IjRiJiUgloa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (54) - 2018 '
CACYEUTOANHHUdNG
O^N SUTHAM GIA CUA NGUdi DAN DjA PHUPNG TRONG Q U A N LY, B A 0 T 6 N CAC HE SINH THAI T U NHIEN
VO THI NGOC Torn tdt: Ngdy nay, sd tham gia cda ngddi ddn dia phddng dddc coi la dieu kien can thiet cho qudn ly, bdo ton tdi nguyin ben vdng. Tuy nhien, sdtham gia cda ngddi ddn Id mdt khdi niem phdc tgp, mang tfnh da chieu, dugc van dung khdc nhau trong cdc bdi cdnh. Cdu hdi dgt ra Id nhdng yeu to boi canh ndo dnh hddng tdi sd tham gia eda ngddi ddn trong qudn ly, bdo tdn tdi nguyin thien nhiin? Bang phddng phdp tong quan vd phdn tich cdc tdi lieu da edng bo cho thdy da cd mdt so tae gia nghien edu cdc yeu to anh hddng tdi sdtham gia eda ngddi ddn dddi mdt hay vdi khia cgnh, tuy nhien sd tham gia ndy khdng phdi chi chju dnh hddng mdt hay vdi khia cgnh md Id tong hda cua ede yeu to boi cdnh chfnh tri, kinh te, xd hdi, vdn hda. Trong dd, bdi cdnh chfnh tri Id yeu tdbao trijm, gidi hgn sd tham gia; yeu to kinh tela ddng ca mgnh thdc day sd tham gia; yeu to van hda, xa hgi cung la nhdng yeu to cd dnh hddng thdng qua ede quy ddc, thiet ehi' truyen thong, cdc ddc diem nhdn khdu hgc, nhgn thdc ve bdo ton, qudn ly vd'qudn trj tdi nguyen ^Ja phuang.
Tif khoa: sd tham gia, yiu to dnh hddng, ngddi ddn dia phdang, qudn ly, hao ton
Abstract: Today, the participation of local people is considered to be a necessary condition for the management and conservation of natural resources sustainably However, the participation ofthe people is a complex concept, multi-dimensional, and It is applied in different contexts. The question is what factors affect the context of the participation of the people in the management and conservation of natural resources? By methods of an overview and analysis ofthe pubished documents that showed that there had been some authors who studied the factors affecting the participation of the people under one or a few aspects, however, this participation was not just influenced by one or a few perspectives but by all factors of political, economic, social and cultural context In particular, the political context Is the dominant element, which limited the amount of participation; economic factors are the motive to promote participation; social and cultural factors are also influential through conventions, traditional institutions, demographic characteristics, awareness of conservation, governmance and management in local resources.
Keywords: participation, affecting factors, local people, management, conservation.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 20/6/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 20/8/2018
Dat van de ngUdi dan dja phuong do each tiep can nay
T
rude nhUng nam 1980, vdi each tiep can da loai bd Ipi ich va tieng noi cua ngUdi dan quan ly tU tren xudng va tiep can sinh dja phuong ra ngoai tien trinh bao ton. Ke tU thai, nhCfng nd lUc ve bao ton cac he nhUng nam 1980, nhieu to chUe bao tdn va sinh thai va da dang sinh hpe cua cac chinh phat trien da ed gang hoa hpp cac muc tieu phu da that bai va hp phai ddi mat vdi su xa hdi, sinh vat va kinh te bang each thue phan ddi kjch li^t eua edng ddng khoa hpc va day sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan dia phuong vao cae sang kien bao tdn (Vihemaki, 2005).r^^r7^j;^ai;^a hoi vung Trung Bo. "^^ ^6' ^^ tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phUPng E ail-ngocvul583@gmail com trd thanh mdt khia canh quan trpng trong
VUTHINGQC quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien da dupc edng
ddng mdi trudng qudc te cong nhan va dUpe hpp phap hda thanh mdt trong cae nguyen tac thupc khudn khd ve phat trien ben vUng eua Lien hiep qudc tai Hpi nghj Rio vao nam 1992 (Bixler va edng sU, 2015). NhU vay, phuong thUe quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen da di tu each tiep can "tU tren xudng" sang tiep can dUa vao cdng ddng. Chiing tdi cho rang, su ehuyen ddi each tiep can quan ly nay la sU tien bp quan trpng trong chinh sach bao tdn tai nguyen d nhieu qudc gia, trong dd ed Viet Nam.
Ngay nay, hau nhu cac chUPng trinh bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien deu de nghj ed sU tham gia cua edng dong dja phUPng nhU la dieu kien tien quyet can thiet cho quan ly tai nguyen ben vUng (Bixler va cdng sU, 2015).
Tuy nhien, mdt cau hdi dat ra la ngudi dan se tham gia vao kh^u nao, giai doan nao eua qua trinh bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien va hp tham gia theo hinh thUe nao? Cau tra Idi cho cau hdi nay rat da dang, tuy thupc vao qua trinh the che hda sutham gia cua ngudi dan trong hien phap va phap luat d mUc dp nao. Vl vay, trong thuc te se khdng cd qua trinh tham gia nao hoan toan gidng het nhau, bdi vl ngUdi dan d mdi qude gia hay dia phuong khac nhau, vao tUng thdi ky khae nhau se cd sUtham gia khae nhau (Isager va cong su, 2011).
