PHAN TICH TAC DONG CUA HAI QUAN DEN CAI THIEN CHI S 6 NANG LlTC QUOC GIA
VE LOGISTICS: NGHIEN ClTU DOI VQl CAC QUOC GIA THANH VIEN ASEAN
Vu Duy Nguyen Hoc vien Tdi chinh Email- vuduynguyen@hvic edu.vn Ngay nh^ln: 28/4/2020
Ngay nh^in ban sira 20/5/2020 Ngay duy?t dang: 05/6/2020
Tom tat:
Bdi viil tap trung phdn lich tdc dong ciia hdi quan den cdi thien chi so ndng luc quoc gia ve Logistics (LPI) tren pham vi 10 quoc gia thdnh vien ASEAN. Nghiin cint phdi Men 6 hoqt dong quan trong cua hdi quan. (i) Ca che mot cira ASEAN (ASW). mot cira qude gia (NSW); (ii) Cai cdch hdnh chinh trong linh vuc hdi quan; (Hi) Qudn ly chuyin ngdnh; (iv) Qudn ly rui ro vd qudn ly tudn thu; (v) Phdt trien dqi ly lam thu tuc hdi quan; (vi) Doi tdc hdi quan - doanh nghiep c 6 idc dong dong biin din hai tiiu chi thong quan vd chdt luang dich vu logistics trong cdi thien chi so LPI. Ben canh do, nghien cihi de xudt mot so gidi phdp doi vai cdc nu&c thdnh viin ASEAN.
Tir khoa: Chi sd nang lyc quoc gia ve logistics; dai ly lam thu tiic hai quan; hai quan; mgt cira ASEAN.
Ma JEL: F13, F65, G28, 0 1 9
Analyzing the impact of customs on improvement of the Logistics Performance Index:
Research on ASEAN member countries Abstract:
This paper focuses on analyzing the impact of customs on improvement of the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) across IQ ASEAN countries The research has found six important activities of Customs: (i) ASEAN Single Window (ASW), National Single Window (NSWj; (ii) Administrative procedure reform in the field of customs; (in) Specialized management: (iv) Risk management and compliance management; (v) Development of customs brokers; (vi) Customs - Business partnership, which have positive impacts on two criteria of customs clearance and logistics service quality lo improve the LPI. In addition, the study also proposes a number of customs solutions for ASEAN member countries.
Keywords: Logistics performance index, customs broker; customs; .ASEAN single window.
JEL Code: F13, F65, G28, 019
1. Gidi thi^u Men (them 5 quoc gia la Brunei Danissalam, Lao, Hiep bdi cac qude gia Dong Nam 4 (ASEAN) la Myanmar, Campuchia va Viet Nam). ASEAN da trd Hiep hoi khu vuc dugc thanh lap tren co sd Tuyen thanh mot td chuc hap tac khu virc lien Chinh phii, bd BangKok ngay 8 thang 8 nam 1967 vdi sy tham cd tdm anh hudng quan trong \e chinh tri-kinh te d gia ciia 5 qude gia sang lap (Indonesia, Malaysia, Chau A - Thai Binh Duong, la ddi tac cua cac nudc Philippines, Singapore va Thai Lan), Sau 43 nam Idn \a cac trung tam quan trpng \ e kinh te va chinh tdn tai va phat tnin, ASEAN cd 10 qude gia thanh tri ti'en the gidi (Ban chi dao thdng tin tniyin thdng Sd 2 76 thdng 6/2020 31 kJillU'llill I rJI'II
ASEAN, 2017).
Nam 2018, ASEAN dat dupc chi tieu kinh tl quan trpng, nhu: mpt thi trudng tieu dimg vdi dan sd 649,1 trieu ngudi; thu nhap binh quan tren ddu ngudi dat 4.601,3 USD/ngudi/nara; la nln kinh tl Idn thir nam tren the gidi vdi tdng san pham qude ndi (GDP) dat 3.000,0 ty USD, tdc do tang tnrdng thye GDP dat 5,2% (2018) va trung binh 5,3% (giai doan 2000-2018); kim ngach xuat nhap khdu dat 2.816,0 ty USD, thang du can can thuong mai dat 48,0 ty USD; Tong vdn ddu tu FDI dat 154,7 ty USD, yong do ddu tu FDI npi khdi dat 24,5 ty USD, dau tu FDI ngoai khdi la 130,2 ty USD vdi mot sd ddi tac dihig ddu vl tdng gia tri FDI nhu: EU (14,2 ty USD), Nhat Ban (13,7ty USD), Tmng Qude (6,6 ty USD). Co cau kinh te ciia ASEAN ciing cd sy chuyen bien tich cyc theo hudng phat trien cong nghiep, dieh vu. Co cau kinh te dugc phan nhdm theo: ndng nghiep, san xuat che tao va dich vu, da phat trien theo hudng giam ty trgng nganh ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep che tao, tang nganh dich vy, vdi ty trpng 10,3%:
36,6%: 50,1% (2018) (ASEAN Secretariat, 2019).
