Table A1: English Reading Proficiency changes over waves by other independent variables
31 Table A2: English Writing Proficiency changes over waves by other independent variables
decrease increase same decrease increase same decrease increase same decrease increase same
n 503 640 1181 533 719 1381 748 699 1900 944 890 2320
African 91% 93% 87% 89% 90% 87% 91% 86% 87% 87% 88% 88%
Coloured 7% 5% 5% 8% 9% 7% 7% 10% 8% 10% 9% 6%
Asian 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
White 2% 3% 8% 3% 2% 7% 1% 4% 5% 3% 3% 5%
Age 41 41 41 43 40 41 41 42 40 42 41 39
Married 51% 52% 55% 49% 44% 49% 33% 37% 37% 37% 41% 33%
Edu: < Grd 12 82% 75% 54% 78% 80% 51% 79% 78% 41% 70% 71% 41%
Edu: Grd 12 10% 11% 18% 12% 13% 18% 11% 9% 19% 13% 12% 20%
Edu: certificate without Grade 12 4% 6% 4% 4% 3% 6% 8% 8% 8% 10% 13% 10%
Edu: certificate with Grade 12 4% 7% 18% 5% 5% 18% 2% 5% 25% 6% 4% 22%
Edu: degree 0% 1% 6% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 6%
Employed 74% 80% 87% 81% 80% 83% 83% 86% 87% 84% 87% 88%
Monthly take home pay 3626 3458 7077 3657 3691 7511 3755 4822 8249 5380 4906 10752
Years in job 9 9 10 9 10 10 8 10 8 9 9 7
Mother's education (years) 3,1 2,6 4,5 3,0 3,5 4,6 3,5 3,8 5,3 4,0 4,2 5,7
Father's education (years) 2,4 2,4 4,0 2,6 3,2 4,0 2,9 3,2 4,8 3,4 3,5 5,2
Mother's education missing 6% 3% 2% 2% 6% 3% 5% 4% 5% 4% 4% 5%
Father's education missing 10% 5% 9% 11% 10% 10% 12% 13% 11% 15% 12% 13%
WC 7% 5% 6% 9% 10% 8% 11% 11% 10% 13% 13% 10%
EC 13% 11% 8% 10% 11% 8% 14% 13% 11% 13% 15% 10%
NC 4% 3% 3% 3% 2% 3% 2% 2% 3% 2% 3% 3%
FS 5% 6% 8% 8% 6% 8% 7% 6% 7% 5% 5% 6%
KZN 17% 17% 13% 17% 18% 14% 13% 15% 13% 19% 13% 14%
NW 6% 9% 10% 10% 5% 8% 5% 9% 8% 6% 6% 9%
GP 30% 28% 31% 25% 33% 33% 34% 31% 33% 25% 29% 32%
MP 8% 10% 10% 10% 6% 8% 6% 7% 8% 7% 8% 9%
LP 10% 11% 11% 10% 8% 10% 8% 6% 9% 10% 8% 8%
Traditional 33% 35% 30% 38% 26% 29% 27% 32% 27% 34% 32% 28%
Urban 61% 58% 63% 55% 67% 68% 68% 62% 70% 63% 63% 67%
Farms 6% 7% 7% 7% 6% 3% 5% 6% 3% 4% 4% 5%
Wave 1 - Wave 2 Wave 2 - Wave 3 Wave 3 - Wave 4 Wave 4 - Wave 5
32 Table A3: OLS employment model using raw proficiency dummy
Employed Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (1=proficient) 0.153* 0.143 0.075 0.131* 0.117*
(0.082) (0.103) (0.095) (0.069) (0.066)
Coloured -0.047 0.071* -0.051 0.084** -0.014
(0.059) (0.043) (0.080) (0.033) (0.032)
Asian - - 0.203*** 0.241*** 0.102**
(0.045) (0.038) (0.043)
White 0.045 -0.032 -0.029 0.064 0.045
(0.046) (0.044) (0.056) (0.050) (0.034)
Age 0.007 0.037*** 0.024*** 0.004 0.010
(0.010) (0.011) (0.009) (0.007) (0.007)
Age-squared -0.000 -0.000*** -0.000** -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Age*proficiency -0.005** -0.003 -0.001 -0.004** -0.003
(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Married 0.124*** 0.064** 0.102*** 0.035* 0.027*
(0.024) (0.030) (0.023) (0.021) (0.016)
Edu: Grd 12 0.061* 0.037 0.087*** 0.056** -0.032
(0.034) (0.032) (0.030) (0.028) (0.039) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.083* 0.039 0.055 0.077** -0.023
(0.048) (0.037) (0.050) (0.032) (0.025) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.130*** 0.037 0.075** 0.132*** 0.065***
(0.043) (0.043) (0.034) (0.026) (0.024) Edu: degree 0.204*** 0.151*** 0.179*** 0.166*** 0.084***
(0.042) (0.039) (0.036) (0.037) (0.027) Father's education (years) 0.002 0.008** 0.002 0.002 -0.000
(0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) Father's education missing 0.013 -0.066* -0.005 0.029 -0.007
(0.044) (0.037) (0.040) (0.029) (0.029) Mother's education (years) -0.004 -0.001 -0.004 -0.005** -0.004*
(0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) Mother's education missing -0.114* -0.027 -0.098 -0.123*** -0.015
(0.059) (0.048) (0.074) (0.045) (0.034) Traditional -0.095*** -0.117*** -0.045 -0.084*** -0.124***
(0.032) (0.039) (0.028) (0.025) (0.021)
Farms 0.183*** 0.097* 0.122*** 0.089*** 0.029
(0.025) (0.050) (0.031) (0.022) (0.036)
EC -0.107 0.018 -0.144** 0.019 -0.009
(0.065) (0.054) (0.060) (0.043) (0.030)
NC -0.046 0.015 0.012 0.027 0.006
(0.043) (0.050) (0.047) (0.035) (0.028)
FS -0.087* -0.032 -0.106 0.039 0.013
(0.051) (0.059) (0.070) (0.044) (0.032)
KZN -0.081 -0.087 -0.065 -0.012 -0.019
(0.052) (0.063) (0.063) (0.046) (0.032)
NW -0.052 0.036 -0.024 0.114** 0.062*
(0.051) (0.082) (0.069) (0.048) (0.034)
GP -0.014 0.050 -0.042 0.065 -0.055*
(0.044) (0.052) (0.066) (0.042) (0.030)
MP -0.054 0.077 -0.057 0.040 -0.001
(0.052) (0.061) (0.062) (0.047) (0.031)
LP -0.087 0.080 -0.136** 0.027 0.075**
(0.061) (0.065) (0.066) (0.044) (0.029)
Constant 0.550** -0.063 0.240 0.659*** 0.646***
(0.218) (0.230) (0.186) (0.138) (0.162)
Observations 2,700 2,381 3,048 4,023 4,190
R-squared 0.120 0.124 0.091 0.069 0.047
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Notes:
Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratification weights for each wave have been used.
