KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
THLTC TRAIMG SAIXI X U A T V A TIEU T H U 5EI\I VUIXIG DOIXIG B A I X I G SOIXIG C U U LOIXIG
V o Tlii B e Tho^, Nguyfin T r i Khiem^
T6MTAT
Nghien ciiu n h i m danh gia thuc trang san xuiit va tieu thu sen vimg d6ng bang song Ciiu Long ff)BSCL) qua khao sat 140 nong dan, 20 thuong iai, 10 c o s o ch& bien va 16 nha h6 tru. Thdng ke mo ta va phan tich SWOT 6a<jc su dung d^ danh gia cac muc tieu tren. Ket qua cho th^y, dien tich va san luung sen hen tuc giam do thodi hoa gidng, dich benh nhi^u; thieu co gioi hoa lam anh huong d&n nang suat va chat luong san pham: thidu su li6n ket tifeu thu san pham dan den hnh trang gia ca khong dn djnh. Mac dii ngudi tr6ng sen viing DBSCL co nhieu kinh nghiem, co tiem nang nang cao nang suat, chAt lirong sen klii cd ngudn gidng chit lupng va k? thuat didu tn hieu qua benh tren sen; dam bao dau ra dn dinh, gia ca hop ly khi hdn ket bdu thu san phim. Trong khau che bien can ap dung khoa hoc, ky thuat de nang cao chat luong san pham va nghidn ciru cac san pham moi dap ling nhu cau thi tmdng. Trong khau tieu thu can tang cudng tim hieu thdng tin du bao thi tnidng. md rpng thi trudng trong nuoc va hudng den xuat khau.
Tir khda: Nganh hang sen, san lupng sen, thi trudng sen.
1. BAT VAN D^
DBSCL 1^ vitng c o di^n tich t r o n g s e n lon n h a t ca nir6c (5.481 h a n a m 2017), t r o n g d 6 , s e n d u o c trdng nhi^u n h ^ l a Long An ( c h i e m 49,8%), D o n g Thap (chi^m 16,3%) va An G i a n g (chimin 29,5%). Sen la lo?i cay trdng thich u n g tdt voi di^u k i e n bien doi khi hau, vira g 6 p p h a n cai tgo c h a t l u p n g d a t va n u o c , vira CO hi?u q u a k i n h t^ cao h o n lua b c a c viing d a t ph6n trung. Sen c u n g la cay t r o n g m a n g lai gia tri gia I9ng cao boi n g o i i cac san p h a m t u m n h u g u o n g s e n , cu sen va n g o sen, c a c san p h a m diroc c h ^ bien tir sen rat da d a n g tuy t h u p c vao cac k e n h san p h a m nhir k^nh thiic p h a m (hat s e n say b a , stra h a t s e n , ruou sen,...); k e n h d u p e lieu (tra tim s e n , t r a la s e n , vien u d n g g i a m c a n , . . . ) ; k e n h m y p h a m (xa b o n g sen, nu6t; h o a sen,..); k e n h n g h e t h u a t Oa s e n , h o a sen, g u o n g s e n , . . . d u p e say k h o va tao tac t h a n h c a c tac pham n g h ^ t h u a t ) . D a c biet, san p h a m t i e m n a n g CO hi^u q u a kinh te c a o n h u lua sen d u g c tao r a tir t o sen. Tuy n h i e n , t r o n g 4 n a m q u a (2014-2017), dien tich va san l u g n g s e n lien tuc g i a m d o t h o a i h o a gidng, dich b e n h . thoi tiet b a t lpi. n a n g s u a t g i a m va gia ca k h d n g dn dinh. D e g o p p h a n p h a t trien c h u 6 i gia tri cay d a c t n m g c u a dia phirong, viec d a n h gia hien trang san xuat va tieu t h u sen s e l a m c a s a c h o v i ^ d^ x u a t cac giai p h a p p h a t trien b ^ n viimg n g a n h hang sen n h a m t a n g gia tri c h o c a c s a n p h a m s e n la van d^ cSn q u a n t a m . C h i n h vi vay n g h i e n ctru d u a c
^ So Ndng nghi?p vJi Phdt uien ndng thdn tinh An Giang
" Tnrdng Dgi hpc Nam Can Tha
t h u c hien n h a m m u c tieu: (i) Xac dinh hi6n t r a n g san x u a t sen; (ii) K h a o sat tinh h i n h c h ^ bidn va ti^u thii c a c san p h a m tir sen; (iii) P h a n tich cAc di^m m a n h , d i e m yeu, c a hpi va t h a c h thiic ciia n g a n h h a n g sen viing D B S C L
Z. PHUDNG PHAP N6HB)I CUU 2.1. Tlidi g i a n v a dia d i l m
T h a i gian t h u c hien Hr t h a n g 4 den t h a n g 11 nSm 2018 tren 140 n d n g h p t r o n g sen va 20 t h u o n g lai cac tinh: An Giang, D o n g T h a p , Long An, Soc T r a n g ; 10 c a s o c h e bien s e n tai D o n g T h a p va 16 n h a h d t r p chuoi b a o g d m n h a k h o a h o c tai T r u d n g Dai h g c Can T h o , n h a q u a n ly n g a n h n d n g nghifep cac tinh. T o chiTC B a o ton thien n h i e n Q u o c te - l U C N .
