XAY D m o VA PHAT TEOEN CON NGUOl VIErr NAM HIE^
GOP THEM M O T V A I Y K I E N ^
WONG DiNH HAI*
Tir khda: xdy dung con ngudi, phdt trien con ngudi. tiep can nghien ciru con ngudi.
gid trf con ngudi, the luc con ngudi Vi^t Nam.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 15/8/2019: ngdy giri phdn bi0n: 16/8/2019: ngdy duy4t ddng bdi:
12/10/2019.
lil truoc den nay, vi?c nghien ciru con ngudi Vi?t Nam da va dang tdn tai hai each tiep c^n khde nhau. Cach tiep egn thu nhat la each tiep can truyin thdng, chung toi ggi li each tiep can dinh tinh, van thucmg duge gpi theo ngdn ngii chung la each tiep egn xay dvng con ngudi. Khdng ehi 6 Vi?t Nam ma d cae qude gia khae tren thi gidi, each tiep e|m nay la each tiep can phd bien trong lich str. Cae mau hinh con ngudi d eae thdi ki ljch sir cy the thudng cd nhiing tieu chi, chuan muc, pham chat dinh tinh de xae djnh, ddi ehiSu, so sanh. Dd eung la nhung tieu chi, chuan m\re, pham chat de moi ngudi phan dau huong theo, de cac chu the xS hdi xay dung eon ngudi theo cac mau hinh can hudng tdi vdi cac tieu ehi, chuan m\re, pham chat dd. Cach tiep can nay d nude ta duge su dyng rat thanh cong, dac bi?t duge Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va Dang Cpng san Vi$t Nam chii truong su dung nhat quan trong sudt qua trinh each mang Viet Nam tu dau the ki XX den nay^.
Trudc nhung nam 1990, trong nghien euu eon ngudi xa hoi vdi tinh each la nganh khoa hpc ehung, each tiep can dinh tinh la each tiep can pho bien va duy nhat. Xay dung
"con ngudi mdi" nghTa la xae lap mot he thdng eac tieu ehi, dae diem, pham chat mdi.
Chiing t£io nen mot mau hinh ngudi chung eho mgi ngudi va de moi ngudi vuon tdi, de cac chii the xa hpi dua vao do dua ra cac quyet djnh. thuc hien cac hoat ddng khae nhau de moi ngudi cd the nhanh chdng dat den cac tieu chi do. Vi du, mau hinh con ngudi mdi x3 hgi chii nghTa vdi eac tieu chi cu the nhu: yeu nude, tu cudng dan tge, yeu chii nghTa xa hgi; cd y thuc tap the, doan ket; cd ldi sdng lanh manh, can kiem, trung thuc,
' PGS.TSKH.; Vifn Nghien ciru Con ngum, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vift Nam.
' B&i viet c6 sir dyng mgt so ket qua nghien ci>u ciia de tai cap Nha nirac KXOl.l 1/16-20: "Anh htrong ciia c^ch m?ng khoa hpc va cong ngh? dan con ngudi Vift Nam" va d l tai KX02.18/16-20: "Nghien ciru • tong kel li lugn ciia chii nghTa Mac - Lenin ve van de con ngucri, quyen con nguai va de xuat, bo sung, phit trien vao ihyc tien Vift Nam trong boi canh moi", Vifn Nghifn ciru Con nguoi la co quan chii tri.
• Vi dy: Nghj quyft Dili h^i Dang toan qu6c lan thu III nSm I960; Nghj quyft HQI nghj TW ISn thir 5 k h d a S n a m 1998....
Luong Dinh Hai
nhan nghTa: lao ddng cham ehi. co nfing suit cd kT thuat. sang 190, nflng sufit cao:
thudng xuyen hge tap. nang cao trinh dp chuyen mon.
Cach ti^p can ihu hai. chiing tdi ggi la ti^p can djnh Iugng. xuat hien va duge su dyng rgng r5i tren ih^ gidi bflt ddu tir nhung nam 1990. Cach uip can na> Iugng hda su phat tridn con ngudi thanh cac chi s6 cu thi cd thi do duge va so sanh duge giua nSm nay vdi nSm khae. giira qudc gia nay vdi qudc gia khae. Mac dii nd van edn bj han che tren nhi^u mat. van la mgt thudc do chua phan anh day dii va chinh xae su phat trien ciia moi con ngudi cung nhu eiia cac cdng ddng xa hgi, nhung nd la mgt cdng eu quan trgng dl do ludng su phai triin con ngudi tren thi gidi hi?n nay. Cach tiep can nay duge nhicu hge gia ggi la each tilp can phat trien eon ngudi. Nd duge cac ehuyen gia ciia Chuong trinh phat trien Lien hgp qude (I XDP) xas dung tren nin tang li thuyet phat triin eon ngudi eiia Amartya Sen va Mahbub Ul Haq. xudt hien vao nhung nam 1980.
Ngi dung can ban eiia li thuyit dd duge thi hien qua mgt so luan diem chinh nhu sau:
ph^t triin eon ngudi la nang cao nSng lue ciia eon ngudi; phat trien con ngudi la md rgng quyin lu do cua moi ngudi; phat trien con ngudi la su md rgng dan chii va su tham gia dan chii ciia con ngudi: phat irien con ngudi la qua trinh md rdng quyen tu do, binh dang cho mgi ngudi, tang eudng vai trd ehu the ciia phu nir; phat trien con ngudi la xda bd ngheo ddi ciia eon ngudi. Quan niem ve phat trien con ngudi eiia Amartya Sen xem con ngudi la trung tam ciia su phat trien. la lai san eiia cac qudc gia. Mue tieu co ban ciia phat triin con ngudi la tao ra moi trudng thuan lgi de con ngudi cd cudc sdng trudng thp. manh khoe \a sang tao.