ASEAN da thdng qua chinh sach phat trien djch vy logistics la mgt trong 12 ITnh vuc uu tien nham day nhanh tien trinh hpi nhap va lien ket ndi khdi (ASEAN Secretariat, 2008) va tai khSng djnh tai Nghi dinh thu thye bien gdi cam ket dich vu AFAS 9 trong Hi?p dinh khung ASEAN ve dich vy (ASEAN Secretariat, 2015). Gibson (2017) cung chi ra tam quan trpng ciia logistics thdng qua udc tinh rang chi phi logistics chiem khoang 8% GDP (ddi vdi nudc c6 nganh logistics phat trien va hieu qua nhat nhu Hoa Ky, Ha Lan), 13% GDP (ddi vdi cac nudc OECD), tir 16-18% (Trung Quoc) va khoang 18- 22% (ddi vdi cac nudc ASEAN), va khoang 25%
GDP (ddi vdi cac nudc c6 he thdng logistics kem hieu qua).
Cac qude gia thanh vien da nhan thirc ro ve thach thiic md cua thi trudng, co hdi phat trien va tam quan trgng ciia cai thien chi sd LPI nen cd nhieu hanh dpng, chinh sach tich cue cai tbien lien tuc diem sd va thii hang ve chi sd LPI trong giai doan 2007-2018 (dilm trung binh LPI cac nudc tang tu 2,9 len 3,02). Trong giai doan tdi, myc tieu tiep tyc cai thien chi so LPI la ypng tam ciia tiing qude gia thanh vien ASEAN. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, chinh phii d§t ra myc tieu: "Din nam 2025, \ep hang theo chi sd nang lyc qude gia vl logistics (LPI) dgt thii 50 tra lin; ty trong dong gop cua ngdnh djch vu logistics
vao GDP dat 8%-10%, tdc do tang trudng dich vu 6^t 15%-20%, ty le thue ngoai djch vu logistics dqt 50%-60%, chi phi logistics gidm xuong tuang duang 16%-20% GDP" (Thu mdng Chinh phu, 2017, 2).
Hai quan la co quan ciia Chinh phii vdi chiic nang quan ly Nha nudc trong linh vyc xuat nhap khau, thuc hien cac ebiic nang ndi bat nhu: thuc hi$n cdng tac kiem tra, giam sat hai quan ddi vdi hang hda xuat nhap khdu, phuong tien van tai xuat canh, nhap canh, qua canh; dieu tra chdng budn lau, van chuyen trai phep hang hda qua bien gidi, thu cac loai thue lien quan den hang hda xuat nhap khau, quan ly ve chuyen mdn ddi vdi cac dai ly lam thu tyc hai quan. Thuc te, co quan Hai quan da gdp phan tryc tiep va quan trgng vao cai thien chi sd LPI thdng qua viec tac dgng vao hai nhdm tieu chi la thdng quan va chat lugng dich vu logistics. Tuy nhien, de thye hien muc tieu gia tang diem sd va thii hang ciia LPI trong thdi gian tdi, co quan Hai quan cac qude gia thanh vien can cd nhirng giai phap cu the, hieu qua, qua do cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh va nang lue canh tranh qude gia.
2. Tong quan nghien ciru
Worid Bank (2007) idn ddu cdng bo chi sd LPI (Logistics Performance Index) vao nam 2007. Chi sd LPI dupc dieh ra tieng viet vdi mdt sd ten gpi kbac nhau nhu: chi sd hieu qua logistics (Bg Cdng thuong, 2019), hay chi sd hoat dpng logistics (Nguyen Tuong, 2018), hay cbi so nang lyc quoc gia vl logistics (Thii hrdng Chinh phii, 2017). Tuy nhien, ban chat ciia chi sd LPI la gidng nhau nhdm cung cap cac chi sd so sanh don gian ve hieu qua cua day chuyen cung iing ket ndi vdi boat dgng logistics.
Worid Bank (2018) nhan djnh rdng chi sd LPI da dugc cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach, cac chuyen gia thucmg mai, cac nha nghien cuu sir dung trong viec danh gia va so sanh sy phat trien logistics. Qua dd, LPI cho phep cac chinh phu, cac doanh nghiep \i cac ben ed lien quan danh gia Igi thi canh tranh tao ra tir boat ddng logistics va cd bien phap d l cai thien logistics - mach mau ciia kinh tl toan cdu.
De danh gia tdng thi, Worid Bank dua ra chi sd LPI gdm chi so LPI qude tl va LPI trong nudc.
Trong dd. logistics dugc hilu theo nghia rdng la mgt mang ludi cac djch vy ho trg viec chuyin dich hang hda, thuong mai qua bien gidi va thucmg mai ngi dia. Trong khudn khd nghien cuu tap trung xem xet chi sd LPI quoc tl vdi 6 tieu chi thanh phdn dugc danh gia theo thang diem 5 bdi ddi tugng dupc khao
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sat: I diem (rat thdp), 2 diem (thdp), 3 dilm (trung binh), 4 diem (cao) va 5 dilm (rdt cao). Sau tieu chi dugc dua ra bao gdm:
Thit nhat, tieu cbi hieu qua Thdng quan hai quan (C: Customs): Hieu qua ciia cac co quan kiem soat tai bien gidi, vi dy nhu tdc do thdng quan bang hda xuat khau, nhap khau; tinh dan gian cua thu tuc hai quan va kha nang dy doan trudc cua cac thu tuc khi thdng quan (tinh cdng khai, minh bach, dn dinh ciia quy dinh thii tuc hai quan),
Thir hai, tieu chi Ha tang (IN: Infrastructure): Chat luong cua ca sd ba tang lien quan den thuong mai va van tai (co sd ha tang ve cang bien, san bay, dudng sdt, dudng bg, dudng bien, hang khdng, phucmg tien chuyen tai, kho bai, ha tang cdng nghe thdng tin va cac dich vu IT).
