Xingapo li mOt qutfe gia hiu

CHINH SACH PHAT TRIEN N G U O N N H A N L^C CUA XINGAPO TRONG Rdi CANH H^l N H A P KINH Tt QUOC T l

VA RAI HQC KINH NGHltNl CHO VitT NAM

ThS. NGUYJNTHI GIANG

HQC vl0n Ngdn hdng

X ingapo l i mOt qutfe gia hiu nhu khdng ctf t i i nguydn, cic nguydn lidu cin thitft cho sin xull deu phii nh^p td ben ngoii. Bing nhdng n5 Igc khdng ngdng nghi trong sud't hpn 40 nim qua, gid day, Xingapo d i trd thinh mpt trong nhdng nln kinh te phit trien Irong khu vge chiu A v i the gidi. Dtf dgt dupe bude phit trien than ky dd, Nhi nude Xingapo d i die bitfl quan tam va thgc hidn hipu qui chfnh saeh phit trien von nhin Igc, irong dd, trpng lam l i uu lidn dau lUcho phit trien giio dye.

1. Chinh sach phat trien nguIn nhin lUc cua Xingapo

Khi lin diu lien nh$n ehde Thd tudng Xingapo, dng Ly Quang Didu da nhan mgnh: "Phii t$p trung nd Igc eho nginh giio dye nhim dao tao mpt dOi ngu ddng dio cic nhan t i i ky thuit, eic nhi khoa hpc, nhim dip dng ddi hdi eua thdi dai vd trg, ten Ida v i didn Ige" va "Nd'u thing trong cupc dua giao dgc, se thing trong cupc dua kinh ttf". Vdi tinh thin dtf, Nha nUde Xingapo d i thde hidn eae ehddng trinh dtfi mdi

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With non-It^ efforts, Singapore tias become one of developed economies In Asia and over the worid. To reach this miracle develop- ment, the Government ot Singapore has paid a lot of attenttont to and Implemented an efficient human resources development policy focuting on investment on education development towards creating a linkage between education and economic development. Education develop- ment needs to be based on a principle of meeting ttie maricet demand, encouraging tailor-made training activities which can meet Itte demands of domestic and foreign companies. Consldertng Itte curretri education system with many weaknesses. Vietnam sttotrid team from the letsont of the countries wHh highly developed education such as Singapore to final- ize Its education reform strategy witlch tocuses on comprehertsivelY reforming ttie education system and encouraging everytxjdy to foOow the strategy of continuous and ilferime learning.

giio dye thudng xuydn v i lidn tyc n h i m cung d p nguIn n h i n Igc chat

lupng eao cho cic doanh nghitfp Xingapo, phyc vy cho mye tidu ling cddng khi ning cgnh tranh qutfc ttf.

Trong chfnh sich giio dgc, N h i nddc Xingapo nhin mgnh: "Dieu quan trpng l i nhi nddc ngay td diu phii ed ehfnh sich nhit quin, va tfn djnh tgo thinh mOt ddng chiy thdng sutft. Ntfu ndi m i khdng thgc hidn thi ddng ehiy niy se ngIt quing". Vi v$y, vitfe eii cich giio dye d Xingapo ludn ddpc thgc hidn thinh mOt ehuoi lidn tyc, khong co sif ngIt quing. Td nim 1997 dtfn nay, Xingapo da thgc hidn hai giai doan eCia qui trinh dtfi mdi giio dye:

- Giai do^n 1997-2005: Giio dijc ii'y nSng lUc /im ddng li/c Trudc nhdng bitfn dtfi cda khoa hpe - cdng nghd, die bidt la sd phit trien manh md eda cdng ngh§ thdng tin v i xu hddng toin elu hda, Xingapo d i chd trpng xiy dgng mpt nln giio dye Ily ning Iuc lim dpng Igc. Mge tidu cda chinh sich giio dgc trong thdi ky niy l i lim

4B THDNG TIN & DU BflO KINH i t - XA HQI Stf 85+86 (1.2013)

CHAC X U A N Otif TY 21)13

cho hpe sinh khi ra trudng sd trd t h i n h ngUdi khtfng nhdng bitft dpc, bitft Viet, bitft tfnh t o i n m i edn cd n i n g Ige v l cdng nghd thdng tin v i ky n i n g g i i i quyd't e i c v i ' n d l phdc lgp cua cupc stfng.

