Nghien ciiu An BQ va Chau A. S6 8 - 2018
MOT SO NGHIEN ClTU QUOC TE VE CHAT LlTonVG CHUOI CUNG UTNG VA HAM Y CHO VIET NAM
Trieu Dinh Phwong*
Trudng Dai hoc Thuy lai
Ngdynhdnbai: 08/06/2018. ngdy gui phdn bien: 11/06/2018, ngdy duyel ddng 30/07/2018
r
ir giOa nhitng ndm 2000, qudn tri chat luong chuoi cung irng (SCQM) la mdt hu&ng nghien cdu dugc di xudt b&i nhieu hgc gid. Qua viic tdng quan cdc nghien edu ve SCQM, bdi viit he thdng hoa cdc cdch tiep can ve SCQM, cung nhu tiem ndng to l&n trong gidi quyet cdc vdn de chdt lugng chuoi cung ung, ndng cao ndng luc cho todn bg ede thdnh vien trong chudi, dgc biet xet trong boi cdnh cua cdc doanh nghiep sdn xudt chi tgo Viet Nam. Bdi viit cung de xudt 17 diem cdn luu y khi phdt triin he thdng qudn trj chdt luang chudi cung iing.Tir khda: quan tri chat lupng, quan tri chudi cung iing, san xuat che tao Mffdau
Tap trung vao chat lupng la mpt trong nhihig each tiep can giiip cac td chiic san xuat, kinh doanh xay dyng va phat trien Ipi the canh tranh. Cac boat ddng thyc hanh quan tri chat lupng cd tac dpng tich cue tdi ket qua hoat ddng eiia doanh nghiep (Flyrm va cdng su, 1995). Tuy nhien, mpt sd cac nghien cuu (Sousa va Voss, 2002; Robinson va Malhotra, 2005) ciing da chi ra rang khdng phai Iiic nao cac hoat dgng nay ciing dat hieu qua kinh doanh, cd nghia la nang luc ndi bp cua mpt td chuc dli xudt sdc den dau ciing khdng cdn dap ling dil vdi mpt thi trudng ddi hdi ngay cang eao (Robinson va Malhotra, 2005;
Vaniehchinchai va Igel, 2011). Nguyen nhan dupe chi ra la hau het cac doanh nghiep tap tmng vao cac boat dpng quan trj chat lupng trong pham vi npi bd. Trong giai doan dau, san phdm chua qua phiie tap do do eac cdng ty cd
the ty san xuat. Vao thdi diem do, nhung thach thiic ve chat luang chii yeu la dac tinh ky thuat hoac qua trinh san xuat san pham theo yeu cau chat lupng ciia khach hang.
Khi canh tranh chuyen ddng vupt ra ngoai pham vi mpt cdng ty duy nhat, chuyen tir cap dp cdng ty sang chudi cung iing, sy tap trung dupe chuyen tir quan tri thyc hanh npi bg sang viec quan ly cac cdng ty ben ngoai. Chat lupng cua mpt san pham hay dich vu khong chi phu thugc vao mdt cdng ty duy nhat ma cdn la moi giai doan trong chudi gia tri. Cac nha quan tri chdt lupng phai tich hpp cac hoat ddng thyc hanh cua cdng ty vdi nhiing boat ddng thyc hanh cua khaeh hang va nha cung iing (Flynn va Flynn, 2005; Robinson va Malhotra, 2005).
Quan tri chat lupng chuoi cung iing (SCQM) la mdt khai niem tieh hpp quan trj chat lupng (QM) va quan tri chudi cung iing (SCM) duoc de xuat bdi nhieu hpc gia tir giua nhiing nam 2000. Cho den nay, da cd rat nhieu nghien eiiu ve chu de nay duoc thuc hien tir phat trien khai niem cho den kham pha cac thanh phan ciia
55
Trieu Binh Phucmg. Mot so nghien ctiu qudc te...
quan tri chat lupng chudi cung img; nghien cuu thuc chiing nhirng ddng gdp cua SCQM ddi vdi ket qua hoat ddng eua td chiic; nghien cuu Uirdng hpp dien hinh nham lam rd phucmg phap quan tri chat lupng chudi cung ling.