Mot sd tac gia nhU Bixler va edng sU (2015), Bagherian va cdng sU (2009), Lingani va edng sU (2011), Kacho (2014), Hassan (2015), Hoang Van Quynh (2015},... da cd nhUng nghien cUu ve sU tham gia eua ngUdi dan trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen tiep can dudi mot hay vai khfa canh trong cae yeu to chfnh tri, kinh te, van hda, xa hpLTuy nhien, sUtham gia cua ngudi dan trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen d mot khu vUc khdng phai ehl chju anh hudng cua cae yeu td trong mdt hay vai khia eanh ma la tdng hda eua tat
ca cac khia canh dd theo cac mUc dp khac nhau tuy theo bdi canh. Do dd, de tao ra mot gdc nhin tdng quat va xem xet mUc dp anh hudng cua cac khia canh chfnh trj, kinh te, van hda, xa hpi tdi sp tham gia eCia ngudi dan trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen, trong khudn kho bai bao nay ehung tdi tap trung vao phan tieh tong hpp cac yeu td trong tat ea cae khia eanh ed kha nang anh hudng thdng qua cae nghien eUu ly thuyet va thuc tien da cdng bd trong thdi gian qua.
1. Khai niem ve sUtham gia c£ia ngUci dan trong quan ly, bao ton tai nguyen
SUtham gia eua cdng dan la thuat ngUda cd tU rat lau nhUng nd mdi dupe dung pho bien nhat trong theky XVIII-XIX trong nhieu hoat dpng eua con ngUdl. Cho den nay, thuSt ngU nay vSn cdn gay tranh cai va ehUa co mdt dinh nghia thdng nhat dupe thUa nhan rdng rai bdi edng ddng khoa hpe va gidi hoach djnh chinh saeh. Cae djnh nghTa eho thuat ngU nay thudng tiep can tUcac chuyen nganh hay bdi canh the ehe khac nhau.
Dudi khfa canh chinh trj, Arnstein (1969) de cap den sU tham gia eCia cong dan nhU mptthuat ngUgan lien vdi quyen lUc khi cho rang "sdtham gia cua ngddi ddn Id thugt ngd cd tfnh phdn logi doi vdi quyen ldc edng ddn".
Ba nhan manh rang, sUtham gia cua ngUdi dan ph^i di cung vdi sU phan phdi lai quyen lUc, viec nay eho phep nhUng ngudi ngheo, tham ehi la nhUng ngUdi khdng ed tai san gi hoae ca nhUng ngudi hien dang b| loai trd khdi eac qua trinh chinh trj va kinh te deu dupc tham gia mot each chu ddng trong tuong lai.
Nam 1975, vdi nhUng luu y ve phat trien edng ddng. Lien hiep qudc da xac djnh ba each ket ndi khac nhau de giai thieh cho sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan: 1) Sutham gia cua ngUdi dan dia phuong trong viec ra quyet dinh; 2) Su tham gia eua ngudi dan trong
IjPil]ij<h£g_hQc xa hoi mien Trung, 56 4 (54) - 2018 79 giai doan de xuat nhu eau dau vao cho cae
chuong trinh phat trien; (3) SU tham gia ciJa ngUdi dan trong chia se Ipi ich tU qua trinh phat trien. Nam 1982, vdi mdi quan tam ve phat trien ndng thon. Lien hiep qudc da dua ra bdn hinh thUe tham gia khac nhau:
sU tham gia la su hpp tae, tham gia vao eac hoat dpng phat trien cdng ddng, sUtham gia thong qua cae td chUc va sU tham gia nhU mot qua trinh trao quyen (Islam va edng sU, 2013). Vdi nhdng hinh thUe ve sU tham gia nhu tren cho thay mdi quan tam cua Lien hi&p qudc tap trung vao 3 khia canh: kinh te, xa hpi va chfnh trj.
Uphoff (1979) khi nghien eUu sUtham gia cua ngUdi dan trong eae dU an phat trien nong nghiep da thao tae hda khai niem tham gia thanh bdn hinh thUc hay bdn cap dp tham gia khac nhau va cac hinh thUe nay lien quan den nhau: (1) Su tham gia trong qua trinh ra quyet dinh, nhuxac dmh cac van de, lap ke hoach, xac djnh cac giai phap thay the va phan bo ngudn lUe; (2) Su tham gia tich cue trong viec thUe hien cac hoat dpng, cac chUPng trinh quan ly va van hanh; (3) Tham gia ehia se Ipi ich ea nhan hoac tap the;
(4) Tham gia vao cac hoat dpng danh gia va giam sat (Chowdhury, 2004). Caeh giai thich ve sU tham gia cua Uphold (1979) cho thay siiquan tam dupc dat vao ca ba khfa canh la kinh te, xa hdi va chinh tri. Cae hinh thUe hinh tham gia nay rat cu the va de dang ap dung hon so vdi each khai niem hda sU tham gia cOa Lien Hpp Qude, ddng thdi nhan manh ve van d^ thu hUdng va ehia se Ipi ieh.
Ngan hangThegidi (1996) mdta khai niem tham gia la "mgt qud trinh ma thong qua do ede bin liin quan dnh hudng vd ehia se quyen Idem sodt doi vdi ede sdng kien phdt trien, ede quyet dinh vd cdc nguon Ide dnh hudng den /jp" (Islam va cdng sU, 2013). Trong each giai thich nay- ^ 9 ^ " ^^"9 ^^^ 9idi dudng nhU quan tam hon den van de chia se quyen lUe
giUa eae ben lien quan hay ndi each khac mdi quan tam cua hp chu yeu dat vao khia eanh ehinh trj.