Caeh tiep can phat trien con ngudi cua UNDP, duge cu the hda bang chi so phat trien con ngudi (HDI). Bao eao phat trien con ngudi loan cau duge cdng bo lan dau tien vao nam 1990, each tiep can phat trien con ngudi ciia A.Sen da duoc sir dung de xae dinh phucmg phap do ludng chi so HDI va tren co sd dd dinh hudng viec hoaeh djnh ehinh sach phat trien con ngudi va xa hgi. Mac dii n6 khdng bao ham het toan bp tu tudng ve phat trien con ngudi ciia A.Sen {ehi cd ba diem chinh duge chii y nhat la: tudi thg. giao dye \a mirc sdng). Nhung, nd da tra thanh mgi trong nhiing thudc do quan trgng ve su phat trien eon ngudi cua oac qude gia. Cho den nay da cd khoang gan 700 bao cao phat trien con ngudi ciia cac qudc gia va ciia UNDP d quy mo toan cau. Chi sd HDI dang duge liep luc cai lien, hoan thien-*. Khae vdi each tiep can dinh tinh, each tiep can dinh luoiiu vdi chi sd HDI cd uu diem la cd the do va so sanh duoc mue do phat triin con ngudi ciia timg qudc gia trong nhung khoang thdi gian xae dinh cung nhu so sanh duge
Ben canh chi so HDI con co cac chi so khae phan anh cac goe c^nh khae cua s\r phat irien con nguoi 1... .!_ - : . . _i.^- -_!.;- j _ - 1 . : : . L-.-i. j . _ . . „ . i . .1.. . ; :_i n nguoi,... Tat ea chiing cung luong
h^l tnen con ngudi.
Nghiin cOu Con ngudf sg 5(104) 2019 ' Ben canh chi so HDI con co cac chi so khae phan anh cac goe c^nh khai . , ..
nhu chi so ngheo. ngheo da chieu, binh dSng gioi, chi so an ninh con nguoi,... Tat ea chiing cung luonji ty nhu chi so HDI deu van dang con phan anh phien dien. don le sy phkl trien con nguoi.
Xdy dung vd phdt trien con ngudi,.
muc dg phit triin eon ngudi giifa eae quoe gia trong cimg mdt thdi gian. Cach tilp can djnh lugng, phat triin con ngudi ciia UNDP da duge cac nude tren the gidi dua vao tinh toin, do ludng tir nSm-1990 din nay dudi sir bao trg ciia UNDP. Tuy vay, d Viet Nam mdi chi ed 4 Bao cao phat trien con ngudi duge hoan thanh vao cac nam 1999, 2006, 2011 va 2015 dudi sy bao trg va hudng din ciia cac chuyen gia UNDP. Cdn cae nSm khae la do UNDP tinh toan va edng bd so lieu, xep hang thang bae ehi sd HDI cua Vi?t Nam vao bang xep hang the gidi. Do vay, sd Heu va cac danh gia chuyen sau ve ehi so HDI ciia Vi?t Nam trong thuc te chua nhieu, ehua duge xa hdi ehii y sir dung.
Trong th\rc chit, each tiep tan dinh lugng, phat trien eon ngudi khong trai ngugc vdi cich tiep c ^ dinh tinh, xay dung eon ngudi ma Ho Chi Minh va Dang ta ehii trucmg ngay tir rat som trong qua trinh lanh dao each mang. Hai each tilp can nay thi hi?n hai phucmg di$n nen bo sung cho nhau trong xem xet con ngudi. Viee nghien cim, danh gia phat triin con ngudi phai dong thdi su dung ca hai each tiep can mdi cd the toan dien va dky du, khich quan, khoa hoc. Xay dung con ngudi vdi cae lieu chi cu the, thieh umg voi timg giai doan phat trien lich sir, phat trien con ngudi toan dien,... hay nang cao ning lue, md rgng quyen va eg hgi lua ehgn, dan ehii, binh dang trong tiep can cac dieu kien phat trien, eung deu la lat cd vl eon ngudi, do eon ngudi, cho con ngudi, de phdt trien eon ngudi.
Hon ba muoi nam qua, su nghiep dot mdi d nuac ta da thu duge nhieu thanh tuu quan trgng, cd y nghia ljch sir, dae biet trong do ed thanh tuu ve phat trien con ngudi.
Vi?t Nam d§ dat duge nhieu thanh tuu trong viec bao dam quyen tir do dan chii cho nhan dan; da the che hda nhieu quyen edng dan va quyen con ngudi; Dan ehu trong ITnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, xa hgi cd bude phat trien tucmg ddi toan dien. Trong cac ITnh vue hoat dgng cy the ciia v5n hda, trinh do phat trien con ngudi cung bdc Id rd va the hien rat phong phu. Viet Nam da duge edng ddng the gidi danh gia cao ve thanh tich xda ddi giam ngheo, la mgt trong so khong nhieu nude ve dich trude thdi han trong viee thuc hi?n cac "muc tieu thien nien ki", la nude cd ehi sd phat trien con ngudi cao hem so vdi eac nude cd cimg ehi sd phat trien kinh te GDP. Giio due, cham sde sue khde edng ddng CO nhieu thanh tich dang khich le''.
Khit vgng phat trien the hien rd trong mgi tang ldp xa hdi tir ddng dao cu dan binh thudng tdi nhiing ngudi lam edng viee quan li, Ianh dao qudc gia cd trach nhiem. Nhieu hge gia trong va ngoai nude danh gia day la mgt diem uu trgi ciia xa hpi Viet Nam hien nay. NhOmg thanh tuu to ldn trong phit trien kinh te, xa hdi va eon ngudi tren cae phuang di?n khic nhau, d eac cap dp khae nhau la khdng the phii nhan. Nhtrng thanh
* Xem: United Nations. 2013. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013: United Nations. 2012.
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012 New York; UN Country team 2004. United Nations Common Country Assessment for Vietnam 2004. Hanoi.
Luang Dinh Hai
tyu iy dang la tiln de. dilu ki?n rii quan irgng ddi vdi sy phit trien con ngudi va xfl hi.ii trong giai dogn tiep theo.