Tai Viet Nam, da ed mdt sd nghien ciiu ve chuoi cung img ciing nhu phuong phap quan tri dieu hanh chudi cung iing (danh gia lya chpn nha cung iing)... Tir sau nam 2010 da cd mdt vai nghien ciiu ve chat lupng va an toan san pham chudi cung iing det may, ca tra, rau sach va mdt sd ndng san tai Viet Nam. Mac dii cd mdt so ket qua dang chii y, cac nghien ciiu nay mdi chi tap trung phan tich cac yeu td tac dgng den chat lupng san pham ciia chudi cung ling ma chua ban ve md hinh, cau tnic hoat ddng quan tri chat lupng toan bd chudi cung ling - la CO sd de cd san pham cd chat lupng mdt each on dinh va ben vung, dap iing yeu cau cua khach hang va thi trudng.
Tir thyc te nay, thdng qua viec tdng quan cac nghien ciiu da dupe thue hien, tac gia dua ra mdt sd gpi -y ve he thdng quan tri chat lupng chudi cung lingcho eac doanh nghiep san xudt che tao Viet Nam.
1. Quan tri chuoi cung irng va Quan trj chat lupng chuoi cung irng
1.1. Qudn tri chuoi cung dng Thuat ngii "chudi cung dng " da dupe cac nha nghien ciiu sii dung tir nhung nam 1970 (Banbury, 1975). Vao ddu nhung nam 1980, thuat ngir "qudn tri chuoi cung img" xudt hien (Oliver va Webber, 1982). Quan tri chudi cung img (SCM) ban ddu lien quan dgn viec quan ly hang tdn trii trong chu§i cung iing.
Khai niem nay sau do da dupe md rdng bao gdm viee quan ly tdt ca eac chiic nang trong mpt ehu6i cung iing. Theo Chopra va Meindl
(2001), "Qudn tri chudi cung irng liin quan din viee qudn ly ede dong chdy giOa cae cdng dogn trong chuoi cung img de tdi da hda tdng lai nhudn". Dinh nghia nay cho thay, SCM lien quan den viec quan ly cac ddng chay san pham, thdng tin va ngudn vdn xudi ddng va ngupc ddng trong chudi cung iing. SCM ciing ddi hdi phai dua ra quyet dinh ve dia diem dat CO sd san xuat, san pham san xuat, phuong thiic san xuat, va cudi cung, each thiic phan phdi cac san pham nay (Siia va cgng su, 2006).
Vdi muc tieu tao ra cac loi the canh tranh cho doanh nghiep, cac nha nghien ciiu da co gang nghien ciru, de xuat va tich hpp cac khai niem va thuc hanh ve quan tri chudi cung iing.
Cac linh vuc quan tri chuoi cung iing da dupe nghien ciiu tir nam 1990 den nam 2000 chii yeu bao gdm Hieu suat va danh gia ket qua boat ddng chudi cung iing, Tich hpp chuoi cung ling, Thiet ke mang ludi chudi cung iing V. V.... Trong thap nien dau cua the ky XXI, rat nhieu nghien ciiu ve SCM tap trung vao su chia se thdng tin va hpp tac giira cac ddi tac cua chuoi cung iing, nhan dang cac boat ddng thuc hanh tot (best practices) tao diSu kien cho viec lien ket va tich hpp eac qua trinh chu6i cung ling, iing dyng cae he thdng thdng tin quan tri va cac cdng nghe Intemet mdi nhdt thiic day hieu qua, hieu suat va chat luong trong toan bp chudi cung iing (Robinson va Malhotra, 2005).
1.2. Cdc cdch tiip can ve qudn tri chat luffng chuoi cung dng
Khi su canh tranh chuyen ddng vupt ra ngoai pham vi npi tai mdt cdng ty ma nhdn manh vao mang ludi cung iing ciia cac cong ty, sy tap trung dupe chuyen tir quan tri thyc hanh ndi bd sang viec quan tri ciia cac cdng ty
Nghien cmi An Bo va Chau A. S6 8 - 2018 va ddi tac ben ngoai. Cac nha quan tri chat
lupng phai tieh hpp cac boat ddng thyc hanh (ben yong doanh nghiep nhu thi8t k8 san pham, kiam soat qua trinh, Kaizen) cua doanh nghiep vdi nhiing hoat ddng cua khach hang va nha cung iing. Tich hpp hai khai niem quan tri chat lupng va quan tri chudi cung iing la xu hudng tat yeu quyet dinh kha nang canh tranh trong tuong lai cua chuoi cung ung. Quan tri chat lupng chydi cung ung (Supply Chain Quality Management - SCQM) la khai niem tich hop hai ITnh vye khoa hpc quan tri - quan tri chat lupng va quan tri chudi cung iing dupe de xuat bdi nhieu hpc gia tir giiia nhiing nam 2000. De xuat nay dupe hinh thanh dya tren ket qua nghien cuu ly luan va thuc chiing boat ddng quan tri chudi cxmg iing ciia cac tap doan san xuat va dich vu da qudc gia.