Tbii ba, tieu chi chat lugng dich vu logistics (LS:
Service quanlity): Nang luc va chat lugng cua cac nha cung cap dich vu logistics, nhu: cac doanh nghiep cung cdp dich vu van tai dudng bd, dudng sat, dudng hang khdng, dudng bien va van tai da phuong thirc; doanh nghiep kho bai va phan phdi;
dai ly giao nhan; dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan; cac hiep hdi lien quan den thuong mai va van tai; ngudi giao va ngudi nhan hang.
Thu tu, tieu chi Giao hang (Sh: International shipment): Miic dp dl dang khi thu xep van chuyen hang hda xuat nhap khau vdi gia ca canh tranh. Hen quan den cac chi phi nhu phi dai ly, phi cang, phi cau dudng, phi luu kho bai;
Thii nam, tieu chi Truy xuat (TR: Tracking and tracing): Kha nang theo ddi va truy xuat cac Id hang;
Thu sau, tieu chi Thdi gian giao hang (Tm:
Timeness)' Sy dung lich cua cac Id hang dugc van chuyin khi tdi dich so vdi thdi ban da dinh, cac Id hang xudt khdu, nhap khau lam thu tuc thdng quan va giao diing thdi ban,
Nhu vay, nghien ciiu md hinh hda cdng thirc tinh chi so LPI qude te (biln phu thudc) theo 6 tieu chi cdu phdn (6 biln ddc lap). Cac biln doc lap gia dinh cd mdi quan be tuyIn tinh vdi bien phu thudc (LPI) thdng qua hp sd tuang quan (a) dugc hdi quy va kilm dinh tren co sd mau. Md hinh hoi quy cd dang, LPI = F(X,) - a„+ a,X,+ a^X+ a,X,+ a^X^+
api.^+ a^X^+ £„
Ky vgng cac gia tri a cd gia tri khac khong va Idn hon khdng (a >0) va co y nghi thdng ke khi thuc hien hoi quy. Dieu nay the hien ban chat cua each
tinh chi sd LPI tren ca sd 6 tieu chi thanh phan. Khi cai thien cac tieu chi thi se tac ddng cai thien chi sd LPI tucmg ling vdi be sd tuong quan thu dugc tii md hinh hdi quy.
Nghien ciiu ciing de xuat dua them bien gia la nhdm nudc (Group) trong ASEAN. Chia 10 quoc gia thanh hai nhdm tren co sd miic diem trung binh ciia chi sd LPI qua 6 nam va sy phat trien kinh te, sy tham gia ciia cac qude gia vao ASEAN. Khi dd.
Group la bien gia nhan gia tri 0 va 1. Khi Group=l (ap dung cho 6 nudc: Singapore, Thai Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines; Group = 0 (ap dung cho 4 nudc, gdm Myanmar, Lao, Campuchia, Brunei. Nghien ciiu se thye hien kiem dinh su khac biet ve diem ciia chi sd LPI giiia hai nhdm nudc cd hay khdng va cdng thirc tinh LPI cua moi nhdm nudc the nao?
Mo hinh hoi quy tuyin tinh di xudt co dang:
LPI = a^+ Oj C+ ajlN+ a,LS+ a^Sh+ a J R + a^Tm+ a,Group + £„(!)
Doi vdi su tac ddng cua ca quan hai quan den cac tieu chi thdng quan hai quan va chat lupng dich vu logistics, mdt sd Hiep dinh va nghien ciiu da de cap nhu: WTO (2017) da gidi thieu trong chuang 7 khuyen nghi de tao dieu kien thuan loi cho thuong mai quoc te, giam thap nhat chi phi cho hoat ddng ddng xuat khau, nhap khau thi co quan hai quan can ap dung cac bien phap hien dai nhu: Cai each hanh chinh, irng dung cdng nghe thdng tin va cdng khai thii tuc tren mang (dilu 7.2, 7.9); ap dung hinh thirc giai phdng hang khi chua cd quyet djnh thdng quan (dilu 7,7); Co che Mot cira quoe gia NSW (dieu 7,10); Ap dung quan ly nii ro (dieu 7,12); Ap dyng kiem tra sau thdng quan (dieu 7.13); Ap dung co che doanh nghiep uu tien AEO (dieu 7.14) va phat trien dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan (dieu 7,20),
ASEAN da thdng nhdt Nghj dinh thu vl tao dieu kien thuan loi cho thuong mai qude te trong don gian hda, hai hoa hda va chuan muc hda trong thuong mai, quy trinh, thu tuc hai quan va cac ddng thdng tin lien quan nham ky vpng cho phi giao dich thdp ban, tang cudng sy canh tranh xuat khau va sy hdi nhap cua ASEAN trong mdt thi trudng thdng nhat ve hang hda, dich vu va dau tu va nen tang san xudt thdng nhdt (ASEAN Secretariat, 2008; ASEAN Secretariat, 2015).
