XU HUONG NGHIEN CUU LUAT HIEN PHAP 6 MY

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XU HUONG NGHIEN CUU LUAT HIEN PHAP 6 MY

C d mpt dai Ip d Washington D.C gpi la "Dai IP Hie'n phap". Hie'n phap phd bid'n va dupc coi trpng dd'n mu'c ngudi ta lay nd de dat ldn dudng. Nhung each dd khdng xa, trudc Nha Tring, trudc ddi Capitol, trudc Toa an td'i cao lidn bang, noi tpa ngy ciia ba nganh cdng quyen dupc Hid'n pbap My dieu tidi, ngudi ta thay nhirng ngudi dung bidu tinh. Hid'n phap My la mpt tam huy chuang va nhu mpi lam huy chuong khae, nd cd hai mat. Ngudi My khdng cbi bidi nhin vao mpt mat ciia nd. Mdi mpt mat ciia lam huy chuang lau ddi nay, ngudi la lai cd nhung each nhin khae nhau. Gidi hpc thual ve Luat Hid'n phap d My nghidn cii'u ve Hid'n phap My theo nhieu khuynh hudng khae nhau. Nhirng khuynh hudng nghidn ciru Hid'n phap dupc the hidn chii yd'u lrong cac sach, cac lap chf. Dudi day la mpt sy khai quat ve cac khuynh hudng cbfnh trdn co sd mpt sd sach da dupc tid'p can.

1. Luat Hien phap hpc dudng

Day la khuynh hudng nghien ciru pbuc vu cho vide day hpc Luat Hid'n phap trong cac trudng luat d My. Cac sinh vidn luat la dd'i tupng chinh dupc thy budng nhung thanh qua nghidn ciiu nay. Cac giao su Luat Hid'n phap cung cd the sir dyng nhung kdt qua nghidn cun dd de day hpc. San phim ciia nghidn cun Luat Hid'n pbap phyc vy cho vide bpc x'a day d cac trudng dai hpc luat d My la cac cudn sach day khoang gan bai nghin trang. Duong nhidn, dd khdng phai la cac "giao trinb". Cac giio su hid'n phap manh ai nay vidi, sinh vidn thay sach ciia dng nao bay tbi dpc. Day la mdl sd cudn sach nhu vay: Ccm.stitiiti(mal law ciia Stone Seidman, Sunstein, Tu.sbinet, Karian, Asepen Publishers an hanli, 2005;

Crmstitiihonal law-principles and policies ciia Erxvin Chemerinsky, Asepen Publishers in hanh, 2006; Constitutional law ciia Kathleen

Ths. Luat hpc, Khoa Luat. Dai hpc qudc gia Ha Ndi

Bill Ngpc San

M. Sullivan va Gerald Gunlher, Foundation ail hanh, 2007... Nhung cudn sach nay dupc tai ban thudng xuyen. Nhu cudn cud'i cung dupc ndu trdn, de'n nam 2007 la lin lai ban thir 16.

Xei ve mat cau Irdc, cac cudn sach ndi Iren dupc cau triic thanh nhieu chuong va thudng bat dau vdi chucmg ve Toa an td'i cao lidn bang. Ly do cua viec khdi dau sach Luat Hie'n phap bang chuang ve Toa an tdi cao nam d quan nidm ciia ngudi My ve Luat Hid'n phap. Theo quan nidm phd bie'n cua cac giao su Luat Hien phap My, Luat Hie'n phap chfnh la nhiing giai thfch cua Toa an tdi cao lidn bang ve Hie'n phap. Nhu'ng sy giai thfch nay ciia Toa an cd gia trj phap ly dieu tiei sy van hanh quyen lyc cua qudc gia nen dupc gpi la Luat Hid'n phap. Chuang dau lien cua cac sach Luat Hie'n phap phyc vy hpc dudng Ihudng bat dau vdi viec phan tfch vai trd cua Toa an ddi vdi vide lao lap trat ly hien phap;

