( dng nghiep rting
V NGHIEN CL I ANH HUONG CUA M O T SO YEU TO DEN NONG DO KHI THAI CUA XE 6 TO
N<lii\en V a n T i n i ' , C h u J i a n g w e i ^ 'SCS Tnrdng Dgi hoc Ldm nghiep
•GS. TS. Tnrdng Dgt hoc Ldm nghidp Ddng Bdc - Trung Quoc T O M T A T
Bai bao gidi ihi?u k^t qua phan rich anh hirong cua thai gian su dung va tinh chat su dyng cua xe 6 to den nflng do khi thai ciia xe 6 to. Kit qua nghien curu cho thay, nong dp trung binh ciia HC, C O va NO co trong khi thii xe 6 to ting len theo su tang ten ciia thdi gian sir dung xe. O giai doan 1 ciia thoi gian sii dyng xe. nong dp trung binh ciia HC. CO va NO la thlp nhat, va t3ng dan len 6 cac giai do^n tiep theo. Ty le tSng rii giai doan 1 len giai doan 2 la tu 25 • 30% doi \ oi ca hai chu trinh kiem dinh. Ty le tflng tir giai doan 2 len giai doan 3 \k Ion nhat, dat 103% 6 chu trinh ASM5025 va l^o a chu trinh ASM2540. O giai doan Hep theo miic do tingchfini hon. va den giai doan 5 nong do trung binh cua chiing la cao nhat. Mat khac, ket qua thong ke cung cho thay, nong do trung binh ciia HC, CO va NO ciia lo^ii xc co kinh doanh v^in tai cao hern khoang 52 - 56% so voi cua lo^i xe khong kinh doanh v ^ tai.
Tir khoa: Khi thdi .\e o to, nong dp trung binh, thiri gian sd dung, xe khong kinh doanh van tdi, xe cd kinh doanh vdn tdi.
I. DAT VAN DE
Nhimg nam gan day, vai sir tang trumig nhanh chong ve kinh tc cua nhieu nudc tren the giai, dai song xa hpi thay doi timg ngay, 6 to tir cho dupc xem nhu la bieu trung cho su giau c6 ciia xa hgi, thi nay, 6 to da trd len rdt phd bien d hau het cac thanh pho tren the gidi.
Ciing vdi dd la s^^ phat trien vdi tdc dp circ nhanh ciia nganh cong nghiep 6 td da lam cho so lupng 6 td dang sii dung tren toan the gidi tang len nhanh chong. Nhung 6 to cung chinh la nguon goc cua viec tieu hao nhien lieu va khi thai 6 td la mpt h-ong nhimg nguyen nhan chinh dan den 6 nhiem khdng khi d cac thanh phd CO mat dp phucmg tien giao thdng ca gidi caonhuBScKinh. Hong Kong, Delhi...
Hien nay, miic dp d nhilm ciia khi thai xe d to dupc danh gia thdng qua n6ng dp cua mot so chi tieu chu ydu nhu HC, CO, NO, va di kem vdi dd la he thong cac tieu chudn v6 khi thai xe d td dupc ban hanh. trong do quy djnh gia trj gidi han cho cac chi tieu nay. Cac xe 6 td can cu vao chimg loai, tinh ch5t su dung (xe co kinh doanh van tai hoac xe khong kinh doanh 78 TAP CHi KHOA HQC \ .\ C O N C
van tai), thai gian su dung (thdi gian tinh tii khi dang ky lan dau hoac tir khi san xu^t d^n thdi diem kiem dinh) ma se phai djnh ky ki^m dinh theo quy dinh cua ca quan dang kiem xe.
Viec xac dinh miic dp d nhiem hay trang thai 6 nhiem ciia cac chi tieu v l khi thai xe d td noi tren va cac yeu td chinh anh hudng dgn no co y nghia het siic quan trpng, giup cho cdc nhd quan ly co can cii khoa hpc trong viec hogich dinh chinh sach lien quan den quan ly, giim sat khi thai xe d td, kjp thdi dilu chinh quy djnh vc chu ky kiem dmh xc nham hai hda hda giiia miic do hai long cua chu xe vdi vice giam thieu d nhiem do klii thai xe d td gay ra.