Intal Jr (2015) chi ra thye trang hanh ddng hien dai hoa hai quan da dien ra tren hau het cac nudc thanh vien ASEAN nhu: Ho so thdng quan, gui hang
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nhanh, chung nhan xuat xir, thanh toan thue hai quan, giay phep, chimg nhan an toan ve sinh thye pham; kiem tra va giai phdng hang dat tren 50%;
cac boat dong khac nhu he thdng kiem tra sau thdng quan, hoan thue tbi cai thien d mirc dudi 50%. Co che mdt cira ASEAN (ASW) dugc coi la cdng cu cai each hanh chinh trong ASEAN, thii tyc hai quan tai bien gidi nham cai thien thai gian can thiet de thong quan, xuat/nhap khau va minh bach thu tuc thdng quan tai bien gidi (Basu Das, 2017).
Tongzon & Cheong (2013) chi ra su cham tri trien khai ke hoach co che mdt cira qude gia (NSW), mgt cira ASEAN tai mdt sd qude gia thanh vien da gay ra sy cham tre trong trien khai ke hoach giao dich cac chung tir dien tii. Nghien ciru cho rdng thii tuc hai quan khdng hieu qua la mgt trong cac nguyen nhan can ban khien cho nganh logistics tiep tuc kem canh tranh d hdu hit cac nudc thanh vien ASEAN, nd dan tdi sy suy giam ciia hdi nhap khu vyc.
Bd Cdng ihuang (2019) da phan tich sy can thiet cai thien chi sd LPI ciia Viet Nam chinh la cai each hai quan vi tieu chi nay c6 diem sd thap nhat trong cac tieu chi xem xet. Nghien ciiu ciing de xuat cac giai phap cai thien hai quan nhu la bien phap then chdt tren co sd kiem soat thdi gian kiem tra thye te ddi vdi hang xuat, nhap khau, kiem soat thdi gian kiem tra chimg tir, ty le phan ludng do va luong vang ddi vdi hd so hai quan, kiem soat dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan, nang cao hieu qua cua ca che mpt cira qude gia va cai each quan ly chuyen nganh tai bien gidi, Nhu vay, cd the nhan dien he thdng ca che tac dgng ciia hai quan den cai thien den chi sd LPI cua
khu vyc ASEAN theo khung nghien cim (Hinh I):
3. Phirotig phap nghien cihi
Nghien cuu sir dyng phuang phap dinh lugng tren CO sd sir dung phdn mIm SPSS 20 dl kiem dmh he sd Cronbach's alpha, phan tich nhan td EFA va hdi quy tuyen tinh giiia tieu cbi thdng quan, chat lugng dich vy logistics va chi sd LPI. Nghien cuu sii dyng phucmg phap dinh tinh nham phan tich nguyen nhan va de xuat mdt sd giai phap tren co sd ket qua md hinh hdi quy tuyen tinh va cac minh chimg thuc tiln trong boat ddng ciia co quan hai quan.
Nghien cuu sir dyng bd dir lieu ve chi sd LPI qude te ciia 10 nudc ASEAN (World Bank cdng bd tdng thi 6 lan vao nam: 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018). Dii lieu gdm 56 quan sat (Brunei chi cd 2 quan sat nam 2016, 2018); dir lieu ve tieu chi giao dich thuong mai qua bien gidi trong chi sd Doing Business do World Bank cdng bd nam 2020 va dii lieu bao cao cua Ban thu ky ASEAN.
4. Ket qua nghien cuu va thao luan 4.1. Thong ki mo td cdc bien so trong mo hinh hoiquy
Diem sd chung ciia cbi sd LPI khu vyc ASEAN dat miic trung binh la 3,0/thang 5. Trong khi dd, gia tri trung binh ciia cac tieu cbi thdng quan (C) va tieu chi CO sd ha tang (IN) dat mirc 2,8/thang 5 thdp nhat trong 6 tieu ehi. Chat lugng djch vu logistics dat tmng binh mirc 2,9/thang 5 thap thii ba trong 6 tieu chi xem xet. Gia tri Idn nhat ciia chi sd LPI (4,19)
\ a 6 tieu chi tuong iing la tmdng hgp cua Singapore (Bang 1).
Hinh 1: Khung nghien ciru HAI QUAN
- Mdt cira ASEAN (ASW), mdt ciia qude gia (NSW)
- Cai each hanh chinh trong ITnh vyc hai quan
- Kiem tra chuyen nganh - Quan ly nii ro va quan ly tuan thii hai quan.
- Phat triln dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan.
- Doi tac hai quan - Doanh nghiep.
Tieu chi Thdng quan
trong LPI
Tieu chi ehat lugng dich vu logistics trong
LPI
Chi sd nang lyc qude gia ve logistics (LPI)
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Bang 1: Thdng ke md ta
Dem vi: diim tren ihang 5 So quan GiA tri trung ^
sit binh Trung V, D9 lech chuan
Gia trj nho Gia trj idn nhat nhat LPI
C IN Sh LS TR Tra
56 56 56 56 56 56 56
3,00 2,80 2,80 3,01 2,93 3,02 3,41
2,98 2,68 2,66 3,04 2,89 3,10 3,45
0,55 0,56 0,67 0,51 0,57 0,59 0,52
1,86 1,85 1,69 1,73 2,00 1,57 2,08
4,19 4,18 4,28 4.04 4,22 4,25 4,53 Nguon • Kit qud phdn lich du lieu bang phan mem SPSS 20.