Tuy nhien. thaeh thirc ldn doi vdi su phai iriln con ngudi Vi?t Nam trong giai do?n hifn nay duge biiu hi?n qua nhilu vin dl dang dat ra va nhihig \eu ciu. ddi hdi \c phit triin ben vung. Dii viee ehdng tham nhung trong 5 nam gin day cd nhilu lien bg. khoi phye khi nhanh niim iin cOa nhan dan vao Dang va Nha nude, nhung linh trang tham nhiing va lam ngo trudc tham nhung van ehua duge khae phyc tri?t de. Mgt bg phgn khong nhd can bg, dang vien, cdng chiic suy thoai ve pham chil, d^o due, ldi sdng, tham 6. tham nhung. >lu kem nSng lyc, tham quyen cd vj, ean trd sy phat trien. gay philn ha, nhung nhieu nhan dan. Tinh trang dd dang tilp tyc gay mat ldng tin nghiem trgng vao Ding va Nha nude, \ao che dg trong cie tang ldp nhan dan. Tren phudng di?n van hda, sy tri tr? eua quan tinh van hda truyin thdng ciing vdi su khdng bit kjp, thgm chi lae dieu truoc nhung thay ddi tich cue ciia vSn hda thdi dai. hi?n tugng "l?ch chuan", "khiing hoang" djnh hudng gii tri,... dang can budc su phit trien ciia dat nude.
Nlu sy phit triin con ngudi van eham duge eai thi?n, neu nhOmg net tieu cyc trong ddi song van hda van tilp tyc bim re trong ddi sdng xa hgi, neu con ngudi ca nhan va cgng ddng van tilp tyc bj chi phdi bdi bang gia tri lech lac, meo md,... thi vi?c cdng nghi&p hoa, hi?n dai hda va hpi nhap qudc te, phat trien nhanh, ben vOrng ciia dat nude chae van cdn la mgt thich thirc va la Ig trinh khd khan.
Tir nim 2010, theo each tinh mdi cita UNDP, gii tri chi sd HDI ciia Viet Nam dat 0,572, xip thir 113 tren Ihl gidi (UNDP, 2010, tr. 145). Tuy nhien, trong 5 nSm trd lai day, vj tri xep hang chi so HDI eiia Viet Nam cd su bien dgng ldn. MSc dii gia trj tuy?t ddi cua chi so HDI gia ting, nhung thir bac eiia Viet Nam lai ed xu hudng bi syt giam so vdi thdi diim nSm 2010^ (nam 2010 xip thir 113/169. nam 2014 xip thir 116/188, nim 2019 \cp thir 118/171). Dieu dd cho thay su tang trudng ehi sd HDI cua Viet Nam da chgm hon so \di sir iang irudng chi sd HDI ciia nhieu qudc gia khae trong khu vue va tren the gidi. Giam ngheo trong tuong lai eiia Vi?t Nam phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thaeh thirc do su thay ddi phan bd thu nhap/chi lieu eiia dan cu. Viet Nam cd xu hudng uu tien
' Gi^ tri chi so HDI eua Vift Nam co \u huong tut lai so voi cac nuoc trong khu vyc chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Nam 1990, gia in chi so HDI cua Viel Nam ihap hon 8,1% so v6i muc binh quan ciia khu vuc Dong A - Thii Binh Duong, sau do chenh lech na\ cung dS duge thu h?p xuong miic 4,7% vio nSm 2008, nhung den n5m 2017 l^i gian rpng thanh 5,3%. Theo nhan dinh ciia UNDP, su chenh Ifch niy IA do cic quoc gia khae trong khu vyc ngay cang dai dupc nhieu ket qua lien bp hon trong phdt irien con ngudi, nhat
\i Irong ITnh vyc gido due,... (https://tiasang.com.vn'-doi-moi-sang-tao/Chi-so-phat-trien-con-nguoi-Viet- Nam-Chieu-huong-tang-dang-chung-lai--12885). ngay truy cap 18/10/2018; Vu Thj Thanh: "Su bi^n dflng ciia chi s6 phdt trien con nguoi Viet Nam (Qlia so lieu trong cie bio eio phat inen con nguoi ciia UNDP)"
(hiip: «MM vanhoanghean.com,vaehuyen-muc-goc-nhin-van-hoa/dien-dan/30-nhung-goc-nhin-van- hoai2580-su-bien-dong-cua-chi-so-phat-lrien-eon-nguoi-viei-nam-qua-so-lieu-trong-cac-bao<ao-phat-tricn- con-nguoi-cua-undp-1), ngdy iru> c^p: 03/82018.
^ Nghiin cuu Con ngudf sg 5(104) 2019
Xdy dung vdphdt triin con ngudi...
dim bdo tflng trudng kinh te nhanh hon la viec uu tien cai thien phit triin can ngudi va xa hOi, phan inh d s\r diu tu cdn kha han chi cho y te va giio due. Tang trudng va giam nghdo dien ra khdng ddng diu giiia cic vung va nhdm dan cu. Mdt van de n&a dit ra doi vdi phat triin con ngudi d Viet Nam dd la su gia tang chi sd HDI khdng ddng deu giCta cic viing vi cic linh trong ca nude. Thu nhap eua Viet Nam tang Ien nhung chi so ve giio dye trong chi s6 HDI ciia Vi?t Nam lai bi cham lai. Tiln bg ve phit triin con ngirdi dang yeu din... So vdi nhieu nude khae trong khu vue, tien bp ve phat trien con ngudi cua Vi?t Nam khdng nhanh bSng va dudng nhu da chiing lai^.
Thi iyc eon ngudi Vi?t Nam dang thuge nhdm nhd be, yeu dt nhat the gidi, siic tii va dp ben trong lao dgng cung thugc nhdm kem nhat. Chieu eao trung binh - mgt trong nhiing chi so thude do thi li^c ciia ngudi Viet Nam thupe nhdm 5 nude thap nhat the gidi. Hon ba muoi nim ddi mdi, dii rat cd gang, chieu eao trung binh do chi tflng duge 3cm. De cao nhu ngudi Ha Lan hien nay, se can 217 nam, de cao nhu ngudi Diirc hi?n nay cin khoang 182 nflm. Tieu chi siic khde khong the la tieu chi cuoi ciing, vi nd la lien de va chi phdi hang logt cic pham chat xa hpi, tinh each, tam li, phong each song va hogt dpng ciia con ngudi'.