Ross (1998) de xudt SCQM la "giai dogn phdt trien m&i eua chdt lugng todn diin ". Tac gia dua ra dinh nghia "SCQM la su tham gia cua tdt cd cdc thdnh vien kenh cung img trong qud trinh phdt trien liin tuc vd ddng nhdt cua tdt ed cdc quy trinh, sdn phdm, dich vu vd vdn hod ldm viec, tap trung vdo viic tgo ra ndng sudt khac biet, cgnh tranh thong qua viic qudng bd sdn phdm vd cdc gidi phdp dich vu mang lgi gid tri vd sir hdi long ciia khdch hdng". Dinh nghTa nay ket hpp eac yeu td quan tri chat lupng vao quan tri chudi cung ling. Khi mdt san pham chuyen tir mdt thanh vien sang thanh vien khac trong chudi cung ling, chat lupng ciia san pham chiu anh hudng cua tat ca cac thanh vien trong chuoi. Cac thanh vien cua chudi cung iing ciing anh hudng den chat lupng cua cac ludng thdng tin va chat lupng ciia eac quy trinh dupe sii dimg yong chudi.
Kuei va Madu (2001) dua ra dinh nghTa ve SCQM vdi 3 phuong yinh co ban la:
SC ^ mang ludi phan phdi san pham;
Q = dap ling nhu cau thi trudng chinh xac va dat dupe sy hai long ciia khach hang nhanh chdng, cd Ipl nhuan; va
M = tao dieu kien va tang cudng Idng tin ddi vdi chat lupng chudi cung iing.
Robinson va Malhotra (2005) da xac dinh
"qudn tri chdt lugng chudi cung ting la su phoi hgp chinh thuc vd tich hgp cdc qud trinh kinh doanh lien quan den tdt cd cdc to chuc ddi tdc trong kenh cung cdp de do luong, phdn tich vd lien tue cdi tiin sdn phdm, dich vu vd qud trinh di tgo ra gid tri vd dgt dugc sir hdi long cua khdch hdng trung gian vd cudi cung tren thj tru&ng ". Hai tac gia da md ta he thdng SCQM gdm cac hoat ddng quan tri chat lupng truyen thong, tap trung vao chudi cung iing ngi bd vdi cac hoat dgng thuc hanh trong ngi bg td chiic va cac boat ddng hpp tac, tich hpp cac thanh vien chudi cung iing tap trung vao chuoi cung ung ben ngoai vdi cac thuc hanh lien td chiic.
Siia (2006) cho rang "SCQMbao gom cdc hoat dgng qudn tri chdt luang trong mdt td chirc chuoi cung ung vd tdt cd cdc hoat dpng cdi tien chdt lugng diin ra trong chudi cung ung". Foster (2008) dinh nghia SCQM la '...
mgt cdch tiep cdn dua tren hi thdng de cdi liin hieu sudt su dung cdc ca hgi tgo ra b&i cdc lien kit xudi ddng (downstream) vd ngugc dong (upstream) v&i cdc nhd cung cdp vd khdch hdng". Ford (2015) xac dinh "SCQMId mdt ca che qudn tri chdt lugng cdc ddng chdy tdi nguyen giOa cdc td chuc phu thupc ldn nhau "
Nhu vay, cd the thay SCQM xuat hien trong bdi canh thi trudng toan cau phat trien, viec quan tri chudi cung ung dang phai doi
Trieu Binh Phuong. Mdt sd nghien ciru quoc te...
mat vdi nhieu nhiing thach thiie mdi, each tiep can truyen thdng de quan tri chuoi cung ung hd nen ngay cang thieu hieu qua. Viec Idng ghep cac nguyen tac quan tri chat lupng dem dSn nhiSu ti^m nang eho viec md rpng pham vi cua quan tri chuoi cung ung tir each tiep can hep theo truyen thdng ve chi phi vdi mdi quan he mang tinh canh tranh sang each tiep can tap trung vao cac mdi quan he hpp tac giiia cac thanh vien trong chudi cung img.
