Conclusion - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.9 Conclusion

The World Drug Report for 2007 would indicate that, relative to the increase in world population, the level of substance abuse was stable. In South Africa and especially in the Western Cape where the Pollsmoor Correctional Youth Centre is situated, there is an escalation in the use of “tik” in the community. This is the drug of choice of the centre‟s youth offenders. The centre is part of the

102

community with the exception that the youth offenders are held within a strictly controlled environment in which those with addictions can be assisted.

The survey indicates that the youth offenders who participated in the survey would welcome rehabilitation programmes to assist them in their addiction problems. There was also a need to identify the problem on admission to the centre. In light of this, the recommendation is that a unit or department be established to deal exclusively with addiction in the centre. This unit should be suitably staffed with qualified personnel who would be able to take control of the problem and institute such programmes and procedures as they consider necessary to fight the problem. It should also be involved with the continuous research into dealing with substance abuse.

The drug abuse problem is not isolated to the centre. It is a community problem and being part of the community, the unit would need to work closely with outside or community-based rehabilitation centres. This would allow offenders who are being released, but who may still be on programmes, to continue with the programmes once they are back in the community. This would be a condition of their parole. The reverse could also apply in that a person who has been attending a rehabilitation centre in the community could continue with their programme should they be imprisoned.

This is a community problem which requires a community solution and not just a Correctional Centre-based solution. It is therefore essential that the rehabilitation centres in both the community and the correctional centre work closely together sharing information for the betterment of all.

It is considered that the this research has achieved the aims as stated and established that the hypothesis that substance abuse is not addressed with the necessary determination that is required to control and reduce its occurrence in the Centre is correct. The recommendations made are in line with the research but continuous research and the improvement of intervention programmes is essential to combat substance abuse.

103 Annexure 1

QUESTIONNAIRE

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

YOUTH OFFENDERS SUBSTANCE ABUSE QUESTIONNAIRE

The first part of this questionnaire has been developed by the World Health Organization in cooperation with the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control. This questionnaire is adapted to suit Male Youth Offenders in Correctional Institutions (Age Group: 13 – 21 years).This questionnaire is therefore composed to help you with your drug addiction. If this study is to be helpful, it is important that you should answer each question as carefully and accurately as possible. All your answers will be kept strictly confidential and we are not asking you for your name. The questionnaires will only be used for the purpose of the research. Your answers will be looked at by professional people who are trying to learn about and help you with your drug addiction/ problem. Please fill in all questions to the best of your ability.

We hope you enjoy filling in this questionnaire. Please read the questions carefully before you begin to answer.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Most questions are followed by a list of answers. Please choose and tick the answer that is correct or fits you best. Only tick one answer for each question or sub-question.

Example:

Have you drunk any water during the last 30 days?

A – No

B – Yes, on 1-5 days C – Yes, on 6-19 days D – Yes, on 20 or more days

If the answer chosen and ticked was “D”, it indicates that the person who answered the question had drunk water on 20 or more days during the previous 30 days.

If you do not know the answer to a question, or if you feel that you cannot answer honestly, leave the question blank.

Complete as many questions as possible.

SECTION A: Biographical data of respondent

Age: : ………..

Educational Level: : ………..

SECTION B: The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST 2.0)

Question Content domain Response alternatives

Q1. In your life, which of the following substances Life-time use have you ever used for non - medical use?

Tobacco products 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Alcoholic Beverages 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly

104

3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Cannabis(Dagga) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Mandrax (Buttons, Cremora) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Cocaine (Rocks, Crack) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Stimulants (Tik, Speed, Kat) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Inhalants (Glue, Petrol, Aerosols) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Sedatives/Hypnotics (Calming or sleeping tablets) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Hallucinogens / (LSD, Acid, Extasy, Malpille) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Opioids ( Heroin) 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Other Drugs for non - medical use 0 = Never

1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Q2. Which of the above drugs is your favourite drug or 0 = Tobacco

the drug you take most often? 1 = Alcohol

2 = Cannibas 3 = Mandrax 4 = Cocaine 5 = Stimulants / Tik

105

6 = Inhalants

7 = Sedatives/ Hypnotics 8 = Hallucinogens/Ecstasy 9 = Opiates / Heroin 10= Other

Note: Questions numbered 3 to 8 relate to your favourite drug as indicated in question number 2 above.