Nghien cuu nay se tien hanh phan tich miic dp anh hudng cua mpt so y6u to nhu thdi gian su dung xe, tinh chat sOr dung xe den nong dp trung binh ctia cac chat HC, CO va NO co trong khi thai cua xc 6 td, tir dd de xuat giai phap giam thieu d nhilm do khi thai xe d to gay ra.
II. P H U O N G PHAP NGHIEN CUU Phucmg phap nghien cuu dugc su dung d day la phuang phap thong ke todn hpc tren nen NGHE L A M N G H I f P SO I-20I6
tang phan miixi SQL Sener 2008 voi ca sa da lieu la gan gin 60.000 kit qua kiem dinh \'e khi thai cua xe 6 to thuc te dugc thu thap tir mpt so tram dang kiem xe co giai.
UI. KET QL .A NGHIEN CUU VA TRXO LU.JOi 3.1. Hf thong kiem djnh khi thai theo phtrong phap .\.SM
He thong kiem dinh khi thai xe 6 to theo phuang phap ASM (sau day gpi la he thong kiem dinh khi thai ASM) la mpt trong nhihig
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,,^;;ii^7;a^
he thdng kijm dinh khi thai dang duoc ap dung chinh 6 Trung Qu6c ii kiSm tra va phan tich ndng dp ciia cac chit gay 6 nhiem co trong khi thai xe 6 to. He thdng kidm dinh khi thai ASM dupc ciu thanh bed he thong giam sat \ a dieu khidn ddng ca, he thdng quan ly thdng tin kiem dinh, he Ihdng didu khidn trung tam, he thdng phan tich khi thai, thiet hi do cdng suat... Hinh I la so dd ciu tao va hinh 2 la anh md phdng cua mdt he thdng giam sat va kiem dinh khi thai theo phuong phap .ASM,
Hinh 1. Scr do cau tao h£ thong gi^m sal va kiem dinh khi thai xe 5 to theo phyong phap ASM i!
Hinh 2. Mo phong he thong dieu khien va kiem dinh khi thai xe 6 to theo phtnmg phap ASM 1 !c thdng dieu khien trung tam cd nhiem vu thi nhiem vu dupc gui den tu bp didu khidn ticp nhan cac chi lenh dieu khicn thiet hi thuc chinh. He thdng nay su dung md-dun cd tich
TAP CHl KHOA HOC \ A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2016 79
Cdng nghiep rung
hpp sSn nhilu tinh nang khac nhau, can cii vao chi lenh tilp nhan dupc se thu thap cac tin hieu mo phdng nrong iing, cac tin hieu nay qua xii iy dupc chuyen ddi thanh tin hieu dang so giii den bd dilu khiln chinh, nham thuc hien viec giam sal va dieu khien qua trinh kiem dinh, xOr ly du lieu kiem dinh... He thdng phan tich khi thai ASM cd the phan tich va xac djnh duac duac ndng dp CO. NO^. HC cd trong khi thai ciia xc dupc kiem dinh. ddng thdi se giii dii lieu kiem djnh va ket luan kiem dinh den bp dieu khicn chinh. Thiet bi do cdng suat va he thdng dieu khien ctia nd chii yeu duac diing de kiem tra va giam sat che dp lam \ iec ciia dpng CO, tiep nhan chi lenh dieu khien dupc giii den tir bp dieu khien chinh, ddng thdi giii cac tham so che dp lam viec ciia dpng co den bp dieu khien chinh.