2.2. D d i t u p n g nghifin c u u
N g h i e n c u u d a n h gia tinh h i n h san x u a t va tieu thu s e n v i m g D B S C L t h d n g q u a dieu tra ddi voi cac h g t r o n g s e n vu h e thu n a m 2018; cac t h u o n g lai thu m u a sen; cac c a s o s o c h e , c h e bi^n t h a n h p h a m cac san p h a m tir sen; cac n h a k h o a h g c . n h a q u a n ly n g a n h n o n g n g h i e p cac tinh. T o chiic Bao ton thien n h i e n Q u o c t^ - l U C N v e tinh hinh san x u a t va tidu thu sen.
2.3. P h u o n g p h a p n g h i d n c u u
Can cii bao c a o t o n g k e t san x u a t n d n g n g h i d p va p h a t trien n o n g t h o n (So N o n g n g h i e p va P T N T 4 tinh DBSCL, 2017), vimg sen n g u y e n lieu viing D B S C L d u g c t r d n g c h u y^u tap t r u n g cr Long An (chiem 49,8%), D d n g T h a p (chiem 16,3%), An G i a n g (chiem 29,5%) va Soc T r a n g (chiem 4,4%). T r o n g d o , h u y e n Vinh H u n g , tinh Long An la h u y e n t r d n g sen
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019 135
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lay h9l Ion nhat linh (chiem 633%) va huyen Tan Thanh, tinh Long An la huyen trong sen lay ngo lon nhat tinh (chiem 89»); huyen Thap Mum, tinh Dong Thap duoc Cue Sa hihi Tn tue thuoc Bo Khoa hpc Cong nghe cap chiing nhan nhan hieu Sen Thap Miroi va la huyen trong sen lon nhat tinh Dong Thap (chiem 37%); huyen Tan Chau. tinh An Giang la
huyi-n Irong sen liiy h?t lon nhat dnh (cluem 2'1,2%) ra huy^n Chau Thanh, tinh S,K- Triing la huy?n trong sen laiy cii Ion nhat tinh (chifm 35%) duoc chpn 14m dia ban tap hung nghien cuu doi voi d6i tmmg nong ho sin xuiil sen. Cac tac nhan con lai dupe chpn theo phuong phap lien kit chuoi gia di: Ihuong lai, co so ch^ bien (Bang 1).
STT 1 2 3 4
Ddi ttrgng Ndng dan Thuong iai Co s<V chd bi^n Nha ho trp chudi Tdng cpng
Sdquan sat mau 140
20 10 16 186
Phuong phap Phtrong phap ngau nhidn cd dieu ki^n Phuong phap theo lidn kdt chudi Phuong phap theo lien kdt chudi Phong van KIP
Ndi dung phdng vain Tinh hinh san xuat va tieu thii sen Tinh hinh tieu thu cac san pham sen tuoi Tinh hinh chd bidn va tidu thu cac san pham chd bien tir sen
Nhan dinh vd tinh hinh san xuat, chd bidn va tidu thu sen
2.3.1. Phong van ndng hd
xac dinh hidn trgng san xuat va tieu thu sen dua trdn didu tra ngau nhi^n co didu kidn 1-10 ndng ho trdng sen vu he thu nam 2018 b An Giang (40 hg trdng sen lay hat), Ddng Thap (40 hp trdng sen lay hgt). Long An (20 hp trdng sen lay ngd va 20 hg trdng sen lay hat), Sdc Trang (20 hp trdng sen lay cu). Phdng van true tidp ngudi trdng sen dua tren bang hoi cau tnic, vdi cac ngi dung chmh nhu sau:
thdng tin chung vd nong hp, tinh hinh san xuat sen, tinh hinh tieu thu sen, hidu qua kinh td va danh gia rui ro, phan tich chinh sach.
2.3.2. Phong van thuong lai
Xac dinh hidn tr?ng thu mua va kinh doanh sen tuoi dira tren dieu tra theo phirong phap lien kdt chudi 20 thuong iai d An Giang (8 thirong lai), Ddng Thap (5 thuong iai). Long An (5 thuong lai), Sdc Trang (02 thuong iai). Phdng van true bdp thucmg lai thu mua sen dua trdn bang hoi cau tnic, voi cac npi dung chinh nhir. thdng tin ca nhan, hoat dgng mua va ban sen, dieu kien kinh doanh, hidu qua kinh td va danh gia nil ro, phan tich chinh sdch.
23.;i Phong \'dn casdchebidn
Xac dmh hidn trang che bien va tieu thu san pham tir sen dua tren didu tra theo phuong phap lien kel chudi 10 co sd che bien tai Ddng Tliap. Phong van true Uep co sd' chd bien dua tren bang hoi cau tnic, voi cac ngi dung chinh nhir thdng tin chung ve CO sa kinh doanh, hoat ddng mua va ban sen, didu kidn kinh doanh, hidu qua kinh te va danh gia nil ro, phan bch chinh sach.
2.3.4. Phong van nha hd tr^rchudi
Xac djnh hien trgng san xuat, che bidn va tidu thu san pliani tir sen dira trdn didu tra theo phuong phap phdng van KIP 16 nha hd frg chudi bao gdm nha khoa hgc. nha quan ly nganh ndng nghidp cac tinh, Td chiic Bao tdn tlnen nhidn Qudc td - lUCN.
Phong v ^ tryc tidp nha hd trp chudi dua trfin bang hoi cau tnic, vm cac ngi dung chinh nhu: thdng tin chung vd ngudi/du an hd trg sen va danh gia rui ro, phan tich chinh sach.