2. Tong quan cac nghien cihi ve quan tri chat lupng chuoi cung ung
Ben canh cae nghien ciiu ban dau phat trien khai niem, cac hpc gia, nha quan ly ciing timg budc di kham pha eac thanh phan ciia quan tri chat lupng chuoi cung iing. Lin va cdng sy (2005) nghien cuu cae boat dpng thyc hanh quan tri chat lupng (QM), sy tham gia cua nha cung cap va chien lupc lya chpn nha cung cap - trong mdi quan he vdi k6t qua boat dpng ciia td chiic tai Dai Loan va Hdng Kdng.
Sir dung Md hinh cau tnic tuyen tinh (SEM), ket qua phan tich cho thay eac boat ddng thyc hanh QM tuong quan tich cue vdi sy tham gia cua nha cung cap va lua chpn nha cung cdp.
Sy tham gia ciia nha cung cap lam trung gian anh hudng cua cac boat ddng thyc hanh QM ddi vdi ket qua kinh doanh va su hai Idng cua khach hang. Trong md hinh truyen thdng, cac cdng ty chu yeu quan tam den cae vdn de idy cdng ty lam trung tam nhu gia ca, chdt lupng san pham va thdi gian giao hang. Trong md hinh chat lupng chuoi cung iing mdi, cac moi quan he nha cung cap - khach hang va chdt lugng cae san pham ddng san xudt trd thanh nhimg van de chinh. Theodorakioglu va cdng sy (2006) da tim ra mdi tuong quan tich cyc giiia thyc tien quan tri nha cung cdp va thyc
tien quan tri chat lupng tdng the. Lo va cdng sy (2006) trong nghien ciiu cua minh ve quan tri chat lupng hieu qua trong chuoi cung iing da phan tich 10 yeu td quan trpng md ta mpt he thdng quan tri chat lupng chudi cung iing.
Nhiing yeu td nay cd the dupe nhdm lai thanh ha nhdm chinh: lya chpn nha cung iing, phat trien nha cung iing va tich hop nha cung iing.
Kannan va Tan (2007) nghien ciiu tae dpng ciia cac boat dpng bao gdm dau vao ciia khach hang (CI), chat lupng nha cung cap (SQ), chat lupng thiet ke (DQ), chat lupng diing thdi diem (JQ), qua yinh toan ven va tuong tae (PI) ciia CIxDQ, JQxSQ, JQxPl ve chdt lupng san pham va hieu suat dich vu khach hang. Sir dung phan tich hdi quy, ket qua cho thay anh hudng tich cyc dang ke cua CI, SQ, DQ, PI, va CIxDQ ve chat lupng san pham, cua CI, DQ, va JQ ve dich vu khach hang. Kuei va cdng sy (2008) de xuat mdt khudn khd bao gdm 4 khia canh quan trpng cho viec thue hien SCQM: nang lye chuoi cung iing, cac yeu to thanh cdng then chdt, cac thanh phan chien lupc, va cac hoait ddng thuc hanh SCQM.
Foster, Wallin va Ogden (2011) yong mpt nghien cuu nham muc dich hieu rd ban ve thuc tien SCQM, da tien hanh so sanh cac cdng eu quan ly va phuong phap dupe cae nha quan ly boat ddng va quan yi chudi cung ling su dung. Cac ket qua ehi ra rang sy hpp tac nhieu ban la each tiep can quan ly cua cac nha quan yi chuoi cung ling trong khi cac nha quan ly boat ddng cd the se quan tri chuoi cung img thdng qua cac phuong phap dua tren quy trinh. Them vao do, nghien eiiu cho thay dao tao, phan ti'ch dii lieu, quan tri chuoi cung irng, quan ly quan he khach hang, quan ly dy an va thu thap dii lieu la nhirng thdng le phd bien dupe ea hai nha quan ly sii dung. Quang
Nghien ciiu An Bo va Chau A. So 8 - 2018 va cdng sy (2016) da dua ra mdt khung khai
niem de kiem tra hieu qua eua cac thuc hanh SCQM ddi vdi hoat dpng ciia cdng ty. Md hinh cau tnic de xudt md ta cac lien kk da cdp giua cac boat ddng thuc hanh SCQM va giiia SCQM va hieu sudt.