- Giai do^n tCf 2006 di'n nay: Ci^o di^c iS'y dSi mdi ihm ddng lUc Vdi phupng eham hUdng dtfn chat lUpng cao trong g i i o d y e , t d n i m 2006, Xingapo da titfn h i n h thay dtfi d l i t e i c i c b | e hpc.

Nhdng thay doi n i y da khdi d i u cho giai dogn g i i o dye I l y dtfi m d i lam dpng li/c.

N g o i i ra, mpt m$t, N h i nUde nhanh chdng cung e l p hpe btfng eho sinh vidn eda minh du hpe d e i c nUdc B i c M y , 6 x t r 5 y l i a v i c i e nUdc Tay Au dtf tid'p thu kitfn thdc, kinh nghidm stfng v i l i m vide d c i c nUdc p h i i tritfn; m i l k h i c , thgc t h i c i e bidn p h i p thu hdt n h i n l i i v i sinh vidn qutfc ttf b i n g c i c h t r i lUPng eao edng vdi c&c chUdng irinh hpe bong hap d i n ho$c cho vay t r i c h i m - bipn p h i p n i y da gidp Xingapo thu dUpc n h i l u Ipi feh t d c i c k h o i n chi tidu, kinh nghidm v i kie'n thde eda nhdm ngddi n i y . Xingapo da l i p hai cd quan chuydn t r i e h thu hdt nhan t i i - mdt Id A n DO v i mOt td e i c nddc trong khu vUe Ddng Nam A dtf l i m kid'm v i thu hut c i c sinh vidn t i i n i n g t d khu vgc chau A dtfn Xingapo hoe t i p , sau dd tritfn khai "thu hogeh s d m "

b i n g c i c h d l nghj c i c sinh vidn n i y l i m vide ngay trUde khi ttft nghidp.

Djnh hudng cd b i n trong ehfnh s i c h g i i o dye cda Xingapo l i tao ra sg lidn ket gida g i i o dye v i sg p h i t tritfn kinh ttf. Vide p h i t tritfn g i i o due p h i i dga v i o nguyen t i c thda man dupe nhu cau eda thj trUdng, khuytfn khfch e i c hoat dOng d i o tgo theo don dgt hang hoge nhu eau cda c i c doanh nghidp trong nddc v i c i c cflng ty nddc n g o i i . Chfnh phd Xingapo ydu e l u c i c trUdng dai hpc p h i i lidn tuc kiem tra lai chuong trinh v i phUPng p h i p g i i n g day de d i m b i o nhdng gi hp eung e l p l i c i n thitft v i hdu feh. Xingapo nd luc x i y dgng mpt hd thd'ng giao due khong chi ttft n h l l trong khu vUc ASEAN m i cdn c6 danh titfng trdn the gidi"'

Trong thdi d g i thdng t i n , v i n d l quan trpng eda g i i o due l i thUc hidn sU doi m d i n h i m hap thy kitfn thdc v i trang bj ky n i n g thfch dng vdi mdi trddng t o i n eau. D i e u n i y d d i hdi c&c chUdng trinh giao due va dao tao p h i i btfi dddng t U d u y t o i n e l u eho ngUdi hpc v i ngUdi lao dOng d Xingapo dtf x i y dgng dddc nguon nhan Ige s i n g tao, linh hogt, cd ky n i n g va thfch d n g v d i sg bitfn dtfi khong ngdng cua tri thdc dtf ddng gdp tfeh cgc cho n l n kinh ttf m d i . Do d d , Xingapo r l l quan t a m dtfn p h i t trien ky n i n g giao titfp nhU: v i n hda giao titfp, ky nang d i m phan...

D i e bidt, nhdng vien chdc l i m vide trong bp m i y n h i nUde Xingapo

^ d u p c t r i lUdng r i t cao khitfn hp cd dOng Igc l i m vide, p h i n dau v i it

^ d dtfng ed thgm nhung, d i l u n i y t i e dpng khflng nhd dtfn vipc n i n g B ^ Q <=^lt lu'dng n h i n l i J g ^ ^ f t b O m i y n h i nUdc.