Carpentier va cong sU (2014) cho rang sU tham gia de cap den viec can bang eac bat binh dang ve quyen lUe trong qua trinh ra quyet djnh cu the. Su tham gia sau do dupe xae djnh la sU can bang giUa quan he quyen lUc giUa eac ben cd quyen va khdng cd quyen trong eae qua trinh ra quyet djnh ehinh thUc hoac phi chinh thUe. 6 day, nhdm hoc gia nay chi de cap den van de quyen lUc hay ndi each khae la khia canh chinh trj, cac khfa eanh khae khdng dUpc de cap. Schafer (2014) cho rang sU tham gia chi dOn gian md ta each ngUdi sU dung bang each nay hay each khac ddng gdp hoac tham gia vao viee sCr dung mdt djch vu hay mdt nen tang (chang han nhu tai nguyen thien nhien), quyen lUc khdng bj loai trU khdi each tiep can nay, nhUng van chi la mdt trong nhieu khai niem p h u d e b d t r p e h o n d .
Trong hoat ddng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien, tU nam 1970 tiep can quan ly tai nguyen cd sU tham gia mdi bat dau manh nha, nhUng sU tham gia khi dd thudng ehi dupe xem nhU mot edng cu nham dat duac su phuc tung mot each tU nguyen cua ngudi dan dja phUOng trong quy hoach cac khu bao tdn (Beaumont, 1997). Dan dan, sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phuong ngay cang dupc nang cao hpn va xem nhU mdt khia eanh quan trpng trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen, dupe edng ddng qudc te chinh thUc thUa nhan tai Hdi nghj thUpng dinh ve Mdi trudng va Phat trien tai Rio de Janneiro, Brazil nam 1992. Sau hdi nghj nay, chUPng trinh quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien dUa vao eong ddng dupc Quy Bao ve Thien nhien (WWF), nhieu chinh phu va eac td chUe phi ehinh phu ngay cang md rpng nham ket ndi phat trien dia phUPng vdi bao tdn tai nguyen (Vaccaro, 2013). Beaumont (1997) eho rang
vao dau thap k^ 90, khai niem ve sU tham gia eCia ngudi dan trong thiet lap va q u i n ly cac khu bao tdn cd the dUpc dien giai va thue hanh theo hai each khac nhau, gan vdi hai trudng phai tutUdng ve sUtham gia: Thd nhdt, sU tham gia la phuong tien de thue hien eac mue tieu da dUpc thiet lap tU ben ngoai, theo do cae dang thUe va mUc dp cua su tham gia dupe gidi han rd rang; Thd hai, sUtham gia nham vao viec thiet lap quan he ddi tae edng bang, vi the cac ben tham gia cd ep hdi cdng bang. Cang ve sau, sU tham gia dupc xem la mdt tien trinh nham ket ndi edng ddng vdi viec tang cudng sU thinh vUpng va de dat dUpe sU kiem soat Idn hpn len ddi sdng va tai nguyen cija hp (Little, 1994). Tuy nhien, thUe tien ap dung sU tham gia cua ngudi dan trong hoat dpng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen khdng gidng nhau trong cae bdi eanh.
TU nhUng khai niem dUpe dUa ra bdi cac nha khoa hpc, cac to chdc qudc te tren cho thay sutham gia cua ngUdi dan noi chung va trong hoat ddng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen ndi rieng la mdt khai niem phUe tap, da chieu gan vdi cac bdi canh xa hdi, kinh te, van hda,
chinh trj va sinh thai eu the. Do vay, sU tham gia thudng dupe djnh nghTa va hieu rat khac nhau tuy mue dieh cua chUOng trinh, dU an khac nhau. NhUng xet den eung, tham gia chinh la quyen chinh dang ma moi cdng dan trong mdt qudc gia phSi dupe hudng va phcii dupc quy djnh trong hien phap va phap luat. Thdng qua su tham gia, ngUdi dan the hien quyen cua minh, de dat nguyen vpng va ddng gdp vao sU phat trien eua dat nude va dja phuong. Trong xa hpi hien dai, sU tham gia eua ngUdi dan thudng duac md rdng va huy dpng tdi da sU ddng gdp cua ngudi dSn vao tien trinh phat trien cda dat nUde.
2. Cac dang thufc ve sU tham gia cua ngUcri dan dja phUofng trong quSn ly, bcio ton cac he sinh thai tU nhien
De xac djnh mUe dp hay dang thUc tham gia cua ngudi dan vao trong hoat ddng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien da ed mdt so tae gia, ehang han nhU Pretty (1994), Pimbert va Pretty (1995), Bass va edng su (1995) da xay dUng bang tham chieu eac dang thUe tham gia cCia ngudi dan dja phuong. Pimbert va Pretty (1995) da xay dung mot tham chieu cho 6 dang thdc tham Bang 1. Cac dang thufc cua sUtham gia
Dang thufc cua sU tham gia SU tham gia bj ddng hoac thuyet phuc Su tham gia thdng quatuvan
SUtham gia vl nhUng Uu daivat chat
Cau thanh cua moi dang thufc cua sUtham gia
Cac ky thuat ed sutham gia dupc sddung de lam thay ddi thai dp ma khdng tang eUdng sU mong dpi eua cdng ehung ve sU tham gia trong viee lap ke hoaeh va tien trinh ra quyet dinh.
Su tham gia dupc dung de thu thap thdng tin dau vao eho cac cP quan chinh phu lien quan tdi cac de xuat de xay dUng mdt khu vUc bao tdn, hoae ke hoaeh quan ly eho mot khu vUc. Cac tac nhan ben ngoai xac djnh cac van de va tien trinh thu thap cac thdng tin. La mot tien trinh t u van ma khdng thUa nhan bat kysU chia se nao trong viec ra quyet dinh va nhUng chuyen gia khdng cd nghTa vu sCr dung cac thdng tin da duoc thu thap.