2.4. Phan tich ma tr$n SWOT
Phan tich ma tran SWOT vd tinh hinh san xu^t va tidu thu sen dd xac dinh: (i) Diem manh (S); Cac yeu td thuan lpi giup phat tridn chudi gia tri sen, (iO Diem ydu (W): Cac yeu td bat lpi gay ra han che cho phat tndn chudi gia tri sen. (iii) Co hdi (0): Cac bidn phap can dugc thuc hidn de thuc day phat tridn lot hon, (IV) Thach thiic CD: Cac yeu td cd thd d&n ddn kdt qua khdng mong mudn.
3.KET(|UliVJiTHA0LU)IN
3.1. Tdng quan vd gia tri cua cSy sen Cay sen CO ten khoa hpc la Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN. Tat ca cac bg phan cua cay sen deu dugc su dung lam thuoc. thudc nhdm an than theo danh muc vi thudc ban hanh kem Quydt dmh sd 03/2005/QD-BYT ngay 24/1/2005 cua Bd Y td va cd gia tri dinh dudng. Hat sen chua nhieu dinh duong va cac chat hoat tinh smh hpc, nhu phospholipid prolem, amino acid, vitamin, duong, khoang ch^t c^n thiet (Man et al., 2012), alkaloids va flavonoid (Rai et 136 N O N G NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC COHG HGHE
al.. 2006; Chen etal., 2007). Hat sen dimg dd didu tri vidm md, ung thu, thudc lgi tieu, mdt sd bdnh ngoai da va la ngudn thudc cd truyen a Tnmg Qudc (Liu et al., 2004). Hat sen cdn cd tac dung hg sdt manh, lam mat, giam dau, chdng oxi hda (Yen etal., 2006; Xu et al., 2015). Ngd sen co gia tri dinh dudng cao vdi ham lugng ldn chat xa, vitamin va cac chat dinh dudng khac (Xing etal., 2010; Wang etal., 2014). Trong ngd sen cd asparagin 2%, arginm, trigonelbn, tyrosine, eter photphoric, glucose, vitamin C. Ngd sen cd tac dung cam mau ^ 6 Tat Lai, 2004). Ngd sen cdn co tac dling tn cam ciim, ho, hen suydn, chdng mat ngii, m§t mdi, suy nhuoc than kinh, chdng lao hda, lam (l?p da, chira nam, lanh seo (Wang et al., 2014).
Trong 100 g cii sen chtia 74 calories, 4,9 g hay 13%
nhu cau chat xa. Cii sen giau vitamin C, vitamm B6, folate (B9), niacine (B12), riboflavme, acid pantothenic va thiamine. Cti sen cdn cung cap mdt Itrgng khoang quan trgng nhu dong, sat, kem, magie va mangan (Hujjatullah et al., 1967). Cii sen dugc diing lam thudc bd, nau an tcx bdnh tidu chay, kiet li (Pulok, 2011). Tam sen chiia ham lupng alcaloid toan phdn la 1,23% bao gdm 4 thanh phan cua alcaloid (nuciferin, N-nornuciferin, linodenin, Norarmepavin) va cac flavonoid quercetm va isoquercetin. Tam sen dd nau tra udng gitip giai nhiet, an than vira dieu tri cac trudng hpp thd huydt, ho ra mau, an than. La sen diing gdi thuc pham va cd tac dung chiia cac bdnh thap, phii thung, ndn, ra mau, chay man cam. Guong sen cd tac dung cam mau, xuat huyet tir cung, giiip an thai, dn dinh bao thai, tranh bi hu thai. Nhi sen cd tac dung tri di tinh, hoat tinh, tri tho huyet, bang huyet, chay mau mui. Ngoai cac gia tri ve dinh dudng va gia tn dupe tinh, cac phu ph^m tir sen cung mang Igi gia tn kinh te cao nhu: bpt guong sen diing de san xuat nhang va giay, san xuat to lua tir to sen, cac vat luu nidm tir cac san pham sen say khd nhu tranh sen, ddng hd sen.
3.2. Tinh hinh sAn xu^t va tidu thii sen trdn thd gidi
Sen dupe trong nhieu noi trdn thd gidi, dac biet la An Dp, Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, cac nude Ddng Nam A, Nga va mdt sd nude chau Phi. O chau Au va chau My, sen dugc trdng vdi muc dich trang tri hon la thuc pham (Nguyen Quoc Vong, 2001). O Tning Qudc, sen dugc trdng tir thd ky 12 truoc Cdng nguyen (Herklot, 1972). Hat sen va cii sen duoc sir dung lam tliirc pham hon 3000 nam
(Herklot. 1972; Liu, 1994). Dien tich trong sen cua Trung Qudc tren 140.000 ha (Liu, 1994), nang suat sen binh quan 22,5 tan cii/ha. San lirgng tren 3 tridu tiin cii/nam. Thoi vu thu hoach cii sen ciia Trung Qudc keo dai tu thang 8 den thang 3 nam sau. 6 Nhat Ban, sen trdng nhidu tir dao Hokkaido ddn dao Kyushu va gidng sen dupe du nhap hi Trung Qudc vao 500 nam sau Cdng nguyen CTakahashi, 1994).
Nhat Ban la thi tnrdng cu sen chinh tren thd gidi.