Mpt sd hpc gia da thyc hien cac nghien ciiu thyc chiing nhiing ddng gdp eua SCQM ddi vdi hieu sudt ciia td chiic. Kuei (2001) nghien cuu su lien ket giua cac thuc hanh SCQM va ket qua boat ddng ciia td chiic. Sii dung phan tich cum khdng thii bac (K - Means Cluster Analysis), nghien cim chia du lieu thanh 3 nhdm dya tren miie thyc hien SCQM, sau do so sanh hieu suat td ehiic giiia 3 nhdm.
Ket qua cho thay cac td chuc cd xu hudng chat lupng cao cd dupe ket qua hoat dpng tdt ban ve tiet kiem chi phi, tang trudng nang suat, tang trudng doanh thu va sy hai Idng ciia nhan vien. Zeng va cdng su (2013) thuc hien nghien ciiu cac moi quan he giiia QM npi bp, QM xudi ddng, QM ngupc ddng va anh hudng cua chiing tdi su phii hpp ve chat lupng va su hai Idng ciia khach hang. Cac ket qua cho thay vai trd chi phdi cua QM trong SCQM cho thay can thiet phai thyc hien QM npi bd hieu qua trudc khi chuyen sang SCQM. QM xudi ddng la tmng gian tae dpng cua QM ndi bp ve sy hai long ciia khach hang yong khi QM ngupc ddng dudng nhu thieu anh hudng den hieu suat. Nghien ciiu eho thay can cd cac nghien cuu tilp theo de dieu y a sy tieh hpp QM ndi bd va cac nha cung cap.
Cac nghien cihi trudng hpp dien hinh ciing dupe thyc hien nham lam ro phuong phap quan tri chat lupng chudi cung iing.
Romano va Vinelli (2001) nghien cuu trudng hpp quan he chuoi cung iing ciia cdng ty Marzotto, mdt cdng ty det Italia va cdng ty
Apparel. Nghien ciiu nay so sanh eac hoat ddng thyc hanh chat lupng ciia hai loai mang ludi cung ung khac nhau ma Marzotto la cdng ty dia phuang. Cdng ty thir nhat sir dung phuang phap quan tri khach hang - nha cung ling truyen thdng cdn cdng ty kia sii dung phuang phap phdi hop va quan he rdng hon.
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay trudng hop cdng ty thii hai, mang ludi cung iing cd the cai thien kha nang dap ling su mong dpi ciia ngudi tieu dimg ve chat lupng thong qua cac boat ddng thyc hanh chat lugng dupe dinh nghia chung va quan ly thdng nhat. Yang va cdng sy (2007) da tien hanh nghien ciiu trudng hop ciia Samsung va thay rang nhung no lye va dau tu de tdng hpp SCM va 6sigma, phat yien mpt phuang phap dac thu dua yen 6sigma de cai thien boat ddng SCM, da dua den nhiing ket qua ndi bat.
3. Ham y cho Viet Nam
Tai Viet Nam, nganh san xuat che tao da CO nhiing budc phat trien nhat djnh, gdp phan tich cyc vao giai quyet viec lam, ddng gdp dang ke vao tang trudng GDP. Tuy nhien, thyc trang nganh cdng nghiep Viet Nam ndi chung va nganh san xuat che tao ndi rieng da va dang bdc Id nhieu ban ehe, bat cap, dien hinh nhu: cdng nghiep dang d trinh dp thap, chii yeu phat yien theo chieu rdng, ndi lyc cdn yeu, phu thudc nhieu vao doanh nghiep FDI, sy lien ket giiia cac doanh nghiep FDI va doanh nghiep trong nude edn ban che, nang suat lao dgng cdng nghiep, nhat la cdng nghiep ehe bien che tao cdn 6 miic thap. Cac doanh nghiep ndi dia Viet Nam hau nhu van diing ngoai eac chuoi gia trj toan cau ma nguyen nhan chii yeu la khdng dap ling dupe cac yeu cau va tieu chuan ve san pham (chat
Trieu Binh Phugng. Mpt so nghien ciru quoc le...