Ca che lam vi§c ca ban ciia he thdng: Trudc tien, nhan vien nghidp vu eiia tram kilm dinh se tien hanh nhap cac thdng tin ca ban ctia xe den kiem dinh vao he thong quan ly thdng tin, dir li?u kiem dinh thdng qua may chti se dupc tai len ca sd du lieu trung tam. He thdng quan ly thdng tin kiem dinh cd thi tu dpng hoan
thanh cdng viec thu nhan du lieu va phSn tich thdng ke. Ngoai ra, ca sd du lieu cua tram dang kiem xe cac cap cdn co chirc nang trao doi dir lieu va ndi mang dir lieu, nhSm tgo diai kien thuan lai cho cac ca quan lien quan nim bat mpt each toan dien va giam sat thdi gian Ihuc ddi vdi tinh hinh tdng the vl kilm djnh khi thai xe d td. Can cii vao cac thong tin cc ban ciia cac xe den kiem dinh va phuong phap kiem dinh dupc nhap vao trong h§ thdng quan Iy thdng tin kilm dinh, doi chilu vdi trinh tu kiem dinh va yeu cau cu the quy dinh trong cac tieu chuan khi thai tumig ung, he thong se chip hanh chi lenh kiem djnh va giii chi l?nh den tii dilu khien hoan thanh viec gia tai cho xe;
thdng qua he thdng dilu khiln phat di chi lenh tien hanh giam sat cac tham sd nhu thdi gian van hanh che dp hoat ddng, tdc dp quay ciia dpng ca va nhiet dp d^u, ddng thdi kilm tra ndng dp cac khi gay d nhilm cd trong khi thai xe d td, rdi giii va luu dir lieu va kit lu3n kilm dinh vao ca sd dCr lieu. Hinh 3 la sa dd quy trinh kilm dinh khi thai xe d to theo phirong phap ASM.
Dira xc vao
kiem d|iih
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Dang k\ va ghi cac thong tmve
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Kiem Ira
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. ^ - 3 Dua
khu cha kiem dinh
^ J
T 3
.i^ S
Kiem
chi tieu ve khi thai
Soat lai k^t qua kiem dtnh
Nhan tem chiing
nhan BVMT
Hinh 3 . S a d^ quy trinh k i l m djnh khi xa xe o to theo phircmg p h a p . \ S M
din nTng d S . h i i *'" ' " " '"^ ' ' " ' " "^ ^''" '"^^ '""^ ''^ ^^ ^' ^'^ ^'"^ ^^" ^
. . kiem djnh xe, danh gia dp mdi cua xe,... Sau hoi gian su dung la chi tieu rit quan trpng day se tidn hanh phan tich mdi quan he giiia trong qua tnnh su dung, quan ly xe d td Day la thai gian su dung ddn ndng dp cua HC, CO vi
TAP CHi KHOA HOC \ A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP S 6 1-2016
Cong nghiep rimg N O c d trong khi lliai cua xe d td. thdi gian sir dung khac nhau duoc tdng hpp
Ket qua phan tich \ a ± d n g ke dir lieu kiem 1 ™ bang 1.
dinh khi thai xe d td phan theo timg giai doan
Bang 1. N6ng iq trung binh cua HC, CO va NO CO trong khi xa cua o to theo thoi gian su dung Giai
doan thoi gian sir
dung 5 4 3 2 1
Thoi gian sir dung xe ( n a m ) '
>I2 9 - 1 2 6 - 8 1,5-5
<l,5 Tong
So xe dira vao kiem dinh (chiee)
5129 3441 10785 38167 473 57995
AS.M5025 HC (10"')
112 89 78 41 31
"
CO
(%)
0,65 0.45 0,46 0,24 0.22
.NO (10-*)
556 503 489 215 14.3
So \ e d i r a v a o k i e m
d i n h (chiee)
4 4 8 5 2 9 1 5 9547 3 6 8 7 0 461 54278
AS.\12.=;40
H C (10">)
90 70 72 45 33
1
CO
(%)
0,58 0,35 0,40 0.30 0,27
NO (10^)
706 425 540 239 188 Chu thich: Thai gian su dung cua xe dirac phdn nhdm dua tren cdc mdc thai dp dung cdc tieu chudn khi thdi khde nhau.