Trong chinh s i c h p h i t tritfn ngudn n h a n lUe, N h i nUdc Xingapo cdn chu trong den ehd trUdng "tiim diu 6c kinh doanh v i khi n3ng phat minh - s&ng tao v i o ADN cOa dSn tdc Xingapo",

"c6 vu nliLtng ai thSt b^i va bii't gifcfng d^y di tii'p tyc ph£n dS'u".

Dtf thgc hidn mgc tidu n i y , N h i nUde Xingapo da d l nghi nam gidi Irinh dp cao cUdi vp cdng trinh dp, khuytfn khfch phy nd trinh dp eao sinh t d hai eon trd l d n , hgn chtf phy n d trinh dp t h i p sinh n h i l u con. N h i m hgn chtf phy nd trlnh do thi'p sinh n h i l u con, phu nd trinh do cao sinh ft con, Nha nUdc da quytft djnh cho c i c ba me cd trinh dd cao dUdc q u y l n UU tidn chpn trudng to't nhat eho c i ba dda eon nd'u hp sinh dda ihd 3. N h d n g vide l i m do khong ngoai myc dich c i i thien ehi't lupng nguon nhan lUe, "tidm k h i n i n g phat m i n h , sang tao v i o A D N cda d i n tflc Xingapo". Td nhgn thdc s i u s i c rang nhan loai dang stfng trong thdi ky day I p nhdng thay dtfi khd cd the dg doan va ngUdi t h i n h cdng l i nhdng ai cd thtf linh dOng hda nhap va thfch nghi vdi nhdng thay doi d d ; that bgi sd la kd't q u i t i t ye'u eho nhdng ai lufln deo b i m vdi nhdng d i l u ed ky, ldi thdi, vi Nha nddc Xingapo coi vide eo vu nhdng ai t h l t bai bitft gupng d i y de tiep tye pha'n dau l i mfit vide lam c i n thitft.

MOt trong nhdng kinh nghidm thanh cflng cua chfnh s i c h g i i o dye ma Xingapo d i ap dyng l i

'"VidynhL/OgI hgc Qu6c gia xingapo-NUS.

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vide Iga chpn titfng A n h l i m ngfln ngd b i t bufle trong c i c trUdng hpe. Do tfnh phtf bitfn cua titfng A n h ndn chfnh s i c h n i y d i gdp p h i n gidp Xingapo d l d i n g hOi n h i p hdn vdi n l n kinh ttf thtf gidi.

Chfnh s i c h p h i t tritfn n g u I n n h i n Igc cua Xingapore cho t h i y , N h i nude d i Ihge sy ctf t i m n h i n chitfn lupc v i l o i n d i d n dtfi vdi vide p h i t trien ngudn Igc eon ngUdi. Ktft q u i l i , Xingapo d i x i y dgng dupe mfli Idc lupng lao dOng ed trlnh dO eao, d i p dng dddc ydu e l u eda q u i trinh hfli n h | p kinh ttf qutfc ttf. V l g i i o dgc, hidn nay Xingapo l i ngdc Dtfng N a m A duy n h i t cd trddng dgi hpe n i m trong danh s i c h 100 tn/dng dgi hpc h i n g d i u the gidi.

2. B i i hpc kinh nghidm cho V i § t N a m

M i c du Vipt Nam t i quoc gia ctf t r u y i n thtfng tdn sd trpng dgo, ludn ehd trpng d i u tU p h i t trien g i i o dye, nhUng eho dtfn nay, n l n kinh ttf Vidt Nam chd ytfu v i n dga v i o ldi thtf ve ehi p h i lao dtfng t h i p . D i e bidt, trudc btfi c i n h t o i n e l u hda v i xu thtf h i n h t h i n h n l n kinh ttf tri thdc, khi m i sd phdn vinh v i k h i n i n g cgnh tranh cda mOt qutfc gia chd ytfu phg thuOc v i o tri thde v i cdng nghd thi dtf h o i n t h i n h e i c mgc tidu trong p h i t trien kinh ttf, Vidt Nam c i n d i e bipt ehd trpng p h i t tritfn g i i o dgc - d i o tao. V i v i y , n h i d m vg cda chfnh s i c h p h i t tritfn n g u I n n h i n Ide cda Vi§t N a m hidn nay la p h i i d i p dng ydu e l u cda c i ba nen kinh ttf:

k i n h ttf lao ddng, kinh ttf t i i nguydn v i kinh ttf tri thdc, tdc l i .