33 Table A4: OLS wage model using raw proficiency dummy
Log wage Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (1=proficient) 0.255*** 0.335*** 0.236*** 0.184*** 0.247***
(0.064) (0.076) (0.063) (0.060) (0.059)
Coloured 0.167* 0.340** 0.000 -0.009 0.026
(0.094) (0.165) (0.091) (0.085) (0.074)
Asian - - 0.205** -0.284* 0.103
(0.099) (0.165) (0.093)
White 0.796*** 0.841*** 0.504*** 0.640*** 0.519***
(0.108) (0.147) (0.175) (0.183) (0.116)
Age 0.084*** 0.123*** 0.055*** 0.021 0.058***
(0.023) (0.036) (0.021) (0.020) (0.022) Age-squared -0.001*** -0.001*** -0.001** -0.000 -0.001**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Married 0.137** -0.004 0.158*** 0.095 0.149**
(0.062) (0.094) (0.055) (0.062) (0.060) Edu: Grd 12 0.496*** 0.424*** 0.407*** 0.373*** 0.379***
(0.071) (0.085) (0.073) (0.093) (0.078) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.290*** 0.157 0.404*** 0.123 0.211**
(0.103) (0.237) (0.106) (0.119) (0.101) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.767*** 0.509*** 0.626*** 0.686*** 0.730***
(0.108) (0.100) (0.080) (0.072) (0.062) Edu: degree 1.541*** 0.865*** 1.361*** 1.306*** 1.220***
(0.151) (0.212) (0.128) (0.106) (0.114) Years in job 0.011*** 0.019*** 0.019*** 0.021*** 0.021***
(0.004) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) Father's education (years) -0.001 0.023** 0.010 0.018** 0.015**
(0.007) (0.011) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) Father's education missing -0.018 0.039 -0.038 0.003 0.136
(0.089) (0.113) (0.094) (0.085) (0.116) Mother's education (years) -0.005 0.003 0.015** -0.003 0.011
(0.006) (0.010) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) Mother's education missing 0.079 0.182 0.031 -0.074 0.056
(0.097) (0.172) (0.195) (0.095) (0.104) Traditional -0.218** -0.168* -0.087 -0.165** -0.142*
(0.097) (0.099) (0.068) (0.078) (0.078)
Farms -0.411*** -0.406*** -0.309*** -0.130* -0.081
(0.102) (0.114) (0.102) (0.067) (0.084)
EC -0.162 -0.163 -0.064 -0.216* -0.068
(0.099) (0.172) (0.124) (0.117) (0.092)
NC -0.055 0.055 0.156 0.089 -0.011
(0.114) (0.136) (0.109) (0.089) (0.109)
FS 0.046 0.103 0.045 0.182 0.248**
(0.125) (0.227) (0.126) (0.115) (0.114)
KZN -0.010 0.211 0.047 0.048 0.206*
(0.107) (0.178) (0.114) (0.092) (0.122)
NW 0.315** 0.481** 0.306*** 0.389*** 0.370***
(0.158) (0.219) (0.114) (0.139) (0.125)
GP 0.196* 0.259 0.195* -0.007 0.180**
(0.103) (0.184) (0.105) (0.109) (0.085)
MP 0.223* 0.406** 0.406*** 0.393*** 0.235*
(0.117) (0.183) (0.112) (0.103) (0.125)
LP 0.291 0.029 0.114 0.209 0.208
(0.195) (0.221) (0.142) (0.159) (0.159) Constant 5.395*** 4.641*** 6.069*** 7.234*** 6.377***
(0.451) (0.757) (0.421) (0.449) (0.449)
Observations 1,508 1,434 1,789 2,446 2,641
R-squared 0.535 0.435 0.468 0.397 0.406
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; ***
p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
34 Table A5: OLS employment model using fitted values of proficiency
Employed Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.235 0.256 0.092 0.301** 0.275**
(0.163) (0.168) (0.186) (0.122) (0.130)
Coloured -0.052 0.038 -0.058 0.086*** -0.011
(0.058) (0.028) (0.079) (0.033) (0.032)
Asian - - 0.195*** 0.238*** 0.102**
(0.046) (0.037) (0.042)
White 0.042 -0.030 -0.037 0.065 0.048
(0.045) (0.038) (0.060) (0.051) (0.034)
Age 0.008 0.045*** 0.021** 0.007 0.013*
(0.010) (0.011) (0.009) (0.007) (0.008)
Age-squared -0.000 -0.000*** -0.000** -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Age*proficiency -0.005 -0.005 0.000 -0.008*** -0.007**
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Married 0.126*** 0.061** 0.102*** 0.038* 0.029*
(0.024) (0.027) (0.024) (0.020) (0.015)
Edu: Grd 12 0.038 0.029 0.078** 0.055* -0.028
(0.035) (0.028) (0.035) (0.030) (0.038) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.045 0.031 0.053 0.076** -0.025
(0.053) (0.038) (0.052) (0.033) (0.025) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.108** 0.031 0.064 0.131*** 0.067***
(0.047) (0.043) (0.040) (0.030) (0.024) Edu: degree 0.173*** 0.137*** 0.162*** 0.172*** 0.090***
(0.044) (0.036) (0.039) (0.042) (0.026) Father's education (years) 0.002 0.007** 0.002 0.002 -0.000
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) Father's education missing 0.013 -0.070** -0.005 0.032 -0.007
(0.042) (0.034) (0.040) (0.029) (0.028) Mother's education (years) -0.005 -0.001 -0.005* -0.005** -0.004*
(0.004) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) Mother's education missing -0.119** -0.005 -0.103 -0.120*** -0.023
(0.059) (0.046) (0.073) (0.045) (0.039) Traditional -0.092*** -0.097*** -0.050* -0.084*** -0.126***
(0.033) (0.035) (0.028) (0.024) (0.021)
Farms 0.172*** 0.097** 0.127*** 0.086*** 0.028
(0.031) (0.047) (0.033) (0.021) (0.036)
EC -0.115* -0.051 -0.147** 0.017 -0.007
(0.065) (0.036) (0.058) (0.043) (0.030)
NC -0.055 -0.012 0.008 0.026 0.007
(0.043) (0.040) (0.046) (0.034) (0.028)
FS -0.096* -0.080** -0.110 0.042 0.014
(0.051) (0.041) (0.068) (0.043) (0.032)
KZN -0.087* -0.140*** -0.073 -0.010 -0.016
(0.051) (0.044) (0.060) (0.046) (0.032)
NW -0.059 -0.005 -0.031 0.114** 0.064*
(0.051) (0.067) (0.067) (0.048) (0.034)
GP -0.024 0.008 -0.049 0.060 -0.055*
(0.044) (0.031) (0.065) (0.042) (0.030)
MP -0.062 0.022 -0.066 0.039 -0.002
(0.052) (0.046) (0.060) (0.046) (0.030)
LP -0.099 0.012 -0.134** 0.027 0.077**
(0.062) (0.050) (0.064) (0.043) (0.030)
Constant 0.519** -0.203 0.287 0.560*** 0.542***
(0.248) (0.241) (0.201) (0.154) (0.179)
Observations 2,736 2,583 3,078 4,107 4,240
R-squared 0.115 0.125 0.092 0.068 0.048
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been
used in each wave.