Viec kiem dinh khi thdi xe 6 td theo phuang phdp . \S\t duac lien hdnh theo tudn tu theo 2 chu '.rinh do Id chu trinh ASM5025 vd chu tnnh .4S.\I254() Trinh lir cua 2 chu trinh nav nhu sau:
- Chu trinh ASM5025: Xe d td dua \ a o kiem dinh dupc lam ndng theo quy dinh, sau dd tang tdc ddng ca len 25km/h, thiet bi do cdng suat gia tai cho ddng co bang 50% cdng suat dpng ca vdi gia tdc 1.475m/s . Bd dem thdi gian bat dau tinh gid (t), liic nay t=Os. Duy tri tdc dp ciia xe dn dinh d gia tri 25±l,5km/h trong thdi gian 5s, neu khdng cd hien tuong bao ldi, thi he thdng kiem dinh khi thai se can Cli vao thdi gian dap ting lau nhat ciia bd phan tich de hoan thanh viec thiet lap trudc cac thdng sd can thiet cho phep do va bat dau lay mau, neu thdi gian dap iing cua bp phan tich la 10s, tlii thdi gian thilt lap trudc la lOs, thdi gian cua chu trinh la t ^ l 5 s ; duy tri tiep 10s, thai gian ctia chu trinh la t=25s, hoan thanh viec kiem tra nhanh theo chu trinh ASM5025.
Sau dd, tiep tuc van hanh cho den giay thii 90, thdi giai ciia chu trinh la t=90s, hoan thanh viec kiem tra day du theo chu trinh ASM5025.
- Chu trinh ASM2540: Ngay sau khi kiem dinh xong theo chu trinh ASM5025, tiep tuc tang tdc dpng ca len 40km/h, thiet bi do cdng suSt gia tai cho dpng co bSng 25% cdng suat dpng c a \ d i gia tdc 1.475in's". Bp dem thdi
gian bat dau tinh gid (t), liic nay t=Os. Duy tri tdc dp ciia xe dn djnh d gia tri 40±l.5km/h trong thdi gian 5s. neu khdng cd hien tupng bao ldi, thi he thdng kiem dmh khi thai se can Cli vao thdi gian dap iing lau nhat ciia bd phan tich de hoan thanh vice thiet lap trudc cac thdng sd can thiet cho phep do va bat dau lay mau, neu thdi gian dap ung ciia bp phan tich la IDs, thi thdi gian thiet lap trudc la 10s, thdi gian cua chu trinh la t=l5s; duy tri tiep IDs, thdi gian ciia chu trinh la i=25s, hoan thanh viec kiem tra nhanh theo chu trinh ASM2540.
Sau dd, tiep tuc van hanh cho den giay thii 90, thdi giai cua chu trinh la t^90s, hoan thanh viec kiem tra day dii theo chu trinh ASM2540.
Tir sd lieu thdng ke tren bang 1, ta thSy cd su khac biet rd ret \ e ndng dp ciia HC, CO va NO d cac giai doan thdi gian sii dung khac nhau ddi vdi ca hai chu trinh kiem dinh la ASM5i)25 va ASM2540. D I thi hien mpt each true quan ket qua thdng ke, lam ca sd cho viec phan tich, tir sd lieu tren bang I, ta ticn hanh \ c bieu dd the hien su anh hudng cua thdi gian sir dung den ndng dp khi thai {hinh 4).
TAP CHI KHOA H O C \ A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2016 81
Tlicri gian sif d(ina \ c . (iiSiii) Thcti giaii su diuigxe. (ihi}
a) Old tri trung binh da HC bj Gia trj trung binh aia CO c) Gid Iri trung binh cim NO Hinh 4. Do thi anh hurffng cua thoi gian su- dung \e den nong do khi thSi Dd thi tren hinh 4 cho thay xu the tang len
mpt each ro rang theo thdi gian cua ndng dp trung binh cac chjt HC, CO va NO cd Uong khi thai xe d td d ca hai chu trinh kiem dinh la ASM5025 va ASM2540. Didu nay chung td thdi gian su dung cd anh hudng rat Idn den nong dp cua HC. CO va NO cd trong khi thai cua xc d td. De danh gia chi tiet hem ve muc dp anh hudng cua tung giai doan thdi gian sir dung den ndng dp ciia khi thai, ta tien hanh lap bang so sinh ve mdc dp va ty lc tang cua ndng dp khi thai theo timg giai doan thdi gian su dyng nhu the hien tren bang 2.