ndi each khae la vai trd cua Toa an dd'i vdi vide giai thich hie'n phap. Sau dd la cac chuang ve quydn lyc ciia Nghj vien, ciia Tdng Ihdng, cac quydn ca nhan... Npi dung ciia cac chuang sau nay dupc trinh bay theo each phan tfch didu khoan tuong umg cua Hie'n phap va sau dd la trinh bay Luat Hid'n phap dupc hinh thanh ttr dieu khoan Hid'n phap dd nhu thd' nao; nghTa la din ra nhirng vy an lien quan cimg cac giai thich ciia Toa an td'i eao lidn bang lien quan de'n didu khoan Hid'n phap dd. Vf dy, lien quan dd'n quyen quy djnh ve thuong mai gitra cac bang, cd nhirng vy an nhu: Gibbons v.Ogen, Brown v.Maryland, Cooley v. Broad of Warclens...T\\6n% qua cac vy an nay, Toa an tdi cao giai thfch the nao la thuong mai giiia cac bang. Toa an td'i cao lien bang, thdng qua cac vu an trdn, phai xae djnh cac quy djnh ve hang hai, quy djnh ve gia'y phep ddi vdi hang nhap khau, quy djnh ve hoa tidu...

cd thupc pham trii thuong mai giira cac bang

khdng? Lien quan de'n tai ca cac dieu khoan

ciia Hien pbap cd khoang ban bd'n tram vu

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^^™^t/i/t/iC»VGf iVGfliEA^ Cf?l/LlMr...

an hie'n phap. Dieu nay cd nghTa la ban bd'n tram phan quydi ciia Toa an ldi cao lidn bang da gdp phan hinh Ihanh va phat trien nganh Luat Hid'n phap My. Tai nhidn, cac sach Luat Hid'n phap hpc dudng khdng the phan tfch hdi tai ca cac vy an hie'n phap, ma cbi vidn dan nhiing vu an dien hinh cho nhiing didu khoan tuong irng ciia Hid'n pbap.

Thdng qua xu hudng nghidn ciiu Luat Hid'n phap phyc vy bpc dudng nay, ngudi ta cd the nbin tha'y ring Luat Hid'n phap d My la luat ciia Toa an td'i cao lidn bang. Dieu dd cung cd nghTa la sinh vidn hpc Luat Hidn phap la hpc cac vy an bid'n phap. Hpc Luit Hid'n phap Ihdng qua an Id ihi that la tbii vj, nhung cd qua nhieu an Id cung la mpt thach thirc ddi vdi sinh vidn luat. Cd le chinb vi vay ma ngoai nhung cudn sach ndi trdn cdn cd mdl loai sach budng din hpc Luat Hid'n pbap, khoang vai trim trang; chit yd'u hudng din sinh vidn each tra cun cac vy an hid'n phap.

2. Phan tich - di^n giai Hie'n phap Nd'u nhu khuynh budng trdn lap trung vao cac phan quydi hid'n pbap cua Toa an tdi cao lidn bang tbi khuynh budng nay lai lap trung nhieu ban vao ban Hid'n pbap Pbiladephia 1787 eting cac lu chfnh an. Cac hpc gia thupc khuynh budng nay tap trung vao vide lam rd nghTa cac dieu khoan ciia Hid'n pbap, giai thfch co sd ciia cac didu khoan dd. Cd nhung ci'p dp khae nhau dd'i vdi khuynh hudng nay. Cd nhung cudn sach nhd giai thfch gian dj y nghTa cua Hid'n phap de ngudi dpc phd thong cung cd thd bieu dupc. Cd nhung cudn sach kbac chuydn sau hon. Dudi day xin gidi ibidu hai bp sach cd the coi la quan trpng thupc khuynh hudng phan tfch va giai thfch Hid'n phap.