4.2. Ket qud phdn tich Cronbach's Anpha vd phan tich nhan to EFA
Ket qua phan tich Cronbach's Anpha ciia 6 deu chi thanh phan cau tao len chi sd LPI dat mirc 0,985.
Gia tri nay Idn ban 0,7 va dam bao do tin cay cua thang do ddi vdi 6 tieu chi va the hien mirc dd lien ket ciia 6 bien quan sat (tieu chi) hinh thanh len chi sd LPI.
He sd tai nhan td KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkm) dat miic 0,922>0,75 va gia fri sig. -0,00 < 5%. Dieu nay the hien 6 tieu chi cd tuang quan chat vdi nhau trong hinh thanh nhan td.
Ket qua Bang 2 cho thay 6 bien quan sat hinh thanh len 1 nhan td tdng hgp FT^. Gia tri Eigenvalues=5,6>l va Variance= 93,478% the hien nhan td dugc hinh thanh tir 6 tieu chi giai thich dugc 93,478%) sy bien thien ciia nhan to tdng hgp,
Phan tich md hinh cho ket qua ma tran he sd diem thanh phan ciia nhan td tdng hpp FT, nhu sau:
FT, = 0,172 C+0,175 IN+ 0,170 Sh+ 0,175 LS+
0,174TR+0,168Tm(2)
4.3. Ket qud hoi quy mo hinh vd kiim dinh cdc gid thuyet
Md hinh hdi quy tuyen tinh dugc thuc hien tren CO sd md hinh ly thuylt dl xudt (1). Biln phu thudc LPI the hien diem sd danh gia ciia cac chuyen gia ve chi sd LPI cua cac nudc thanh vien/thang 5. Bien dgc lap dugc dua vao md hinh bao gdm: nhan to FT, la nhan td tdng hgp ciia 6 tieu chi thanh phan hinh thanh len chi sd LPI; biln gia Group nhan gia tri 0 va gia tri 1 tuong img vdi viec phan chia thanh hai nhdm quoc gia.
Md hinh hdi quy tuyen tinh mau cd dang: LPI = p„+p,FT + p , Group
Trong do, ky vpng gia tri P^ >0 va c6 y nghia thdng ke.
Theo Bang 3, md hinh khdng cd hien tugng ty phirong sai (gia tri Durbin-Watson = 2,364 gan gia Bang 2: Bang tong phirong sai trich
Cac yeu to
1 2 3 4 5 6
Tong 5,609
,170 ,101 ,064 ,030 ,028
Gia tri Eigenvalues
% phirong sal toan bo
93,478 2,829 1,680 1,059 ,494 .460
% tich luy 93,478 96,307 97,987 99,046 99.540 100,000
long phucmg sai trich Tong % phuang sai % tich luy
toan bp
5,609 93,478 93,478
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Nguon: Kit qud phdn tich dir lieu bdng phdn mem SPSS 20.
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Md hinh R R- 1 1,000' 1,000 a. Predictors: (Constant), FTl, b. Dependent Variable: LPI
Bang 3: Model Summary R" hieu chinh Sai sd chuan cua udc
lupng
1,000 ,0063661 , Group
Durbin-Watson 2,364
Nguon: kit qud phdn lich dir lieu bdng phdn mim SPSS 20.
tri 2) va cac bien ddc lap tham gia md binh giai thich dugc 100% sy bien thien ciia bien phu thudc LPI (gia tri R binh phuang hieu chinh =100%).
Md hinh thu dupc la phu hpp vi Sig. =0,00 <5%.
bac bd gia thuyet H^: cac he sd tuong quan giira bien ddc lap va bien phy thudc bang 0 (Bang 4). Nhu vay, tdn tai be sd pi khac gia tri 0 hay cd mdi quan he tuyen tinh giGa bien LPI va cac bien ddc lap cua md hinh.
Md hinh hdi quy dugc ket luan khdng co hien tugng da cdng tuyen (gia tri VIF deu <l 0) va gia tri Sig. ciia cac bien ddc lap dua vao mo hinh de cd y nghia thdng ke (Bang 5). Md hinh hdi quy cd dang:
LPI = 0,032+0,99FT|+ 0,003 Group +s (3) Vdi a,=0,03, cd nghTa la gia tri diem so LPI giira nhdm 1 va nhdm 2 cd sy chenh lech 0,03 diem vdi gia dinh cac yeu td khac deu nhu nhau.
a = 0,99, cd nghTa la khi FT 1 thay ddi 1 diem don vi thi diem sd LPI se dupc cai thien tang them 0,99 diem/tbang 5, gia dinh cac yeu td khac khdng ddi.
Ket hgp vdi phuang trinh ma tran diem thanh phan (1) thi bien quan sat Thdng quan (C) va bien chat lupng dich vu Logistics (LS) tac dpng ddng biln din FT, vdi he sd biong iing 0,172 va 0,175.
Thye hien kiem dmh xem cd su khac biet ve gia tri chi sd LPI giira nhdm 1 va nhdm 2 bay khdng?