Nam 1998, san lugng cti sen cua Nhat Ban dgt 71.900 tan hren dien tich 4.900 ha, giam 1.450 ha so 16 nam tnrdc. Thdi vu thu hogch sen chinh tir thang 9 ddn thang 5. Sen thu hoach trong thang 8 dugc trdng trong nha kinh. Do dd, thang 6 va thang 7 gia cu sen trdn rat cao, binh quan 664-1.182 Yen/kg (5-9 USDAg). Nhirng thang khac, gia cii sen binh quan 317 Yen/kg (2,43 USD/kg). Nhat Ban tidu thu mdi nam 90.000-100.000 tan cu sen. Kd tir nam 1995, Nhat phai nhap 20.000 tan/nam, chu ydu tir Trung Qudc dudi dang che bien, cii sen tuoi nhap rat it. Trung Qudc cung khdng dap ling nhu cau cu sen cua Nhat vao thang 6 va thang 7 vi cung ngoai thdi vu thu hoach. Thi trudng ban si hat sen cua Dai Loan rat manh, gia hat sen cao gap ddi so vdi gia cu sen.
Trong khi san lupng hat sen ciia Dai Loan chi bang 5% san lupng cit sen. Thdi vu thu hoach cu sen cua Dai Loan keo dai tir thang 6 ddn thang 11, tap trung vao thang 8. San lugng a i sen hdu thu d Dai Loan giam tir 750 tan nam 1987 xudng cdn 600 tiin nam 1993. Nhung gia cu sen tSng hi 25-30 Dai t^/kg (0,9- 1,1 USD/kg) len 55 Dai td/kg (2 USD/kg). Nam 1995, dien tich canh tac sen cua Han Qudc la 291 ha, dat san Iuong 9.261 tan o i (Anon, 1997). NSng su^t cii sen trung binh cua Han Qudc la 31,83 tan/ha.
Thdi vu thu hoach cu sen hi thang 8 ddn thang 12.
3.3. Tinh hinh sSn xu^t vS tidu thu sen b Vi§t Nam
O Viet Nam chtra cd sd lieu thdng kd chinh xac ve sen. Ude tinh tong dien tich sen khoang 3.000 ha.
Cay sen d Viet Nam chit yeu la gidng hoang dgi dia phuong, duac trdng lam canh hay trdng quang canh.
Hien nay, ngoai nhiing gidng sen hoang dai, cac tinh/thanh viing DBSCL nhu An Giang, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh. Sdc Trang. Can Tho, Hau Giang va Ben Tre da cd mdt dien tich trdng sen kha ldn vdi ba nhdm sen chinh la sen lay hot, lay cu va lay ngd (Nguydn KhSc My, 2001). Giai dogn 1990-1996, Cin Tha va Sdc Trang cd trdng sen lay cu ban cho Cdng
N 6 N G NGHIEP V A PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC CdHC NCHE
ty M e k o x u ^ t q u a Xhal Ban. Nam 1996. xual q u a Nhal Ban d u p e 3 tan cii s e n muoi voi gia CIK 343 Y e n / k g , nSm 1997 xuat d u p e 50 t i n voi gia C I F 9 3 Y e n / k g (Ntniyen Q u o c Vong, 2001). Hien nay. cay s e n dtrpc t r o n g luan c a n h h o a c thay t h e c h o cay liia tr^n nhirng viing dat hi nhi&m p h e n , viing bi n g a p n u o c , n h i m g viing dat san x u a t ilia k e m hi?u qua.
T r 6 n g cay sen k ^ t h p p voi nupi ca va du Uch sinh thai miia lu vira g n i p cai thien thu n h a p c h p nguiri d a n vira t a n g c u o n g trir n u o c thich ling voi dieu kien bien d6i k h i hjlu.
3.4. T i n h h i n h s ^ x u i t vi ti€u d i y sen k h u vyc B B S C L
3.-I.1. Tdng quan diin dch trong sen khu vuv DBSCL
N a m 2017, d i j n tich h o n g sen cac tinh DBSCL la 5.481 h a tang 282% s o voi n a m 2014 (Bang 2). T r p n g
B i n g 2. T d n g d i f n tich t r f n g s e n t h e p linh giai doiui 2014 - 2017
d o c a c tinh n h u D o n g T h a p . An G i a n g va L o n g An c o iitn tich c h i c m g a n 9 5 * di?n tich triing s e n io;in v i m g (So N o n g n g h i e p va I T N T cac ti'nh D B S C L . 2017). DiSn tich t r o n g sen t a n g dn lua la cay ti-ong truySn Ui6ng g a p nhieu k h o k h a n , n h u gia ca k h d n g dn d m h va dich bSnh x u a t hi«n nhiSu d o a n h h u d n g ctia bi^n doi khi hSu. T r o n g k h i d o , cay s e n la ddi W o n g phii hoii chuyen ddi c p cau san x u a t n o n g n g h i e p ti«n v u n g dat liia n h i i m p h e n n a n g , n a n g suat Ihap va chiu a n h h u d n g n g a p lu h a n g n a m d d cm Oii?n thu n h j p c h o n d n g dan. T h o i gian q u a , v u n g dat n h i i m p h e n n J n g vdn chi cd t r d n g cay t r a m v i Ilia thi vai n a m gdn day da phat tiidn m a n h m d h i n h t r d n g sen lay ngd (Long A n ) , lay h a t (An G i a n g , D d n g T h a p , Long A n ) , l i y cti (Sdc T i a n g ) v i Wy b d n g (An Giang).