Tir sd lieu tren bang I va ket qua so sanh d hang 2, ta thay: 0 giai doan 1 \ a giai doan 2, nong dp trung binh cua HC, CO va NO cd Uong khi thai xe d td la tuong ddi th^p ddi d ca
hai chu trinh kiem dinh, va mirc dp tang Icn cua ndng dp cac chat nay tir giai doan I len giai doan 2 la khdng Idn. ty le tang tmng binh la 30% ddi vdi chu trinh ASM5025 va 25% d6i vdi chu trinh ASM2540, ty le tang cao nhat la 50% ddi vai gia tri NO d chu frinh ASM502S.
Nhung den giai doan 3, ndng dp trung binh cua khi thai tang len mdt each dang ke so vdi giai doan 2, ty le tang trung binh d chu trinh ASM5025 la 103% va d chu trinh ASM2540 la 73%, ty le tang Idn nhat d hai chu h-inh nay deu thupc ve NO vdi ty le tang lan lupt la 127% va 126%. Nhu vay, cd thd thSy sau 6 - 8 nam su dyng, tinh trang ky thuat cua xe d td c6 dau hieu xudng cap mdt each nhanh chdng, la nguyen nhan dan den sir gia tang ndng dp khi thai, can phai trpng diem giam sat cac xe co ndng dp khi thai cao d giai doan nay.
Bang 2. Mire d9 thay doi ciia nong dg HC, CO ^ a NO theo giai doan thdi gian sir dyng Giai
doan Thoi Ihdi gian su gian sir dung xe,
dung (nam)
AS.M5025 ASM2540
HC (10-")
CO
(%)
NO (10*)
>12 9-12 6-8 1,5-5
<1,5 23 (26%)
11 (14%)
37 (90%)
10 (32%)
0,20 (44"„) -0,01 (-2%) 0,22 (92%)
0,02 (9%)
53 (10%)
14 (3%)
274 (127%)
72 (50%)
Tyle thay doi
trung binh
(%)
HC (10*)
CO
(%%)
NO (lO*) 27
5 103 30
20 (28%)
-2 (-3%)
27 (60%)
12 (36%)
0,23 (66%)
-0,05 (-5%) 0,1 (33%)
0,03 (11%)
281 (66%) -115 (-21%)
301 (126%)
51 (27%)
Tylf^
Ihay doi trung
binh
(%) -
53 -12 73 25 Ghi chit: Gia Ir irong dau ngogc dan •()' la ly If thay ddi so vm giai dogn liin ki truac do
TAP CHi KHOA HQC \ .\ CONG N G H E LAM N G H l £ P S 6 1-2016
Cong nghiep rirng 0 giai doan 4, ndng dp tmng binh ciia khi
thai thay ddi khdng Idn, va thap chi cdn giam hon mdt chiit so vdi giai doan 3, ty le giam trung binh la 12% d chu trinh ASM2540. Tuy nhien, do sd luong xe dua vac kiem dinh d giai doan 4 la it, cho nen cd the do nhimg nguyen nhan khac lam cho xu hudng tang len cua ndng dp khi thai khdng hoan toan tuan theo quy luat lang len theo thdi gian sii dung. 6 giai doan 5, day la giai doan cd thdi gian sii dung tren 12 nam, ndng dd trung binh ciia khi thai tiep tuc tang len, ty lc tang trung binh d chu trinh ASM5025 va chu trinh ASM2540 lin lupt la 27% va 53%. Day cung la giai doan cd ndng dp trung binh ciia HC, CO va NO la cao nhat.