Hi$n nay, tit ci nhung van de thdi su nhat, cap bach nhat duge dflt ra ddi vdi con ngudi, rdt cugc lgi deu la nhung van de thai sy va cap bich ve mat gii tri. Thuc trang ddi sdng xa hgi vdi rit nhieu cic hien tugng lech chuan, bat thudng trong thap nien hien tai cho thay van hda dudng nhu dang ben bd vyc khimg hoang, he gia tri dang rdi loan d miic do ding bao dpng. Nhirng hien tugng lech lae/lech chuan ve gia tri nhu: ddi tri, vd cam, vd trich nhi?m, bj "tha hda", ldi sdng xa hoa, phit phiem, tdn thd ddng tien,... dang lan rdng trong ddi sdng xa hgi. Gia ddi kha phd biin, "lam nan long trung thuc va tu te". Su bao che cho cii xiu, cii bit minh khi tring trgn^. Viec thyc hanh ldi sdng cd van hda chua trd thinh nhu eau ty giic, ben vimg trong xa hgi. Viec xay dung he gia tri con ngudi Viet Nam lay ehan - thien - mT lim cdt ldi, phit triin thi luc, tri luc, tam luc va kT lyc' lam muc tieu, chgm duge nhgn thtic va chi dgo thyc hien mgt each kien quyet va nhat quin.
* Xem: Bao cao phat irien con ngudi Viet Nam 2015 vi tang truang bao triim: "Tang truong vi mfli ngudi".
Nxb. Khoa hpc x5 hpi, 2016, tr. 1,20; Xem cac tai lieu trong chii thich 6.
' Xem: Luong Dinh Hai. 2018 "Cach mang khoa hpc - cong nghe va su phat triin con nguoi Viet Nam, nhin tir g6c dp sire khoe". Tap chi Nghien cim Con ngirdi, so 5 (98).
* Luong Dinh Hai. 2011. "Phdt lri£n van hoa la npi dung ciia phit tnen ben v&ng. Tap chi Phat trim ben virng viing, s i I (I); Luong Dinh Hai. 2015. "Xay dung he gia tri Viet Nam trong thoi ki cong nghi?p_h6a, hi^n d(ii h6a v i hpi nh^p qu6c tl". Tap chi A^^/iit'/i cih/Con rtgirtr/, s6 1 (76); H6 ST Quy. 2018. "Vdn dS I6n ciia van h6a Vi^I Nam hi?n nay Id l^ch lac ve gid In". Tap chi Nghien ciru Con nguai, s6 2 (95).
' Chung toi quan nifm kT Iyc bao g6m kt nang vd kT xao khong chi trong lao dpng ma ca trong cu^c song.
Day cfln^ Id diim yiu cua con nguoi va nhdn luc Viet Nam hien nay (Xem Bao cdo ting hpp de tdi "Phat triin nguSn nhdn \\fc chdt lupng cao a Viet Nam hi?n nay: Vdn d l va giai phap" (2016), do Vien Nghien ciru Con ngu6i chii n-i. Luong Dinh Hdi chii nhifm).
Lirong Dinh Hdi
V'i?c lieh ty nhihig h ^ ehl irong xa> dyng vi phit trien eon ngudi Vi?t Nam qua hon 30 nflm ddi mdi la nhan id tao ra mgt bg phgn khdng nhd ngudi Vi^i Nam khong nflng dpng. ihieu nhanh nhay. chua lich cue trong hpe tgp, boi dudng tri thiic, ren luy?n dao dire.... thgm chi ed Unh dap ien ohimg gia tri, chuin myc, nhan cich, hinh dpng phi nhan vfln. phin vfln hda dl "phil Uiln" minh. \'i vgy, nhiing han ehe. khia egnh tieu cyc trong moi con ngudi \iet Nam lai them ca hgi. moi trudng d% tdn tgi. xuit hi?n vi gay h? lyy cho cac thi he tilp theo. Mdi trudng nhilu mflt eho sy phat trien con ngudi dang
"6 nhiem nghiem trpng" ma chua duge cai thien. "Quan diem \e dan chii xa hgi chu nghTa ehua sau sic \a diy dii", "thuc hanh dan chii di ddi vdi ki cuang, ki lugl cdn nhilu bit cgp". Trong thyc tl dang ldn tai tinh ygng "vira thieu dan chu vira thieu ki cuong". Trong xfl hgi edn khdng it biiu hien mit dan chu, hoSe "dan chti cyc doan";
thye hi?n phip lugt, ki cuong khdng nghiem. \iec thye hanh dan chii ed luc, cd noi cdn mang tinh hinh thue""*. Chat lugng euge sdng ciia con ngudi Viet Nam du ting lien tyc trong 3 thgp nien qua. nhung ndi ehung van cdn rat thap. Phan hda thu nhap dang ndi rgng, bit binh dflng xa hgi ed xu hudng gia tflng. An ninh con ngudi van thieu su an loan va bin vQng. Phat triin con ngudi khd cd the dam bao ben vimg khi nflng lyc tich luy vdn con ngudi eiia nin kinh tl chua cao. Thieu hyt kT nflng, kT xao va tay nghe trong nhilu nganh, ITnh vyc dang la dae tnmg ciia nhan lue Viet Nam hi$n nay, la trd nggi .cho tucmg lai phat trien ctia Vi^t Nam.
So vdi yeu cau phit trien dat nude, ddi hdi hgi nhap va dge biet la nguy ca tut hau so vdi cac nude trong khu vuc va the gitji, thi su phil trien eon ngudi nhu trong 30 nflm qua, va nhit la 10 nam gan day, la chua dap iing duge yeu cau phil trien dat nude".
Neu khong ed ngudn lue con ngudi dap ung duge yeu cau phat trien cua dat nude trong boi cinh mdi, thi nude la se tut hgu ngay mgt xa va dai them la nguy co thyc te. Day li mgt thaeh thiic rat ldn ddi vdi ea dan tde trong giai doan hien nay va nhtrng thap nien tai. Nhiem vu dat ra het sire cap thiet la dat nude phai chuyen tir phuang thurc phat trien chu \eu dua tren lao dgng gii re. dua vao lai nguyen va moi trudng, hay lgi thi phit trien theo chieu rgng sang phat trien theo chieu sau, chu yeu dua vao cae thanh tyu ciia cich mang khoa hge - cong nghe, each mang cdng nghiep, cita eai each thi chi va dya vao \iec phat huy ngudn luc con ngudi. Khdng nhanh chdng khae phyc duoc nhihig bit
'" Dang Cpng sdn Vi?t Nam. 2015. Bao cao tdng kei mot s6 vun dC' li luan - thuc tit'n qua 30 nam ^6i mai
!l'}S6-:OI6).lT. 144. 151
" Con nguoi Vi?i Nam hi^n cd 3 van de Ion: jeu ve the luc; thiiu cdc pham chdt xd hpi cin thiel (tinh ki luai, trach nhi?m xd hpi. > thirc cong dan,...); han che ve chuyen mon - nghi?p vy. Xem: Luong Dinh Hdi.