TT 1 2 3 4
T i n h An Giang D d n g T h i p
Sdc T r a n g Long An T d n g
2014 78 1.258
(iOf) 1.942
2015 183 1.265 1.174 2.B22
2016 59 849 1.632 2.540
2017 1.618 892 242 2.729 5.481
Don vj ti'nh: ha
Ngudm Sd Ndng nghidp va PTNT 4 tinh DBSCL 2014 • 2017 :i 4.2. Tdng quan sin lupng sen khu vuc DBSCL D d n g T h a p la tinh cd dien tich trdng sen lay hat ldn n h a t ca nudfc voi didn tich k h o a n g 750 ha (Nguydn Khdc My, 2001). Tir n a m 2014 d e n n a m 2017, sen k h u vuc DBSCL d u p e x e m la viing n g u y e n lidu s e n Idn nhat ca n u d e . N a m 2017, toan viing thu
B ^ 3 . T d n g s a n h i g n g s e n tfaeo t i n h giai dogn 2014 - 2017
h o a c h klioan 1,2 tri^u b d n g sen, h o n 8 n g h i n t^n g u o n g , 2 n g h i n t ^ n g d sen va gan 3 n g h i n tan cu s e n . giam 98% b d n g sen, tang 863% g u o n g s e n . t a n g 104% ngd sen va p h a t trien t h e m san p h a m cii s e n s o vdi tdng san l u g n g t r o n g v d n g b d n nSm (Bang 3).
T i n h 2014 2015 2016
An G i a n g 1.205.000 b d n g 4.219.000 b d n g 1.362.000 b d n g 1.210.000 b d n g 864 tan g u o n g D d n g T h a p 985 tan g u o n g 984 tan g u o n g
Sdc T r a n g
2 tan g u o n g 705 tan g u o n g 2.745 tan c L o n g An 2.169 tan n g d 4.449 tan n g d 3.917 tan g u o n g
1.722 tan n g d
6.927 tan g u o n g 2.264 tan n g d
T d n g
57.848.000 b d n g 985 tan g u o n g
2.169 tiin ngd
4.219.000 b d n g 984 tan g u o n g 4.449 tan ngd
1.362.000 b d n g 4.599 tan g u o n g 1.722 tan n g d
1.210.000 fc 8.496 tan g u o n g
2.264 tan n g d 2.745 tan cu .\gudn • SdNdng nghidp va PTNT4 tinh DBSCL. 2014 - Bdn cgnh do, nang suat trung binh thu hoach gidng chat lugng cao, chua cd bi^n phap kidm soat cac san pham tir sen nhu guong sen. cii sen. ngd sen dich b^nh, nhat la benh thdi ngd, chay day kV thuat chua cao (Bang 4), nguyen nhan la thieu ngudn canh tac cua ngudi dan cdn hgn che
N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
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BJng 4. Nang suit trung binh cac san phim thu h p ^ tir cay sen giai d p ^ 2014-2017 Ban vi tinh: ta/ha San pham
Bdng sen (An Giang) Gupngsen (Ddng Thip) Guong sen (Long An) Ngd sen (Lpng An) Cu sen (Sdc Tring)
2014 15.449
23,4 35,8
2015 23.052
23,34 37,9
2016 23.084
24 31,6 43,9
2017 22.830
23.7 31,3 44,1 113,43
Ngudn: SdNdng nghidp va PTNT 4 ti'nh DBSCL, 2014-2017 Md hinh trdng sen cho hidu qua kinh te cao hon cu va lay hat Trong khi trdng luan canh 1 vu sen, 1 trdng Ilia. Trdng sen chuyen canh lay ngd cho lgi vu lua cho Igi nhuan cao han khoang 1,5 lan so vdi nhuan cao nhat, gap 3,8 lan so vdi chuyen canh lua 2 trdng liia (Bang 5).
vu va cao hon gap ddi khi trdng sen chuyen canh lay
Bang 5. So sanh hidu qua kinh td ciia cdc md hinh trdng sen va liia ck nSm (ha) TT
1 2 3 4 5 6
Md hinh Chuydn canh sen lay ngd Luan canh sen lay ngd va lua Chuyen canh sen lay hat Luin canh sen lay hat va lua Chuyen canh lua 2 vu Chuyen canh sen lay cu
Tdng thu (nghin ddng) 168.000 116.300 109600 101.820 71.300 113.400
Lpi nhuan (nghin ddng) 132.000
58.300 73.600 50.920 32.300 78.770 3.4.3. Tdngquan thi dirdng sen ktlu vuc DBSCL
Bing 6. Gii bin le sen cic tinh vdng DBSCL TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Loai sin pham Bdng sen Li sen Guong sen Hgt sen lua bdc vd thdng Um Hat sen khd den Ngd sen Cu sen Tim sen
Don gii (ddng/kg) 5.000-10.000/bong
7.000-10.000 30.000-50.000 140.000-180.000
80.000-110.000 30.000-40.000 40.000-50.000 250.000-300.000 Ngudn: Sdlieu didu tia nam 2018 Sen viing DBSCL chu yeu tidu thu ndi dia qua thirong lai va hg ban le. Vdi dac thii nganh hang theo miia ndn gia ca khdng dn dinh, thudng gia thap vao chinh mua (tiiang 7 va thang 8) va gia cao vao nghich miia (thang 02 va tiiang 03). Da phan gia sen la do thuong iai quy dinh va thudng xuyen giam gia mua ddi vdi ndng dan. Thi trudng tieu thu sen phan ra theo san pham vdi gia khac nhau (Bang 6). Bdng sen chu yeu duge ban hroi va diing de trang tri, ciing dang len Phat. La sen tuoi mac dii cd gia rat thap nhung dupe chd bien thanh tra la sen thi gia tri gia tang tang cao hon rat nhieu iSn. Guong sen hien
Ngudn; Nguydn Minh Chon. 2016.
dang tao ra nhidu gia tri nhat, bdn canh viec ban guong sen tuoi, sau khi so chd thanh sen lua thi gia tri hat sen tang len gan gap bdn lan va tao ra san pham tim sen cung rat cd gia tn kinh te, song song dd, nhieu san pham dugc chd bidn tir hat sen nhu hat sen say, sua hat sen, ruou sen. Ngd sen va cu sen chu yeu dugc ban tuoi va chd bien thanh san pham say.