Q3. In the past 3 months, how often have you used Current use 0 = Never

the substances you mentioned? 1 = Once or twice

2 = Monthly 3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Q4. During the past 3 months, how often have you Dependency 0 = Never

had a strong desire or urge to use the drug 1 = Once or twice 2 = Monthly

3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Q5. During the past 3 months, how often has your use Problems 0 = Never of the drug led to health, social, legal or 1 = Once or twice

financial problems? 2 = Monthly

3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Q6. During the past 3 months, how often have you Problem 0 = Never failed to do what was normally expected of you 1 = Once or twice

because of your use of drugs? 2 = Monthly

3 = Weekly

4 = Daily or almost daily

Q7. Has a friend or relative or anyone else ever Problem 0 = Never expressed concern about your use of drugs? 1 = Yes, but not in the past 3 months

2 = Yes, in the past 3 months

Q8. Have you ever tried to control, cut down or stop Dependency 0 = No, never

using this drug? 1 = Yes, but not in the past 3 months

2 = Yes, in the past 3 months

Q9. Have you ever used any drug by injection (non- Risk 0 = No, never

medical use only)? 1 = Yes, but not in the past 3 months

2 = Yes in the past 3 months

Q10. Since your incarceration, were you submitted/ 0=No, never briefed on any substance abuse intervention programme? 1 = Yes, not in the last 3 months

2 = Yes, in the past 3 months

Q11. Would you like to be included in any form of 0 = No

substance abuse intervention? 1 = Yes

Q12. How difficult/easy do you think it would be for you to get each of the following types of drugs in prison?

106

Please use the scale below when answering this question:

1. Very Difficult 2. Difficult 3. Do not know 4. Easy 5. Very Easy

1 Very Difficult 2 Difficult 3 Do not know 4 Easy 5VeryEasy (a) Cigarettes/

Tobacco

(b) Alcohol

(d) Mandrax

(e) “Tik”

(f) Cocaine

(g) Ecstasy

(h) Heroin

(i) Sedatives/

Hypnotics

(Calm & Sleeping Pills)

(j) Inhalants

(k) Hallucinogens (LSD, Acid)

SECTION C:

Question 13

Did you start using drugs inside prison, or before you were incarcerated?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 14

What led you to use drugs before you came to prison?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

107

Question 15

Would you like to attend voluntary treatment programmes if they were offered, while you are incarcerated? Yes / No ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 16

Will you continue to use drugs after your release? If so, why?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 17

What do you think the prison authorities should do in order to deal with the substance abuse problem?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 18

Would you like to continue with the intervention programme in your community once you have been released and do you think that it would help stop you from relapsing?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 19

Would you allow the prison authorities to give your intervention programme information to the community programme for the ongoing monitoring of your rehabilitation progress?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

108 Bylaag 2

VRAELYS

WÊRELD GESONDHEID ORGANISASIE (WGO)

JEUGDIGE OORTREDERS – SUBSTANS/ DWELMMISBRUIK VRAELYS

Die eerste gedeelte van hierdie vraelys is deur die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie, in saamwerking met die Verenigde Nasie Fonds vir Dwelmmisbruikregulering, ontwikkel. Hierdie vraelys is aangepas vir Manlike Jeugoortredders in Korrektiewe Inrigtings (Ouderdomsgroep 13-21 jaar) en is dus saamgestel om u dwelmverslawing te help. Vir hierdie studie om van nut te wees, is dit belangrik dat u elke vraag so deeglik en akkuraat as moontlik sal beantwoord. Al u antwoorde sal streng vertroulik hanteer word en u naam word nie gevra nie. Die vraelys sal net vir die doeleindes vcan die navorsing gebruik word. Die antwoorde sal deur professionelle persone bestudeer word wat probeer om meer te weet van u dwelmverslawing/probleem enwat u wil help. Vul asseblief al die vrae na die beste van u vermoë in.

Ons hoop dat u dit sal geniet om die vraelys in te vul. Lees asseblief elke vraag deeglik voordat u dit beantwoord.

INSTRUKSIES VIR DIE VOLTOOING VAN DIE VRAELYS

Die meeste vrae word deur „n lys met antwoorde gevolg. Kies en merk asseblief die korekte antwoord of enn wat u die beste pas. Merk slegs een antwoord by elke vraag.

Voorbeeld:

Het jy enige water gedurende die laaste 30 dae gedrink?