201*) ••Phil trien nhan luc khoa hpc vd cdng nghe chit iupng cao huong tdi each mang cong nghifp lin thir tu 6 Vi?t Nam hi?n nay". T^p chi Nghien dm Con nguai, so 3(102). tr. 13 - 25. Nhieu bat c||) trong phdt trien con ngudi vd nhan lyc da tich ty lai tir trudc nay mdi "phat lp", cpng huong gay h? lyy ldn.
g Nghien cuu Con ngu& sg 5(104) 2019
Xdy dung vd phdt trien eon ngudi...
cgp vl ngudn lyc con ngudi tren tit ci cac phucmg dien thi khdng the giai quyet duge nhi0m vy dd. Tham chi nlu dien ra khung hodng phdi trien con ngudi va nhdn luc thi dit nude se roi vao khung hoing xfl hgi.
Trong nhilu ITnh vyc, phucmg dien, nhieu van de, xa hdi ciia chiing ta chgm ddi mdi the che cho phii hgp vdi yeu eau eua su phat trien dat nude trong viee xay dung va phat triin con ngudi. Cic ehinh sich ve con ngudi vira yeu, thieu, khdng ddng bd, khdng thich hgp, khdng cdng bflng, vin liep tyc tdn tgi va niy sinh. Trong td chiic thyc hien cd liic, ed ncri, cie chii the thieu quyet tam chinh tri, thieu kien quyet, thieu giai phap cu the. Td chiic thyc hi?n yeu, nhung cac che tai ciing yeu, thieu, khong phii hgp, eiing da va dang gay tac hai nhi§u den su phat trien va phat huy eic kha nang cua con ngudi Vi?t Nam. H? thdng giim sit trong the che gan nhu kem hieu lue khien cho cac tieu eye niy sinh, gay tac hgi Idn cho con ngudi va xa hdi ma he thdng van khdng he nhanh ehdng dieu chinh dugc'^. ThS che ndi chung (bao gdm ca chinh saeh, td chuc thye hien va che tai) trong chimg myc nhit dinh, khdng nhiing khdng ban che, khae phyc hay xoa bo duge nhihig mflt han che trong su phit trien eon ngudi Viet Nam, ma tham ehi, cdn lam phlic tgp them tinh hinh d mdt sd khia canh, ITnh vue.
Trong giai doan hien nay, de cd the dap ung yeu eau day nhanh edng nghiep hoa, hien dgi hda, phit trien kinh te thj trudng. hdi nhap va phat trien ben virng dat nude, ehung tdi thay can luu y mgt sd diem can ban sau day de xay dung va phat trien con ngudi Viet Nam. O day chiing tdi khdng di vao ehi tiet vi md ma chi neu khai quat, tdng quit dudi dang quan diem ehung.
1. K.hi nen kinh te thi trudng ehuyen ddi md hinh phat trien tir chieu rdng sang chieu sau, dat nude hpi nhap tich cue hon vao the gidi tren nhieu mat, each mang khoa hpe - cong nghe, each mang eong nghiep 3.0 va 4.0 phat trien nhanh va manh, thi ngudn iyc con ngudi cing trd nen cd tam quan trpng hang dau. Do vay phai thdng nhat nhan thirc, quan triet triet de va rdng khap hon quan diem ngudn lyc con ngudi - nhan to quyet dinh dinh hudng va toe do phat trien ben vimg eiia dat nude. Do va)'. Ddng cdn co mgt nghi quyet ve phdt irien con ngifdi Irong bdi cdnh mai de thong nhat nhan thiic va hanh ddng, nhanh ehdng tgo nen ngudn lyc con ngudi cd chat Iugng tdt, dap img yeu cau phat trien trong giai dogn mdi, nhanh chdng nit ngin khoang each tut hau ve nhieu mat ciia dat nude.
2. Neu chi diing quan diem "xay dung con ngudi Viet Nam'' nhu hien nay la khdng cdn thieh hgp, tham ehi lam ngheo nan quan diem Ii luan ciia Dang va cita khoa hge
'^ Cdc vy vi?c ldn nhu Tifin Lang. Vinashin, Vinaline, Huyin Nhu, Biu Kien. Mobifone mua AVG. vy ddnh b^c qua m ^ g do Cdng an tinh Phii Thp dilu n-a nSm 2019,... dd chung to dilu dd
Luong Dinh Hdi
hi?n dai, khdng phii hgp thyc tien Vl?l Nam va thi gidi. Cdn phdi sir dyng quan diem
"xdy dung vd phdt then con ngudi". Trong ihdi dgi ngiy nay. ngudn Iyc con ngudi trong thyc te ludn van dgng va phat uien. khdng the chi xay dyng la xong ma phai ludn phat trien khdng ngimg mdi cd the dip img vdi nhiing bien ddi lien tyc, rgng khflp trong thuc lien. Con ngudi vi ngudn Iye con ngudi sg lid nen Igc hgu neu khdng ngiing phat trien phil hgp vdi yeu cau thyc tien. Phai phit trien lien tyc thi con ngucri vi nhan lyc mdi dip ling duge cic yeu cau ciia cdng cugc phat trien ben viing dat nude, hgi nhgp quoc te mgt cieh chii dpng.
Quan diem xay dyng va phat Uien con ngudi phii la quan diem nen ting trong phat Irien theo chiiu sau, phat uien bin vimg. Quan diem dd phai di vao timg chinh sich, dy in, chiln luge, chii Uuong vl eic vin de kinh te, xa hgi, hg ting, dich vy mgi m$t cua xfl hpi, nhim tgo ra budc dpi phi trong phit trien con ngudi va nhan lyc, tgo nen ting de phit trien dit nude nhanh. mgnh, bin vflng. Phit trien con ngudi, ngudn lyc con ngudi li nen tang cho mpi phit trien, trong hi?n lgi va cho ca tuang lai. Nhan mgnh khia cgnh phat trien con ngudi tal yeu la dieu can duge luu y nhieu hem. Tinh trgng cd liic, cd noi tflng Irudng ma "bd quen" con ngudi, "bd quen" phat trien con ngudi can duge khie phye tri?t de va kien quyet han.