Kiem dinh cap gia thuyet: H,,: khdng cd su khac biet va gia thuyet Hj: cd sy khac biet ve diem sd ciia LPI.
Thdng qua gia tri Sig. =0,03l<5%i nen bac bd gia thuyet H|j, cd sy khac biet ve gia tri diem sd LPI ciia hai nhdm qude gia trong khdi ASEAN.
4.4. Thdch thirc doi vdi hdi quan trong viec cdi thifn chi so LPI cua ASEA.y
Nguyen & cpng sy (2014) chi ra rang thii tuc hai Bang 4: Cac chi so ANOVA
Mo hinh Regression 1 Residual
Total
Sum of Squares 16,562 ,002 16,564 a. Dependent Variable: LPI b. Predictors: (Constant), FTl, Group
Df 2 53 55
Mean Square 8,281 ,000
F 204326,237
Sig- ,000'
Nguon: kit qud phdn lich du lieu bdng phdn mem SPSS 20
Bang 5: He so tuong quan (Coefficients) Mo hinh
(Constant) 1 Group
FTl
He so khong chuiin hoa B Std, En-or .032'" ,006
,005' .003 ,990"" ,002
He so chuan hoa Beta
,005 ,997
T
5,38 1,92 424,03
s.g.
,000 ,060 ,000
Thong ke da cong tuyen Tolerance VIF
,44 2,25 .44 2,25 a. Dependent Variable: LPI
•" img voi gia tri Sig nho hom 1%;" irng voi gia tri Sig. tu 5% dSn 10%
Nguon: ket qua phan lieh du lieu bang phdn mem SPSS 20
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Bang 6: Diem so trung binh cua chi sh LPI v^ cac tieu chi C va LS ciia 10 qude gia ASEAN Dan vi: diim so/thang 5 diem I T Qu6c gia LPI C LS
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Laos PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
2,79 2,59 2,99 2,40 3,44 2,26 2,94 4,09 3,31 3,04
2,70 2,40 2,65 2,26 3,20 2,13 2,68 4,02 3,08 2,79
2,64 2,49 2,92 2,33 3,38 2,19 2,86 4,09 3,21 2,96
Trung binh chung 2,99 2,79 2,90
Nguon: Bdo cdo ve chi so LPI ciia World Bank trong 6 lan cong bo (2007 din 2018) quan dang la rao can ddi vdi tao thuan Igi cho thuong
mai qude te va thuan Igi cho logistics trong cac nudc thanh vien ASEAN. Trong khi dd, cac nghien cuu va bao do cac cudc khao sat mdi nhat nam 2017 ddi vdi 246 cdng ty chau Au da tim thay 67% cdng ty tra Idi lo lang ve ganh nang cac thii tyc hai quan trong ASEAN can trd sy phat trien cua chudi cung iing ciia hp trong khu vyc. Cugc khao sat nam 2015 ddi vdi 5.545 cdng ty Nhat Ban boat ddng tai ASEAN, kit qua la thO tyc thdng quan hai quan don gian hoa dugc ghi nhan la yeu cau cao nhat cua cac bien phap thuSn Igi hda thuong mai trong AEC. Ddi vdi cac cdng ty My, khoang 50% trong sd 451 cdng ty tir ASEAN dugc hdi mong mudn giam chi phi giao dich nhilu bon va dat ky vpng cao vao chuang trinh tao thuan lot thuong mai ASEAN va phat trien hai quan (Basu Das, 2017).
Sd lieu thdng ke md ta diem trung binh chung cua chi sd LPI, tieu chi Thdng quan va chat lupng dich vy logistics (Bang 6) cho thdy: Mot la, chi sd diem tmng binh chung ciia 3 chi sd deu thap ban 3 diem/
thang 5 (mirc thang do trung binh), the hien diem sd LPI cua khu vyc ASEAN chi d miic trung binh ciia thi gidi; Hai la, hai tieu chi thdng quan hai quan va chat lugng djch vu logistics la hai trong ba tieu chi cd diem sd trung binh thap nhat trong 6 tieu chi cau thanh len chi sd LPI ciia khu vyc; Ba la, hai chi sd tren khdng ddng deu giua cac qude gia thanh vien ASEAN.
Mat khac, thdi gian va chi phi thdng quan hai quan ddi vdi hang hda xuat nhap khau trong cbi sd mdi trudng kinh doanh qude gia (DB) con kem canh
tranh, trong do phan tich chi tiet: (i) thdi gian va chi phi thuong mai qua bien gidi giiia cac nudc trong khu vyc con d mirc cao tren the gidi va khdng ddng deu (cd su chenh lech Idn giua 3 nudc Singapore, Thai Lan va Malaysia vdi cac nudc con lai); (ii) thdi gian va cho phi tai chinh cho tuan thu thdng quan tai bien gidi cao hon so vdi chuan bi hd so thdng quan;
(ill) Thai gian va chi phi tai chinh cho hang nhap khau thi cao hon so vdi hang xuat khau.
5. Giai phap tang cirdng cai each hai quan nh3m cai thien chi so nang luc quoc gia vl logistics doi voi cac nudc thanh vien khu vyc ASEAN
Thii nhat, thuc hien hieu qua ca che che mdt cira ASEAN (ASW) va ca chi mot cira qude gia (NSW).