3.3. Anh hirdng cua ti'nh chat sir dung xe den nong dp khi thai
Trong cac quy dinh lien quan viec kiem
dinh xe, c a quan dang kiem xe c a gidi cdn phan loai xe d td theo tinh chat su dung thanh hai loai la xe cd kinh doanh van tai (KDVT) va xe khdng KDVT. Kit qua thdng ke cho thiy ndng dp tnmg binh ciia HC. CO va NO ciia loai xe cd KDVT cao hon nhilu so vdi cua loai xe khdng KDVT (xem bang 3). Ddi vdi chu trinh ASM5025. ndng dp khi ciia xe cd KDVT trung binh cao hom ciia xe khdng KDVT la 56%. trong dd miic chenh cao nhat la ndng dp NO ciia xe cd KDVT cao hon 67% cua xe khdng KDVT. Cdn ddi vdi chu trinh
SM2540. ndng dp khi thai ciia loai xe cd KDVT trung binh cao hon ciia loai xe khdng KDVT la 52*'o. trong dd ndng dp NO cua loai xe cd KDVT cd miic chenh cao nhat, cao hon gan 88" u so vdi ndng dp NO ciia xc khdng KDVT.
Bang 3. Nong do trung binh cua HC, CO va NO phan theo (inh chal sir dung Tinh chat sir
dung xe Xc CO KDVT .Xc khong KDVT
Tdng
So xe d m vao kiem dinh (chiee)
11623 46372 57995
ASM5025 HC (10^)
78 51
CO
(%)
0,45 0,30
NO (iC) 460 276
So xe dua vao kiem djnh (chiee)
10444 43834 54278
ASM2540 HC (10-*)
74 50
CO
(%)
0,40 0,33
NO (10*)
546 291
Mat khac ciing tii dii lieu tren bang 3 ta thay, trong tdng sd 57995 xc dua vao kiem djnh theo dieu ki?n ASM 5025, cd den 46372 \ e (chiem 80%) la xe khdng kinh doanh van tai. Tuang tu, trong 54278 \ c dua vao kiem dmh theo dieu ki?n ASM 2540. c6 den 43834 xe (chilm 80.07" I.) la xe khdng kinh doanh van tai, sd xc CO kinh doanh van tai chi chiem khoang 20%.
Nhu vay, cd the thay mpt lupng Idn cac xe cd tinh chat sii dung la khdng KDVT dang luu hanh, do dd, ngoai viec giam sat chat che chal lupng khi thai cua cac xc cd ndng dp nong dp khi thai cao. cac xe cd KDVT. thi viec giam sat va cd bicn phap duy tri trang thai thap cua nong dp khi thai cua loai xe khdng KDVT
cung se gdp phan giam thieu mpt lupng Idn khi thai dpc hai tii xc d td ra mdi trudng khdng khi.
3.4. .Mpt so giai p h a p giam thieu d nhiem do khi thai xc 6 to
(1) Hodn lhi?n he thdng kiem dinh khi thdi doi v&i xe ca giai:
Vice kicm tra khi thai ddi vdi xe co gidi va dinh ky bao dudng xe co gidi la rat quan trpng trong viec giam thieu khi thai ddc hai ciia xe CO gidi ndi chung va cua xe d td ndi rieng.
Thdng qua viec thiet lap he thdng quan ly kilm dinh nghiem ngat va hop ly ddi vdi khi thai ciia xe ca gidi, nham phat huy tac dung can cd ciia nd, tir dd giam sat tinh hinh khi thai thuc t l ciia xe CO gidi.
TAP CHI KHOA H O C \ A CONG NGHE LAM N G H I E P SO 1-2016 83
Cdtt^ nghifp rimg
{2l Thuc hien tot viec gidm sdt khong cho luu thdng vd tien tai thu hdi cdc xe 6 lo hit men han su dung:
Thdng qua \ iec phan tich ket qua kiem dinh khi thai d td. cho thSy cimg vdi su tang len cua thdi gian sii dung xe, ndng dp ciia cac vat chat cd hai trong khi thai khdng ngimg tang len. Vi thi, nhit thilt phai giam sat tdt cac \ e sap het nien han sii dung, thdng bao cho chii phuang tipn khdng dupc luu hanh cac xe khi het nien han, thuc hien viec thu hdi xe hit nien han sii dung theo quy dinh.