A – Nee

B – Ja, op 1-5 dae C – Ja, op 6-19 dae D – Ja, op 20 of meer dae

As die antwoord wat u kies en afgemerk het “D” was, dui dit aan dat die persoon wat die vraag beantwoord het, op 20 of meer dae gedurende die afgelope 30 dae water gedrink het.

As u „n antwoord op „n vraag ken nie, od as u voel dat u nie „n eerlike antwoord kan gee, moet u liefs die vraag uitlaat.

Voltooi so veel vrae as moontlik.

AFDELING A: Biografiese inligting van respondent

Ouderdom: :____________________

Opvoedkundige vlak: :____________________

AFDELING B: Die Alkohol, Rook en Middel betrokkenheid Projeksie Toets (ASSIST 2.0)

Vraag Inhoud Alternatiewe respons

V.1 Watter van die volgende middels het jy al ooit Langdurige gebruik In jou lewe vir nie-mediese doeleindes gebruik?

Tabakprodukte 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Alkoholiese drank 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

109

Dagga 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Mandrax (Buttons, Cremora) 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Kokaïene (Rocks, Crack); 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Stimulante (Tik, Speed, Cat); 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Inhalasiemiddels (Gom, Petrol, Spuitkanne) 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Seeemiddels /Hipnotiese middels (Kalmeer-of slaappille); 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Hallusinogene (LSD, Acid, Ecstacy, Malpille) 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

Opioïede (Heroïene) 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks/meestaldaagliks

Ander dwelmmiddels vir nie-mediese gebruik 0 = Nooit

1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

V.2 Watter van die bogenoemde dwelmiddels is u gunsteling 0 = Tabak

Of die een wat u die meeste gebruik? 1 = Alkohol

2 = Dagga 3 = Mandrax 4 = Kokaïene 5 = Stimulante/ Tik 6 = Inhalasiemiddels

110

7 = Seeemiddels /Hipnotiese middels

8 = Hallusinogene/ Ecstacy 9 = Opioïede Heroïene 10=Ander

Let well: Vraag 3 tot 8 hou verband met u gunsteling dwelmmiddel, soos aangedui in vraag 2 hierbo.

V.3 Hoe gereeld het u die middels wat u genoem het, Huidige gebruik 0 = Nooit

die afgelope 3 maande gebruik? 1 = Een of meer kere

2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks V.4 Hoe gereeld het u die afgelope 3 maande „n sterk Afhanklik 0 = Nooit

Begeerte of drang gehad om die dwelmmiddel te gebruik? 1 = Een of meer kere 2 = Maandeliks 3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

V.5 Hoe gereeeld het u dwelmgebruik die afgelope 3 Probleme 0 = Nooit

Maande tot gesondheids probleme, sooiale probleme, 1 = Een of meer kere Regsprobleme of finansiële probleme gelaei? 2 = Maandeliks

3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

V.6 Hoe gereeld het u die afgelope 3 maande nagelaat om Probleme 0 = Nooit

te doen wat normaalweg van u verwag word, as gevolg 1 = Een of meer kere doen

van u dwelmgebruik? 2 = Maandeliks

3 = Weekliks

4 = Daagliks of amper daagliks

V.7 Het „n vriend of familieleid al ooit hul komer oor Probleem 0 = Nee, nooit

u dwelmgebruik uitgespreek? 1 = Ja, maar nie in laaste 3 mde

2 = Ja, in die afgelope 3

V.8 Het u al ooit probeer om u dwelem gebruik te Afhanklik 0 = Nee, nooit

beheer, te verminder of te staak? 1 = Ja, maar nie in laaste 3 mde

2 = Ja, in die afgelope 3 mde

V.9 Het u al ooit enige dwelmmiddel in die vorm van Risiko 0 = Nee, nooit

„n inspuiting gebruik ( slegs nie-mediese gebruik) 1 = Ja, maar nie in laaste 3 mde

(Nie-mediese doeleindes) 2 = Ja, in die afgelope 3 mde

V.10 Is u, sedert u in aanhouding is aan enige 0 = Nee, nooit

Intervensieprogramme ten opsigt van middelmisbruik 1 = Ja, maar nie in laaste 3 mde

onderwerp of daaroor ingelig? 2 = Ja, in die afgelope 3 mde

V.11 Wil u graag ingesluit word in enige intervensie programme 0 = Nee

ten opsigte van middelmisbruik? 1 = Ja

V.12 Hoe moeilik/ maklik dink u dit sal wees om elk van die volgende tipe Dwelmmiddels binne die gevangenis te bekom?