NgUdi dan tham gia bang each ddng gdp tai nguyen, vi du nhU lao ddng va ddi lai thUe pham/thUc an, tien mat hoae la eae Uu dai vat ehat khae. NgUdi dan khdng ddng gdp trong viee keo dai cac ky thuat hoae thuc hanh khi cac Uu dai nay ket thuc.
Tap chi Khoa hpc xa lipi mien Trung, So 4 (54) - 2018 81 Sir tham gia chile
nang
SUtham gia tirang tac
TLT huy dpng
Cac CO quan ben ngoai chi xem sU tham gia la phuong tien de thuc hien cac muc tieu dU an, chang han lam giam sU khang cU cua ngudi dan dia phuong vdi viec thiet lap mot cong vien. NgUdi dan cd the tham gia bang thanh lap cac nhdm de dap Ung cac muc tieu da duoc xac djnh tU trudc lien quan den dU an. Su tham gia nhu vay cd the tuonq tac hoac tham qia chia se viec ra quyet dinh...
Ngudi dan tham gia trong phan tich chung, phat trien cac Ice hoach hoat dong va hinh thanh the che dja phuong. Su tham gia dupc xem la mot quyen, khdng ddn thuin la phuong tien de thuc hien cac muc tieu du an. Tien trinh lien quan den cac phUdng phap lien nganh tien tdi quan diem da nganh, qua trinh hpc tap cd cau true va each tiep can giai quyet van de. La nhdm kiem soat cac quyet djnh mang tinh dja phUdng va xac djnh cac nguon tai nguyen hien hUu dUde sCrdung.
VI the ho cd ddnq qdp tronq viec duy tri cac cau true hoac thuc hanh.
Ngudi dan tham gia bang each thuc hien cae sang kien mot each doc lap vdi cac the che ben nqoai.
(Nguon: Pimbert vd Pretty, 1995).
gia khae nhau: Sutham gia bi ddng, Sutham gia thdng qua tU van, Su tham gia vi nhUng Uu dai vat chat, SU tham gia chUe nang, Su tham gia tuong tac va Tu huy dpng (xem bang 1).
Bang tham chieu ve cac dang thUe eOa su tham gia c^a Limbert va Pretty (1995) eho thay mUc dp tham gia tang dan tU bi ddng den ehCi dpng. Cac cap dp tham gia eua Limbert va Pretty kha tUOng ddng vdi eac cap dp tham gia dupc thiet lap bdi Arnstein (1969) va nhieu hpc gia khac. Dang thUe tham gia cua ngUdi dan trong hoat ddng quan ly, bcio tdn tai nguyen tren thUc te d mUc dp nao phu thude vao viee van dung khai niem tham gia. Hai trudng phai t u tudng ve khai niem tham gia cua ngUdi dan trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien se dan den eac dang thUe cua sutham gia khac nhau. Vdi trudng phai tUtUdng thU nhat, ngudi dan ehi dupe coi la phUOng tien thue hien muc tieu du an/chuong trinh thi mUc dp tham gia tdi da cua ngUdi dan dUpc se gidi han tdi da d dang thUc "SU tham gia chUc nang". Trong khi dd d trudng phai t u tudng thU hai, ngudi
dan dupc coi la ddi tae cdng bang thi mUe dp tham gia tdi da eCia ngUdi dan d dang thUc
"Sutham gia tuong tac" hoac "TU huy dpng"
Su tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phUPng trong qu^n ly, b^o ton cac he sinh thai tU nhien dUpc the hien da dang. Hp ed the tham gia mot khau, mdt sd khau hoac tat ca cac khau trong mot giai doan, mdt vai giai doan hoac tat ca eac giai doan trong tien trinh quan ly, bao tdn he sinh thai. Ly thuyet bao tdn cho thay cac giai doan eua tien trinh b^o tdn cd the dupc ehia thanh cae giai doan:
giai doan de xuat thanh lap khu bao tdn, giai doan thiet ke (xay dung quy hoach va ehinh sach bao tdn) va giai doan thuc hien eae hoat dpng baotdn (Lopezva cong sU, 2014).
Nghien eUu cua Lopez (2014) va mot sd tac gia khac cho thay, trong Ijch sd bao ton, ngUdi dan thudng khdng dupc tham gia trong giai doan de xuat khu bao tdn d hau het cac trudng hpp. Ngay ea trong giai doan thiet ke, ty le tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phuong thudng d mUc thap hoac tham ehi hp hoan toan khdng dupe tham gia, dieu nay dae biet dung d nhieu qude gia dang phat
trien. SU tham gia cua ngUdi dan thudng chi phd bien trong giai doan thUe hien eac hoat dpng bao tdn nhU; tham gia vao cae td chdc bao tdn dua vao edng ddng, chap hanh dung cae quy ehe bao tdn da dupe xay dUng, tham gia bao ve cae he sinh thai, nudi/trdng phue hdi va phat trien cae quan the, quan xa trong cae he sinh thai.