35 Table A6: OLS wage model using fitted values of proficiency
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; ***
p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25- 65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
Log wage Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.643*** 0.829*** 0.617*** 0.496*** 0.634***
(0.140) (0.168) (0.132) (0.136) (0.114)
Coloured 0.154* 0.328** -0.040 0.007 0.053
(0.086) (0.133) (0.092) (0.085) (0.075)
Asian - - 0.067 -0.376** 0.155
(0.103) (0.156) (0.094)
White 0.822*** 0.850*** 0.515*** 0.662*** 0.538***
(0.104) (0.144) (0.176) (0.175) (0.114)
Age 0.078*** 0.114*** 0.052*** 0.022 0.055**
(0.023) (0.034) (0.020) (0.020) (0.021) Age-squared -0.001*** -0.001*** -0.001** -0.000 -0.001**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Married 0.126** 0.066 0.171*** 0.079 0.148**
(0.057) (0.090) (0.054) (0.059) (0.062) Edu: Grd 12 0.420*** 0.286*** 0.339*** 0.293*** 0.309***
(0.068) (0.092) (0.076) (0.096) (0.086) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.243** 0.039 0.339*** 0.077 0.194*
(0.099) (0.230) (0.106) (0.127) (0.099) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.684*** 0.392*** 0.522*** 0.598*** 0.637***
(0.106) (0.103) (0.085) (0.071) (0.061) Edu: degree 1.451*** 0.772*** 1.220*** 1.195*** 1.149***
(0.143) (0.200) (0.131) (0.096) (0.113) Years in job 0.012*** 0.019*** 0.019*** 0.022*** 0.021***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) Father's education (years) -0.003 0.016 0.010 0.016** 0.014**
(0.007) (0.011) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) Father's education missing -0.018 -0.064 -0.054 0.027 0.143
(0.090) (0.111) (0.094) (0.087) (0.118) Mother's education (years) -0.008 0.002 0.012* -0.004 0.008
(0.006) (0.010) (0.007) (0.008) (0.007) Mother's education missing 0.072 0.119 -0.009 -0.080 0.040
(0.099) (0.143) (0.190) (0.094) (0.102) Traditional -0.216** -0.173* -0.088 -0.152** -0.137*
(0.093) (0.095) (0.067) (0.075) (0.079)
Farms -0.385*** -0.425*** -0.249*** -0.125* -0.040
(0.100) (0.106) (0.095) (0.069) (0.083)
EC -0.164* -0.141 -0.133 -0.223* -0.048
(0.092) (0.141) (0.126) (0.115) (0.093)
NC -0.046 0.046 0.111 0.059 0.001
(0.102) (0.122) (0.113) (0.090) (0.112)
FS -0.011 0.086 -0.014 0.154 0.252**
(0.123) (0.196) (0.125) (0.113) (0.113)
KZN -0.024 0.187 0.002 0.043 0.227*
(0.101) (0.143) (0.116) (0.092) (0.131)
NW 0.296* 0.467** 0.227** 0.361*** 0.376***
(0.151) (0.187) (0.113) (0.136) (0.127)
GP 0.184* 0.219 0.141 -0.012 0.198**
(0.099) (0.144) (0.108) (0.109) (0.083)
MP 0.213* 0.351** 0.326*** 0.355*** 0.233*
(0.116) (0.142) (0.112) (0.105) (0.124)
LP 0.280 0.004 0.077 0.182 0.193
(0.189) (0.178) (0.137) (0.162) (0.166) Constant 5.384*** 4.649*** 6.020*** 7.106*** 6.242***
(0.464) (0.719) (0.410) (0.413) (0.445)
Observations 1,532 1,566 1,806 2,500 2,669
R-squared 0.541 0.436 0.477 0.395 0.414
36 Table A7: Two stage least squares employment model using English use in interview as an IV
Employed Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) -0.603 1.015 -3.740 0.516 -8.573 (2.142) (1.136) (7.182) (1.447) (21.724)
Coloured 0.008 -0.016 0.067 -0.012 0.106
(0.032) (0.020) (0.119) (0.025) (0.282)
Asian -0.056 0.037 -0.156 0.089** -0.262
(0.065) (0.027) (0.286) (0.039) (0.611)
White - - 0.885 0.217 -0.773
(1.447) (0.188) (2.140)
Age 0.005 0.003 -0.204 0.074 -0.214
(0.105) (0.052) (0.322) (0.079) (0.688)
Age-squared -0.002 0.054** -0.051 0.012 -0.098
(0.028) (0.025) (0.129) (0.030) (0.279)
Age*proficiency 0.000 -0.001*** 0.000 -0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.001)
Married 0.129*** 0.060** 0.107*** 0.036 0.098
(0.026) (0.030) (0.038) (0.023) (0.176)
Edu: Grd 12 0.147 -0.090 0.450 0.035 1.151
(0.318) (0.155) (0.777) (0.190) (2.914) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.118 -0.069 0.362 0.066 0.433
(0.220) (0.121) (0.669) (0.111) (1.152) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.239 -0.112 0.530 0.108 1.475
(0.384) (0.179) (0.975) (0.212) (3.458)
Edu: degree 0.278 -0.001 0.582 0.150 1.397
(0.331) (0.161) (0.956) (0.246) (3.218) Father's education (years) 0.004 0.007** 0.007 0.002 0.015
(0.005) (0.003) (0.013) (0.003) (0.038) Father's education missing 0.018 -0.073** 0.054 0.030 0.093
(0.049) (0.034) (0.134) (0.030) (0.243) Mother's education (years) -0.003 -0.005 0.003 -0.006 0.031
(0.009) (0.006) (0.016) (0.004) (0.086) Mother's education missing -0.109* -0.043 -0.024 -0.121** 0.070
(0.066) (0.058) (0.209) (0.049) (0.223) Traditional -0.101** -0.086** -0.138 -0.082*** -0.307 (0.045) (0.036) (0.195) (0.032) (0.445)
Farms 0.152** 0.113** -0.056 0.089** -0.289
(0.066) (0.057) (0.397) (0.043) (0.783)
EC -0.114 -0.063* -0.150* 0.018 0.070