Vi?c bo sung vao quan ni?m xay dyng eon ngudi npi dung phat trien con ngudi, bao him trong nd vi?c bd sung ci eae tieu chi va h? gii tri con ngudi Vi?t Nam trong giai dogn hi?n nay, de vira the hi?n duge tinh bao quit, khii quit lan tmh cy thi, de di vio euge sdng la cin thiet Nhung dieu ean nhan mgnh d day la phai phat triin con ngudi vi h? gii Ui lien lyc trong cugc sdng. Phat trien d day khong theo nghTa li lam tflng s6 Iugng lieu ehi hay ngi dung cac yeu td trong moi lieu chi, ma la phat triin s6 lugng va chat Iugng eon ngudi. ngudn Iyc con ngudi theo eie tieu chi va he gii tri dd ngiy mgt rpng khflp hon, sau sfle hon. day dii hem, loan dien hon, vdi trinh dg, muc dg, quy md ngay mgt ldn hon trong xa hgi, khien cho chat lugng ngudn lyc eon ngudi ciia nude ta ngay mpt cao hon, dip ung duge mgi yeu eau ciia dat nude trong dilu kien eich mang khoa hge - edng nghe, loan cau hda vi hdi nhgp qudc te.
3. Bo sung, hodn thiin he thong tiiu chi vd gid tri con ngudi Vift Nam trong giai dogn hii'n nay Id rdt cdn thiet, nhflm cap nhgt quan diim phit triin eon ngudi va dl phii h(;rp hon vdi tinh hinh thyc le cung nhu nhiing nhan thiic mdi, each tilp can mdi vl phat uien con ngudi. Thuc trang phit trien eon ngudi trong nhihig nflm ddi mdi gin day cho thay. can phai cu the hda cac tieu chi vi gia tri chung'^ thanh nhihig lieu chi gia tri cho
' • Cac tieu chi vd gii tri chung dd dupc Ihl hi?n trong nhilu tdi li^u khde nhau, d$c bi?t trong cdc Vdn ki?n cua Ddng lien quan den con ngudi. cdc quy pham phap l u ^ cac chudn myc d^o due, cic hinh m L con nguiri I 0 Nghiin ciM Con ngudf sg 5(104) 201S
Xdy dung vd phdt triin con ngudi...
cac tang ldp xfl hgi khie nhau. Tren co sd dd tao dung nen eic hinh tugng dien hinh, sdng dgng lim tam guang, mau hinh cho mdi tang ldp xa hdi xie dinh. Cdng tie giio dye, tmyin thdng, tuyen truyen, nhieu nflm qua chua tap trung theo hudng nay dii muc ein thiit. Hai thgp nien qua, nhOng hien tugng "hdm nay la dien hinh, lien tien", ngay mai li tgi nhan da khiin cho ngudi dan mat niem tin, khdng cdn hinh miu de noi theo.
Tren eo sd cac tieu chi vi gia tri chung can tao nen nhimg hinh mau cu the cho cac ITnh vyc, nganh, nghi, dl cd gia tri giio dye va thuyet phue cao, ed tinh bin vimg. Day phai li mpt dinh hudng cin duge chii trgng trien khai trong giai doan tdi nhflm xay dyng va phit trien con ngudi Viet Nam.
4. cin phii quin triet han cie quan diem, tu tudng eua Cuong ITnh, eua cac Dai hgi gin day, cic thanh tyu li luan mdi ve phat trien eon ngudi va cu the hda ehiing de dua vio Nghi quyet ve phat trien con ngudi cie ngi dung ve xdy dung thi chi phdt trien con ngudi vdi linh cdch la mgi bg phdn. mgt phuong dien bieu hiin mirc do phdt Irien con ngudi trong xd hdi. The che phit trien eon ngudi va the ehe van hda - xa hgi (ca y te, giao dye, hogt dgng vfln hda. an sinh, lien luong, nha d,...) hien nay vira cd tinh chat kinh te thi trudng vira co tinh chat ke hoaeh hda tap trung, quan lieu, bao cap, xin eho, A^c quyen, vira gay khd khfln, cin trd phit trien, gay nhieu he luy, kim hflm phat trien con ngudi. Hi?n lugng tham nhung, lang phi, gay thiet hai ldn, thieu hieu qui, vd trach nhi?m la h? qua ciia tinh trgng yeu kem ve the che. Se khdng cd duge nhimg thay ddi ea trong giio dye, dao tao lan phit trien kinh te, cang khdng cd the phat trien con ngudi vi nhan lyc mgt each cd hieu qua nhu mong muon neu van khdng ed dot pha trong doi mdi the ehe phit trien eon ngudi.
Trong thye te, d mpt so npi dung, ITnh vue, pham vi nhat djnh, the ehe ve phit trien con ngudi va vin hda - xa hdi ciia chiing ta hien nay gidng nhu mpt thir hdn dung nhieu dieu, cd ca nhung dieu trii nguge, mau thuan. bat hgp Ii. khong tao nen duge sy ho trg tich eye cho xay dyng va phat trien con ngudi'•*. Nhin Igi han 30 nam qua, nhung budc phat trien vugt bac ciia dat nude deu gan lien vdi nhirng ddi mdi ed tinh quyet djnh ve the ehe, ban chat la md rdng dan chu, thue hien eo che thi trudng trong hoat ddng kinh te. ma buac dgt phi ldn va kha toan dien la tir Dai hoi lan thii VI eua Dang. Din nay, ting trudng va ehuyen dieh co cau kinh tl khd khan han va eung da eham lai. Trong ddi
'•" Nhthig nam qua. dii dupe ghi trong cdc nghi quyit, chi thj va cac vdn ban khae nhau. nhung thuc Ie, mpt sd chinh sich vd chii truong. co chi thuc hien, chi tai va kit qud Ihuc thi chung ve con ngudi dd khong nhu mong muon: Gido dye, ddo lao. cdi each tiln luong, nha d xa hdi, bdo hiem y le, bdo hiem thai nghiep- gia"" bien che. tuyen cdng chiirc, ihi chuyin ngach. bd tri su dyng vd d l bat can bp, nghi huu bp mdy ho^t dpng kim hi?u qud, sy phdt iriln con ngudi vd xa hot bi anh hudng tieu cue, khiin long tin nhan dSn giam siit.