Thif nhdt la, Bp ttr dien Luai Hid'n phap 2 tap: The Constitutional law dictionary, volume I: Ind'ividial rights; volume 2:

governmental powers eua tap thd cac tie gia Ralph C.Chandler, Richard A.Enslen, Peter G. Renstrom, do Clio an hanh Iin diu tidn nam 1987. Tap 1 gdm cac va'n de vi quyen ca nhan va tap 2 gdm cac van de ve quydn lyc cua chfnh quyen. Mac dti la Tif diin nhung dd khdng phai la nhung cudn sach lidl

kd va djnh nghTa mpt each gian don cac thual ngii hid'n phap. Tit diin Ludt Hie'n phdp dupc ciu true Ihanh cac van dd hid'n phap, mdi van de gdm cac van dd nhd dupc giai thfch mpt each rd rang, ehi tidi dd'n vai trang. Vf dy, lap 2 ciia Ttr dien Luat Hid'n phap vd quyen lyc ciia chfnh quydn gdm 11 vi'n de sau day: 1.

Chil nghTa hpp hid'n, 2. Tai phan hid'n phap, 3.

Quydn banh pbap, 4. Quydn lap pbap, 5. Cbii nghTa lien bang, 6. Quydn lyc ve thuang mai, 7. Quyen lyc vd ehi lieu ngan sach va danh thud' cua lidn bang, 8. Sy dieu chinb ve kinh kd' eiia tieu bang va quy trinb td tyng diing luat; 9. Dieu khoan ve bpp ddng; 10. Cac Tham phan danh tid'ng ciia Tda an tdi cao lidn bang; 11. Ttr va cym tir pbap ly. Bp Tit diin Ludt Hiin phdp nay la ngudn tu lieu tham khao hun fch ddi vdi nhirng ngudi hoc lap va nghidn ciru Luat Hie'n phap.

Mpt bp sach ndi tid'ng kbac thupc khuynh budng nay la bp sach cua Akhil Redd Amar, giao su Luat Hid'n phap ciia Dai bpc Luat Yale, Dai bpc Luat sd 1 ciia My.

Bp sach ciia dng gdm hai cudn American 's Constitution, a biography va The Bill of rights. Trong ldi ndi dau ciia cudn American's Constitution, a biography, dng da nhin djnh ring cac luit su, cac nha chfnh trj hidm khi ngdi lai de nghT vd nhirng gi nim ding sau cac tir ngii cua Hid'n phap. Vdi cudn sach nay, dng dua ngudi dpc ttr chu diu tidn dd'n chir cudi ciing ciia Hid'n phap My theo trat ty cua nd. Ong vidi: "Trong cupc hdnh trinh ndy, chimg ta khong chi dan gidn klidm phd Hien phdp noi gi md cdn la Hien phdp noi nhu the ndo vd tgi sao Hiin phdp

lgi ndi ninf vdy''. Vdi cudn sach thur bai. The Bill of Rights, Amar mong mud'n cd mpt cai nbin tdng the vd be thd'ng cac quyen co ban ciia My. The Bill of Rights la mudi lu chfnh an diu tidn ve cac quyen co ban cua Hid'n pbap My. Amar nbin thay, lrong cac trudng dai bpc, vide nghidn ciiru cac quyen co ban nay dupc chia nhd thanh nbiing bp phan thupc nhung ITnh vyc luat kbac nhau. Tu chfnh an thir nhai, tu cbfnh an thur chfn, lu chfnh an tbii mudi thupc chUdng trinh Luat Hid'n phap; lu chfnh an thir sau, thir tam.

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JHA

NUOC vA

PHAP LUAT

sd moo*

phan ldn tu chfnh an thir nam dupc day lrong chudng Irinh Luat Td tyng Hinh sy; tu chfnh an thir bay dupc day trong chuong trinh Luat Td tung Dan sy... Ong cho ring dieu nay pha vd tinh chinb the ciia dao luat vi cac quydn ndn cd mong mud'n nghidn ciru cac quyen trong tfnh thd'ng nhai ciia nd: khdng chi nghien ciru cbiing ttr dau de'n cud'i lrong mpt sich ma cdn tim ra sy quan he gitra cac quyen. Hai cudn sach trdn cua Amar dupc dinb gia la nhirng cudn sach quan trpng nhai giai thich vi Hid'n phap My.