3. Cac yeu to anh hudng den sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phUcfng vao bcio ton cac he sinh thai tU nhi^n
3.1. Yeu to chinh tri
SU tham gia cua ngUdi dan dja phUPng trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen phu thudc vao eac the ehe nha nudc,xa hdlva nen kinh te quy djnh viec thUe hien va ap dung sU tham gia theo nhUng each thUe khac nhau (Bixler va edng sU, 2015). Trong do, the ehe nha nUde dupe coi la yeu td trung tam dieu khien va kiem soat su tham gia tren thUc te se dien ra nhU the nao bdi vl day la yeu td chi phdi eae quy tac hanh ddng va gidi han su tham gia thdng qua khudn kho phap ly ehung gdm: Hien phap, Lap phap va Hanh phap nhu de cap eua Ostrom (2011). Trong mot qudc gia dupc dieu chinh bdi Luat phap, mpi hanh ddng tham gia deu phai nam trong gidi han cac quy djnh eua cac khung khd phap ly eua qudc gia.
Sutham gia trong tien trinh ra quyet djnh the hien vai tro ve mat chinh tri cua ngUdi dan trong hoat dpng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien. SU chia se quyen ra quyet djnh giUa nha nude va eac tac nhan ben ngoai vdi ngUdi dan dja phuong la yeu td quan trpng tao nen sU ddng thuan trong viee thuc hien cac hoat dpng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien. Bdi vi, cdng ddng dja phuong ehi cam thay cd trach nhiem vdi ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien khi hp co the kiem soat cac ngudn tai nguyen do va khi hp cam thay ho co quyen ra quyet djnh thUc hien viee kiem soat do (Breemer va cdng sU,
1995). Theo Linganil va edng sU (2011), khi mdt thanh vien cang cd kha nang the hien y kien cua minh va ed tieng ndi anh hudng den quyet djnh eua nhdm thi ho eang cd nhieu kha nang tham gia vao cac hoat dpng quan lyrUng hon. Quyen luccd dupe thdng qua ra quyet djnh cung dupe Buchy va Hoverman ehl ra nhu mot ddng eo chinh cho nhUng ngUdi quyet djnh tham gia vao cac van de quan ly rUng (Buchy va Hoverman, 2000).
Degeti (2003) cho rang sU chia se quyen ra quyet djnh chinh la chia khda de huy dpng sU tham gia eua ngUdi dan vao viee bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien d ehau Phi. Khdng ehi d ehau Phi, su chia se quyen ra quyet dinh da dupc mot sd hpc gia khae nhU Linganil va edng sU (2011), Islam va edng sU (2013), Kacho (2014), v.v. de cap nhU mot yeu td quan trpng de thue day sUtham gia tich cue cua ngUdi dan dja phuong vao viec thUe hien cac hoat dpng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien.
SU tham gia trong giai doan ra quyet djnh the hien kha nang anh hudng den cac quyet djnh thdng qua sU tham gia vao cac cupc hpp, kha nang dua ra eae y kien trong eac cudc hpp, kha nang thoa thuan hay tim kiem su ddng thuan trong sd cac quyet djnh dUa ra trong cudc hpp, kha nang anh hudng den cac quyet dinh cudi eung (Uphoff, 1979).
Theo Weinberger va Jutting (2001), mpi ngudi tham gia cudc hpp vdi hy vpng rang hp cd the anh hudng den cac quyet djnh theo Ipi ich cua hp. Tuy nhien, viec tham dU vao cac cudc hpp khdng t u dpng dam bao duac rang mpi ngudi deu cd the anh hUdng den eae quyet djnh eudi cung, vi cac thanh vien cd the tham gia cupc hpp nhUng van khdng the anh hudng den quyet djnh cudi cung (Lingani va edng su, 2011). Dieu nay cd the dupe ly giai thdng qua nhan djnh cua Cooke va Kothari (2001), Bixler va cong sU (2015) khi cho rang mac du su trao quyen
IgP£{][Khgg ^Q'^ ^^ ^^P' mien Trung, 56 4 (54) - 2018 83 cho ngudi dan dja phuong va nhUng ngdn
ngU dan ehu dupc cac nha quan ly sU dung nhu dien ngdn trong cac ehUOng trinh ed sU tham gia nhUng ed nhieu kha nang sU tham gia cd the bj ddng khung theo each ma nhUng tac nhan manh (vi du: chinh quyen, nha quan ly va mdt sd tae nhan ben ngoai khae) chen ep len quyen Ipi cUa ngUdi dan dja phuong va han ehe khdng gian cua hp trong viec ra quyet djnh. NhUng dieu nay eho thay viee ed chia se quyen ra quyet djnh hay khdng va chia se d mUc dp nao cho ngudi dan dja phUPng phu thudc vao bdi c^nh the che chinh tri 6 tdng noi.