(0.071) (0.033) (0.089) (0.046) (0.215)
NC -0.039 -0.034 0.076 0.024 0.142
(0.068) (0.045) (0.149) (0.037) (0.365)
FS -0.071 -0.130** -0.075 0.039 0.406
(0.093) (0.058) (0.105) (0.051) (0.946)
KZN -0.082 -0.168*** -0.042 -0.009 0.099
(0.061) (0.048) (0.096) (0.047) (0.291)
NW -0.044 -0.031 0.034 0.110** 0.544
(0.078) (0.065) (0.151) (0.047) (1.159)
GP -0.016 -0.024 0.001 0.057 0.204
(0.056) (0.040) (0.105) (0.049) (0.618)
MP -0.033 -0.027 0.051 0.035 0.445
(0.108) (0.061) (0.251) (0.055) (1.092)
LP -0.081 -0.027 -0.047 0.026 0.487
(0.093) (0.059) (0.191) (0.045) (0.998)
Constant 0.940 -0.575 2.871 0.408 5.602
(1.071) (0.740) (4.747) (1.007) (12.449)
Observations 2,736 2,553 3,078 4,107 4,239
R-squared 0.080 0.089 0.066
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Two stage least squares has been used with the instrumental variable for the fitted values of proficiency being an indicator of English
use during the interview. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
37 Table A8: Two stage least squares wage model using English use in interview as an IV
Log wage Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 2.130 1.900* -1.146 2.124 13.265 (1.583) (1.119) (2.206) (1.499) (33.633)
Coloured 0.084 0.377*** -0.091 0.056 0.507
(0.109) (0.131) (0.130) (0.103) (1.261)
Asian - - 0.862 -0.782* 2.549
(1.001) (0.403) (6.334)
White 0.809*** 0.889*** 0.422* 0.823*** 0.603
(0.101) (0.163) (0.219) (0.226) (0.456)
Age 0.062** 0.112*** 0.059** 0.026 0.033
(0.031) (0.034) (0.029) (0.023) (0.087)
Age-squared -0.001* -0.001*** -0.001* -0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.002)
Age*proficiency 0.130** 0.092 0.103 0.013 -0.033
(0.056) (0.092) (0.104) (0.096) (0.574)
Married -0.052 -0.060 0.786 -0.196 -2.771
(0.504) (0.348) (0.557) (0.431) (8.158)
Edu: Grd 12 -0.057 -0.268 0.706 -0.225 -0.933
(0.340) (0.369) (0.462) (0.340) (3.055) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.124 -0.013 1.071 0.012 -3.288
(0.625) (0.447) (0.679) (0.524) (10.438) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.850 0.256 1.939** 0.483 -2.550
(0.656) (0.536) (0.902) (0.645) (9.835) Edu: degree 0.013*** 0.017*** 0.020*** 0.020*** 0.007
(0.004) (0.005) (0.004) (0.004) (0.035) Father's education (years) -0.011 0.012 0.014 0.010 -0.013
(0.012) (0.012) (0.009) (0.010) (0.082) Father's education missing -0.084 -0.088 -0.027 0.022 0.232
(0.127) (0.118) (0.106) (0.091) (0.300) Mother's education (years) -0.013 -0.006 0.025 -0.013 -0.095
(0.009) (0.015) (0.019) (0.010) (0.274) Mother's education missing 0.067 -0.015 0.222 -0.210 -0.822
(0.125) (0.210) (0.373) (0.176) (2.422)
Traditional -0.190** -0.147 -0.153 -0.099 0.250
(0.092) (0.104) (0.113) (0.091) (1.072)
Farms -0.264* -0.353*** -0.585 0.046 1.192
(0.142) (0.135) (0.439) (0.176) (3.249)
EC -0.225** -0.202 0.027 -0.173 -0.441
(0.102) (0.148) (0.251) (0.133) (1.131)
NC -0.108 0.050 0.219 0.024 -0.565
(0.119) (0.126) (0.184) (0.121) (1.543)
FS -0.152 0.027 0.064 0.108 -0.635
(0.191) (0.222) (0.181) (0.164) (2.507)
KZN -0.097 0.199 0.037 0.044 -0.111
(0.108) (0.148) (0.136) (0.112) (1.010)
NW 0.225 0.471** 0.325* 0.323* -0.572
(0.143) (0.197) (0.189) (0.168) (2.602)
GP 0.124 0.224 0.197 -0.011 -0.235
(0.118) (0.148) (0.142) (0.142) (1.213)
MP 0.080 0.303* 0.528* 0.267 -0.861
(0.172) (0.171) (0.302) (0.177) (2.911)
LP 0.194 0.010 0.202 0.085 -1.036
(0.186) (0.172) (0.227) (0.203) (3.374)
Constant 5.256*** 4.285*** 6.672*** 6.342*** 1.474
(0.576) (0.888) (1.029) (0.887) (13.085)
Observations 1,532 1,544 1,806 2,500 2,668
R-squared 0.438 0.400 0.320 0.266
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01,
** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Two stage least squares has been used with the instrumental variable for the fitted values of proficiency being an indicator of English use during the interview. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each
38 Table A9: OLS employment model including household and spouse characteristics
Employed Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.186 0.189 0.135 0.297** 0.244**
(0.150) (0.157) (0.189) (0.121) (0.121)
Coloured -0.067 -0.002 -0.044 0.083*** -0.015
(0.043) (0.028) (0.059) (0.027) (0.034)
Asian - - 0.128*** 0.308*** 0.052
(0.045) (0.037) (0.035)
White -0.085* -0.159*** -0.181*** -0.003 -0.045
(0.045) (0.045) (0.068) (0.045) (0.031)
Age -0.004 0.026*** 0.012 0.009 0.009
(0.009) (0.010) (0.009) (0.007) (0.007)
Age-squared 0.000 -0.000** -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Age*proficiency -0.007* -0.006 -0.004 -0.010*** -0.007***
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Married 0.057* 0.041 0.032 0.100 0.040
(0.029) (0.037) (0.029) (0.064) (0.032)