Luong Dinh Hdi
song xfl hpi cd khdng it vin dl birc xiic. Mgt trong nhihig nguyen nhan chit >cu la nhimg cai each uude day tao ra dgng lyc phat triin da khdng cdn du mgnh d^ thiic diy sy phit triin nhu trudc. Bdi vgy, hi?n nay cin cd them nhihig cai each de tgo dgng !\re thuc diy tflng tnidng. phit triin nhanh \ a bin vihig. Nhihig cai each dd trudc het vi ehu yiu phii la ddi mdi thi ehl dl phit huy manh me quyen lam chii cua nhan dan.
"Chung ta ndi nhilu den lii co eiu kinh tl chua dgt duge kit qui nhu myc tieu de ra.
Nhilu han ehl, bit cap, yiu kem hong ITnh vyc kinh tl - xa hgi chgm duge cai thi?n. Tgi sao vgy? Vin dl miu chdt van li eon ngudi thyc hi?n. Mudn tai co cau thinh cdng, mudn khic phye nhanh nhung hgn ehl, yiu kem, trudc hit phii bd tri lgi dgi ngu cin bp, tai CO eau each lam vi^e eiia bg may, tai tao vfln hda hge hdi, tinh thin cdi md, nflng lye sing tao vi hach nhi?m ea nhan. Phai tii tgo mdi trudng iam vi?c, cii thi?n moi trudng thi chi dl phat huy nhimg can bg cd nflng lyc i6t, tu duy tdt, kiln tgo lgi niem tin, sy tam huylt vao thi ehl, vao ehl dg ciia chiing ta"'^ Trong tinh hinh hi?n nay, khdu cdn bdn cd thi tgo nen dgt phd ehinh Id ddi mdi, hodn lhi?n the ehi phdi trien eon ngudi vd thi ehi vdn hda - xd hgi nhu Id mgt ngi dung quan trgng cua xdy dimg vd phdt trien con ngudi, phdi Iriin nhdn luc Vi^t Nam hiin dgi.
5. Hoan cinh tgo ra con ngudi, nhung con ngudi nhu the nao thi cac san pham xa hgi sg nhu ihl iy. Chit lugng nhan lyc the nio thi xa hgi se nhu the dd. Chat lugng nhan Iyc trong moi nginh, nghi, ITnh vuc ra sao thi su phit trien cua nginh, nghe, ITnh vyc dd cung tuang ung nhu vgy. Mudn thiic day nginh, nghe, ITnh vyc nao thi trudc het phai thay ddi chit lugng nhan lyc va nguon lyc con ngudi cua nd. Trong giai dogn trudc mdt cdn tdp trung uu lien xdy dung vd phdi trien con ngudi trong bg mdy cdng quyen, hirdng vdo vi^c ndng cao ndng lue ehuyen mdn, y thirc vd trdch nhi$m xa hgi, phdm chdt. bdn linh, y thue ddn tge vd ndng luc edng vu noi ehung. Dii rflng phit trien con ngudi gin lien va phy thuge nhieu khia egnh, phucmg dien khic nhau va phii phit trien con ngudi trong mgi viing, mien, ITnh vyc, nganh, nghe, nhung hien nay, phit trien con ngudi trong bg miy cdng quyen la nhiem vy trgng tam. Trong ddi sdng xa hgi, he qua ciia nhihig hanh dpng, hanh vi cua ting ldp nay trong thyc te la rat to Idn'^. Caeh hiiu xay dyng con ngudi tap trung cho phat trien nhan luc va xay dung cac tieu chi con ngudi Viet Nam nhu cae Nghi quyet gan day la diing dfln, nhung chua chi ro diim nhin, trgng lam, trgng diem d viec phat trien con ngudi trong bp may edng quyen. Trong thyc te ciing chua cd ca che trien khai thyc hien diem nhan nay. Neu eham tre trong cdng tac
'* 'Todn van bdi phat bieu Wiai m^c Hpi nghj true tuyen ciia Thu tudng", (hItps://giaoducthoidai.vn/*oi-su/toan-
^an-bai-phat-bieu-khai-mac-hoi-nghi-tr\ic-tuyen-cua-thu-tuong-39t0906-thtml), ngdy iniyclp 28/12/20)7.
" Thi?t h^i ciia Vinashin va Vinaline neu tinh 6 nSm 2009 dd tuong duong vdi khoang 3 % GDP hodc tuong duong vdi thu nhgp mpt nfim ciia 5. 6 tinh trung binh luc bdy gid c^ng \^\.
\ 2 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf sg 5(104) 2019
Xdy dung vd phdi iriin con ngudi...
nay h? lyy mi nd gay ra cho su phit trien dat nude se ngay mdt ldn hon. Viec phat triin con ngudi trong bp miy cdng quyen bao gdm nhieu cdng viec. trong dd viec can lam trudc tien li hoin thi?n he thdng the che trong ITnh vyc nay theo hudng hien dgi, tien tiln, hi?u qui, logi bd duge nhQng yeu kem trong quan li, han che nflng Iyc va trinh dp, suy thoai phim chit dao diic.. gay hieu qua nghiem trpng ve kinh le. ve niim tin.
Song song vdi viec phat trien con ngudi trong he thdng cong vu can phai phat trien con ngudi trong ting ldp tri thiic va doanh nhan. Tri thuc. quan li gia (tap trung trong he thdng edng vy), doanh nhan can duge thdng nhat thanh mgt khdi. Vdi tinh cieh Ii ngudn lye con ngudi, ba bd phgn nay can duge phat trien trude mdt budc, bdi do la ba diu tau quan trgng, ba tang ldp xa hpi cd anh hudng ldn den loc do, dinh hudng phit triin dat nude trong thdi ki day manh edng nghiep hda. hi?n dai hda, hgi nhap qu6e le vi phit trien ben vimg hien nay.