Nghien cUu so sanh bao tdn ed sU tham gia trong cac trUdng hpp d Trung A, chau Phi va Bac My cua Bixler va edng sU (2015) cho thay viec ap dung sU tham gia va mUe dp tham gia cua ngudi dan phu thude nhieu vao bdi eanh the che chinh trj cija tUng qude gia. 6 Zambia, trong quy tac quan ly, cdng ddng dja phUPng hau nhU bj loai trU trong viec ra quyet djnh nhung theo Bixler va cdng su (2015) quy tac nay dang thay ddi, it nhat la ve mat ngdn ngU. Mac du, nhUng ngudi dan dja phuong khdng loai bj bd hoan toan trong qua trinh ra quyet djnh nhung vai trd cua ho trong qua trinh nay la rat han che. Trong trudng hpp nay, ngUdi dan dja phuong dupc tham gia eae eude hpp va tham van y kien nhung khdng anh hUdng den quyet djnh cudi CLing ma don gian chi la hp ddng lUa chpn trong eae quyet djnh cua nha nUde va cae tac nhan ben ngoai khac. dTrung Qude, nhUng ngUdi dan du muc Tay Tang ehi cd tham quyen va tieng ndi d cap chinh quyen thdn. Hp thudng khdng cd dai dien nao d eae cap ra quyet djnh cao hon de tae ddng len quyen tiep can dat dai. Sutham gia dTrung Qudc eung thudng mang tinh ap dat hon, VI tam nhin trung tam la phue hdi luu vuc song nhung lai ed nhUng ehinh sach tai djnh cUtrai ngUpe vdi Idi sdng du muc cua ngudi
dan dia phuong va the che truyen thdng cCia ho. Vi vay, ngUdi dan du muc ed khuynh hudng tdn trpng cac quy Ude eCia lang va lien thdn, ban hon nhUng quy tae do chinh phCi ap dat. Cdn d Hoa Ky, cae hanh ddng qucin ly dupe tao ra bdi eac to chUc hpp tac cung cap cac bp quy tac the che mdi chi phdi viec sd dung tai nguyen d cap dp luu vUe (Bixler va cdng sU, 2015). Dieu nay ed nghTa la d Hoa Ky cac ben tham gia dUpc xem la nhiJng ddi tae. Dua tren thang do ve cac dang thUc cua sU tham gia, Bixler va edng su (2015) da xae djnh dang thUc cua sUtham gia trong trudng hpp nghien cUu: d Zambia (chau Phi) la sU tham gia chUc nang, dTrung Qudc (Trung A) la sutham gia thu ddng va d Hoa Ky (Bac My) la sU tham gia tUOng tae.
Xac djnh su tham gia cCia ngudi dan dja phuong trong bao tdn tai nguyen trong eae trUdng hpp nghien cUu cua Bixler va edng sU (2015) eho thay dTrung Qudc la dang thUe thap nhat trong thang bac cua sutham gia va cac ky thuat ed sUtham gia ehl dupe sddung nh^m han che sU chdng ddi eua ngudi dan dja phuong, hp gan nhu bj loai bd hoan toan trong tien trinh ra quyet djnh. NgUdi dan dja phuong d Zambia dupe coi la phUPng tien de thUe hien muc tieu bao tdn, hp khdng hoan toan bj dpng va van dUpc tham gia trong viee ra quyet djnh tuy rang rat han che.
Con d Hoa Ky, ngUdi dan dia phUPng dupc tham gia d dang thdc tUPng ddi cao trong thang bae cua su tham gia, ho va eac ben lien quan dupe coi la nhUng ddi tae tham gia trong phan tfch ehung, phat trien cac ke hoach hoat dpng va hinh thanh the ehe dia phuong, su tham gia trong trUdng hpp nay dupc coi la mdt quyen chU khdng phai chi don thuan la phUOng tien de thuc hien muc tieu baotdn.
3.2. Yeu to kinh te
Bagherian va cdng sU (2009) nghien cUu cae nhan td anh hudng den sUtham gia cCia
ngUdi dan dja phuong trong cae chuong trinh quan ly dau ngudn d Iran dua tren ly thuyet trao ddi xa hdi.Theo tac gia, ly thuyet nay cP ban khang djnh rang, mpi ngudi the hien thai dp ddi vdi ngUdl khae va nhUng thU khac trong bdi canh ehi phi va Ipi ich ca nhan du kien cd dupe tU viee tiep xuc vdi hp. Cac hoat ddng tao ra Ipi ich rdng se ed xu hudng dupe nhan thUc tieh cue, trong khi nhUng hoat ddng tao ra thiet hai rdng se cd xu hudng bj nhan thUc tieu cUe. NhUvay, hai yeu td anh hudng tdi sU tham gia da dUpe Bagherian va cdng sU (2009) ehi ra la chi phi va Ipi ich cam nhan cua ngudi tham gia.
Ddi vdi eac chUPng trinh bao tdn tai nguyen, eac chi phi ma ngUdi dan phai bd ra ed the bao gdm: 1) Su mat thu nhap do bj han che quyen tiep can cac tai nguyen truyen thdng; 2) Chi phi ca hdi - khi ngudi dan tham gia vao cac ehuong trinh quan ly va bao tdn tai nguyen se mat CO hpi thu nhap d cac hoat dpng khac. NhUng khi ngUdi dan tham gia vao cac chuong trinh quan ly va bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien ho cd the thu dupe nhieu iPi fch khac: 1) Cae hd trp ve kinh te, kien thUe va ky nang de cai thien sinh ke vataorathu nhap thay the; 2) Su gia tang tai nguyen truyen thdng, tao dieu kien cho khai thac ben vUng trong tuong lai; 3) Gia tang gia trj vedu Ijch eua khu vUe khi tai nguyen dupe eii thien. Tuy nhien, ludn tdn tai mdt nghjeh ly, nhUng ngUdi ed mUc dp phu thude eao vao tai nguyen thien nhien thudng it cd kha nang tham gia bao tdn, trong khi Ipi ieh ma ca nhan nhan dupe tU ehuong trinh ed the cai thien mUc dp tham gia cua hp (Linganil va cdng sU, 2013). Vi vay, xet ve can bang giUa chi phf bd ra va Ipi ich nhan dupe, thi nhUng ngUdi dupc dap Ung nhieu hon mong dpi cua minh ve chUpng trinh ed nhieu kha nang tham gia vao chUPng trinh (Bagherian va cdng sU, 2009).