Ban chat cua ASW la thuc hien hai quan dien tir tren co sd ung dung cdng nghe thong tin, internet va cac phuang phap quan ly hien dai nham thiet lap he thdng thdng quan dien tir thdng nhat giiia cac thanh vien ASEAN, tang cudng ket ndi, chia se thdng tin dien tii lien quan den giao dich ihuang mai ndi khdi va giira ASEAN vdi cac nudc ddi tac, cai each va giam thdi gian, chi phi tai chinh thdng quan cho cac giao djch qua bien gidi tren ca so thdng quan dien tir ty dpng (Oy ban chi dao ve co che md cua ASEAN (2017).Tuy nhien. mac dii ASW cd su cam kit chinh tri nhung van thye hien cham tre, nguyen nhan do viec triln khai NSW tai cac quoc gia gap nhieu can trd, nhilu quoc gia van chua ket ndi dien tir dupc cac bd va nhilu cdng ty vdn thye hien khai bao hai quan bdng ban gidy (Tongzon va Cheong, 2013).
Giai phap quan trpng can trien khai trong khu
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Bang 7: Thong ke so lieu thuong mai qua bien gidi ciia 10 quoe gia ASE.AN nam 2019
Nen kinh te
Brunei Damssalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmarr Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Thdi gian xuat khau:
Chuan bi hd so (gio)
155 132 61 60 10 144 36 2 11 50
Thdi xuat'.
gian khau:
Tuan thii thu tue qua bien (gif»)
gioi
117 48 53 9 28 142 42 10 44 55
Thirong Chi phi xuat khau:
Chuan bi ho so (USD)
90 100 139 235 35 140 53 37 97 139
mai qua bien gioi Chi phi
xuat khau:
Tuiin thu thii tuc qua bien gioi (USD)
340 375 254 140 213 432 456 335 223 290
Thoi gian nhap khau:
Chuan bi ho so (gi*)
132 132 106 60 7 48 96 3 4 76
Thdi nhap khau:
gian
Tuan thii thii tuc qua bien gioi (gia)
48 8 99 11 36 230 120 33 50 56
Chi phi nhap khau:
Chuan bi ho so (USD)
50 120 164 115 60 210 50 40 43 183
Chi phi nhap khau:
Tuan thii thu tuc qua bien gioi (USD)
395 240 383 224 213 457 580 220 233 373 Ngudn: World Bank (2020) .
vuc ASEAN, nhu: Ndi luat hda va he thdng van ban phap ly, ke hoach tdng the thuc thi ve ASW va NSW phii hop vdi Nghi dinh thu da cam ket; Can c6 sy hd trg ky thuat vl ASW va NSW tir WCO, Hai quan Asean; Cd sy giam sat va danh gia dinh ky va cd nhiing phuong an hd trg ciing nhu xir phat ciia Uy ban ky thuat lien quan den Hai quan ciia ASEAN ddi vdi cac nudc thanh vien cham trien khai,.
Thii hai, tang cudng irng dung cdng nghe thdng tin va cai each thii tuc banh chinh trong ITnh vyc Hai quan. Giai phap cd y nghia quan trpng Irong tien trinh don gian hda, hai hda hda, cdng khai, minh bach hoa thii tuc hai quan ket hgp vdi hien dai hda hai quan trong khai hai quan dien tir, giam sat ty ddng tai cac cang bien, cang hang khdng qua dd giam thdi gian, chi phi tai chinh chuan bi hd sa hai quan; thdng quan va giai phdng hang tai cua khau bien gidi. Giai phap trgng tam bao gdm: ra soat dinh ky he thdng thu tyc hanh chinh hai quan tren cac cap do CO quan hai quan de cat giam thii tuc, giay phep cho phii hpp chuan qude te: ke hoach trung va dai ban trong dau tu co sd ha tang cdng nghe thdng tin hien dai cho khai bao, thdng quan, giam sat hai quan, nhu: nang cap he thdng may chii. dung lugng dudng truyen dii lieu, he thdng luu trii dir lieu; he
thdng phan mem quan ly hai quan, khai thae dir lieu ve bang hda, tn gia, ma hang, thue xuat..; h? thdng phan mem ket ndi vdi cac Ngan bang thuong mai va Kho bac Nha nudc thdng qua cdng co che mgt eiia quoc gia (NSW) trong thanh toan thue, phi, le phi hay boan thue; dac biet nang cap he thdng bao mat thdng tin hieu qua chdng tin tae va tdi pham danh cap dii lieu.
Thu ba, thye thi quan ly chuyen nganh hieu qua ddi vdi hang hoa xuat nhap khau. Giai phap trgng tam dat ra: Xay dung md hinh kiem tra chuyen nganh thdng nhat trong co cau co quan hai quan nham thuc hien kiem tra tai cira khau bien gidi, cac bd nganh kiem tra hau kiem va ap dyng phuong phap quan ly tuan thu, quan ly rui ro trong xac dinh Id hang kiem tra; ket ndi cac bd nganh trong NSW de tbyc hien cap giay phep, chung nhan dien tir phuc vy thdng quan; ra soat va hoan thien he thdng van ban phap luat lien quan den kiem tra chuyen nganh.