3. Nghien cuu chii nghla hop hien Ba nha tu tudng ldn ciia chii nghTa hpp hid'n My la Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison. Cac hpc gia Luat Hid'n phap lim lrong di cao cua ba nha tu tudng nay de phan ticb chii nghTa hpp hid'n My. Day la ba lac pham quan trpng ve chil de nay: 77/c' crmstitittional thought of Thomas .leffersrm ciia tac gia David N.Mayer, do Dai hpc Virgina ah hanh lin dau nam 1994;

AlexandeiHamihrm and the Idea of republican Government ciia tic gia Gerald Stourzb, do Dai hpc Stanford an hanh lan dau nam 1970; Jame Madiscm cm the Con.stitutirm and Bill of rights ciia tic gia Robert J. Morgan, do Greenxvood an banh lan dau nam 1978.

Ndi dd'n vide nghien cii'u ve cbii nghTa hpp hid'n d My. bpc gia danh tid'ng nhii phai kd dd'n la Carl Friedrich, giao su ngudi My gdc Dire. Sau the chid'n tbu' nhai, Carl Friedrich dd'n bpc Dai hpc Harvard vdi tu each la sinh vidn chuyen ddi. Sau khi hoan thanh hpc vj tid'n sT d Heidelberg, dng trd lai Dai bpc Harvard nam 1926 va day d day dd'n kbi nghi huu nam 1971. Van de trung tam trong so gin 15 tac phaim da xuat ban cua Carl Friedrich la chii nghTa hop hid'n. Tic pham quan trpng nhai ciia dng la Constitutional Government and Democracy:

theory and pratice in Europe and America (lai ban lin thir tu nam 1968) da dupc djch sang nam ihir tid'ng khae nhau. Tac phaim Tran.seendent ./ustiee: the religious dinensions of Constituticmahsm (1964) phan tfch ngudn gd'c ldn giao cua chu nghTa hpp hid'n, dac biet la Tliidn chiia giao Do thai. Tac phaim gin day ciia ong la Limited Government: A compariscm

(1974). Cari Friedrich cho rang cd 6 y nghTa bao ham trong y tudng vd chu nghTa hpp hid'n.

Nam trong sau y nghTa dd la (1) trie't ly, gdm djnh nghTa ciia Aristotle ve chfnh tri; (2) can trite, gdm cac co quan ldng quat ciia chfnh quydn; (3) phdp ly, gdm luat co ban ciia he ibd'ng chfnh trj; (4) tin lieu, gdm cac Hie'n phap thanh x'an; (5) quy trinh, gdm quy trinh tu chinh Hie'n phap khd khan, phu'c tap ban so vdi Ihudng luat. Sy thira nhan nay dua ljeh sir ciia chil nghTa hpp hie'n de'n y nglna thir sau ciia nd ma Friedrich gpi la y nghTa hien dai va quy chuin, gdm ly thuyet vd tlufc hdnh hieu qud, CO he thcing nhifng giifi hgn difcfc dinh che'h CKI ddi vdi cpiy in life nhd nifdc vd cpiyin life ehinh tri de chdng Igi sif xdm phgm cdc quyin ciia cd nhdn. Friedrich cd mdt each tid'p can rat quy chuin vd chii nghTa hpp hie'n, mac dil nhiing trang viei ciia ong day ap nhirng phin tfch ljeh sir va so sanh vd chfnh quy^n.

Tai ca deu dupc dng xem xet dudi lang kfnh ciia chil nglna hpp hien thyc thy, sy bao vd cac quydn ca nhan tiudc su dpc tai cua chfnh quydn. Friedrich cho ring mpt chfnh quydn trudc tidn phai la mpt chfnh quyen hidu qua trudc khi nd dupc gpi la chfnh quyen hpp hid'n. Ong cung quan niem mpt ndn hanh chfnh phat tridn tdi la trung tam cua mpt chfnh quyen ldi. Tuy nhien, de dat dupc nhung muc dich CO ban dd, cbfnh quyen hop hie'n phai co sy phan chia quydn lyc: phan chia churc nang giira cac nganh quyen lyc ciia chfnh quyen, va phan chia quyen lyc theo lanh thd lheo nguydn ly ciia chii nglna lien bang'.