Cae chuong trinh quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen ludn tao ra nhUng tae ddng trUe
tiep tdi sinh ke cCia ngUdi dan dja phUPng thdng qua nhUng quy djnh han che quyen tiep can tai nguyen truyen thdng cua hp. Vi vay, de huy dpng sU tham gia eua ngUdi dan dja phuong, cac khuyen khich (bao gdm cac Ipi ich true tiep va gian tiep) ludn la yeu td quan trpng, bdi vl sUe manh tiem nang eUa Ipi ich la mdt ddng eo thuc day sUtham gia dang ke. Mdt sd trUdng hpp eae ca nhan tU chdi tham gia tinh nguyen ho trp cac hoat dpng cua khu bao tdn bien khi khu bao tdn bien khdng mang lai bat eU Ipi ieh nao cho hp (Trinh C. M and Brown C. P, 2008).
3.3. Yi'u to xd hgi
Sutham gia cua ngUdi dan vao quan ly va bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien cd mdi quan he chat ehe vdi eac dac diem nhan khau hpc:
gidi tinh, tudi tac, tinh trang hdn nhan, quy md hd gia dmh, trinh dp giao due, mUc dp thu nhap hp gia dinh (Lingani va edng sU, 2011; Kacho, 2014; Hassan, 2015). Ve khfa canh gidi tinh, nghien cUu so sanh ve sU tham gia cua cdng dong dja phUOng trong bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien d khu vdc Chiro va Fiehe cua Ethiopia eua tae gia Kacho (2014) cho thay nam gidi tham gia nhieu hon so vdi nU gidi d ca 2 khu vUe. Ket qua nghien cUu ve su sin Idng tham gia cac hoat dpng bao tdn eae khdng gian md eua Ahmah Hassan (2015) eung ed nhUng ket luan tUPng t u nhu tren cua Kacho (2014): nhu'ng ngUdi tudi cang eao eang khdng mudn tham gia;
nhUng ngudi ehua ket hdn lai ed xu hudng tham gia tich cUc hon nhUng ngudi da ket hdn; nhUng ngUdi cd trinh dp hoc van cao, cd thdi gian eU tru lau dai d dia phuong edxu hudng tham gia tfch cue hon; nhffng ngudi ed thu nhap phu thude nhieu vao tai nguyen, mdi trudng se it tham gia ho trp cho cac sang kien baotdn.
Nghien cUu cua Bagherian va edng sU (2009) da ehl ra rang nhUng ngudi edthai dp tich cue vdi chuong trinh ed nhieu kha nang
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mign Trung, 5d 4 (54) - 2018 85 tham gia vao chUPng trinh. NhUng ngUdi
am hieu ve chuong trinh, hp cd nhieu kha nang tham gia vao chuong trinh hPn. Dieu nay eho thay mdi quan he tich cUc giUa kien thUe, thai do va mUc dp tham gia. Do vay, de huy ddng tdt hon sutham gia cua ngUdi dan trong quan iy, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien thi viee eai thien kien thdc va thai dp cua hp thdng qua eac hoat dpng nang eao nang lUe nhu viec td chUc cae Idp truyen thdng mdi trudng, hudng dan ky thuat bao ton,... la viec lam can thiet.
Nhan thUe eua ngudi dan dja phuong ve chat lUpng va hieu quci quan ly bao ton la yeu td kha quan trpng ed anh hudng den su tham gia ho trp bao tdn eCia hp (Bennett and Dearden, 2014). Khi chat lupng va hieu qua qu^n ly bao tdn dupe nhan thdc la tdt, ngudi dan se cd niem tin nhieu hon vao he thdng quin ly, dieu do cd the thuc day sU tham gia nhieu hon. Cae yeu td lien quan den he thdng quan ly bao tdn tai nguyen nhU: sU minh bach va trach nhiem giai trinh trong quan ly, b i o tdn tai nguyen; mdi quan he giUa nhUng ngudi quan ly bao tdn va ngUdi dan dja phuong, kien thUc va ky nang (nang lUc chuyen mdn) cua nhCfng ngUdi quan ly bao tdn de huy ddng sU tham gia... cung la nhUng yeu td anh hudng d^n sutham gia cua ngUdi dan trong quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen (Kacho, 2014; Bennett and Dearden, 2014).
Ket qua nghien cUu tim hieu vi sao ngUdi dan khdng hd trp bao tdn d Thai Lan ciia Bennett and Dearden (2014) ham y rang sU minh bach ve quan ly trong bao tdn la mdt yeu td quan trpng, neu thieu dieu nay ngudi dan dja phUPng khd ed the hieu dieu gi dang xay ra trong chUong trinh bao tdn tren chinh khu Wc ma hp dang sinh sdng. Khi khdng hieu ho se it tham gia vao viee hd trp bao tdn.
Mdi quan he gida nhUng ngUdi quan ly b^o tdn va ngUdi dan dja phUong tdt, thudng xuyen se cd nhieu kha nang huy ddng su
tham gia hd trp cua ngUdi dan trong hoat dpng b i o tdn. NhUng ngUdi quan ly bao tdn cd nang luc chuyen mdn va ky nang tot cung cd nhieu k h i nang huy ddng sutham gia hd trp b i o tdn tdt hon. Trong nghien eUu eua Bernnettva Dearden (2014), cac nha q u i n ly bao tdn khdng cd mdi quan he tdt vdi ngUdi dan trong khu vUc va viec bd nhiem nhUng ngUdi khdng cd kien thdc, ky nang lien quan den b i o tdnia ly do vi sao cac nha quan ly bao tdn dThai Lan khdng huy ddng dUpc sU tham gia ho trp bao tdn tich cUe cua ngUdi dan dia phUPng.
