa hoi, tao r a chat lii(3ng mdi cua
cude sd'ng: xay diing va h o a n thien gia tri, n h a n each con ngiidi Viet N a m thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, h i e n dai hda" Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu t o a n qud'e l i n thii X ciing da k h a n g d i n h day m a n h viec thiie hien n h i e m vu p h a t t r i e n van hda da dii(?c xae d i n h t r o n g Chien liit^c phat t r i e n k i n h te xa hoi 10 n a m (2001 2010) la: "lam cho v a n hda t h a m sau vao tiing k h u d a n cii, tiing gia dinh, tiing ngiidi, h o a n t h i e n he g i i tri mdi eiia con ngiidi Viet N a m , ke thiia cac gia tri t r u y e n thd'ng eiia d a n tdc va tie'p t h u t i n h hoa v a n hda cua loai ngiidi, t a n g siic de k h i n g chd'ng v a n hda ddi truy, ddc h a i . N a n g cao t i n h v a n hda trong moi h o a t ddng k i n h te, chinh tri, xa hdi va sinh h o a t cua n h a n dan"(7).
Dd la chii triidng cua Dang, N h a niidc va ciing la mong mud'n, quyet t a m ciia toan t h e n h a n d a n t a n h a m gdp phan diia da't niidc Viet N a m n g a y cang giau m a n h , a m no va h a n h phiic.
Du t h a t bai, n h i i n g p h o n g trao Duy T a n va Ddng Kinh N g h i a T h u c da de lai nhiing bai hoc lich sii, cd y nghia Idn ddi vdi sii nghiep ddi mdi d niidc ta hien nay, n h a t la t r o n g viec xay diing nen v a n hda mdi. Dd la n h i i n g bai hoc:
mud'n ddi mdi xa hoi, triidc h e t phai ddi mdi tli duy ly luan; ddi mdi v a n hda, til tiidng p h a i g i n vdi ddi mdi k i n h te; hien dai hda d a n toe p h a i g i n vdi da phiidng hda, da d a n g h d a q u a n he qud'e te; phai cd y thiic ddc lap, tii chu t r o n g viec hoc t a p va tie'p t h u v a n hoa niidc ngoai, ket
(6) Dang Thai Mai. Tren dudng nghien cdu vd giang dgy tdc phdm vdn chuang. Nxb Giao due, Ha
Noi, tr.212.
(7) Dang Cong san Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn quoc lan thd X. Nxb Ciiinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2006, tr.212-213.
hdp giiia ke thiia t r u y e n thd'ng td't dep ciia dan toe vdi tiep t h u tinh hoa van hda n h a n loai n h i m n a n g v a n hda dan toe len t i m cao mdi.
Ngay nay, trong thdi ky ma hdi n h a p toan c i u , md ciia va t a n g ciidng giao liiu van hda la xu t h e ta't yeu eiia mdi qud'e gia, d a n tdc, de tdn tai va p h a t trien ben viing, Viet N a m c i n day m a n h hdi n h a p vdi qud'e te ve moi mat, trong dd ed giao liiu van hda, giao due.
Tnlde het, de tie'p n h a n , tie'p bien cac gia tri mdi, chiing t a p h i i diia t r e n nen t a n g gia tri t r u y e n thd'ng, trong dd ed van hda t r u y e n thd'ng. Day eiing la nhiing dieu ma cae n h a lanh dao eiia phong trao Duy T a n va Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc gdi md cho chiing ta ngay tii d i u the ky XX. Khdng dam biit pha, ngai phai dd'i m a t vdi nhiing khac biet ve tli tiidng, ngai ddi mdi tii duy se la nguyen n h a n eiia sii bao thii, tri tre, khien chiing ta cham tien t r e n con diidng hdi n h a p vdi the gidi.
Hdn niia, phong trao Duy Tan edn cho chiing ta bai hoc la, phai n a n g cao trinh do v a n hda, n a n g cao hieu biet eua n h a n dan, lam cho n h a n dan y thiic diidc quyen lam chii ciia minh trong xa hdi. Tuy nhiing ngiidi khdi xildng va lanh dao phong trao Duy Tan chiia thay het t i m q u a n trong eua chan ly "cdch mgng Id sii nghiep cda qudn chung", song ho da n h a n thiic dilcJc nguyen n h a n t h u a kem ciia dan tdc ta cd ngudn gd'c tii sii kem hieu biet ve nhieu mat ciia dan chiing. Vi vay, ho coi viec t r a n g bi sii hieu biet cho q u a n g dai q u i n chiing n h a n dan ve v a n hoa, hoc t h u a t la mot yeu cau cap bach ciia thdi dai, la ddi tiidng xay diing va p h a t trien eua xa hdi mdi. P h a n Chau Trinh da cd lan ndi
vdi P h a n Bdi Chau (liic dang eiing d N h a t vao n a m 1905) r i n g : "Xem dan tri N h a t B i n rdi dem dan tri ta r a so sanh, t h a t khdng khac gi mud'n dem con ga do vdi con chim eat gia. Gid bac d day, nen chuyen t a m r a siic viec van, thiic tinh ddng bao cho khdi tai die'e, mat dui, edn viec md m a n g diu dat d trong niidc n h a thi tdi xin lanh"(8). Ngay sau khi niidc n h a doe lap, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da p h a t ddng chien dich chd'ng va xda n a n mii chii n h a m n a n g eao dan tri, xay diing nen van hda mdi va con ngiidi mdi. Nhiing t h a n h cdng ma chiing ta da cd diidc sau 25 n a m thiic hien cdng cuoc ddi mdi toan dien dat niidc, trong dd ed ddi mdi ve van hda, giao due da de lai cho chiing ta nhieu bai hoc, trong dd ed bai hoc la phai biet ke thiia cac gia tri van hda truyen thd'ng va tiep thu ed chon loc tinh hoa van hda n h a n loai ma phong trao Duy Tan da g(3i md.
Phong trao Duy Tan la mot cude van ddng cai each xa hdi, ma ehu yeu "nhdm vdo mgt cuoc cdi cdch vdn hda, gido due sdu rgng vdi ta tadng ca bdn Id thiic hgc" Gia tri to Idn ma phong trao nay mang lai cho dan toe la sii van ddng va cd xiiy cho viec ddi mdi tii duy, ddi mdi he gia tri, chuan bi cho viec phat trien nen van hda Viet N a m truyen thd'ng trong thdi ky hien dai hoa. Tuy ed nhiing b a n che n h a t dinh ve muc tieu va phiidng phap each mang, song nhiing bai hoc lich sii ma phong trao Duy Tan dau the ky XX de lai v i n cdn cd y nghia thie't thiie cho cdng cude xay diing nen van hda mdi d Viet Nam hien nay. Q
(8) Dan theo; Nguyin Van Xuan. Phong trdo Duy Tdn. Nxb Da Nang, 2000, t r . l l 9 .