Gebruik asseblief die onderstaande skaal om die vraag te beantwoord.

111

1. Baie Moeilik 2. Moeilik 3. Weet nie 4. Maklik 5. Baie Maklik

1 Baie Moeilik 2 Moeilik 3 Weet nie 4 Maklik 5 Baie Maklik

(a) Sigarette/Tabak

(b) Alkohol

(d) Mandrax

(e) Tik

(f) Kokaïene

(g) Ecstacy

(h) Opioïede Heroïene

(i) Seeemiddels /Hipnotiese middels

(j) Inhalasiemiddels

(k) Hallusinogene (LSD, Acid, Malpille)

AFDELING C

Vraag 13

Het u enige verslawende middels binne die gevangenis begin gebruik, of voordat u in aanhouding was?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Vraag 14

Wat het veroorsaak dat u dwelmmiddels gebruik het voordat u in die gevangenis was?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

112

Vraag 15

Sal u graag vrywillige behandelingsprogramme wil bywoon terwyl u in aanhouding is, as dit aangebied sou word?

Ja of Nee

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vraag 16

Sal u voortgaan om dwelmmiddels te gebruik nadat u vrygelaat is? Indien wel hoekom

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vraag 17

Wat dink u moet die gevangenisowerhede implementeer om die probleem van middelmisbruik aan te spreek?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vraag 18

Sal u graag met die intervensieprogram in u gemeenskap will voortgaan nadat u ontslaan is en dink u dat dit sal bydra om te keer dat u terugslag beleef?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vraag 19

Sal u die gevangenisowerhede toelaat om die inligting aangaande u intervensieprogram aan die gemeenskaps program beskikbaar te stel vir die voortgesette monitering van u rehabilitasieproses?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

113 Annexure 3: Analysis of the survey questionnaire

Question

DESCRIPTION

Never Once Monthly Weekly Daily Favourite Experiment DailyUse Yes No Don’t Know

1 Drugs Used and Frequency:

Tobacco 15 8 3 6 68 2 2 1

Alcohol 3 19 13 38 27 4 1 6

Cannabis 13 13 19 25 30 3 3 3

Mandrax 34 30 3 3 30 5 6 4

Cocaine 39 22 3 8 28 6 5 5

Tik 25 7 0 7 61 1 4 2

Inhalants 70 30 0 0 0 10 11 11

Sedatives/Hypnotics 46 34 5 5 10 10 7 7

Hallucinogens 58 26 7 5 4 6 9 9

Heroin 68 14 10 3 5 8 8 8

Other Drugs 67 20 9 2 2 9 10 10

2 Analysis included under 4.4 in Chapter 4.

3 In the past 3 months, how often have you used your favourite substance?

38 15 16 10 21

4 During the past 3 months, how often have you had a strong desire to use the drug?

18 23 15 20 24

5 During the past 3 months how often has your use of the drug led to health, social, legal or financial problems?

35 12 27 8 18

114

6 During the past 3 months how often have you failed what was normally, expected of you owing to your use of drugs?

29 17 17 25 12

7 Has a friend or relative or anyone else ever expressed concern about your use of drugs?

40 60

8 Have you ever tried to control, cut down or stop using this drug?

45 55

9 Have you ever used any drug by injection (non - medical use only)?

51 49

10 Since your incarceration, were you submitted to/

briefed on a substance-abuse intervention programme?

36 64

11 Would you like to be included in any form of substance - abuse Intervention?

74 26

12 Did you start using drugs in prison? 4 96

13 Would you attend voluntary treatment programmes if offered?

62 38

14 Will you continue to use drugs after your release? 21 52

15 What do you think the prison authorities should do in order to deal with the substance abuse problem?

16 Would you like to continue with the intervention programme in your community once you have been released and do you think that it would help stop you from relapsing?

62 38

17 Would you allow the prison authorities to give your intervention programme information to the

community programme for the ongoing monitoring of your rehabilitation progress?

59 63

Question 2 is analysed in Chapter 4 and Questions 12 and 14 are discussed in Chapter 4 as they are not suitable for mathematical analysis.

115

116

Dalam dokumen substance abuse practices and - CiteSeerX (Halaman 111-126)