Edu: Grd 12 -0.043 -0.026 0.043 0.017 -0.071**
(0.031) (0.028) (0.033) (0.027) (0.036) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 -0.041 -0.005 0.035 0.063* -0.035
(0.045) (0.036) (0.047) (0.035) (0.024) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 -0.061 -0.038 -0.028 0.057** -0.024 (0.041) (0.038) (0.043) (0.028) (0.026)
Edu: degree -0.108*** -0.020 -0.015 0.025 -0.068**
(0.040) (0.036) (0.049) (0.038) (0.029) Father's education (years) 0.001 0.005 -0.001 -0.000 -0.001
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) Father's education missing 0.021 -0.043 0.004 0.030 -0.014
(0.041) (0.033) (0.037) (0.028) (0.028) Mother's education (years) -0.007** -0.004 -0.007** -0.006*** -0.007***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) Mother's education missing -0.122** -0.042 -0.107 -0.103*** -0.040
(0.052) (0.044) (0.075) (0.039) (0.033)
Traditional 0.001 -0.029 0.018 -0.027 -0.070***
(0.032) (0.032) (0.025) (0.024) (0.021)
Farms 0.163*** 0.091** 0.106*** 0.049*** -0.001
(0.028) (0.038) (0.029) (0.018) (0.033)
EC -0.054 -0.041 -0.111** 0.029 -0.004
(0.046) (0.039) (0.050) (0.038) (0.027)
NC -0.058 -0.036 -0.009 -0.005 0.002
(0.038) (0.040) (0.042) (0.031) (0.029)
FS -0.059* -0.086** -0.077 0.034 -0.026
(0.034) (0.039) (0.058) (0.036) (0.035)
KZN -0.056 -0.167*** -0.054 -0.015 -0.040
(0.041) (0.042) (0.050) (0.040) (0.031)
NW -0.129*** -0.089 -0.077 0.040 0.003
(0.042) (0.063) (0.054) (0.044) (0.030)
GP -0.047 -0.043 -0.075 0.036 -0.070**
(0.034) (0.035) (0.053) (0.035) (0.029)
MP -0.094** -0.024 -0.108** 0.005 -0.035
(0.040) (0.045) (0.048) (0.040) (0.031)
LP -0.111** -0.008 -0.120** 0.015 0.034
(0.048) (0.046) (0.054) (0.037) (0.031) Spouse's education (years) -0.006* -0.003 0.002 -0.010*** -0.007**
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) Spouse's education - missing -0.157*** -0.103* -0.106** -0.087 -0.121***
(0.043) (0.058) (0.051) (0.069) (0.045)
Household size 0.004 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 -0.004
(0.005) (0.004) (0.006) (0.003) (0.005) Log per capita household income 0.182*** 0.140*** 0.154*** 0.121*** 0.119***
(0.014) (0.014) (0.017) (0.012) (0.011)
Constant -0.247 -0.594** -0.456* -0.222 -0.073
(0.211) (0.237) (0.254) (0.175) (0.175)
Observations 2,733 2,583 3,078 4,107 4,240
R-squared 0.277 0.241 0.211 0.156 0.153
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, **
p<0.05, * p<0.1. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave.
Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
39 Table A10: OLS wage model including household and spouse characteristics
Log wage Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.287*** 0.415*** 0.227*** 0.068 0.199**
(0.092) (0.126) (0.078) (0.078) (0.077)
Coloured 0.101 0.234** -0.073 0.003 -0.006
(0.070) (0.092) (0.080) (0.067) (0.055)
Asian - - 0.125* 0.305*** -0.285***
(0.071) (0.092) (0.049)
White 0.297*** 0.207* -0.078 0.158** 0.048
(0.100) (0.116) (0.099) (0.071) (0.072)
Age 0.029* 0.044* 0.007 0.031** 0.015
(0.016) (0.025) (0.015) (0.014) (0.011)
Age-squared -0.000* -0.001* -0.000 -0.000** -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Married 0.121*** 0.085 0.075* 0.308*** 0.180**
(0.037) (0.135) (0.045) (0.070) (0.074)
Edu: Grd 12 0.076 0.059 0.098** 0.059 0.044
(0.051) (0.068) (0.042) (0.047) (0.055) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 -0.004 -0.146 0.068 0.057 0.033
(0.103) (0.145) (0.069) (0.054) (0.077) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.175*** 0.044 0.058 0.199*** 0.120**
(0.056) (0.084) (0.067) (0.047) (0.058)
Edu: degree 0.372*** 0.171 0.345*** 0.391*** 0.261***
(0.097) (0.156) (0.080) (0.069) (0.078)
Years in job 0.004 0.007** 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.005***
(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) Father's education (years) -0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.005 0.003
(0.005) (0.007) (0.004) (0.005) (0.005) Father's education missing -0.004 -0.001 -0.040 -0.002 0.036
(0.052) (0.071) (0.056) (0.056) (0.044) Mother's education (years) -0.012** -0.002 0.007 -0.008* -0.004 (0.006) (0.007) (0.005) (0.005) (0.004) Mother's education missing -0.025 0.008 0.049 -0.067 -0.099 (0.083) (0.108) (0.072) (0.069) (0.080)
Traditional 0.017 -0.028 -0.010 -0.005 -0.070
(0.061) (0.071) (0.050) (0.046) (0.048)
Farms -0.129** -0.222*** -0.166** -0.093** -0.060
(0.056) (0.075) (0.066) (0.040) (0.037)
EC 0.006 -0.019 -0.041 -0.150 -0.041
(0.067) (0.096) (0.086) (0.091) (0.057)
NC 0.031 0.068 0.098 0.053 -0.014
(0.073) (0.084) (0.073) (0.051) (0.062)
FS 0.127* 0.108 -0.024 0.101 0.113**
(0.074) (0.140) (0.083) (0.064) (0.049)
KZN 0.039 0.110 -0.084 0.006 0.024
(0.079) (0.100) (0.081) (0.065) (0.045)