3.5. Phan tich ma tr?in SWOT nganh hang sen Kel qua phan tich nhung diem manh, diem ydu, CO hpi va thach thiic trong san xuat va tieu thu sen viing DBSCL bang ma tran SWOT dupe tdng hgp trong bang 7. Mdt sd thuan lgi trong khau san xuat nhu cay sen thich nghi viing DBSCL (89%), ndng dan cd nhieu kinh nghiem trong canh tac sen (85%); da dang cac san pham che bien tii cac thanh phan cua sen trong khau che bien (22%) va cd nhidu tac nhan trong khau thuong mai cac san pham sen (47%). Tuy nhien, nhung bat lgi chinh gdm chat lugng gidng sen (89%), dich benh tren sen (91%), thieu ca gidi hda trong khau thu hoach (100%) va khau so chd (69%).
thieu vdn san xuait (37%), gia ca nguydn lieu sen khdng dn dinh (43%), ndng dan thidu thdng tin thi tJirdng (51%) va chua cd su lien ket chat che giua san xuat va tieu thu cac san pham sen (69%). Didu nay
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019 139
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE cho thay cin co nhimg giai phap xay dung chuong
tnnh tap huain phu hgp. khuyen khich ung dung tien bg khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat \a chd bidn dap ling nhu cau thi trirong ve sd Immg va chat lugng; cd chinh sach ho trg ndng dan va doanh nghiep chd
bidn dd cai tao ao va dau tu hd thong da>- chuyen die bidn cac san pham tir sen; nang cao kidn thuc ve hogt ddng kmh td hpp tac cho cac tac nhan tham gia chudi nganh hang sen dd hen kdt san xuat, Ueu Uiu sen va cac san pham tir sen mpt each ben vung.
Binf
Phan tich SWOT
Cahpi (0)
1. Vidt Nam la thanh vidn CPTPP. EVFIX 2. To chicc Bao tdn thidn nhidn Qudc Id - lUCN tridn khai nhieu iu an hd trg- phat tridn nghd trdng sen va lidn ket tidu thu san p h i n .
3. Nhidu chinh sach khuydn khich phat tridn hpp tac, lidn kdt trong san xuat va tidu thu san pham.
4. Su hd trg cua chinh quyen dia phuong. nganh ndng nghiep cac cap trong san xuat. tidu thu sen.
5. Tiiuong hieu san pham sen ngay cang duge khdng dmh trdn thi tnrdng vdi da dang san pham san xuat tir cac
' 7. Phan tich ma trSn SWOT cua nganh han? sen vimc DK*^!- Diem manh (S)
1. Khau sin xuait: cay sen dd trdng, phii hpp voi dat dai kdm mau ma. dat phen, tning nuoc; ndng dan cd nhieu kmh nghiem trong canh tac sen; dupe tap huan ky thuat canh tac.
2. Khau che bien; da dang cac san pham che bidn tir cac thanh phan cua sen; cd may mdc. thiet bi trong chd bien san pham tir sen; tan dung lao dpng nhan rdi tgi dia phuong va ngudn nguyen lidu sen Ion.
3. Khau tidu thti: giao thdng thuan Igi cho vide mua ban: giao dich mua ban dd dang; cd cac lac nhan trong khau thirong mai tai khu vuc DBSCL.
O + S
1. Khau sin xuat: Tap huan cho ndng dan nang cao y thuc ve sir dung phan bdn huu ca. tuyet ddi khdng -^u dung thudc bao vd thuc vat bj cam va ap diing cac qui trinh san xuat ndng nghiep tdt nhu VietGAP. GlobalGAP, san xuat hiru ca vdi qui md Idn, san pham dat chat lugng, cd truy xuat ngudn gdc, dap img nhu cau thi trudng ve sd lugng va chat lupng.
2. Khau che bidn: Tims cirong nghidn ciiu chd bien cac san pham chat lugng cao, san pham mdi va cac san pham tir phe pham sen nhu tinh dau sen, giay lam tir bdt sen.
3. Khau beu thu.hao dam cung cap san pham sach, chat lupng theo yeu cau thi tnrdng cd gia tri gia tang cao; nang cao kien thtic vd hoat ddng kinh te hpp tac cho cac tac nhan tham gia chudi nganh
Diem ydu (W)
L Khau sin xuat: thieu ngudn gidng chat luT^g tdt: dich bdnh trdn sen nhidu va khd trj: sen chua dgt chuan chat lugng;
thieu vdn san xuat; chua cd may moc h-ong khau thu hoach sen va khd thud mudn lao ddng do thu hoach sen khd khan.
2. KliSu che bidn: thidu vdn san xuat do chi phi dau tu kho trCr, day chuydn san xudl cao; gia nguydn lidu sen dao ddng cao giira cac thdi diem; thidu tiiidt hi, may mdc sa che sen: gia ca lao dpng trong khau St; che va chd bidn sen cd xu hudng gia tang.