Nhirng gia trj co ban ciia chu nghTa hpp hid'n My la chii nghTa ty do, he thd'ng kim che va dd'i trpng quyen lyc, chii nghTa lien bang.

Gin day, ngudi ta dang cd xu hudng di vao co sd ciia nbiing gia irj dd. Friedrich da de cap dd'n CO sd tdn giao cua chu nghTa hpp hie'n.

Mdl cdng trinh khae ciia H. Fefferson Powell, lac pham The moral tradition of American Constituticmalisni do Dai hpc Duke a'n hanh lan dau nam 1993 cung lheo khuynh hudng

Ralph C.Chandler, Richard A.Enslen, Peter G.

Renstrom. The Con.siiiiaionat law Diciionary, volume 2:

governmental powers. Clio press, i987.p.l5.i6.33.34.

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:UHUdNG NGHIEN CUU LUAT ...

nay. Powell di lim co sd dao dire ciia chii nghTa hpp hie'n My. Tac gia nay xic djnh lai chil nghTa hpp hie'n My nhu la dao dire xa hpi.

Ong khai thac sy lidn lac giira chii nghTa hpp hie'n My va Thidn chiia giao Do thai.

4. Phan tich-phe binh Hie'n phap Han 200 nam ton lai, lieu Hid'n phap My cdn dil Ihdng thai de didu hanh chfnh quydn?

Nhidu hpc gia Luat Hid'n phap d My hidn nay dang td ra nghi ngd vd kha nang tid'p tyc cd hidu lyc dd'i vdi chfnh quyen ciia Hidn pbap My. Trong mpt birc thu giri cho Madison ttr Paris, ngay 6/9/1789, Thomas Jefferson vidi:

"Khong mpt xd hpi ndo eo thi ldm ra mpt bdn Hiin phdp vinh cim, hoclc mpt dgo ludt vTnh cifu. Thi gian ludn sdng dpng... Moi Hien phdp, cimg nhu mpi dgo ludt, tif nhien se hei hieu life sau 19 ndm. Neu no bi bdt bupc thi hanh Idu han, nd Id sif eifcfng ep chif khdilg phdi Id quyin". Vay ma Hid'n pbap My da tdn tai ban 200 nam bd qua sy canh bao ciia vj Tdng thd'ng vd'n phan ddi ban Hid'n pbap nay ngay tir khi nd mdi ra ddi.

Khdng ke nhung bai vidi phd binh mpt each bp phan vd cac didu khoan cy ibd ciia Hid'n phap trdn cac tap cbi, cd nhung cdng trinh phd binh mpt each tdng the ban Hid'n phap nay. Xin ke ra mpt sd cudn sach nhu vay: Our undemocratic Constitution cua giao su Sanford Levinson d Dai hpc Luat Texas, do Dai hpc Oxford an hanh nam 2006, va A more perfect ConstUuticm eiia tid'n sT Larry J Sabato d Dai bpc Virgina, do Walker&Company an banh nam 2007. He thd'ng phan chia quyen lyc, kim chd' dd'i trpng, chil nghTa lidn bang, chu nghTa ly do la nhimg gia trj dn djnh ciia chu nghTa hpp hid'n My dupc phan chidu lrong Hie'n pbap My, va khd cd the thay ddi. Cac tac gia phd binh Hid'n phap My cung thira nhan nhimg gia trj dd. Nhung di vao nhung chi tidi ciia Hien phap, hp nhan tha'y cd qua nhieu npi dung trong Hid'n phap id ra bai cong va thid'u dan chil. Vd djnh che Tdng thdng, hp phd binh va ddi cai each cac quy djnh ciia Hid'n phap ve each thurc bau cir Tdng thdng qua dai cir tri, quyen lye ciia Tdng thdng qua ldn, nhai la quydn lyc thdi chid'n va quyen phii quydi, tidu