Thu tu, tang cudng van dyng hieu qua phucmg phap quan nii ro, quan ly tuan thii trong kiem tra, giam sat va kiem soat hai quan ddi vdi hang hda xudt nhap khdu, phuang tien van tai xuat canh, nh?p canh, qua canh. Day la cac phuang phap quan ly hien dai dupc khuyen nghi trong Cdng udc Kyoto
Sd 276 thdng 6/2020
MiMmm
siia ddi 1999ciia td chiic Hai quan thi gidi va Hiep dinh thuan Igi hda thuong mai TEA (WTO, 2017) va Hidp dinh Hai quan ASEAN ky nam 1997 va cd hi?u lyc nam 2012 (chuong 2) nhdm khuyin khich cac nudc th^nh vien thye hien. Ap dung phuang phap, hai quan cd the huy ddng ngudn luc cd ban de tap trung kiem tra, giam sat, kiem soat cd trpng diem vao Id hang ludng vang va ludng dd, nang ty trpng td khai ludng xanh de thdng quan tu dgng va ap dung cac bien phap bd sung nhu giai phdng hang, bao lanh thdng quan. Ben canh dd, danh gia muc dp tuan thu cua doanh nghiep xudt nhap khdu, lam ca sd hai quan phat trien he thdng doanh nghiep uu tien (AEO), nang cao tinh tuan thii ty nguyen cua chii hang. Giai phap trgng tam khuyin nghj: ra soat dinh ky he thdng van ban phap luat quy dinh ve ap dung phuang phap quan ly nil ro, quan ly tuan thii; tich hpp he thong phan mIm quan ly riii ro, quan ly tuan tbii vao he thdng thdng quan dien tir ty ddng tren co sd phan tich nii ro va phan ludng thdng quan; xay dung he thdng dii lieu chinh xac, cap nhat kip thdi ve doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau.
Thir nam, phat trien he thdng dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan chuyen nghiep va cd tinh lien ket khu vyc ASEAN. Phat trien dai ly lam thii tyc hai quan giiip nang cao tuan thii phap luat, giam bdt nii ro cua cac Id hang xuat nhap khau va giam thieu vi pham phap luat, xu ly vi pham hanh chinh, giam ty le kiem tra thye te va kiem tra hd so, tang ty le mien kiem tra tai cira khau bien gidi. Mdt sd giai phap trpng tam de xuat: ra soat hoan thien van ban phap ly ve co che boat ddng, trach nhiem cac ben lien quan den dai ly lam thii tyc hai quan theo chuan qude te va khu vuc;
tang cudng cdng tac quan ly cua chinh phii ddi vdi loai hinh nay de khuyen khich, hd trg phat trien, loai bd dich vu phi chinh thirc mang tinh ca nhan va ty phat; phat trien cac loai hinh doanh nghiep AEO ddi vdi dai ly va cd nhieu sy hd trg ky thuat ciia ca quan hai quan cho cac dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan trong
hoat ddng.
Thii sau, phat trien doi tac hai quan-doanh nghiep trong thdng quan hang hda. Day la ndi dung quan trgng xay dyng sy kit ndi, ho trg idn nhau giiia Hai quan va doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau nham nang cao tinh tuan tbii phap luat hai quan. Giai phap de xuat nham tdi: tang cudng myen truyen ve quy dinh phap luat va nhimg Ipi ich lien quan din ddi tac hai quan-doanh nghiep; gia tang sd lugng doanh nghiep AEO, dac biet trong ITnh vyc dai ly lam thii bic hai quan va doanh nghiep giao nhan, van tai cd cung cap dich vu khai hai quan.
6. Kit luan
Trong bdi canh hpi nhap kinh te khu vyc va the gidi dien ra phd bien thi tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho thuong mai va dau tu la tat yeu khdng chi ddi vdi khu vyc ASEAN ma cdn ddi vdi hau het cac qude gia tren gidi. De dam bao dieu dd, mdt trong nhiing van de duoc quan tam dac biet ciia cac chinh phii, cac td chiic tai chinh quoc te, cac nha dau tu chinh la lam the nao cai thien dupc nang luc qude gia ve logistics.
Tren co sd muc tieu va phuong phap nghien ciiu lya chpn, nghien ciru da phat hien mdi quan he ddng bien gi&a hai tieu chi thdng quan hai quan va chat luong dich vy logistcis vdi chi sd LPI, Nghien ciru da phan tich va chi ro cac hoat ddng then chdt ciia CO quan hai quan cd tac ddng lich cyc den hai tieu chi tbdng quan va chat lugng dich vu logictcis nham cai thien nang luc qude gia ve logistics ciia 10 qude gia thanh vien ASEAN, bao gdm: (i) Co che mdt ciia ASEAN (ASW), mdt cira qude gia (NSW); (ii) Cai each hanh chinh trong ITnh vuc hai quan; (iii) Quan ly chuyen nganh; (iv) Quan ly nii ro va quan ly tuan thu; (v) Phat trien dai ly lam thii tuc hai quan; (vi) Ddi tac hai quan - doanh nghiep. Nghien cuu cung da de xuat 6 nhdm giai phap chung cho cac nudc thanh vien ASEAN, Tuy nhien, do van de nghien ciru trong pham vi rdng nen viec phan tich sau ddi vdi chi sd LPI ciia tirng qude gia cdn han che.
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