NW 0.112 0.253** 0.059 0.115 0.157**
(0.117) (0.098) (0.082) (0.072) (0.062)
GP 0.139* 0.184** 0.008 -0.020 0.074*
(0.074) (0.088) (0.077) (0.066) (0.045)
MP 0.164** 0.294*** 0.035 0.128** 0.105*
(0.081) (0.091) (0.085) (0.063) (0.059)
LP 0.185* 0.085 0.034 0.128 -0.017
(0.098) (0.119) (0.092) (0.092) (0.086) Spouse's education (years) -0.014* 0.010 -0.005 0.002 -0.005 (0.008) (0.011) (0.007) (0.007) (0.008) Spouse's education - missing -0.378*** -0.168 -0.368*** -0.012 -0.199**
(0.083) (0.157) (0.092) (0.082) (0.096) Household size 0.089*** 0.090*** 0.093*** 0.091*** 0.120***
(0.012) (0.013) (0.012) (0.011) (0.012) Log per capita household income 0.757*** 0.680*** 0.762*** 0.783*** 0.792***
(0.033) (0.052) (0.026) (0.030) (0.031)
Constant 1.243*** 1.254* 1.757*** 0.963** 1.228***
(0.412) (0.718) (0.420) (0.405) (0.312)
Observations 1,532 1,566 1,806 2,500 2,669
R-squared 0.789 0.635 0.771 0.720 0.741
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01,
** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
40 Table A11: District fixed effects employment model
Employed Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.167 0.147 0.139 0.254** 0.233*
(0.152) (0.156) (0.195) (0.121) (0.124)
Coloured -0.087** 0.001 -0.069 0.072*** 0.001
(0.040) (0.028) (0.079) (0.026) (0.034)
Asian - - 0.065 0.277*** 0.062
(0.059) (0.058) (0.050)
White -0.082* -0.154*** -0.174*** -0.036 -0.036
(0.049) (0.044) (0.063) (0.040) (0.032)
Age -0.004 0.023** 0.010 0.007 0.007
(0.009) (0.009) (0.009) (0.007) (0.007)
Age-squared 0.000 -0.000** -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) Age*proficiency -0.006* -0.005 -0.004 -0.009*** -0.007**
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
Married 0.065** 0.045 0.010 0.094 0.036
(0.029) (0.037) (0.037) (0.063) (0.034)
Edu: Grd 12 -0.045 -0.011 0.053* 0.021 -0.070**
(0.032) (0.027) (0.032) (0.026) (0.036) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 -0.047 0.008 0.044 0.064* -0.036 (0.046) (0.031) (0.043) (0.034) (0.024) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 -0.059 -0.035 -0.016 0.063** -0.016 (0.041) (0.038) (0.041) (0.028) (0.025)
Edu: degree -0.115*** 0.003 -0.001 0.034 -0.064**
(0.043) (0.037) (0.052) (0.038) (0.029) Father's education (years) 0.002 0.005 -0.001 0.000 -0.001 (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) Father's education missing 0.020 -0.043 0.008 0.028 -0.016 (0.041) (0.034) (0.036) (0.028) (0.028) Mother's education (years) -0.007** -0.004 -0.006** -0.006** -0.007***
(0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) Mother's education missing -0.110** -0.041 -0.131* -0.097** -0.045 (0.052) (0.040) (0.072) (0.039) (0.034)
Traditional 0.025 -0.042 -0.012 -0.023 -0.052**
(0.037) (0.029) (0.025) (0.023) (0.025)
Farms 0.156*** 0.113** 0.120*** 0.045** 0.016
(0.030) (0.048) (0.033) (0.019) (0.033)
EC -0.060 -0.196* -0.164 0.057 -0.007
(0.076) (0.109) (0.145) (0.070) (0.111)
NC -0.155** 0.029 -0.038 0.113** 0.107
(0.073) (0.056) (0.093) (0.055) (0.091)
FS -0.064 -0.007 -0.147 0.093 0.080
(0.055) (0.068) (0.099) (0.071) (0.090)
KZN -0.129* -0.172*** 0.003 0.047 0.017
(0.068) (0.062) (0.084) (0.067) (0.095)
NW -0.140*** -0.314 -0.272** 0.045 0.103
(0.048) (0.212) (0.136) (0.133) (0.091)
GP -0.099* -0.049 -0.150* 0.100* -0.062
(0.057) (0.055) (0.090) (0.058) (0.095)
MP -0.137** -0.063 -0.068 0.051 -0.016
(0.061) (0.071) (0.083) (0.078) (0.096)
LP -0.173* -0.051 0.052 0.118** 0.019
(0.095) (0.083) (0.105) (0.058) (0.089) Spouse's education (years) -0.006* -0.003 0.003 -0.010*** -0.007**
(0.004) (0.004) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) Spouse's education - missing -0.140*** -0.096* -0.128** -0.085 -0.124***
(0.044) (0.055) (0.053) (0.068) (0.046)
Household size 0.004 -0.001 -0.002 -0.000 -0.003
(0.005) (0.004) (0.006) (0.003) (0.005) Log per capita household income 0.179*** 0.135*** 0.149*** 0.119*** 0.122***
(0.014) (0.014) (0.017) (0.012) (0.011)
Constant -0.183 -0.520** -0.348 -0.233 -0.118
(0.226) (0.226) (0.254) (0.170) (0.195)
Observations 2,733 2,583 3,078 4,107 4,240
R-squared 0.293 0.263 0.236 0.175 0.164
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, **
p<0.05, * p<0.1. District level fixed effects are included. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
41 Table A12: District fixed effects wage model
Log wage Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.268*** 0.471*** 0.212*** 0.045 0.212***
(0.089) (0.129) (0.081) (0.076) (0.074)
Coloured 0.129* 0.282*** -0.054 -0.002 0.002
(0.075) (0.092) (0.098) (0.068) (0.062)
Asian - - 0.190 0.150 -0.348***
(0.116) (0.121) (0.064)
White 0.282*** 0.291*** -0.085 0.187*** 0.041
(0.098) (0.103) (0.105) (0.065) (0.075)