chuiin img cir vidn Tdng thdng bai cdng (chi cdng dan My ban dja mdi dupc iing cir lam Tdng Ihdng, vd hinh chung Hien phap da lao ra cdng dan hang bai). cac quy djnh ve Thupng vidn thid'u dan chii, nhidm ky sudt ddi eiia eae Chanh an Tda an ldi cao lidn bang la khdng bpp ly... Kbdng nhimg cbi ydu ciu sira ddi npi dung Hid'n phap, bp cdn ydu cau sira ddi each thirc thdng qua ban Hid'n phap mdi nhu thd' nao. Hidn nay d My, ci'p lidn bang, khdng cd trung cau din y, va vide thdng qua Hid'n pbap cung khdng ngoai Id. Nhidu bpc gia Luat Hidn pbap iing bp Hid'n phap mdi phai dupc dem trung ciu dan y. Hp cung dang kdu gpi tridu tap mpt Hpi nghj lap hid'n mdi de; cai each Hid'n pbap. Giao su Sanford Levinson ydu cau "chuydn Hid'n pbap cbo mpt Hpi nghj mdi sira ddi" ngay ttr chuang diu tidn ciia cudn sich trong khi Tidn sT Larry J Sabato tbi kdu gpi tridu tip mpt "Hpi nghj lap Hid'n ciia thd' ky 21" d cbuong cudi cung ciia cudn sach sau khi da dua ra 23 dd nghj cai each Hid'n phap trong cac chuang trudc.

Mem mai ban bai cdng trinh trdn nhung day dan ban la mpt bp sach thupc tii sach Institutions of American Democracy. Bp sach nay cd nim cudn trong dd cd ba cudn quan trpng lidn quan cac djnh chd' Hid'n phap My la The Legislative branch do Paul J.Quirk va Sarah A.Binder bidn tip. The Execiiltive branch do Joel D.Aberbacb va Mark A.Peterson bidn tip. The .liidicial branch do Kermit L. Hall va Kevin T.McGuire bidn tip.

Ba cudn sach nay do Dai bpc Oxford in hanh nam 2005. Bp sach dd la kdi qua nghidn cii'u ciia nhumg hpc gia hang diu cua qudc gia va nhirng ngudi boat dpng thyc lidn ban ve qua khir, hidn lai va tuong lai ciia cac djnh chd' lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap d My. Hp kbPng cbi nghidn ciru ljeh sir ciia cic djnh cbe, hidn tai ciia nd ma cdn dy trii nhung thay ddi trong tuang lai ciia nd ciing vdi sy thay ddi cua Hid'n phap.

5. Thuc te ciia Hien phap

Ngudi ta cung nhin thi'y ring trdn manh dai ma Hid'n pbap, theo nghTa hidn dai ciia nd, lan dau tidn xuit hidn ciing xay ra hidn tupng Hid'n phap ndi mpt ding, chinh quydn van

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mA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT so 11200*

hanh mpt neo. Khdng hidm nhiing tac gia cdng khai phe binh sy vi pham Hid'n phap cua chfnh quyen My. Thudng day la kliuynh hudng nghien ciiu Hid'n phap cua cac nha boat dpng chfnh trj. Ttr cud'i the ky trudc, Hedrick Smith trong lac phaim The Power game. How Washington works da nhan thay he thd'ng quyen lye d Washington khdng cdn van hanh mpt each hieu qua; trd choi quyen lye d D.C khdng chi dupc dieu tidi bdi Hie'n phap ma cdn bdi cac quy lie bai tbanh van. Gan day, John W.Dean, ngudi da timg lam cd van phap ly cho nha Tring lir thdi Tdng Ihdng Nixon, da vidi mpt cudn sach day tfnh phe binh:

Broken government, How Republican Rule destroyed the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches, Penguin Group xuai ban nam 2007. Trong tac phaim nay, dng da chi ra do sy lac dpng ciia cac yd'u id cbfnh Irj, cac djnh chd' lap phap, hanh pbap va tu phap da kbdng cdn van banh trong khudn khd ciia Hid'n phap. Ong phd binh ring Nghj vidn bii lyc lrong vide kiem soil Tdng ibd'ng; Tdng thd'ng tfch ly quyen lyc ngay cang ldn hon va khdng cdn bj can trd bdi he thd'ng kim che, dd'i trpng quydn lyc; sy dpc lap va vd lu ciia nen lu phap lidn bang bj pha vd bdi the lye ciia cac Thaim phan va triei ly chfnh trj bao thu cyc doan ciia nganh tu phap.