d i n g thdi p h i i IhUc hidn hai n h i d m v y : chuytfn bitfn t d n l n kinh ttf ndng nghidp sang kinh ttf ctfng nghitfp v i t d k i n h ttf ctfng nghl$p sang kinh ttf tri thde... Ntfu khoa hpc v i cOng nghtf l i dOng Idc trxfc titfp eda cflng nghidp hda, hidn dgi hda t h i g i i o dgc - d i o tgo sd tgo nguIn Igc tn^c titfp cho sg p h i i tritfn khoa hpc - cflng nghd, d i e bidt l i ngudn n h i n Ige c h i t Iddng cao. Do d d , vide d i u tU v i o n g u I n Idc con ngddi dtf p h i t t r i l n kinh ttf - x i htfi dang l i mtft v i n d l stfng edn cda Vidt N a m hidn nay.

H§ thtfng g i i o dye Vidt N a m hitfn nay cdn t i n tgi r i t n h i l u b i t c|p.

M i c dd ty Id d i hpc Irong c i e d p hpc phtf thdng tddng dtfi cao nhutig c h i t lupng Igi khdng dtfng d i u , r l l n h i l u hpc sinh khi h o i n thinh chUdng trinh phtf thdng v i n chda n i m dupe htft c&c kitfn thdc cd b i n . stf lupng sinh vidn ddpc d i o tgo d b i e dgi hpc cdn tUPng dtfi ft v i giing vidn d c i c trudng dgi hpe ViOt N a m cd r i t ft b i i d i n g trdn c i c lgp ehl

qutfe ttf...

Vdi r i t n h i l u hgn chtf n h d v i y , dtf dua d i t nddc titfn v i o thdi dgi kinh ttf tri thde ddi hdi Vidt N a m p h i i thgc hidn mtft cutfc e i c h mgng trong g i i o dge. Trong d d , l i p trung c i l c i c h c i n b i n hd thtfng g i i o dye v i phtf c | p chtf dtf hpc lidn tgc, hpc sutft d d i cho m p i ngUdi. N g o i i ky n i n g chuydn m d n , chUdng trinh g i i o dgc ndn t i n g cUdng trang bi c i c ky n i n g m I m eho hpe sinh nhU ky n i n g giao titfp, ky n i n g d i m p h i n , ky n i n g l i m vide theo n h d m . . . , ktf e l n i n g li/c giao titfp vdi nddc ngoii.

Dtfng thdi, dtf tgo n l n t i n g eho q u i t r i n h hOI n h | p cda Vidt Ngm vio n l n kinh ttf thtf gidi d l d i n g hdn, N h i nUdc c i n cd chfnh s i c h dtf d i m b i o m d i hpe sinh, sinh vidn p h i i t h d n g thgo it n h l l mtft ngogi n g d v i hitfu biet v l n l n v i n hda cda c i c nddc trdn thtf gidi.

Trong thdi gian qua, Vidt N a m d i ndi Idng chfnh s i c h dtf khuytfn khfch khu vi/c t u n h i n d i u t d v i o g i i o d y e d i n tdi mpt logt c i c tnidng d i n l i p , t u thgc, b i n cflng ddpc t h i n h l$p. Tuy n h i d n , khi thu hut d i u t d eua t u n h i n v i o g i i o dye, N h i nddc c i n ed bitfn p h i p kitfm soit chit lupng hidu q u i . V i n d l d i e bidt quan trpng cda p h i t tritfn g i i o dye l i p h i i tgo ra tfnh " t h i n thidn vdi thj t r u d n g " .