lupng, chi phi, thdi gian giao hang) bdi ban che ve nang luc ky thuat va ngudn lue. Trong bdi canh nay, su dung each tiep can quan trj chdt lupng chudi cung iing lam nen tang de tang cudng nang luc cho cac doanh nghiep san xuat che tao Viet Nam, nang cao kha nang gia nhap cac chudi gia tri toan cau la each tiep can hpp ly, giai quyet ddng thdi 3 bai toan khd:
chat lupng dap iing yeu cau khach hang, chi phi hpp ly va giao hang diing tien dp. Mpt so luu y cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khi phat trien be thdng quan y i chat lupng chudi cung ling nhu sau:
- Van ban hda, quan ly va kiem soat cac qua trinh san xuat, phan phdi va hd trp trong va ngoai pham vi chudi cung iing;
- Sir dung cac phuong phap cd he thong de xac dinh cac bien ddng dang ke ve hieu suat eiia qua trinh va chat lupng dau ra, xac dinh nguyen nhan gdc re, thyc hien hanh dgng khac phuc va xae minh ket qua vdi su tap trung vao khach hang cudi cung;
- Cai tien lien mc cac qua trinh nham cai thien thdi gian ehu ky, chat lupng tot ban va hieu qua boat dgng tdng the cao hon cho tdt ea cae thanh vien cua chudi cxmg iing;
- Ddi mdi de dat dupe hieu suat dot pha cho toan bd he thdng chuoi cung iing;
- Danh gia va lya chpn nha cung cdp dua tren chat lupng, khdng dya vao gia ea hay tien dp;
- Giam co sd cung cap va tbI6t lap cac mdi quan he gan giii vdi cac nha cung cap;
- Lam vi8e chat che vdi eac nha cung cdp va dua ra cac dy an chien lupc chung;
- Cac nha cung cap tham gia sdm va nd lyc giai quylt van de chung 6k phat hien sdm cae van de ve chat lupng;
- Lien ket diilt kk va san xuat vupt qua ranh gidi cua cdng ty bang each ket hpp cac kha nang ciia nha cung cap vao cac tham so thilt ki;
- Nha cung cap tham gia vao qua trinh phat trien san pham mdi;
- Thiet lap he thdng de dat hang, trao doi, chia se thdng tin vdi khach hang, nha cung cap;
- Lap ke hoach san xuat lien cdng ty, pha bd rao can giiia cae td chirc de thdi gian san xuat ngan ban;
- Phat trien vSn boa chat lupng tdt dya yen cam ket cua quan ly hang dau de cai tien vupt ra ngoai ranh gidi td chiic;
- Chuyen cac yeu cau ciia khach hang vao cac yeu eau thiet ke san pham va dich vu sdm, lien ket thiet ke va san xuat va xem xet cac kha nang eiia nha cung cap;
- Dua chat lupng vao trong san pham va dich vu thdng qua viec sir dung cac ky thuat va cdng cu dinh lupng thich hpp trong qua trinh phat trien san pham mdi tren pham vi toan cdng ty;
- Truyen thdng chiic nang cheo vupt qua cac ranh gidi ciia cdng ty, giam thdi gian phat trien san pham mdi va sii dung phuong phap
"thiit ki dung ngay ldn ddu tiin"
- Xay dung long tin giua cac thanh vien chudi cung iing de cd the dua cac yeu cau cua khach hang vao san pham va dich vu lien quan.
Ket luan
Quan yi chat lupng chuoi cung iing la mgt ehii de nghien ciiu mdi trong ITnh vye quan tri tac nghiep khdng chi d Viet Nam ma cdn tren the gidi. Thdi gian qua, chii de nghien eiiu nay da thu hiit dupe sy quan tam rat Idn tir cac hgc gia. Cd the thay, SCQM la chia khda giiip giai quyet cac van de chat lupng chuoi cung iing
Nghien cmi An Bo va Chau A. So 8 - 2018 va quyet dinh kha nang canh yanh trong tuong
lai eua chudi cung iing. Viec phat triln he thdng quan tri chdt lupng chudi cung iing la nen tang de tang cudng nang lyc cho eac doanh nghiep san xudt e h i tao Viet Nam nhdm tang cudng kha nang gia nhap cac chuoi gia yi toan cau la dieu cap t h i l t trong bdi canh hien nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Banbury, J. G. (1975), "Disyibution - the final link in the electricity supply chain".
Electronics & Power. lET, 21(13), pp.773-775.
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