6. Tdng eudng gidm sdt thi hdnh chinh sdeh. ehii truong phdt trien con ngudi d tdt ca cdc ngdnh, cdc cdp, cde dia phuong. Thdi gian qua, khi thyc hien Cuong ITnh va eie Nghi quyet ve xay dung eon ngudi thi khau yeu trong the che la eo che giim sat va cie che tai thudng yeu, thieu, khdng dong bg, khdng sat hgp thuc le nen hieu qua cung thap, khong nhu mong dgi. Dii chinh sach va chu truang diing. nhung viec thyc thi, giam sat va ehe tai yeu thi ehinh saeh, chii truong khdng di vao cupc sdng. tham ehi gay hieu qui nguge, can trd va gay thiet hai cho xa hdi. Bat cap giu'a viec hoach dinh ehii truong, chinh sich vdi viee thye thi, che tai va giam sat la mgt thuc le. dii khdng gidng nhau d cac nganh, cic cap, eac dia phucmg, d eic chit trucmg. chinh sich cy the. Can xoa bo tinh trgng nay, dong thdi tap trung nhieu han. chii y nhieu hon, uu tien han cho khau thye hi?n, giam sit va che tai trong viec xay dung va phat trien eon ngudi d cic tang Idp khic nhau, ma nhu da phan tieh d tren, trudc het la tang Idp cdng chirc, quan 11 gia.
Giim sil va che tai thyc thi cac chii truang, chinh saeh, phap luat ve phat trien con ngudi la khau dflc biet quan trgng trong dieu kien xa hpi Viet Nam hien nay. Cie chit trucmg. chinh sich va phip luat ve con ngudi trong nhieu trudng hgp di vao cugc sdng bang che tal nhieu hem, nhanh han va sau sae hon la di bang tuyen truyen, hay tu nhan thiie eiia cae tang ldp xa hdi. Chinh vi vay, "ehii trucmg mdt, giii phap phai mudi".
Duong nhien. giai phap hay ehl tai d day phai diing dan, phii hgp. thiic day su phat trien eon ngudi chir khdng phai lam can trd viec thyc thi ehii trucmg chinh saeh, can trd su phit trien ay. Nhu vay co nghTa la ehit lugng cae giai phap thyc thi. trien khai, giam sit va che tai trong thue te cung phai dam bao d mire dp cin thiet. .\dng cao hiiu qud ciia cdng tdc thuc thi vd cdc chi idi kem theo cdc chu trutmg, chinh sdch. phdp lugt ve phdt triin con ngudi Id cdng viee cdn dirge chii y nhiiu hon trong giai dogn tdi.
Lirong Dinh Hdi
Tk\ lif u tham khao
1. Luong Dinh Hai 2016. Bao cao l6ng hgp cua dl tii "Phat triin nguon nhan lyc chat lirgng cao a Vi?t Nam hi?n nay: Vin dl va giai phap". Vi?n Nghien cuu Con ngudi la ca quan chu tri.
2. E>ang Cgng san Vi^ Nam 1Q\S. Bdo cdo ldng kit mgt s6 vdn di ii lugn - thyc tiin qua 30 ndm ddi mdl (1986-2016).
3. Dang Cgng san V i?l Nam. 1998. Nghf quyel Hgi nghj TW ldn thir 5 khda VIIL 4. Lirong Dinh Hai. 2011. "Phat triin van hoa la npi dung cua phat trien ben v&ng". Tgp chi
Phdi trien ben vOng viing, so I (1).
5. Luong Dinh Hai. 2015. "Xay dyng h? gia hi Vi^t Nam trong thdi ki cong nghi?p hda, hi?n d?! hoa va hgi nhgp qudc tl". Tgp chi Nghiin ciru Con ngudi, s6 1 (76).
6. Luang Dinh Hai. 2018. "Cach m^ng khoa hge - cong ngh? va sy phat trien con ngudi Viet Nam nhin tir gdc dg sue khoe". Tgp chi Nghien cuu Con ngudi, so 5 (98).
7. Luang Dinh Hai. 2019. "Phat triin nhan lyc khoa hpc va cong ngh? chil lugng cao hudng tdi each mgng cong nghi?p lin thir nr d Vi?t Nam hi?n nay". Tgp chi Nghien ciru Con ngirdi, s6 3(l02).
8. Ho ST Quy. 2018. "Vin dl ldn cua van hda Vi?t Nam hi?n nay la l?ch lge ve gii trj". Tgp chi Nghien ciru Con ngirdi., so 2 (95).
9. Vu Thj Thanh. 2018 "Sy biin dgng ctia chi s6 phat triin con ngirdi Vi?t Nam (Qua so ll?u trong cac bao cao phat irien con ngudi cua UNDP)", (http;//www.vanhoangJiean.com.vn/chuyen- muc-goc-nhin-van-hoa/dien-<lan/30-nhung-goc-nhin-van-hoa/l2580-su-bien-dong-cua-chi-so- phat-trien-con-nguoi-viet-nam-qua-so-lieu-trong-cac-bai>cao-phat-trien-con-nguoi-cua-undp-I), ngay tniy cgp 03/8/2018.
10. Bao Nhu. 2018. "Chi sd phat trien con ngirdi Vi?t Nam chieu hudng tang dang chung Igi", (https://tiasang.com.vn/-doi-moi-sang-tao/Chi-so-phat-trien-con-nguoi-Viet-Nam-Chieu- huong-tang-dang-chung-lai-12885), ngay truy cap 18/10/2018.
11. Thil tudng Nguyen Xuan Phuc. 2017. "Toan vSn bai phat bieu khai mac Hgi nghi trye tuyen ciia Thii iLrdng". (https://giaoducIhoidai.vn/thoi-su/toan-van-bai-phat-bieu-khai- mac-hoi-nghi-iruc-tuyen-cua-lhu-luong-39l0906-t.html), ngay truy cgp 28/12/2017.
12. United Nations. 2004. United Nations Common Country Assessment for Vietnam 2004. Hanoi.
13. United Nations. 2012. The Millennium Developmenl Goals Report 2012. New York.
14 United Nations. 2013. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013.
15. UNDP. 2016. Bdo cdo phat then con ngirdi Viet Nam 2015 ve tang trtrdng bao triim:
Tang trudng \i mgi ngudi. Nxb. Khoa hge xa hpi.
NgMin cuu Con ngudf sg 5(104) 2019