(3) Ndng cao chdt luong xdng ddu:
Chat lupng xang dau la >eu td cd anh hudng mang tinh quyet dinh den mirc dp d nhiem ciia khi thai cua xe d td, can nhanh chdng thiet lap tieu chuan chat lupng xang dau sach va he thdng giam sat quan ly hiru hieu. Can cd vu sat nhap hoac dong ciia cac xi nghiep Ipc dau cd nhd, ngan ngiia xang dau khdng dat chuan chay vao thi truong. Vi vay, can phai nang cao chat tupng xang dau mpt each toan dicn, nghien ciiu va che tao xang dau sach, tang cudng he thdng quan ly giam sat. khong chl cd hi?u qua 6 nhiem khi thai ciia xe ca gidi.
(•li Gido due vd cdi thien thoi quen ldi xe cua cdc ldi .xe.
Cac lai xe trong qua trinh sit dung xe d td, vice khdi dpng, dicu khicn tdc dp cua xc, qua trinh dap/ nha chan ga... diu anh hudng den vice tao ra khi thai. Nhieu nghien ciiu ciing chi ra rang, khi tang hoac giam tdc xe, ham lupng HC. CO trong khi thai tang len mdt each rd rang, khi tang tdc do nhiet dp cua dpng co tang len cdn cd the lam gia tang hpp chit NO^ trong khi thai, chi khi lai d tdc dp diu thi lugng khi thai cua xe d to mdi la thip nhit. Vi vay, trong dieu ki?n cho phep cua dudng xa va mdi trudng. nen duy tri lai xe vdi tdc dp diu, khdng nen thudng xuyen thay ddi tdc dp cua xe. Ban dap Chan ga true iilp dilu chinh ndng dp hdn hpp chay di vao xi lanh, cd anh hudng rit Idn
din khi thai. Khi nha chan ga dot ngdt (nha g i p ) . do van dieu tiet khdng khi dpt ngpt dong lai, lam cho dp chan khdng d hpng dng nap khi tang len nhanh chdng. Iiic nay mang xang bdm tren thanh dng nap khi va nhien lieu tir dirong nhien lieu khdng tai nhanh chdng bdc hai vi tiln vao xi lanh, trong mpt thdi gian ngan lam cho hdn hap chay trd nen giau, sau dd hon hpp chay lai nhanh chdng ngheo di, lam cho dieu kicn chay ciia ddng c a bi kem di, qua trinh chay khdng dn djnh. lupng khi thai tSng len. Vi vay, ngudi lai xc khi dieu khicn xe can dicu chinh chan ga mdt each dn djnh va hai hoa, khdng nen dap hoac nha gap chan ga khi khdng can thiet.
I \ . KE I LUAN
Ndng dp trung binh cua HC, CO va NO co trong khi thai xe d td tang len theo su tSng len cua thdi gian sii dyng xe. 0 giai doan I ciia thdi gian sir dyng xc. ndng dO tnmg binh cua HC, CO va NO la thap nhat, va tSng dan len 6 cac giai doan liep theo. Miic lang tir giai doan 1 len giai doan 2 la khdng Idn, ty Ip tSng trung binh la 30% doi vdi chu trinh ASM5025 va 2 5 % doi vdi chu trinh ASM2540. Nhung lir giai doan 2 len giai doan 3, ndng dd trung binh ciia chung tang len mpt each nhanh chong, ty le tang trung binh la 103% ddi vdi chu trinh ASM5025 va 7 3 % ddi vdi chu trinh ASM2540 va mirc tang Idn nhat thudc ve ndng dp NO vai ty le tang tren 126% ddi vdi ca hai chu trinh Nhu vay, cd thi thay sau 6 - 8 nam sii dyng.
tinh trang ky thuat cua xe d td cd dau hi?u xudng cap mpt each nhanh chdng, day la nguyen nhan dan den su gia tSng ndng dp khi thai, can phai trpng dicm giam sat cac xe co ndng dp khi thai cao d giai doan nay.