Midn nay, da ed n h i l u trUdng qutfc ttf t h a m gia v i o thj tn/dng d j c h vy g i i o dgc d Vitft N a m d t i t e i c i c b i c hpc n h u RMIT, TROY, S u n d e r l a n d . . . C i c trudng n i y d i thtfi mtft lutfng sinh khi m d i eho n l n g i i o dgc V i d t N a m . H p d i g d p p h i n tgo dOng li/c dtf c i c trUdng trong nude thgy dtfi e i c h t h d e q u i n l y , ehUdng t r i n h v i phUdng p h i p g i i n g dgy, gidp sinh v i d n V i d t N a m titfp c § n v d i n l n g i i o dye thtf gidi vdi c h i phf r l hdn d i du hpc r i ' t n h i e u . V i v $ y , v i d e thu hdt c i c trddng nddc n g o i i m d c d sd g i i o d g c d V i t f t N a m l i mtft g i i i p h i p k h i t h i .

Thxfc ttf, Vi§t N a m da nh§n thdc ddgc nhdng hgn chtf cda b i n t h i n v i da kdu gpi mOt cuOc " c i i e i c h t o i n d i d n " dtfi vdi htf thtfng g i i o dye, trong dd bao gtfm nhdng c i i e i c h then chtft e i n thitft de thtfi mOt iuing

48 THONG TIN & DU BAO KINH T I - XA hOl Stf 85+86 (1.2013)

BtiAC XllAy CIlV TY 2015

sinh khf mdi v i o iTnh vge n i y . Tuy nhidn, tid'n dfl thgc hidn e i i c i c h cdn q u i c h i m ehgp, thitfy n h i t q u i n v i chda t i m ra dUpe nhdng bude di cy thtf v i hidu q u i . V i v i y , Vipt Nam c i n tid'p thu b i i hpc cda c i c nUde ctf n l n g i i o dgc p h i t t r i l n nhu Xingapo de h o i n thidn chitfn lUpe e i i e i c h g i i o dye eua m i n h . Cd nhU v i y , thi g i i o dye mdi thgc sg tgo ra dupe nguIn n h i n Igc phd hpp cho bUdc titfn v i o n l n kinh i d ' t r i thdc.D

TAI LigU THAM K H A O 1. Ly Quang Didu (2001), Bl qi/ytff ho& rdng: ijch su" Xingapo 1965-2000, NXB Trd.

2. Ly Quang D i d u ( 2 0 0 1 ) , Xingapo v i su bdng nS kinh t^

c / i i u A , N X B T r d .

3. Phi Mgnh Hong (2006), Mdt sd' vi'n dS ca ban vS kinh ti' tri thdc ~ ccf hdi va f / i i c / i thdc dit ra cho Viit Nam, D l t i l trpng ditfm, D H Q G H i Ntfi.

4. Dang Hdu (2004), Kinh ti tri thdc - thdi ccf va thach thdc ddi vdi Viit Nam, NXB Chfnh trj Quoe gia.

5. Phdc Titfn (2000), Kinh ti'tri thdc nhin td Xingapo, Nh$t, Dan Mach, Thdi b i o Kinh ttf S i i G d n , stf 37, n g i y 09/7/2000, trang 3 0 .

6. Low Choo Tuck ( 2 0 0 8 , Phong trao ning suit va ning ii/c canh tranh - Kinh nghiim cua Xingapo, website: www.nangsu- atehatluong.vn.

7. Luu Ngpc Trjnh ( 2 0 0 2 ) , Budc chuyin sang nin kinh ti tri thdc d mdt sd' ni/dc Idn trin thi gidi hiin nay, NXB G i i o d y e , H i NOi.

KINH TE Vl|T NAM NAM 2013 G 6 C NHiN TCT C A C T 6 CHLfC QU6C l i

• ^

Trong nhQng ngpy gdn POy. nhlSu ttf chUc qutfc t^f nhU Quy Titfn td qutfc ttf (IMF). NgOn hPng HSBC vd mpi ddy nhdt IP Ngfln hdng Thtf giai (WB) dfl dUQ ro nhOng dy bdo vd tflng trudng kinh ttf nflm 2013 cda Vl^t Nam, Hdu htft cflc bflo cdo dtfu cho rflng dp bflo mde tflng trUdng ndy sS d mOc trdn 5%. cy thtf:

Theo HSBC: Mflc dCi tflng trUdng chflm (GDP nflm 2012 tflng 5,03%) vdn c6 5 ytfu ttf phflt tritfn chlnh cfl vol trfl tich cgc Iflm ndn tdng cho tflng trudng bdn vQng hon. dfl Ifl: 1) cdn cdn thUdng mgi thflng dU nhd vflo tdng trudng nhflp khdu ytfu dl vd xutff khdu tflng mpnh; 2) Ipm phflt chdm lpi (cdn 6,8% trong thflng 12/2012 so v6l mQc 17,8%

trong thflng 01/ 2012); 3) thdm hyt ngfln sflch dfl dUpc thu hpp khitfn cdc khodn np cua Vl$t Nam dUpc hp thtfp; 4) dy tra ngopi t$ tdng ddng ktf, vd 5) dflng vtfn FDI ta Nhflt Bdn tflng mgnh. Tuy nhiSn, theo nhfln d|nh cua HSBC, Vltft Nam cd th^ Iflm dUpc nhiiu hon dtf thu hCit dflu tU nUdc ngofll nhflm hfl trp qufl trinh phdt tritfn. Vdi nhUng chinh sdch tdi khfla dUpc kitfm sodt, cdn cd thSm ddu tU nUdc ngofll dtf phyc hfli ddu tu trong nude vtfn dang utf ofli NhOng dtf Idm dupc didu dd. Vl$t Nam cdn hofln thitfn mdi trUdng kinh doonh, gidm thitfu sy quan Mu vfl tpo ra mpt mtfi trUdng luflt phdp rd rflng hOn dtf gldl quytft vfln dtf np xdu, HSBC dp bflo mUc tflng trUdng ndm 2013 cda Vitft Nam Id 5,3%.

Trong Bflo cflo tritfn vpng Wnh ttf todn cdu ndm 2013 cCia Ngdn hdng Thtf gidi WB) tgi Vl?t Nam cdng bd ngdy 21/01/2013, vd cd bdn.

tritfn vpng tflng trUdng cda Vi^t Nam nflm 2013 Id khodng 5,5%, phCl hpp vdi xu hUdng tdng trUdng todn cdu Tuy nhitf n, nhQng ytfu td rdi ro ddi vdi nen kinh ttf cung cdn dUpc xem xdt thfln trpng do Igm phdt cd bdn cda Vi#t Nam vfln d mQc cao, trong khi sQc cgnh tranh cdo ndn kinh ttf cdn ytfu. Ngofll ro, so vdi cflc nUdc trong khu vpc, mflc dCi dd cd cdi thitfn trong ndm 2012 nhUng dp trQ ngogi hoi van thdp. Cung theo bflo cdo trdn, vi#c tritfn khai chflm qud Irinh tdi cd cflu. ktf cd gidi quytft np xdu trong ngfln hdng vfl doanh nghlgp nhd nUdc dang Ifl nhQng rdo cdn ddi vdi tiem ndng tdng trUdng ddi hpn cua Vitft Nam

Trong Bdo cdo Tritfn vpng Kinh ttf Thtf gifli dUpc cdng bd thdng 12/2012. Quy titfn ttf qutfc ttf (IMF) dg bflo tdng trUdng cda Vl^t Nam nflm 2013 Id 5,8%. Theo Bdo cdo ndy, ty 1$ thdt nghitfp cda Vi#t Nam dugc giQ nguySn cho cd ndm 2012 vd 2013, cung bdng mQc cda ndm 2011 (4.5%). IMF td ra khd Ipc quan vtf chi stf Igm phdt cua Vitft Nam trong ndm 2013, cho rdng nd sd chi cfln 6,2% Vdi nhQng dy bdo gidm ve Igm phflt trong thdi gian tdi, cdc chuySn gio khuytfn ngh|

Vitft Nam cdn het sQc cdn trgng vdi chfnh sflch titfn ttf vd tdi khdo cua minh.

Nhin chung, doi vdi nen kinh ttf Vi#t Nam, theo ddnh gid cda cdc ttf chQc qutfc ttf, ndm 2013 nhieu khd ndng se id mtft nflm tUdi sflng hon so vdi ndm 2012 frong bdi cdnh nhu cdu ntfi d|a, qude ttf dang cdl thi^n chflm vfl nhQng no igc cdi to gdn dfly cdo Vl^t Nam dd cd nhQng ktft qud ban ddu.n

PV.

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