3. Kliau tidu th{i; nong dan thieu thdng tin thj trudng; thi trudng khdng dn dinh vd sd Iirgng va gia ca va chua hen ket san xuat - tidu thy.
0 + W
/. Kliau sin xuat: nghidn ciiu cai tao chat lugng gidng sen. gidng xac nhgn, gidng khang bdnh cao; nghidn cim san xuat may mdc trong khau thu hoach de thay the lao dpng thil cdng; thanh lap va hd trg- cac td hgp tac, hpp tac xa san xuat sen qui md Idn, cung quy tnnh ky thuat va dat chuan ch^t lugng de dap ling nhu cau thi trudng vd sd lugng va chat lugng.
2. Khau che bien: Nghidn ciiu san xuat may boc vd hat sen dat nang suat cao hon (hidn tai chi dat 65%). may thdng tim sen tu ddng (hidn tai la may ban tu dgng), san xuat may tach hgt sen khdi guong va may keo sgi to tir than sen.
3. Khau tieu tiiu: Ndng dan. td hgp lac, hgp tac xa chii ddng tim hieu thi trudng]
san xuat va kinh doanh theo h(jp dong, nang cao nang luc ky kdl va thuang lupng hgp ddng va tranh xay ra tmdng hgp bdi Unh voi nguoi mua, dd tao thi tnrdng tidu thu on djnh.
NONGNGHIEPVA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 -THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
thanh phan cua sen. hang sen dd hen ket san xuat, tieu thu sen va cac san pham tir sen mdt each bdn vting.
Thach thlic (D 1. Khach hang doi hoi vd chat lugng san pham ngay cang cao, co nhan hidu va truy xuat ngudn gdc san pham.
2. Cgnh tranh toan cau, nhidu nude phat trien sen.
3. Su nit khoi nganh ctia mpt sd ngudi trong sen do gia ca thidu dn dinh va sy gia tang djch bdnh thdi ngd, chay day tren sen.
T + S T + W
1. Khau sin xua'ti Hd tra chiing nhan va tai chiing nhan trdng sen theo tidu chuan GAP, ma vimg trdng dd truy xuat ngudn gdc. Tap huan ndng dan irng dung tien bd khoa hpc ky thuat vao san xuat, nhat la each phdng trir benh thdi ngd, chay day tren sen.
2. Khau chd bien: Cac san pham g^a tri gia tang hidn cd can tang cudng dat chuan, dua vao sieu thi va xuat khau;
Can dupe hd trg vay vdn uu dai mua may mdc che bidn thay cho vide lam thu cdng.
3. Khau tieu thu:Tap huan ve xay dung nhan hidu, thuong hieu san pham sen, san pham cd truy xuat ngudn gdc de canh tranh toan cau trong giai doan hdi nhap sau rdng.
1. Khau sin xuS'ti Phat tnen lien ket dpc ndi ket cac chii vua sen trong va ngoai vimg, cdng ty chd bidn san pham tir sen de du bao quy hoach san xuat phu hpp cho timg vu, timg nam nham giir gia dn dinh, tranh hien tuong gia cao, thidu nguyen lieu sen vao miia nghich va gia thap vao miia chinh vu.
2. Khau chd bidn: Lidn kdt chat chd vdi ndng dan, hgp tac xa san xuat sen de didu tidt nguydn lidu sen dam bao ngudn cung thudng xuyen, tranh hien tupng thidu nguydn lidu vao giai dogn can tdt.
3. Khau tieu tiiu:T^p huan ndng dan, cac td hgp tac, hpp tac xa, thuang lai, chii vua sen, CO SO' chd bidn sen cac kidn thiic vd thi tnrdng ndi chung, sen ndi ridng va phat trien ben vung ndng nghidp dua trdn each tidp can chudi gia tri nham thay ddi tu duy trong san xuat vd quan Iy theo each tiep can chudi gia tri.
4. KET LUAN VA HAM Y CKIUH SACH 4.1.Kdtlu$n
DBSCL la vimg cd dien tich trdng sen Idn nhat ca nirde (5.481 ha nam 2017), dugc trdng nhidu cac viing dat nhidm phen nang, vimg trung, khdng phii hgp vdi nhidu cay trdng khac. Sen thich ling tdt vdi didu kidn bidn ddi khi hgu, tang kha nang tru lu, gdp phan cai tao chat lugng dat, nude va mang Igi hieu qua kinh te cao hon liia. Tuy nhien, trong 4 nam qua (2014-2017). dign tich va san lugng sen lien tuc giam do thoai hda gidng (89%). nhidu sau benh (91%), thidu CO gidi hda trong khau thu hoach sen da anh hudng ddn nang suat va ch^t luong sen, gia ca sen lgi khdng dn dinh. Mac dii cac thanh phan tir sen deu cd gia tn kinh te, tao ra gia tri gia tang cao nhu lua tir to sen, tranh sen, san pham trang tri tii sen, ti-a hoa sen, tra tam sen,... nhung trong khau thu hogch hau het deu bang tay (100%), khau so chd lai chua cd may mdc hidn dai (69%). Mat khac, thidu vdn dd dau tu kho bai du trii, cac may mdc che bidn cac san pham tir sen cd gia hi kinh td cao, nhat la tinh dau sen; dac bidt chua tan dung hdt cac phu pham tir sen de lam giay, nhang sen, lua sen. Thidu su lien ket chat che
giira ndng dan, thuang Mi va cdng ty chd bidn san pham tir sen theo chudi gia tri (69%). Do tinh miia vu ndn thi trudng sen khdng on dinh, gia ca dao ddng nhieu lan giira mua nghich va miia thuan (59%).