Age 0.033** 0.041** 0.011 0.026* 0.013
(0.016) (0.020) (0.015) (0.014) (0.011) Age-squared -0.000** -0.001** -0.000 -0.000** -0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Married 0.108*** 0.056 0.092** 0.338*** 0.184**
(0.040) (0.135) (0.046) (0.072) (0.073)
Edu: Grd 12 0.105* 0.097 0.105** 0.068 0.042
(0.055) (0.073) (0.042) (0.042) (0.054) Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.023 -0.154 0.074 0.063 0.022
(0.089) (0.148) (0.069) (0.055) (0.079) Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.188*** 0.078 0.047 0.200*** 0.124**
(0.059) (0.081) (0.066) (0.047) (0.058) Edu: degree 0.396*** 0.205 0.347*** 0.455*** 0.322***
(0.100) (0.155) (0.077) (0.077) (0.074) Years in job 0.004* 0.008** 0.007*** 0.007*** 0.006***
(0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) Father's education (years) -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.004 0.002
(0.005) (0.007) (0.004) (0.005) (0.005) Father's education missing 0.010 -0.011 -0.032 -0.015 0.038
(0.051) (0.069) (0.056) (0.055) (0.045) Mother's education (years) -0.011** -0.002 0.007 -0.009* -0.004
(0.005) (0.007) (0.005) (0.005) (0.004) Mother's education missing -0.041 0.003 0.082 -0.076 -0.097
(0.081) (0.104) (0.080) (0.071) (0.083)
Traditional -0.020 -0.018 -0.039 0.008 -0.067
(0.065) (0.089) (0.053) (0.045) (0.047)
Farms -0.054 -0.206*** -0.126** -0.097** -0.049
(0.052) (0.074) (0.059) (0.044) (0.037)
EC 0.228 0.433*** 0.127 -0.491 -0.073
(0.150) (0.147) (0.183) (0.811) (0.139)
NC 0.287** 0.363*** 0.113 0.416** -0.151
(0.125) (0.139) (0.186) (0.192) (0.184)
FS 0.400*** 0.130 0.091 0.513*** 0.150
(0.122) (0.240) (0.178) (0.189) (0.129)
KZN 0.230 0.386*** 0.038 0.266 0.041
(0.142) (0.137) (0.151) (0.193) (0.113)
NW 0.023 0.544*** 0.147 0.440** 0.103
(0.296) (0.137) (0.140) (0.199) (0.148)
GP 0.188 0.161 0.141 0.275 0.034
(0.117) (0.138) (0.154) (0.193) (0.109)
MP 0.315** 0.494*** 0.148 0.292 0.079
(0.123) (0.137) (0.161) (0.195) (0.125)
LP 0.632*** 0.496*** 0.336** 0.516* 0.129
(0.140) (0.153) (0.167) (0.308) (0.202) Spouse's education (years) -0.014* 0.004 -0.005 0.004 -0.006
(0.008) (0.011) (0.007) (0.008) (0.008) Spouse's education - missing -0.382*** -0.257 -0.346*** 0.028 -0.194**
(0.080) (0.177) (0.091) (0.094) (0.095) Household size 0.089*** 0.088*** 0.090*** 0.090*** 0.118***
(0.012) (0.013) (0.011) (0.011) (0.011) Log per capita household income 0.753*** 0.663*** 0.752*** 0.771*** 0.781***
(0.032) (0.050) (0.027) (0.030) (0.031)
Constant 0.961** 1.288** 1.631*** 0.876** 1.346***
(0.407) (0.527) (0.420) (0.411) (0.322)
Observations 1,532 1,566 1,806 2,500 2,669
R-squared 0.800 0.654 0.781 0.732 0.748
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, **
p<0.05, * p<0.1. District level fixed effects are included. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
42 Table A13: Heckman selection wage model
Source: Own calculations, NIDS 2008-2017. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. A Heckman selection model has been used. Sample includes non-English home language speaking males aged 25-65 in each
wave. Post-stratified weights have been used in each wave.
Log wage Select Mills Log wage Select Mills Log wage Select Mills Log wage Select Mills Log wage Select Mills
Grant percentage of household income -2.078*** -1.410*** -1.616*** -1.510*** -1.489***
(0.190) (0.151) (0.162) (0.162) (0.162)
English proficiency (fitted values) 0.185*** 0.330 0.460*** 0.147 0.210*** 0.472 0.274*** 0.431 0.281*** 0.764*
(0.066) (0.647) (0.093) (0.570) (0.067) (0.540) (0.058) (0.459) (0.056) (0.432)
Coloured 0.051 -0.233 0.066 -0.001 -0.018 0.100 -0.082* 0.421*** 0.001 -0.256**
(0.052) (0.163) (0.077) (0.156) (0.055) (0.132) (0.050) (0.124) (0.047) (0.117)
Asian - - - - -0.122 4.991 -0.213 5.899 -0.224 0.129
(0.580) (0.000) (0.617) (0.000) (0.339) (1.405)
White 0.195*** -0.782*** 0.435*** -0.675** -0.016 0.044 -0.002
(0.070) (0.275) (0.126) (0.327) (0.106) (0.106) (0.101)
Age 0.032*** 0.023 0.022 0.065** 0.027** 0.030 0.018* 0.041 0.008 0.069***
(0.011) (0.036) (0.016) (0.033) (0.012) (0.033) (0.010) (0.028) (0.009) (0.026)
Age-squared -0.000*** -0.000 -0.000 -0.001** -0.000** -0.000 -0.000* -0.001* -0.000 -0.001**
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000)
Age*proficiency -0.010 -0.007 -0.006 -0.015 -0.030***
(0.016) (0.015) (0.014) (0.012) (0.011)
Married 0.039 0.472*** 0.071 0.409*** 0.019 0.497*** 0.140** 0.293 0.177** 0.132
(0.046) (0.176) (0.068) (0.135) (0.053) (0.153) (0.070) (0.202) (0.070) (0.221)
Edu: Grd 12 0.154*** -0.261* 0.112* 0.109 0.069* 0.209* 0.058 0.109 0.047 0.232***
(0.044) (0.140) (0.059) (0.114) (0.041) (0.109) (0.038) (0.092) (0.035) (0.088)