6. So ket

Trdn day la mpt sy khai quatso bp mang tinh cam nhan ban diu ciia ca nhan vi cac xu hudng nghidn ciiu Luat Hid'n phap d My. Sy phan loai tbanh 5 xu hudng nhu trdn la tuOng dd'i bdi le: kbdng cd ngudi nao chi giai thfch ma khdng phd binh, hay chi phe binh ma khdng giai thfch, cbi phd binh va giai thfch ma kbdng lim hieu thyc lidn ciia Hie'n phap.

Nhung can cir vao diem nhan ciia lirng hpc gia, cd the tuong dd'i phan loai nhu vay: cd ngudi nha'n manh vao sy didn giai, ngudi khae lai quan lam ban dd'n sy phd binh, ngudi khae lai quan tam dd'n ddi sd'ng thyc ciia Hid'n phap...

Nhin chung, cd the thay ring nghidn ciai Luat Hid'n phap My ehju sy chi phd'i cua chu nghTa thyc dyng d My. Cac hpc gia Luat Hid'n phap quan tam nhidu hon ddi vdi cac van dd mang tfnh thyc td' nhu giai thfch

nhung dieu khoan cu thd' ciia Hien phap, phan tfch an le cho sinh vien luat hpc, phe binh de cai each Hid'n phap hon la quan tam de'n nhiing van di mang tfnh chat Iy thuyet han lam. Hp khdng mat nhieu thdi gian ddi vdi nhiing va'n de ly thuye't chung vd Hid'n phap. Sinh vien luat, hpc Luat Hien phap la Luat Hie'n phap My. Sach hpc ciia sinh vidn cung chil yeu de cap dd'n Luat Hie'n phap My, khdng ban nhieu de'n Luat Hie'n phap ndi chung. Hiem khi tim dupc mpt cudn sach ly thuydi co ban vd Hie'n phap (cac quan nidm vd Hie'n phap, ngudn gd'c cua Hid'n phap, phan loai Hien phap, so sanh Hid'n phap, chfnh thd...) d My do ngudi My vidt.

Tinh cd gap dupc cudn Constitutional Theory, nhin ky thi lac gia la ngudi Dure, Carl Schmill do ngudi My djch sang tie'ng Anh (Dai hpc Duke an hanh nam 2008).

Do sy chi phd'i ciia chii nghTa thyc dung, ngudi My quan lam dd'n nhung gi thyc te ban la ly thuyet, khdng gid'ng nhu ngudi chau Au Ihudng cd khuynh hudng quan tam de'n cac van de mang tinh ban lam. Nghien ciru ve chu nghTa hpp hid'n, mpt hudng nghien ciiu mang tfnh han lam cao khdng thu hut nhieu ngudi nhu cac hudng nghien cii'u kbac d My.

Nudc My la nudc xae lap nen dan chii sdm Irdn the gidi. Nhung mpt lac ph^m kinh dien ndi tidng the' gidi khai quat mang tfnh han lam ve nen dan chu My lai khdng do ngudi My viei ma do mpt ngudi Phap vie't (Toccquville). Mpt lac gia cd tieng nhat nghidn cii'u ve chii nghTa hpp hie'n d My, Cari Friedrich, lai la mpt ngudi My gd'c Dii'c.

Hie'n phap My cd the thay ddi. He thd'ng chfnh trj My cung cd the thay ddi. Ngudi My cd thd se khdng cdn ty hao la cd mpt ban Hid'n phap lau ddi nhat the gidi va la mat hang xuai khaiu quan trpng cua nudc My.

XU HUONG NGHIEN CUU LUAT HIEN PHAP 6 MY