4.2. Ham y chinh sdch
Trong khau sin xuat, de dam bao ngudn nguydn lieu sen chat lupng va gia ca dn dinh cho cac doanh nghiep che bidn, can thuc hidn viec lidn kdt ngang giua cac hd trdng sen vdi nhau, de ho cd the chia se kinh nghiem san xuat va trdng theo tieu chuan GAP, hiru ca va lam tang kha nang lien kdt giua ngudi trdng vdi doanh nghiep che bidn dd dam bao chat lugng theo nhu cau thi tnrdng.
Trong khau chd bien, can tang cudng va aing cd manh me hon mdi lien ket giira cac doanh nghidp che bidn. Trong dd, cac doanh nghiep chd bidn can cd kd hoach phan chia thi trudng, phan chia the manh san pham cua doanh nghidp minh; ddng thdi, hen kdt san xuat theo qui md Idn, nang cao chat lugng, nghidn cuu cac san pham mdi, cac san pham che bien tir phu phim va ket ndi dau ra.
Trong khau tieu thu, can tang cudng mdi lien ket chat che giira doanh nghiep che bien vdi nguoi trdng
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 12/2019
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE
dd san pham sen dap ung nhu cau thi truong ve sd lugng va chat lugng. Tang cuong nghien ctru, tim hidu ve thdng un du bao thi truong tir cac hiep hgi doanh nghidp. Cue Xuc tidn. Thuong mai de tang cuong chd bidn cac san pham cd chat lupng, dap ling nhu cau thi trudng.
Song song do, rat can cac nha hd trp chudi nganh hang sen nghien cnm phat tridn ngudn gidng sen chat lugng, kha nang khang bdnh tdt, va nghien ciiu san xuat cac trang thiel bi hd ua trong khau thu hogch va sa chd sen, giiip nang cao chat lupng san pham sen Dac bidt la can giai phap ung dung cdng nghd blockchain dd xay dung mdt ca so du heu tdng quat toan nganh hang sen viing DBSCL Dir lid" kdt ndi tat ca cac thdng tin ve truy xuat dugc chudi lien kdt tao ra gia tri san pham (cac c i nhan va td chirc co tham gia hoac lidn quan ddn qua trinh san xuait - chd bidn - phan phdi san pham). Day la ca so giiip cac nha quan ly ndng nghidp quy hogch tdng thd trdng sen toan viing gdp phan phat tridn dn dinh va ben vCmg.
TAI UB) THAM KHAO
1. Ld Hda Binh, 2014. Danh gia hien trang san xuat va hidu qua cua cac cdng thiic phan bdn len nang suat sen lay ngd b tinh Long An. Luan van tdt nghidp Thac si Khoa hpc cay trdng, Trudng Dai hgc Cdn Tha.
An. Luan van tdt nghiep Thac si Khoa hpc cay trdng.
Truong Dgi hpc Can Tho.
3. Mukherjee K.. Balasuramanian R. Saha K..
Saha B., Pal M, 1996. A review on Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Ancient Science oflife, 15,268-276.
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7. Nguyen V. Q.. 2001. Lotus for Export to Asia An agronomic and physiological sUidy. RIRDC Publication 01(32). 61p.
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Phan tich hidu qua kinh td ciia ndng hg trdng sen tren dia ban linh Ddng Thap, Tgp chi Khoa hpc - Tnrong Dgi hpc Can Tho, 30,120-128.
9. Phgm Thi Quynh Nggc, 2017. Danh gia hidu qua md hinh canh tic sen trong bdi canh bien ddi khi hgu - trudng hpp nghidn ciiu tai huyen Thap Mudi, tinh Ddng Thap.
10. Sd lidu tdng hgp So* Ndng nghidp va PTNT cac tinh DBSCL, giai doan 2014 - 2017.
11. Sd Ndng nghidp va PTNT tinh Ddng Thap, 2010. Md hinh trdng sen oThap Mudi.
2. Ld Thi Nhidn, 2015. Danh gia hidn trang canh tac sen lay cii d tinh Sdc Trang va tinh Long An va so sanh nang suSt cua 6 gidng sen lay cii tgi tinh Long
THE STATUS OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF LOTUS IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM
Vo Thi Be Tho, Nguyen Tri Khiem Sammaiy
Research was carried out with objectives to assess the status of producUon and dislnbution of lolus in the Mekong della by serveying 140 farmers, 20 traders. 10 processing facilities and 16 experts. Descriptive statistics and SWOT analysis are used to evaluate the above objectives. The results showed that lotus areas and production conUnuously decreased due to seed degeneration, pest and diseases; lack of mechanization affecUng productivity and product quality; lack of value chain linkages leads to pnce unslabilily. Although growers in the the Mekong delta are experienced. Lotus productivity and quality will be improved if lotus seed IS of high quality and lotus diseases are treated effectively. In the processing stage, it is necessary to apply technology to improve product quality and the research of new products to meet market demand. In the consumption stage, it is necessary to enhance research, find out market forecast informaUon. expand the domestic market and export-
Keywords: Lotus products, lolus output, lotus market.
Ngubi phan bidn: PGS.TS. VO TTij Thanh Ldc Ngay nh$n bai: 16/9/2019
Ngay thdng qua phan bidn: 17/10/2019 Ngay duydt dang: 24/10/2019
NONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 -THANG 12/2019