3.4. Yeu to vdn hda
Viee bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien da dupe nhieu dan tdc quan tam tU rat lau. Trii qua thdi gian, nhieu dan tdc da xay dUng nen eac nguyen tac, each Ung xd de dieu hda mdi quan he giUa con ngUdi vdi the gidi t u nhien va giUa con ngudi vdi eon ngudi trong qua trinh sU dung tai nguyen thien nhien (Hoang Van Quynh, 2015). Tuy nhien, tuy vao tUng dan tdc, eac nguyen tac cd the khac nhau, nhUng nhin chung deu cd tac dung dieu chinh hanh vi Ung xU cOa ngUdi dan trong viee sU dung, quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien. NgUdi dan cua mot sd dan toe thudng cd xu hudng thuc hanh Ung xUtheo cac quy djnh cua luat tue dja phUPng hon la cac quy djnh ap dat tU phia nha nude.
VI du, trong nghien eUu eua Bixler va edng su (2015) ve sutham gia eiia ngUdi dan dia phuong trong ehupng trinh b i o tdn tai nguyen thien nhien d eac vung lan can Tay Tang eua eao nguyen Thanh Hai, Trung Qudc cho thay nhUng ngudi du muc ed khuynh hudng tdn trpng cac quy udc cua lang va lien thdn ban hpn la nhdng quy tac do chinh phu ap dat. Cung theo nhdm tae gia nay, d Kenya trong van hda cCia hp nhUng trudng lao dja phuong dupc xem la ngudi ed quyen lUc nhat trong lang, do do cac tiep can quan ly, b i o tdn tai nguyen dUpc dieu chinh bdi cac quy
Hinh 1. Cac yeu to dnh hUdng tdi sUtham gia cua ngudi dSn dia phuofng trong quan ly, bdo ton cac he sinh thai tU nhien
' - Khung phap ly cho sir \ tham gia: Hien phdp, lap phap va hanh ph^p;
- Sir chia se quyen ra quyet dinh ciia chinh quyfin cac cip vdn ngudi dan dia phirong: Trung uong, dia phucmg.
r
Y^u to kinh t^- Chi phi v^ lgi ich ca nhan cam nhan + Chi phi: mat Ihu nh^p do han che quyen tiep can tdi nguyen; chi phi c<T h9i.
then gian tham gia;
+ Lpi ich: cSc ho tr? ve kmh te, kiSn thiic, kj nang de cdi thign sinh ke, t5ng gid trj tai nguyen v^ du lich sau bdo ton.
Lu|t tvc hitong udc ciia dia phuong - Thiet che truyen thong: vai tro cua gia Idng/trutmg lao
' ^ a
/ Yeutoxahfii - Cdc yeu to nhan khau hgc. t gioi tinh, trinh do hgc v"
trang hon nhan, quy mo thu nh$p;
- Nhan thirc ciia nguoi dan ve bdo ton, quan ly va quan tn tdi nguySn thien nhiSn dia phuong.
6 gia dinh.
Uhi
_y
(Ngudn: Tong hdp cua tde gid).
tac truyen thdng dudi sU lanh dao eua hdi ddng trudng lao dja phUOng.TU cac vidu nay cho thay luat tuc hay quy Ude truyen thdng cua dja phuong eung la yeu td ed Inh hUdng dang ke tdi sutham gia cua ngUdi dan trong q u i n ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien. Neu hieu rd dieu nay, nha q u i n ly ed the sU dung tdt vai trd cua nhUng quy Ude truyen thdng cac cdng ddng de thuc day sU tham gia tich cue cua ngudi dan dja phuong trong q u i n ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien. NgUpc lai, neu khdng nhan thUe ro dieu nay viec q u i n ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien cd the bj that bai trude sUe manh cua cae quy udc truyen thdng cua nhieu eong ddng.
Ket luan
SU tham gia eua ngudi dan trong quan ly va b i o tdn tai nguyen thien nhien dupc cdng ddng qudc te thUa nhan la each tiep can tdt nhat, it nhat la tai thdi diem hien nay
de con ngudi b i o ve tai nguyen thien nhien ben vUng. Tuy nhien, khai niem ve sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan la mdt khii niem phUc tap, ed tinh da chieu, van cdn nhieu tranh luan va dupe van dung khae nhau trong cac bdi d n h xa hpi, kinh te, chinh trj va sinh thai cu the.
Trong hoat ddng q u i n ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien, viec v i n dung khai niem sU tham gia dupe ehia theo 2 trUdng phai t u tudng. Tuy thude vao viee I p dung khai niem do theo trUdng phai tUtUdng nao thi se cd mdi lien ket vdi dang thUe eua sU tham gia dd.
Cd the thay rang, sU tham gia eua ngUdi dan trong q u i n ly, bao tdn tai nguyen thien nhien khdng chi chju anh hudng cua mot hay vai yeu td ma la tdng hda cac yeu td trong cae khia canh: chinh trj, kinh te, xa hdi, van hda. Sutham gia cua ngudi dan chju anh hudng cua tdng hda cae yeu td, do vay, de cd
]jP£^^[Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Triing, 56 4 (54) - 2018 87 the thue day sutham gia tich cue cCia ngUdi
dan dja phuong trong quan ly, b i o tdn tai nguyen, eac nha quan ly khdng nen bd qua bat ky yeu td nao trong cac yeu td da ke tren bdi khi nhan thUe eua ngUdi dan ve b i o tdn, quin ly va quan trj tai nguyen dja phuong la tfch cue, nd cd the cung c6 "dao dUc b i o tdn", "Idng tin"eua ngudi dan vao he thdng quan iy va quan tri dja phuong, tU dd thue day sU tham gia tieh cue hOn cCia hp trong hoat ddng quan ly, bao tdn tai nguyen.
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