Edu: certificate without Grade 12 0.020 -0.177 0.067 0.206 0.045 0.030 0.015 0.191 0.095** -0.000
(0.063) (0.200) (0.093) (0.206) (0.062) (0.171) (0.045) (0.118) (0.040) (0.099)
Edu: certificate with Grade 12 0.238*** -0.118 0.161** 0.264* 0.214*** -0.221* 0.177*** 0.226** 0.162*** 0.118
(0.054) (0.188) (0.074) (0.157) (0.049) (0.130) (0.042) (0.115) (0.039) (0.106)
Edu: degree 0.388*** 0.004 0.184 0.865 0.330*** 0.505 0.392*** 0.317 0.388*** -0.055
(0.081) (0.463) (0.119) (0.567) (0.081) (0.426) (0.074) (0.321) (0.061) (0.208)
Years in job 0.003* 0.008*** 0.004** 0.011*** 0.012***
(0.001) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Father's education (years) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 -0.013 0.005 -0.010 0.005 -0.007
(0.004) (0.012) (0.006) (0.012) (0.004) (0.010) (0.004) (0.009) (0.003) (0.009)
Father's education missing 0.045 -0.164 -0.022 -0.114 -0.035 0.039 0.024 -0.011 0.024 -0.025
(0.045) (0.141) (0.062) (0.117) (0.043) (0.109) (0.038) (0.095) (0.035) (0.090)
Mother's education (years) -0.000 -0.043*** 0.003 -0.032*** 0.007* -0.042*** -0.001 -0.042*** -0.003 -0.030***
(0.004) (0.013) (0.006) (0.011) (0.004) (0.010) (0.004) (0.009) (0.003) (0.008)
Mother's education missing -0.016 -0.272 -0.005 -0.206 0.131** -0.436*** 0.055 -0.344*** 0.054 -0.307**
(0.058) (0.187) (0.085) (0.166) (0.064) (0.155) (0.050) (0.123) (0.049) (0.125)
Traditional 0.045 -0.099 0.081 -0.306*** -0.017 -0.012 0.073* -0.173** 0.051 -0.284***
(0.047) (0.111) (0.068) (0.101) (0.047) (0.098) (0.041) (0.083) (0.040) (0.081)
Farms -0.128*** 1.217*** -0.344*** 0.728*** -0.337*** 1.183*** -0.182*** 0.386*** -0.129*** 0.432***
(0.043) (0.166) (0.067) (0.151) (0.053) (0.170) (0.045) (0.134) (0.043) (0.127)
EC 0.235 -0.238 0.494 -0.232 0.278 -0.384** -0.465** 0.092 0.092 -0.097
(0.218) (0.193) (0.344) (0.190) (0.224) (0.158) (0.198) (0.148) (0.167) (0.147)
NC 0.219** -0.436** 0.340** -0.298* 0.018 -0.028 0.105 -0.228* -0.113 -0.154
(0.112) (0.177) (0.167) (0.164) (0.126) (0.157) (0.115) (0.136) (0.108) (0.131)
FS 0.320** -0.312 0.085 -0.524** 0.062 -0.193 0.172 0.061 0.141 -0.067
(0.137) (0.219) (0.205) (0.217) (0.144) (0.176) (0.131) (0.163) (0.131) (0.170)
KZN 0.194 -0.413** 0.294* -0.412** -0.006 -0.241 -0.001 -0.025 0.123 -0.416***
(0.121) (0.196) (0.164) (0.183) (0.120) (0.160) (0.105) (0.139) (0.098) (0.138)
NW -0.069 -0.591*** 0.407* -0.495** 0.139 -0.071 0.050 0.337* 0.043 -0.006
(0.132) (0.214) (0.215) (0.202) (0.160) (0.187) (0.150) (0.177) (0.147) (0.178)
GP 0.155 -0.547*** 0.131 -0.415** 0.132 -0.238 -0.011 0.017 0.140 -0.545***
(0.098) (0.197) (0.157) (0.187) (0.111) (0.152) (0.105) (0.141) (0.098) (0.135)
MP 0.264** -0.707*** 0.280 -0.136 0.063 -0.373** 0.027 -0.103 0.118 -0.367**
(0.106) (0.215) (0.172) (0.211) (0.118) (0.174) (0.117) (0.158) (0.109) (0.155)
LP 0.327** -0.481** 0.251 -0.113 0.276 -0.392** 0.006 -0.208 0.029 -0.059
(0.166) (0.234) (0.252) (0.220) (0.182) (0.192) (0.142) (0.167) (0.150) (0.175)
Spouse's education (years) -0.006 -0.053*** -0.001 -0.028* 0.010* -0.017 0.015*** -0.064*** 0.012** -0.020
(0.005) (0.018) (0.007) (0.016) (0.005) (0.015) (0.005) (0.016) (0.006) (0.017)
Spouse's education - missing -0.261*** -0.762*** -0.113 -0.585*** -0.064 -0.418** 0.122 -1.036*** 0.083 -0.803***
(0.065) (0.229) (0.092) (0.185) (0.074) (0.202) (0.087) (0.247) (0.093) (0.274)
Household size 0.095*** 0.080*** 0.076*** 0.035*** 0.076*** 0.041*** 0.081*** 0.044*** 0.083*** 0.042***
(0.006) (0.016) (0.007) (0.011) (0.005) (0.010) (0.005) (0.010) (0.005) (0.009)
Log per capita household income 0.685*** 1.050*** 0.497*** 0.650*** 0.567*** 0.797*** 0.593*** 0.801*** 0.581*** 0.757***
(0.028) (0.063) (0.035) (0.049) (0.030) (0.050) (0.028) (0.048) (0.026) (0.044)
Lambda -0.396*** -0.611*** -0.514*** -0.587*** -0.505***
(0.063) (0.114) (0.079) (0.080) (0.083)
Constant 1.489*** -5.561*** 3.104*** -4.091*** 2.745*** -5.077*** 2.624*** -4.797*** 2.935*** -5.117***
(0.295) (0.925) (0.451) (0.822) (0.340) (0.817) (0.319) (0.749) (0.295) (0.700)
Observations 2,087 2,087 2,087 2,126 2,126 2,126 2,497 2,497 2,497 3,200 3,200 3,200 3,406 3,406 3,406
Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 5
43 Table A14: Missing wage data and other earnings data for the employed
n % n % n % n % n %
Employed 2199 2065 2390 3420 3512
Missing wage 603 27% 420 20% 561 23% 883 26% 804 23%
n % n % n % n % n %
Casual work 224 37% 209 50% 232 41% 422 48% 360 45%
Self-employment 243 40% 196 47% 280 50% 412 47% 406 50%
Helping friend with business 18 3% 14 3% 11 2% 27 3% 11 1%
None 118 20% 1 0% 38 7% 22 2% 27 3%
603 100% 420 100% 561 100% 883 100% 804 100%
Wave 5
Other earnings
data
Total
Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 4