0 giai doan 4, ndng dp ciia khi thai khong thay ddi dang ke so vdi giai doan 3. 6 giai do?n 5, day la giai doan cd thdi gian sir dung tren 12 nam, ndng dp tiung binh cua khi thai tiep tyc r.AP ( H i KHOA H(?C N A C{>N(; NGHK I.A.M NGHIEP SO 1-2016
Cong nghiep rung tang len, ty le tang trung binh d chu trinh
ASM5025 \a chu trinh ASM2540 lin luot la 27% \ a 53%. Day ciing la giai doan cd ndng dp trung binh ciia HC, CO va XO la cao nhit.
Ndng dp trung binh HC, CO va NO cd trong khi thai ciia loai xe cd KDVT cao han tren 50% so vdi cua loai xe khdng KDVT. Mat khac sd luong xe khdng kinh doanh van tai ciing chiem mpt ty le Idn (80%) trong tdng sd cac xe duac kiem dinh. Do vay, ben canh viec giam sat quan ly cac xe cd ndng dp khi thai cao, thi viec giam sat va cd bien phap duy tri trang thai thap cua ndng dp khi thai cua loai xe khdng KDVT ciing se gdp phan giam thilu mdt lupng Idn khi thai ddc hai tii xe d td ra mdi trudng khdng khi.
T^l I.IEL THAM KHAO
J GOYAL P. el al. (2013). Vehicular emission m\enior>- of cnleria pollutants in Delhi. SpringerPlus 2(1): I - I I .
2. JIN r, et al. (2012). An evaluation of improvements in the air quality of Beijing arising from the use of new vehicle emission standards. Environ Monit Assess 184(4): 2151 -2159.
3. LI Hong-Hang et al. (2015). Exhaust Pollutants Test Results Analysis of Vehicle Based on Useftil Life (in Chinese)- Joumal of Wuhan University of Technology (04): 738-42.
4 NING Z. et al. (2012) PM. NOx and butane emissions from on-road vehicle fleets in Hong Kong and ihcir implications on emission control policy.
.Atmospheric Environment, 6 1 : 265-274
5 ZOU Ben-cun (2014). Research on group situation and relex-ance of exhaust pollulanis for in-used automobiles (in Chinese). NortheasI Forestry University
STUDY T H E EFFECTS O F SOME FACTORS ON V E H I C L E EXHAUST CONCENTRATION
\gu\en \ an Tuu, Chu Jiang^vei SLMM.\RY
This paper presents the resulLs of analyzing the effects of vehicle useful lime and application character to the vehicle exhaust concenUiilion The study resulls showed ihal the average contcniraUon of HC, CO and NO in vehicle e.xhaust have mcreased by the increase of \ ehicle useful time. In the stage 1 of the \ ehicle useful time, the average concentrations of HC, CO and NO arc the lowest, and gradually increased in the next stage. The increasing ratio from stage I to stage 2 is 25 - ' 0 % for both test c>i;!ci The increasing ratio from stage 2 lo stage 3 IS the biggest, reached 103% in the ASM5025 test cycle and 7 3 % m \S.M2f!4() test cycle In Ihe next stacc. the mcreased level is more slowly, and the average concentrations are highest in stage 5. On the other hand, statistical resulls also show thai the average concentration of HC. CO and NO of commercial vehicles about 52 - 56% higher than that of non-commercial vehicles.
Keywords: .Average concentration, commercial vehicles, non-commercial vehicles, useful life, vehicle exhaust.
Ngudi phan bien Ngay nhan bai Nga> phan bien
\ga> quyet djnh dang
PGS.TS. DuoTig \ an Tai 01/02/2016
05/02/2016 15/02/2016
TAP CHI KHOA HOC \ A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2016
